Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi aviYv (Concept of Data & Information)

DcvË: mywbw`©ó AvDUcyU ev djvdj cvIqvi R‡b¨ cÖ‡mwms‡q e¨eüZ KuvPvgvj mg~n‡K †WUv ev DcvË e‡j| †WUv GKwU GKK aviYv A_©©vr Bbdi‡gkb
ev Z‡_¨i ÿz`ªZg GKKB n‡”Q †WUv| Datarm k‡ãi eûePb nj †WUv (Data) hvi A_© d¨v± (Fact)|
AwaKvsk †jL‡Ki g‡Z †WUv cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi| h_vÑ
1| wbD‡gwiK (Numeric) ‡WUv: †h mKj †WUv †Kvb cwigvb ev msL¨v cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡`i‡K wbD‡gwiK †WUv e‡j| †hgb:- 10, 30 BZ¨vw`|
2| A-wbD‡gwiK (Non-Numeric) ‡WUv: †h mKj †WUv †Kvb cwigvY ev msL¨v cÖKvk K‡i bv Zv‡`i‡K A-wbD‡gwiK †WUv e‡j|
3| eywjqvb ev jwRK¨vj (Boolean/Logical) ‡WUv: †h mKj ïaygvÎ `ywU Ae¯’v _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb mZ¨ ev wg_¨v, n¨v ev bv, 0 A_ev 1 BZ¨vw` †m
mKj †WUv‡K eywjqvb ev jwRK¨vj †WUv ejv nq|
Z_¨
‡Kvb we‡kl †cÖwÿ‡Z †WUv‡K A_©en KivB nj Bbdi‡gkb| BwZc~‡e© D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †WUv nj mvRv‡bv bq Ggb wKQz wek„•Lj d¨v± ( Rew Fact)
hv A_©en ev Kvh©Ki bq| Avi Bbdi‡gkb nj †Kvb †cÖwÿ‡Z myk„•Ljfv‡e mvRv‡bv †WUv hv mnR‡eva¨, A_©en Kvh©Ki I e¨envi‡hvM¨|
Z_¨ (Information) = DcvË (Data) + ‡cÖwÿZ (Context) + A_© (Meaning).
‡WUv I Bbdi‡gk‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Differences between Data & Information):
‡WUv ev DcvË Bbdi‡gkb ev Z_¨
mywbw`©ó AvDUcyi ev djvdj cvIqvi R‡b¨ cÖ‡mwms‡q e¨eüZ KuvPvgvjmg~n‡K Bbdi‡gkb ev Z_¨ gv‡b myk„•Ljfv‡e mv‡Rv‡bv †WUv mnR‡eva¨, A_©en, Kvh©Ki I
†WUv ev DcvË e‡j| e¨envi‡hvM¨|
‡WUv GKwU GKK aviYv A_©vr Bbdi‡gkb ev Z‡_¨i ÿz`ªZg GKKB †WUv hv ‡WUv‡K cÖ‡mm K‡i Bbdi‡gk‡b iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
wewfbœ Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq|
‡WUv Bbdi‡gk‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| Bbdi‡gk‡bi †Kvb wel‡qi A_© ev fvev_© cÖKvk K‡i hv| e¨enviKvix eyS‡Z cv‡i|
‡WUv Bbdi‡gkb ˆZwii cÖwµqvq e¨eüZ nq| Bbdi‡gkb †WUvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Bbdi‡gkb wm×všÍ MÖnY hvq Ges e¨eüZ nq|
Z_¨ cÖhyw³
Z_¨ msMÖn Gi mZ¨Zv I ˆeaZv hvPvB, msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY, AvaywbKxKiY, cwienb, weZiY I e¨e¯’vcbvi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq Z_¨ cÖhyw³
ev Bbdi‡gkb †UK‡bv‡jvwR (Information Technology) | ms‡ÿ‡c GB cÖhyw³‡K AvBwU (IT) ejv nq| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡K cÖwµqvKiY
K‡i Bbdi‡gkb ˆZwi Kiv nq| †WUv cÖwµqvKi‡Yi GB wm‡÷g‡K ejv nq Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g|
‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
‡WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³‡K †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev KwgDwb‡Kkb †UK‡bvjwR ejv nq|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv-2015 Abymv‡i Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ej‡Z,Ò‡h ‡Kvb cÖKv‡ii Z‡_¨i DrcwË, msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY,
mÂvjb Ges we”QzKi‡Y e¨eüZ mKj B‡jKUªwbK cÖhyw³Ó †K eySvq|
wek¦MÖvg
‡Møvevj wf‡jR n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek †hLv‡b c„w_exi mKj gvbylB GKwU GKK mgv‡R emevm K‡i Ges B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii
gva¨‡g G‡K Aci‡K ‡mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
KvbvWvi U‡i‡›Uv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Bs‡iwR wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK I weLv¨Z `vk©wbK gvikvj g¨vKjynvb ( Marshall Mcluhan) me©cÖ_g †Møvevj wf‡jR K_vwU
e¨envi K‡ib| g¨vKjynvb 1911 mv‡ji 21 RyjvB KvbvWv‡Z Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1980 mv‡j 31 wW‡m¤^i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| wZwb Òw` wgwWqvg BR w`
†g‡mRÓ (The media is the message) Ges wek¦ MÖvg (Global village) Gi cÖe³v wnmv‡e cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Qb| wZwb B›Uv‡b‡Ui (Internet) evwYwR¨K
nv‡i cÖvq 30 (wÎk) eQi c~‡e©B G m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jb| g¨vKjynvb 1962 mv‡j Zvi cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ ( Understanding Media) G †Møvevj wf‡jR
ev wek¦MÖvg Gi aviYv †`b|
wek¦MÖvg cÖwZôvi Dcv`vbmg~n:
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Kj¨vY †Møvevj wf‡jR ev wek¦MÖv‡gi aviYv ev¯Íevqb I Gi cÖwZôv m¤¢e n‡”Q| wek¦MÖvg cÖwZôvi cÖavb Dcv`vbmg~n B‡jøL Kiv
nq| h_vÑ
1| nvW©Iq¨vi (Hardware) 3| ‡bUIqvK© mshy³Zv ev Kv‡bKwUwfwU (Connectivity) 5| gvby‡li mÿgZv (Capacity)
2| mdUIq¨vi (Software) 4| †WUv (Data) 6| m‡PZbv (Awareness)
nvW©Iq¨vi: wek¦MÖv‡g †h †Kvb ai‡bi †hvM‡hvM I Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Dchy³ nvW©Iq¨vi mvgMÖxi| nvW©Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUvi
Ges Gi mv‡_ mshy³ †cwi‡divj hš¿cvwZ, j¨vÛ ev †gvevBj †dvb, ¯§vU© †dvb, AwWI-wfwWI †iKW©vi, m¨v‡UjvBU, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb Ges Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wbf©i wewfbœ wWfvBm|

ICT Lecture # 01 (B) 3

mdUIq¨vi: wek¦MÖvg cÖwZôvi Rb¨ nvW©Iq¨vi cvkvcvwk mdUIq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb| mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, eªvDwRs
mdUIq¨vi, KwgDwb‡KwUs mdUIq¨vi, †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv BZ¨vw`|
mshy³Zv ev Kv‡bKwUwfwU: wek¦MÖv‡gi †giæ`Û nj wbivc`fv‡e wi‡mvm© †kqvi Kivi †bUIqvK© ev Kv‡bKwUwfwU hvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ DcvË I Z_¨ GB
MÖv‡gi cÖwZwU gvby‡li wbKU †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i| wbivc` Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖv`bB n‡”Q wek¦MÖv‡gi g~j wfwË| wbivc` Z_¨ cÖv`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wbivc`
†bUIqvK© ev Kv‡bKwUwfwU| †h‡nZy wek¦MÖv‡g †giæ`ÛB n‡”Q Kv‡bKwUwfwU| we‡k¦i Z_¨ fvÛv‡ii mv‡_ mve©ÿwbKfv‡e ev cÖ‡qvR‡b mshy³ ‡_‡K Z_¨
cÖvwß wbwðZ Kiv Rb¨ Kv‡bKwUwfwU g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| eªW Kvwós †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb Ges B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKwUwfwUi g~j wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR
Ki‡Q|
‡WUv: †WUv n‡jv mvRv‡bv bq Ggb wKQz wek„•Lj d¨v± (Raw Fact)| †WUv‡K cÖ‡mwms ev cÖwµqvKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB e¨envi‡hvM¨ Bbdi‡gkb ev Z‡_¨
cwiYZ Kiv nq| wek¦MÖvg emevm Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ Z_¨ hv †WUv †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g cÖ‡mwms K‡i cvIqv hvq|
gvby‡li mÿgZv: wek¦MÖv‡gi Dcv`b¸‡jv g‡a¨ gvby‡li mÿgZv Ab¨Zg| †h‡nZy wek¦MÖvg g~jZ Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wbf©i ZvB Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wel‡q gvby‡li
m‡PZbZv , ¯^vÿiZv I mÿgZv BZ¨vw`i Dci Gi cÖ‡qvM wbf©i Ki‡Q| Z_¨ I ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i AeKvVv‡gv e¨envi Kivi Ávb bv _vK‡j Gi myd j
cvIqv m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov †h †Kvb welq Ávb AvniY ev weZi‡Yi Rb¨ GB cÖhyw³‡Z gvby‡li mÿgZv, `ÿZv I m‡PZbZv cÖ‡qvRb|
‡hvMv‡hvM: ‡hvM‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g gvbyl cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`v‡bi (†hgb: gvbyl ev Kw¤úDUvi) mv‡_ Zvi g‡b fve cÖKvk K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †WUv
I Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã nj (Communication) hv j¨vwUb kã Communicare ‡_‡K Gm‡‡Q| Gi A_© n‡jv ÒTo shareÓ ev
fvMvfvwM Kiv| †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq †cÖiK (Sender) ‡Kvb gva¨‡g (Meditum) mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb evZ©v (Message) cÖvc‡Ki (Receiver) Kv‡Q cvVvq| cÖvcK Zv
MÖnY K‡i †cÖiK‡K wdWe¨vK ev cÖwZwµqv Rvbvq| GB cÖwµqvq †cÖiK ev cÖvcK GK ev GKvwaK n‡Z cv‡i| †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv GK e¨w³ n‡Z A‡b¨i wbKU
Z‡_¨i Av`vb-cÖ`vb, †nvK †mUv wek¦vm‡hvM¨ ev Awek¦vm‡hvM¨, wKš‘ †mUv Aek¨B †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e| G.G Brown
‡hvMv‡hvM
(Communication)

‡gŠwLK (Verbal) A-ePwbK (Non-verbal) wjwLZ (Written)

B‡jKUªwbK †gBj (Electronic Mail)

B‡jKUªwbK †gBj evB-‡gBj nj GKRb evZ©v †jL‡Ki Kv‡Q †_‡K GK ev GKvwaK cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q †Kvb evZ©v ev wWwRUvj †g‡mR wewbgq Kvi
wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZ|
B-‡gBj wVKvbvi `ywU Ask _v‡K| cÖ_g AskwU e¨enviKvixi cwiwPwZ Ges wØZxq Ask n‡jv †Wv‡gBb †bBg| ‡hgbÑ Scholars@yahoo.com GLv‡b
Scholars n‡jv e¨enviKvixi cwiwPwZ Ges yahoo.com n‡j e¨enviKvixi †Wv‡gBb Gi bvg| 2 wKQz cÖwZôvb webvg~‡j¨ B-‡gBj †mev cÖ`vb K‡i|
†hgbÑ yahoo.com, gmail.com BZ¨vw`|
cÖ_g B‡gBj Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvg wb‡q gZwe‡iva GQ 1974 mv‡j fviZxq eskfzZ Av‡gwiKvb Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx wkfv AvBqoyivB ( Shival Ayyadurai)
me©cÖ_g B‡gBj Avwe®‹vi K‡ib e‡j `vex K‡ib| D‡jøL¨ Zvi `vexi ¯^c‡ÿ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi 1984 mv‡ji Bmy¨K…Z KwcivBU mb` i‡q‡Q| Z‡e A‡b‡K
†igÛ wUgwjbmb (Raymond Tomlinson) ‡K B‡gB‡ji RbK g‡b K‡ib| wZwb 1972 mv‡j me©cÖ_g Aicv‡bU e¨envi K‡i cixÿg~jK B‡gBj
†cÖiY K‡ib| GB †gB‡j wZwb Ò@Ó wPý e¨envi K‡ib|

‡UwjKbdv‡iwÝs: wfbœ †fŠMwjK `~i‡Z¡ wKQz e¨w³ Ae¯’vb K‡i †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g mshy³ †_‡K †Kvb mfv A_ev †mwgbvi Abyôv‡bi
cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq †UwjKbdv‡iwÝs| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †ev÷b BDwbfvwm©wUi Aa¨vcK Av‡jvKRvÛvi MÖvnvg †ej ( Alexander Graham Bell) 1876
mv‡j me©cÖ_g †Uwj‡dvb Avwe®‹v‡ii ci †_‡KB Gi AviI AwaK Dbœqb Ae¨nZ _v‡K|
wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs: 1920 mv‡j Rb jwR †eqvW© (John Logie Bird) I Ô GwU GÛ wUÕi †ej j¨ve (AT & T’s Bell Labs) me©cÖ_g wfwWI
Kbdv‡iwÝs wm‡÷g Dbœqb K‡ib Ges 1927 mv‡j Zv cixÿvg~jKfv‡e e¨envi K‡ib| ZLb †_‡K A`¨ew` Gi Dbœqb cÖwµqv Pjgvb i‡q‡Q| 1968
mv‡j fvM G½jevU© (Doug Engelbart) me©cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi Ges wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs‡K mgwš^Z K‡i c~Y©v½fv‡e DfgyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv wnmv‡e
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡ib|
KwgDwb‡Kkb cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v‡b AwWI Ges wfwWI Gi hyMcr DfgyLx ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi cÖwµqv‡K wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs e‡j|
I‡qe Kbdv‡iwÝs mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ: I‡qe Kbdv‡iwÝs ej‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ev Iqvì IqvBW I‡qe (www) cøvUd‡g© wewfbœ wgwWqv (AwWI, wfwWI A_ev
Dfq) e¨envi K‡i I‡qe †mwgbvi ev I‡qebvm© (webinars) I‡qeKv÷ Ges I‡qe wgwUsmn wewfbœ ai‡Yi AbjvBb Kbdv‡iwÝs Ges mn‡hvMx
cwi‡mev‡K eySv‡bv nq|
AvDU‡mvwms: AvDU‡mvwms n‡”Q †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi KvR wb‡Riv bv K‡i Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Kwi‡q †bIqv| wd«j¨vÝvi (freelancer)
n‡”Q Ggb GKRb e¨w³ whwb †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ `xN©¯’vqx Pzw³ Qvov KvR K‡ib| wek¦e¨vwc AvDU‡mvwms cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fiver.com, odek.com,
freelancer.com, upwork.com, peopleperhour.com, belancer.com BZ¨vw` LyeB RbwcÖq|
4 ICTLecture #01 (B)
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I wPwKrmv: Z_¨ cÖhyw³ bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j GLb †ivM wbY©q Ges wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`vb GLb A‡bK mnR n‡q wM‡q‡Q Ges
gvby‡li Mo Avqy e„w× cv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b B‡j±ªwbK †nj_ †iKW© (Electronic Health Records- EHR) Gi gva¨‡g ‡ivMxi Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i †WUv‡eR
AvKv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq|
‡Uwj‡gwWwmb: †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ `~ieZx© ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vbiZ †Kv‡bv †ivMx‡K we‡klÁ wPwKrmv‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨‡mev
†`qv‡K †Uwj‡gwWwmb ejv nq| GwU `~i‡Z¡i evav `~i K‡i| †bv‡ej †dv‡b 16263 b¤^‡i Wvqvj K‡i mve©ÿwYK wPwKrmv †mev MÖnY Kiv hvq|
B Kgv©m (E-Commerce) Electronic Commerce: B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i †h e¨emv evwYR¨ msNwUZ nq Zv‡K B-Kgv©m (E-Commerce) e‡j|
hv GKwU AvaywbK e¨emv c×wZ e©Zgv‡b cÖvq me ai‡bi cY¨B B-Kgv©m I‡qemvBU¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv hvq| Gi d‡j kÖg, A_©, mgq mvkÖq nq| D`vniY:
amazon.com, alibaba.com, evaly.com ect.
Bsj¨v‡Ûi mv‡m‡· gvB‡Kj AìwiP (Michael Aldrich) 1979 mv‡j AbjvBb kwcs c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib hv ciewZ©‡Z B-Kgv©m bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
B-Kgv©‡mi aib (Types of E-commerce): eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ bvbv cÖKvi B-Kgv©m i‡q‡Q| Z‡e cY¨ weµq‡ÿÎ I †jb‡`‡bi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx B-
Kgvm©‡K cÖavbZt 4 (Pvi) fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v-
▪ e¨emv †_‡K †fv³v/‡µZv (Business to Consumer: B2C) ▪ e¨emv †_‡K e¨emv (Business to Business: B2B)
▪ ‡fv³v †_‡K e¨emv (Consumer to Business: C2B) ▪ ‡fv³v †_‡K †fv³v (Consumer to Consumer: C2C)
eøM (Blog): †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó I‡qe mvB‡U †Kvb welq‡K cvVK‡`i gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Zz‡j aiv‡K eøwMs e‡j| Z‡e mvaviY I‡qe mvBU †_‡K eø‡Mi
g~j cv_©K¨ nj I‡qe Blog kãwUi Avwef©ve Weblog †_‡K| 1997 mv‡ji 17 wW‡m¤^i gvwK©b bvMwiK Rb© evR©vi (Jorn Barger) me©c«_g
Weblog kãwU e¨envi K‡ib| Gi wVK `y'eQi ci 1999 mv‡ji Gwc«j Ges †g gv‡mi gvSvgvwS mg‡q wcUvi gvi‡nvjR (Peter Merholz) bv‡g
GKe¨vw³ Weblog kãwU‡K †f‡½ `yB K‡ib-We Blog Gi ciB mviv wek¦e¨vcx e-M(Blog) RbwcÖq n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Kv‡RB wcUvi gvin‡vj k‡ãi
c«eZ©K aiv hvq|
mvaviY Iq‡e mvBU †_‡K eø‡Mi g~j cv_©K¨ nj I‡qe mvBU Avc‡WU Kiv nq AwbqwgZ fv‡e Aciw`‡K eøM Avc‡WU Kiv nq wbqwgZ fv‡e| GgbwK
wKQy wKQy eøM c«wZ wgwb‡U Avc‡WU Kiv nq| hviv eø‡M gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡i ev †cv÷ †`q Zv‡`i‡K eøMvi e‡j| Rvw÷b nj ( Justin Hall) †K c«_g
eøMv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv mviv c…w_exi †h| wZwb 1994 mv‡j Links.net bv‡g me©c«_g e¨w³MZ I‡qemvBU Pvjy K‡ib|
fvP©yq¨vj wi‡qwjwU: fvP©yq¨vj wi‡qwjwU ev VR n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z cwi‡ek †hLv‡b e¨enviKvix KvíwbK I ev¯Íe RMr‡K wmgy¨‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g H
cwi‡e‡k gMÖ n‡q ev¯Í‡ei b¨vq kÖev‡bvf~wZ Ges ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK fvev‡eM, D‡ËRbv Abyf~wZ cÖf…wZi AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mnR fvlvq
fvP©yq¨vj wi‡qwjwU n‡jv nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi Gi gva¨‡g ˆZwiK…Z Ggb GK ai‡bi K…wÎg cwi‡ek hv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q
GUv‡K ev¯Íe cwi‡ek g‡b nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wÎ-gvwÎK (3D) wPÎviY Kiv nq|
fvPz©q¨vj wi‡qwjwU‡Z mvaviYZ †h mKj wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv nq Zv n‡jvÑ
n¨vÛ Mø¨vfm †nW gvD‡b©UW wWm‡cø (Head Mounted Display- HMD) my¨U
1968 Bfvb my_vij¨vÛ (Ivan Sutherland) me©cÖ_g gv_vi mv‡_ emv‡bv wÎgvwÎK wWm‡cøi (Head Mounted 3D Display) Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|0000.
fvP©yq¨vj wi‡qwjwU wm‡÷g ˆZwii Dcv`vb-
B‡d±i (Effector) wi‡qwjwU wmgy‡jUi (|Reality Simulator) A¨vwcø‡Kkb (Application) wRI‡gwUª (Geometry)
fvP©yq¨vj wi‡qwjwUi e¨envi/cÖ‡qvMÑ
‡MBg wkí I wm‡bgv wkÿv I cÖwkÿY wPwKrmv‡ÿÎ mvgwiK evwnbx ¯’vcZ¨ I wbg©vY wkí
e¨emv evwYR¨ wkí-KviLvbvq WªvBwfs wb‡`©kbv/d¬vBU wmgy‡jUi UªvwdK e¨e¯’vcbv gnvKvk Awfhvb
fvP©yq¨vj wi‡qwjwUi BwZevPK cÖfve
1. LiP Kgv‡bv 2. wkÿv I cÖwkÿY‡K AvKl©Yxq Kiv
3. ev¯Íevq‡bi c~‡e©B ev¯Íe‡K Ab~fe Kiv 4. SzuwKcyY© ev RwUj Drcv`b e¨e¯’v‡K mnR Kiv
fvP©yq¨vj wi‡qwjwUi ‡bwZevPK cÖfve
1. ˆbwZKZvi Aeÿq 2. ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ÿwZKi
3. gbyl¨Z¡nxbZv 4. wWwRUvj wWfvBb ˆZwi
wWwRUvj wWfvBW: fvPz©qvj wi‡qwjwU e¨qmva¨ weavq mevB Zv e¨envi K‡i Gi myweav MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| hv‡`i Avw_©K mvg_©¨ i‡q‡Q ïayg vÎ ZvivB GB
cÖhyw³ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e wWwRUvj wWfvBW ‰Zwi n‡”Q|

mvs¯‹…wZi wewbgq (Cultural Exchange)

wek¦vq‡bi d‡j mviv c„w_exi g‡a¨B ms¯‹…wZi wewbgq n‡”Q| eZ©gvb cÖhyw³i hy‡M †h‡Kvb AwWI-wfwWI, bvUK-wm‡bgv ev †cÖvMÖvgB ˆZwi ‡nvK bv †Kb mv‡_
mv‡_B gvbyl †m m¤ú‡K© †R‡b hv‡”Q| ms¯‹…wZ me mgqB cwieZ©bkxj| cyiv‡bv ms¯‹…wZi cwie‡Z© bZzb bZzb ms¯‹…wZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ AbycÖ‡ek K‡i| GUv‡K ejv
n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vqb| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g BDwUDe, †bUwd¬·, †dmeyK, Uz&BUvi BZ¨vw` e¨envii K‡i gvbyl mn‡RB ms¯‹…wZK wewbgq K‡i|

ICT Lecture # 01 (B) 5

AvwU©wdwmqvj Bb‡Uwj‡RÝ: K…wÎg ezw×gËv ej‡Z ezSvq gvbz‡li ezw×gËv‡K K…wÎg Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi ev h‡š¿i gva¨‡g ev¯Íevqb Kiv‡K ev iƒc †`qv‡K|
Artificial Intelligence g‚jZt Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b Intelligent †gwkb Ges mdUIq¨vi wb‡q covïbv Kiv nq Ges ˆZwi Kiv nq|
K…wÎg ezw×gËvi RbK n‡jb e…wUk weÁvbx I MwYZwb` A¨vjvb Uzivs| 1950 mv‡j Zvi Avwe®‹…Z Uzwis †U÷ K…wÎg ezw×gËvi aviYvi wfwË ¯’vcb K‡i|
John McCarthz 1955 mv‡j cÖ_g K…wÎg ezw×gËv (AI) kãwUi aviYv †`b Ges G‡K msÁvwqZ K‡ib ezw×gËv m¤úbœ †gwkb ˆZwii weÁvb I cÖ‡KŠkj
wn‡m‡e| AI Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv :
1. wePvikw³ (Reasoning);
2. Áv‡bi Dc¯’vcbv (Knowledge Representation);
3. cwiKíbv (Planning);
4. h‡š¿i wk¶v (Machine Learning);
5. †hvMv‡hvM (Communication)
6. w¯úP, Ae‡R±, e¨w³i gzL kbv³KiY (Speech, Object & Facial Recognition);
7. `¶Zv mnKv‡i †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± bovPov Kiv I e¨envi Kiv (Motion & Manipulation of Object);
8. cÖvK…wZK fvlvi cÖwµqvKiY (Natural Language Processing); I
9. m…wókxjZv (Creativity)|
K…wÎg ezw×gËv ˆZwii Rb¨ †h mg¯Í †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi Kiv nq Zv n‡jv LISP, CLISP, PROLOG, C++, C, Java BZ¨vw`|
‡iv‡evwU·: cÖhzw³i †h kvLvq †ive‡Ui wWRvBb, MVb, KvR I e¨envi wbqš¿Y wb‡q KvR K‡i Zv‡K †iv‡evwU· ejv nq| Robotics kãwU G‡m‡Q Robot
(‡iveU) kã †_‡K Ges †iveU kãwU G‡m‡Q ¯øvwfK kã Robota (iv‡evUv) †_‡K hvi A_© kÖwgK ev `vmZ¡| ‡iveU n‡”Q GKwU K…wÎg ezw×gËv m¤úbœ
¯^qswµq hš¿ hv gvbz‡li gZ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¸iæZ¡c‚Y© †ive‡Ui D`vniY :
1. BDwb‡gU(Unimate): 1g BÛvw÷ªqvj †iveU hv 1961 mv‡j RR© †W‡fvj (George Devol) ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb|
2. †ZvwcI (Topio): GwU GKwU gvbem`…k †iveU hv 2009 mv‡j Rvcv‡b ˆZwi nq Ges GwU wcscs ej †Lj‡Z cv‡i|
3. Zv‡jvb (Talon): GwU GKwU wgwjUvwi †iveU hv US Avwg© e¨envi K‡i hzׇ¶‡Î|
4. Rvcv‡bi gzivZv †Kv¤úvwbi ÒgzivZv eq", mwb K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ÒAvB‡evÓ I nv‡Ûv †Kv¤úvwbi ÒAvwm‡gv" BZ¨vw` †iveU cÖvq gvbz‡li gZB we‡kl
†Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU mvaviY †iveU cÖavb †h Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ Zv wbgœiƒc :
▪ †jv‡Kv‡gvkb wm‡÷g ▪ A¨vKPz‡qUi wm‡÷g ▪ ‡mÝi wm‡÷g ▪ wmMb¨vj cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g
▪ cvIqvi mvcøvB wm‡÷ ▪ K‡›Uªvj wm‡÷g g¨vwbcy‡jkb ev cwieZ©b Kiv
µv‡qvmvR©vwi ev µv‡qv‡_ivwc: µv‡qvmvR©vwi n‡jv Ggb GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ ev †_ivwc †hLv‡b AwZwi³ wbgœ ZvcgvÎvq kix‡ii A¯^vfvweK, ¶wZKi
Ges †ivMvµvšÍ| †Kvl¸‡jv‡K aŸsm Kiv nq| GwU µv‡qv‡_ivwc ev µv‡qv‡ev‡jkb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| µv‡qvmvR©vwii "µv‡qvÓ MÖxK kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q hvi
A_© "ei‡di gZ VvÛv Ges "mvR©vwi " A_© "nv‡Zi KvR"|
▪ AvazwbK µv‡qvmvR©vwii hvÎv ïiæ nq Av‡gwiKvb wbD‡ivmvR©b I.S. Cooper Ges Lee Gi nvZ a‡i 1960 mv‡j hLb Zij bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mnRjf¨ nq|
▪ µv‡qvmvR©vwii †¶‡Î mvaviYZ c…_K c…_Kfv‡e Zij bvB‡UÖv‡Rb, Kve©b WvB-A·vB‡Wi Zzlvi, AvM©b Ges mgwš^Zfv‡e WvB-wg_vBj B_vi I
†cÖv‡cb Gi wgkÖY e¨envi Kiv nq|
▪ µv‡qvmvR©vwii cÖ_g w`‡K Zij Aw·‡Rb e¨envi KiZ| Z¡‡Ki †Qv‡Uv wUDgvi, wZj, AvwPj, †gQZv, Z¡‡Ki K¨vÝvi wPwKrmvq µv‡qvmvR©vwi e¨envi Kiv nq|
▪ µv‡qvmvR©vwi Kivi Rb¨ Zij bvB‡UÖv‡Rb AvM©b M¨vm †¯úÖ Ki‡Z †h hš¿wU e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi bvg Òµv‡qvMvb" Ges kix‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i mvR©vwi
Kivi h‡š¿i bvg "µv‡qv‡cÖve|
▪ µv‡qvmvR©vwi‡Z ZvcgvÎv n«Övm e…w×i cÖwµqvwU AšÍZt `zwU P‡µ m¤úbœ nq| kxZjxKiY cÖwµqvwU ZZ¶Y hver Pj‡Z _v‡K hZ¶Y bv cz‡iv wUDgviwU
Ges Gi Av‡kcv‡ki wUm¨z 5-10 wgtwgt cziæ eid Øviv fvjfv‡e Ave…Z nq|
gnvKvk Awfhvb:
▪ we‡k¦i cÖ_g gvbzl enbKvix b‡fvhvb f÷K-1, 12B GwcÖj 1961 mv‡j ivwkqvb gnvKvkhvÎx BDwi M¨vMvwib gnvk‚‡b¨ ågY K‡ib|
▪ gnvKvk hvÎvq cÖ_g gwnjv f¨v‡jbwUbv †Z‡im‡Kvfv 16B Rvbzqvix 1963 mv‡j f÷K 6 K‡i AvUPwj-kevi c…w_ex cÖ`w¶Y K‡ib|
▪ 1969 mv‡ji 20B RzjvB G¨v‡cv‡jv-11 †Z K‡i me©cÖ_g bxj Avg©÷Ös I GWDBb AjwWÖb Pvu‡` AeZiY K‡ib|
▪ me©cÖ_g c…w_ex‡Z g½jMÖn †_‡K †h Z_¨ Av‡m †mB wgk‡bi bvg wQj 1971 gvm© 3 Ges Z_¨ cvVv‡bvi mgqKvj wQj gvÎ 20 †m‡KÐ|
▪ gvwK©b hz³iv‡óÖi bvmvi (NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Aarinistration) †R¨vwZwe©Ávbxiv Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii Ava¨‡g
gnvKvkhv‡bi Ae¯’vb, MwZ-cÖK…wZ wbqš¿‡Yi KvR Ki‡Qb|
ev‡qv‡gwUÖ·: ev‡qv‡gwUÖ· n‡jv RxeweÁvb Ges cÖhzw³i GKwU kvLv hvi mvnv‡h¨ gvbz‡li ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv we‡kølY K‡i gvbe‡`‡ni AwØZxq ˆewkó¨
mbv³KiY K‡i Ges Zv‡K wPwýZ K‡i| wMÖK kã bio hvi A_© life Ges metric hvi A_© to measure †_‡K DrcwË n‡q‡Q ev‡qv‡gwUÖ·
(Biometrics)|
‡`‡ni MVb Ges AvPiYMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i ev‡qv‡gwUÖ·‡K `zB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq; h_v-
K. †`‡ni MVb I kixie…Ëxq ˆewk‡ó¨i ev‡qv‡gwUÖ· c×wZ (Plysiological):
1. AvBwim Ges †iwUbv ¯‹¨vb (Iris & Retina Scan); 2. n¨vÛ wRI‡gwUª (Iland Geometry); 3. wdsMvi wcÖ›U (Fingerprint);

6 ICTLecture #01 (B)

 4. ‡dBm wiKMwbkb (Face Recognition); 5. wWGbG (DNA)
L. AvPiYMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i ev‡qv‡gwUÖ· c×wZ (Behavioral):

1. wmM‡bPvi †fwiwd‡Kkb 2. f‡qm wiKMwbkb (Voice Recognition); I 3. UvBwcs Kx‡÷ÖvK (Keystroke Verification)
(Signature Verification);
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·t ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· ev ˆRe Z_¨weÁvb GKwU AvšÍtkv¯¿xq †¶Î A_© RxeweÁvb, cwimsL¨vb I Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi GKwU kvLv †hLv‡b
RxeweÁvb msµvšÍ Kv‡R e¨eüZ †WUvi msi¶Y, AvniY, mvRv‡bv, e¨e¯’vcbv, msMVb Ges we‡kølY BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZi Avwe®‹vi Ges
Dbœqb K‡i| c¨vUvb© wiKMwbkb, †WUv gvBwbs, †gwkb j¨vs¸‡qR A¨vjMwi`g, wfRzqvjvB‡Rkb BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨eüZ n‡”Q| wewfbœ
M‡elYvi †¶‡Î ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· e¨vcK nv‡i e¨eüZ n‡”Q| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ M‡elYv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)wmKz‡qÝ
GjvBb‡g›U, DNA g¨vwcs, DNA A¨vbvjvBwmm, wRb dvBwÛs, wR‡bvg mgvMg, WÖvM bKkv, WÖvM Avwe®‹vi, †cÖvwU‡bi MVb, †cÖvwU‡bi fwel¨r MVb, wRb
m‚‡Îi fwel¨r, †cÖvwUb-‡cÖvwU‡bi wg_w¯Œqv, wR‡bvg Gi e¨vwß Ges weeZ©‡bi g‡Wwjs BZ¨vw` |
ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU· Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb, MwYZ kv¯¿ Ges cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨vq ev‡qvjwRK¨vj †WUv we‡k-lY Ki‡Z e¨envi K‡i|
‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis:
▪ ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis g‚jZt DbœZ ˆewkó¨avix Dw™¢` I cÖvYx m…wó‡Z KvR K‡i| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi gva¨‡g bZzb †Kv‡bv cÖRvwZ ˆZwi‡K ejv
nq Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)| 1951 mv‡j R¨vK DBwjqvgmb cÖ_g "Genetic Engineering" kãwU Zvi mvBÝ wdKkb
Dcb¨v‡m Dragon's Island G e¨envi K‡ib|
▪ 1972 mv‡j Paul Berg cÖ_g wiKw¤^‡b›U wWGbG ˆZwi K‡ib| 1973 mv‡j Herbert Bozer Ges Stanlez Colte me©cÖ_g UÖv݇RwbK Rxe ˆZwi
K‡ib e¨v‡±wiqvi †¶‡Î| cÖvYx ev Dw™¢` Rx‡ei ¶z`ÖZg GKK n‡jv †Kvl †Kv‡li cÖvY‡K›`Ö‡K wbDwK¬qvm ejv nq| GB wbDwK¬qv‡mi wfZ‡i we‡kl
wKQz †cuPv‡bv e¯Íz Av‡Q hv‡K e‡j †µv‡gv‡Rvg| †µv‡gv‡Rvg Rx‡ei wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i _v‡K| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi g‡a¨ Avevi †PB‡bi gZ †cuPv‡bv
wKQz e¯Íz _v‡K hv‡K DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) ejv nq| GB wWGbG A‡bK As‡k fvM Kiv _v‡K| Gi GKwU wbw`©ó Ask‡K e‡j Rxb|
g~jZt †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi Af¨šÍ‡i Aew¯’Z RxbB Rx‡ei wewfbœ ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i _v‡K| GK †mU c‚Y©v½ Rxb‡K wR‡bvg ejv nq| gvbz‡li kix‡i
25,000 Gi AwaK Rxb i‡q‡Q| Ges 23 †Rvov †µv‡gv‡Rvg Av‡Q|
▪ ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis c×wZ‡Z KLbI cÖvYxi esk ci¤úivq cÖvß wWGbG mwi‡q †djvi gva¨‡g A_ev cÖvYx‡`‡ni evB‡i cÖ¯ÍzZK…Z DNA cÖvYx‡`‡n
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g cÖvYxi †R‡bwUK MV‡bi cwieZ©b NUv‡bvi nq Gfv‡e bZzb †h DNA cvIqv hvq Zv‡K e‡j wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA | DNA
KvUvi Rb¨ †iw÷ÖKkb GbRvBg e¨envi Kiv nq|
▪ ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi gva¨‡g Bbmzwjb, wnDg¨vb †MÖv_ ni‡gvb, eܨvZ¡ wPwKrmvi Jla (Follistim), wnDg¨vb A¨vjezwgb, f¨vw·b Ges Ab¨vb¨
Jla Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq| Rxb †_ivcx e¨envi K‡i wjDwKwiqv Ges cviwKbmb †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv nq|
▪ C÷ ˆZwi‡Z, GbRvBg ˆZwi‡Z †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis e¨envi Kiv nq|
▪ ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Gi gva¨‡g Rx‡ei cwieZ©‡bi g‚jbxwZ n‡jv wbgœiƒct
1. Isolation: 2. Cutting; .3 Insertion; 8. Transformation: 5. Expression
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR: b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwRi b¨v‡bv kãwU G‡m‡Q wMÖK kã b¨v‡bvm †_‡K hvi A_© evgb| b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR‡Z ˆ`N¨© cwigv‡ci GKK wn‡m‡e
b¨v‡bvwgUvi e¨envi Kiv nq| GK b¨v‡bvwgUvi n‡”Q GK wgUv‡ii GKkZ †KvwU fv‡Mi GK fvM A_©vr 1 b¨v‡bvwgUvi (1) = 10 wgUvi|
hw` BwÂi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq Zvn‡j 2,54,00,000 b¨v‡bvwgUv‡i GK BwÂ| GKwU Pz‡ji mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡j GKwU Pzj n‡”Q GK j¶ b¨v‡bvwgUvi
cÖk¯Í Ges me‡P‡q †QvU e¨v‡±wiqvi AvKvi 200 b¨v‡bvwgUvi|
b¨v‡bv‡UK‡bvjwR‡Z `zwU Dcv‡q e¯Íz ˆZwi Kiv nq; h_v-
(K)eUg-Avc c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z‡Z b¨v‡bv wWfvBR Ges DcKiY¸‡jv ˆZwi Kiv nq AvYweK Dcv`vb †_‡K hv ms‡hvRb Kiv nq ivmvqwbKfv‡e
AvYweK ¯^xK…wZi bxwZ Abzmv‡i| A_©vr GB c×wZ‡Z †QvU †QvU e¯Íz †_‡K eo †Kv‡bv e¯Íz ˆZwi Kiv nq|
(L) Uc-WvDb c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z b¨v‡bv e¯Íz ˆZwi Kiv nq eo †Kv‡bv e¯Íz †_‡K †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv cigvbz ¯Í‡ii wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv| A_©vr eo e¯Íz‡K †K‡U
†QvU e¯Íz‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhzw³ e¨env‡i Avgiv Aek¨B wbq‡bi KvRmg‚n Kie bv|

1. mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm; 2. n¨vwKs 3. mc¨vwgs: 4. †c-wRqvwiRg 5. UvBg GÛ wi‡mvm© †_Þ;

6. fvBivm Qov‡bv 7. mvBevi AvµgY 8. mvBevi Pzwi: 9. mvBevi µvBg:
mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm: mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm ej‡Z cÖ¯ÍzZKvixi webv AbzgwZ‡Z mdUIq¨vi Kwc Kiv, e¨envi Kiv, wb‡Ri bv‡g wewµ Kiv BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg‡K ezSvq |
n¨vwKs: B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i A‡b¨i Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g Ges I‡qemvB‡U A‰eafv‡e cÖ‡ek K‡i cz‡iv wbqš¿Y †bqv‡K ejv nq n¨vwKs Ges †h e¨w³ ev
hviv GB KvRwU K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq n¨vKvi|
mvBevi AvµgY: mvBevi AvµgY n‡jv GK ai‡bi B‡jKUÖwbK AvµgY †hLv‡b B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix A‡b¨i wm‡÷‡g webv AbzgwZ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i
dvBj, †cÖvMÖvg, †WUv wKsev nvW©Iq¨vi aŸsm K‡i ev ¶wZ mvab K‡i|
mvBevi Pzwi: mvBevi Pzwi ej‡Z †WUv Pzwi Ges †Kv‡bv e¨w³i e¨w³ cwiPq Pzwi‡K †evSvq| A‡b¨i Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K webv AbzgwZ‡Z †WUv Kwc ev AvniY
Kiv‡K †WUv Pzwi ejv nq|
ICT Lecture # 01 (B) 7
mvBevi µvBg: mvBevi µvBg ej‡Z B›Uvi‡bU‡K †K›`Ö K‡i †h mKj µvBg msNwUZ nq Zv‡K mvBevi µvBg ejv nq|
¯ú¨vwgst A‡bK mgq B-‡gBj A¨vKvD‡›U AcÖ‡qvRbxq †gBj Av‡m hv LzeB weiw³ D‡`ÖK NUvq| AcÖ‡qvRbxq GB †gBjmg‚n‡K ejv nq ¯ú¨vwgs †gBj|
‡c-wRqvwiRg: †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ Avgiv mn‡RB B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z cvwi | w_wm‡mi QvÎQvÎxiv Zv‡`i w_wm‡mi welqe¯Íz B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K msMÖn
Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡b¨i †jLv hLb wb‡Ri bv‡g cÖKvk K‡i ZLb Zv‡K †c-wRqvwiRg ejv nq|
fvBivm: fvBivm n‡jv GK ai‡bi ¶wZKviK, ¯^qswµqfv‡e wbe©vn Ges wbR¯^ msL¨v e…w× Kivi †cÖvMÖvg | GB †cÖvMÖvg Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wi‡mvm©mg‚n bó K‡i †`q| VIRUS-Gi c‚Y©iƒc 172 Vital Information Resources Under Seize| fvBivm Kw¤úDUv‡ii dvBjmg‚n
gz‡Q †d‡j, exe dvB‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i, wW¯‹‡K bó K‡i †d‡j | fvBiv‡mi bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb †dÖW †Kv‡nb|
mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm: †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi ˆZwiK…Z mdUIq¨vi webv AbzgwZ‡Z Kwc Kiv Ges wbR bv‡g wewµ Kiv BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg‡K mdUIq¨vi
cvB‡iwm e‡j hv Z_¨|
E-Commerce: E-Commerce ev Electronic Commerce n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i †h e¨emv evwYR¨ msNwUZ nq| B-Kgvm© GKwU AvazwbK
e¨emv c×wZ| AbjvB‡bi mvnv‡h¨ e¨emvwqK mKj Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
B-Kgvm©‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
1. e¨emv †_‡K †fv³v (Business to Consumer: B2C) 2. e¨emv †_‡K e¨emv (Business to Business: B2B)
3. †fv³v †_‡K e¨emv (Consumer to Business: C2B) I 4. †fv³v †_‡K †fv³v (Consumer to Consumer: C2C)

B-Kgvm© †UK‡bvjwR mvZwU ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ:

1. me©e¨vwcZv (Ubiquity); 2. me RvqMvq cÖ‡ek‡hvM¨ (Global Reach) 3. AvšÍR©vwZK gvb (Universal Standards)
8. cÖvPzh©Zv (Richness); 5. wg_lwµqv (Interaction) 6. Z‡_¨i NbZ¡ (Information Density)
7. e¨w³MZfv‡e hZœkxjZv (Personalization)

B-Mf‡b©Ý (E-Governance): B-Mf‡b©Ý n‡”Q Ggb GKwU e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©µg B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Z_v Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhzw³
e¨envi K‡i m¤úvw`Z nq| G‡¶‡Î `zbx© wZi cwigvY nÖvm cv‡e, †`k A_©‰bwZKfv‡e mg…× n‡e|
MCQ
1. wek¦MÖvg aviYvi mv‡_ †Kvb welqwU we‡klfv‡e m¤ú„³?
A. MÖv‡gi mv‡_ kn‡ii mnR †hvM‡hvM B. B›Uvi‡bU myweavi e¨vKc cÖmvi
C. wek¦e¨vcx, MÖvg‡K bM‡i cwieZ©b D. wkÿvi Aeva my‡hvM myweavi we¯Ívi B
2. AvDU‡mvwms Kx?
A.wbw`ó© kÖgZ N›Uvq KvR Kiv B. B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK KvR
C. we‡kl eªvDwRs myweav D. wek¦e¨vcx †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v B
3. †KvbwU ‡ive‡Ui e¨envi?
A.RwUj mvR©vwi wPwKrmvq B. e¨w³i ¯^vÿi kYv³Ki‡Y C. bZzb Rv‡Zi exR Drcv`‡b D. ‡Uwbm e‡ji AvK…wZ ‰Zwi‡Z A
4. †cøRvwiRg †Kvb Aiv‡ai mv‡_ RwoZ?
A.A‡b¨i †jLv Pzwi B. mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm C. KwcivBU jsNb D. AvB‡Ww›UwU Pzwi A
5. †iv‡evwU· Kx?
A. †iveU weÁvb B. ‡ive‡Ui wµqvbx‡Z C. wk‡í e¨eüZ †iveU D. ‡iveU ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ fvlv A
6. †Kvb cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ gvbyl‡K AwØZxqfv‡e kbv³ Kiv hvq?
A. b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR B. ev‡qv‡gwUª· C. †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis D. ev‡qvBbdi‡gwUª· B
7. AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© cÖ‡ek K‡i Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv‡K Kx e‡j?
A. mdUIq¨vi cvBwim B. b¨v‡bv †UKb‡jvwR C.‡cøvwRqvwig D. n¨vwKs D
8. µv‡qvmvR©vwi e¨eüZ nq-
A. cøvw÷K mvRv©wi‡Z B.nv‡U©i evBcv‡m C. †Pv‡Li ‡jÝ cÖwZ¯’vc‡b D. ‡cÖv‡÷U K¨vÝv‡i D
9. †gvevBj wmg µ‡q †Kvb cÖhyw³e¨envi mnvqZv K‡i?
A.ev‡qv‡gwUª· B. ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis C. b¨v‡bv †UK‡bvjwR D. µv‡qvmvR©vwi A
10. ˆewk¦K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v mg„× ¯’vb‡K Kx e‡j?

8 ICTLecture #01 (B)