5th session- DJRC PART 2 – LITERATURE

EXAM TIP: WA’G TANGA

LITERATURE 1- SUMMARY

1. ORAL

2. WRITTEN

TYPES OF ORAL LITERATURE:

1. FOLKTALE

2. SONG

3. RITUAL

4. MYTH

5. LEGENDS AND HISTORICAL RECITATIONS

TYPES OF WRITTEN LITERATURE:

1. FICTION

2. NON-FICTION

3. POETRY

4. DRAMA

5. MYTHOLOGY

6. NARRATIVE

7. NOVEL
 8. ESSAY

9. TRAVEL LITERATURE

10. BIOGRAPHY

11. AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIR

12. JOURNALISM

13. LETTER

14. DIARY

15. PHILOSOPHY

16. TECHNICAL WRITINGS

FICTION GENRES:

1. ACTION/ADVENTURE

2. COMEDY

3. CRIME/POLICE/DETECTIVE FICTION

4. TRAGEDY

5. ESPIONAGE

6. FANTASY

7. HORROR

8. SCIENCE FICTION

9. ROMANCE

10. SUSPENSE OR THRILLER ETC

NON-FICTION GENRES:

1. BIBLES
 2. BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

3. COOKING

4. FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY

5. HISTORY

6. SELF-HELP ETC.

POETRY GENRES:

1. ALLEGORY

2. BALLAD

3. ELEGY

4. EPIC

5. LYRIC

6. ODE

7. HAIKU

8. PASTORAL

9. PSALMS

10. SATIRE

11. SONNET

LITERARY MOVEMENTS:

1. CLASSICAL PERIOD

2. ANGLO-SAXON

3. MEDIEVAL

4. RENAISSANCE
KINDS OF FOLKTALES:

1. REALISTIC

2. CUMULATIVE

3. HUMOROUS

4. BEAST

5. POURQUOIS

6. MAGIC AND WONDER

LITERARY WORKS DISCUSSED:

1. THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW

2. OEDIPUS REX

3. BEOWULF

4. CANTERBURY TALES

5. THE DIVINE COMEDY

6. TALL TALES

7. CHARLOTTE’S WEB

8. MY LAST DUCHESS

9. THE CARABAO AND THE SHELL

LITERATURE PART II: CONTINUATION OF SESSION 1 (BASICS)

ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE:

1. CONFLICT – THE CENTRAL STRUGGLE OF THE MAIN CHARACTER

 KINDS OF CONFLICT:

1. PERSON VS PERSON – ALSO CALLED MAN VS MAN

AND PROTAGONIST VS ANTAGONIST

2. PERSON VS NATURE – A CHARACTER AGAINST SOME FORCE OF

NATURE, SUCH AS AN ANIMAL OR WEATHER.

3. PERSON VS SOCIETY – CHARACTER AGAINST A TRADIITION, AN

INSTITUTION, A LAW OR SOME OTHER SOCIETAL CONSTRUCT.

4. PERSON VS TECHNOLOGY – SCIENCE MOVES BEYOND HUMAN

CONTROL

5. PERSON VS SUPERNATURAL – NATURAL FORCES MOVES BEYOND

HUMAN CONTROL.

6. PERSON VS SELF – BATTLINGINNER DEMONS, ONE WHO HAS INNER

MORAL CONFLICT OR IS SIMPLY STRIVING TO BECOME A BETTER

PERSON.

DRILLS:

1. TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD BY HARPER LEE – MAN VS SOCIETY

2. FRANKENSTEIN BY MARY SHELLEY – PERSON VS PERSON

3. THE TITANIC – PERSON VS NATURE

4. IT BY STEPHEN KING – PERSON VS SUPERNATURAL

5. THIS TYPE OF CONFLICT OCCURS WHEN A CHARACTER DEALS WITH

FORCES BEYOND THE NATURAL WORLD, SUCH AS GHOSTS OR

DEITIES – PERSON VS SUPERNATURAL

FICTION GENRES CONTINUATION:

1. UTOPIAN – THE DEPICTION OF AN IDEALIZED, PERFECCT
SOCIETY WHERE EVERYTHING IS DESIGNED TO BE FAIR, JUST, AND

HARMONIOUS.

E.G. MEN LIKE GODS BY HG WELLS

MR. BARNSTAPLE, A JOURNALIST WHO, ALONG WITH A FEW

OTHERS, IS MYSTERIOUSLY TRANSPORTED TO A PARALLEL UNIVERSE

CALLED UTOPIA. THIS WORLD IS AN ADVANCED SOCIETY WHERE

PEOPLE LIVE IN HARMONY WITHOUT GOVERNMENTS, WARS OR

DISEASES. WHILE ISOLATED, SOME EARTHLINGS PLOT TO CONQUER

UTOPIA, BUT MR. BARNSTAPLE OPPOSES THEM AND ULTIMATELY

BETRAYS THEIR PLANS. WHEN THEY ATTEMPT TO TAKE UTOPIANS

HOSTAGE, MR. BARNSTAPLE FLEES TO AVOID EXECUTION.

MR. BARNSTAPLE LONGS TO STAY BUT WHEN HE ASKS HOW HE

CAN BEST SERVE UTOPIA, HE IS TOLD THAT HE CAN DO THIS BY

RETURNING TO YOUR OWN WORLD. RENEWED IN HIS COMMITMENT, HE

LEAVES UTOPIA WITH A DETERMINATION TO SUPPORT THE REVELATION

FOR A BETTER WORLD ON EARTH.

2. DYSTOPIAN – PORTRAY A BLEAK, OPPRESIVE WORLD

WHERE PEOPLE LIVE UNDER HARSH CONDITIONS, OFTEN RULED BY

TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS AND FACDE WIDESPREAD SUFFERING,

INJUSTICE, AND DEPRIVATION.

E.G. FAHRENHEIT 451 BY RAY BRADBURY – THEY ACT AS AGENTS OF

CENSORSHIP BY BURNING BOOKS THAT CHALLENGE SOCIETAL NORMS.

A FUTURE SOCIETY WHERE BOOKS ARE BANNED AND FIREMEN BURN

ANY THAT ARE FOUND. THE STORY FOLLOWS GUY MONTAG, A FIREMAN

WHO BECOMES DISILLUSIONED WITH HIS ROLE AIN SOCIETY AND BEGINS

TO QUESTION THE PURPOSE OF HIS WORK. MONTAG LIVES A

MONOTONOUS LIFE WITH HIS WIFE. HIS PERSPECTIVE BEGINS TO CHANGE

AND HE SECRETLY BEGINS TO READ BOOKS HE HAS STOLEN FROM HIS

OWN BURNINGS. HE SEEKS OUT PROFESSOR FABER, A RETIRED ENGLISH

PROFESSOR, WHO BECOMES HIS MENTOR AND HELPS HIM UNDERSTAND

THE VALUE OF LITERATURE AND CRITICAL THINKING. MONTAG’S

TRANSFORMATION LEADS TO INCREASING CONFLICT WITH HIS FIRE CHIEF.

IN A DRAMATIC TURN, MONTAG KILLS THE CHIEF IN SELF-DEFENSE AND

BECOMES A FUGITIVE. HE ESCAPES THE CITY AND FINDS A GROUP OF

INTELLECTUALS WHO HAVE DEDICATED THEMSELVES TO PRESERVING

KNOWLEDGE BY MEMORIZING BOOKS. AS THEY WITNESS THE CITY’S

DESTRUCTION IN A WAR, THE GROUP HOPES TO REBUILD A SOCIETY THAT

VALUES LITERATURE AND CRITICAL THOUGHT.

DRILLS: DIFFERENCE: UTOPIAN LITERATURE GENERALLY DEPICTS

SOCIETIES WHERE INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS ARE MAXIMIZED, WHEREAS

 DYSTOPIAN LITERATURE PRESENTS SOCIETIES WHERE PERSONAL

FREEDOMS ARE SEVERELY RESTRICTED.

DYSTOPIAN: THE HANDMAID’S TALE, FAHRENHEIT 451 AND 1984.

NOT DYSTOPIAN: PRIDE AND PREJUDICE (ROMANCE)

WHICH THEMATIC ELEMENT IS MOSTLY EFFECTIVELY USED TO

ILLUSTRATE THE TENSION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND SOCIETAL

CONTROL? – THE CONTRAST BETWEEN PERSON DESIRES AND

INSTITUTIONAL MANDATES.

LITERARY MOVEMENTS AND PERIODS CONTINUATION:

1. ROMANTIC PERIOD- EMOTION, NATURE AND INDIVIDUALISM

-NEW APPRECIATION OF THE MEDIEVAL ROMANCE

- THE SPONTANEOUS OVERFLOW OF POWERFUL FEELINGS

AUTHORS: WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE,

JANE AUSTEN.

VICTOR FRANKENSTEIN BY MARY SHELLEY – THE MAIN CHARACTER IS

VICTOR FRANKENSTIEN.

FROM A YOUNG AGE, VICTOR HAS A STRONG DESIRE TO UNDERSTAND

THE WORLD. WHEN HIS MOTHER DIED, VICTOR BURIES HIMSELF IN HIS

EXPERIMENTS TO DEAL WITH THE GRIEF. HE DEVELOPED A SECRET

TECHNIQUE TO IMPART LIFE TO NON-LIVING MATTER (HUMANOID CREATURE).

HE UNDERTAKES THE CREATION IF A HUMANOID THAT TURNS OUYT TO BE

HIDEOUS. REPULSED BY HIS WORK, VICTOR FLEES. VICTOR FALLS ILL AND IS

CARED FOR BY HIS FRIEND CLERVAL. AFTER RECOVERING, VICTOR FORGETS

ABOUT THE CREATURE AND ENJOYS HIS STUDIES IN ORIENTAL LANGUAGES.

AND THEN… HIS BROTHER IS MURDERED. VICTOR BELIEVES THE

CREATURE IS RESPONSIBLE. JUSTINE MORTIZ, WILLIAM’S NANNY, IS

WRONGFULLY CONVICTD AND HANGED FOR THE CRIME. CONSUMED BY

GUILT, VICTOR GOES MOUNTAIN CLIMBING IN THE ALPS, WHERE HE

ENCOUNTERS THE CREATURE, WHO DEMANDS TO TELL HIS SIDE OF THE

STORY. THE CREATURE NARRATES HIS LONELY EXISTENCE IN THE

WILDERNESS, EXPERIENCING REJECTION DUE TO HIS APPEARANCE. LIVING

SECRETLY NEAR THE COTTAGE, HE HELPS A POOR FAMILY AND LEARNS TO

SPEAK AND READ BY OBSERVING THEM.

THE CONSTANT REJECTION DEEPENS THE CREATURE’S RESENTMENT

TOWARD HUMANITY. HE RESOLVS TO SEEK REVENGE AND SETS OUT TO FIND

VICTOR, BELIEVING HIM RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS MISERY. REACHING GENEVA,

THE CREATURE ENCOUNTERS VICTOR’S BROTHER WILLIAM AND KILLS HIM

OUT OF SPITE, PLANTING EVIDENCE ON JUSTINE, WHO IS WRONGFULLY

EXECUTED. THE CREATURE DEMANDS THAT VICTOR CREATE A FEMALE

COMPANION FOR HIM, PROMISING TO LEAVE HUMANITY ALONE IN RETURN.

VICTOR TRAVELS TO SCOTLAND TO WORK ON A FEMALE CREATURE. HE IS

HAUNTED BY FEARS OF POTENTIAL DISASTERS, INCLUDING THE POSSIBILITY

OF A NEW RACE OF MONSTERS. VICTOR DESTROYS THE UNFINISHED

FEMALE. THE CREATURE, ENRAGEDM VOWS ON HIS WEDDING NIGHT.

 VICTOR RETURNS HOME, MARRIES ELIZABETH, AND PREPARES TO

CONFRONT THE CREATURE. ON THEIR WEDDING NIGHT, THE CREATURE KILLS

ELIZABETH. VICTORR’S FATHER DIES FROM GRIEF SOON AFTER. SEEKING

REVENGE, VICTOR CHASES THE CREATURE ACROSS EUROPE AND RUSSAIA

TO THE ARCTIC, BUT COLLAPSES FROM EXHAUSTION AND IS FOUND BY

WALTON’S SHIP, ALLOWING THE CREATURE TO ESCAPE. VICTOR’S LAST

WORDS: TO SEEK HAPPINESS IN TRANQUILITY AND AVOID AMBITION.

VICTORIAN ERA – CORRESPONDS WITH THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA.

- THE GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

- SCIENTIFIC, ECONOMIC, TECHNOLOGICAL ADAVNCES, CHANGES IN

CLASS STRUCTURES AND THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN SOCIETY.

- EDGAR ALLAN POE, CHARLES DICKENS, FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY

JANE EYRE BY Charlotte Brontë: SUMMARY

 GATESHEAD HALL

 LOWOOD INSTITUTION

 THORNFIELD HALL

 MOOR HOUSE

 PROPOSALS

Jane Eyre is a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her cruel, wealthy aunt. A

servant named Bessie provides Jane with some of the few kindnesses she

receives, telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day, as punishment for
fighting with her bullying cousin John Reed, Jane’s aunt imprisons Jane in the

red-room, the room in which Jane’s Uncle Reed died. While locked in, Jane,

believing that she sees her uncle’s ghost, screams and faints. She wakes to find

herself in the care of Bessie and the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd, who suggests

to Mrs. Reed that Jane be sent away to school. To Jane’s delight, Mrs. Reed

concurs.

Once at the Lowood School, Jane finds that her life is far from idyllic. The

school’s headmaster is Mr. Brocklehurst, a cruel, hypocritical, and abusive man.

Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of poverty and privation to his students while

using the school’s funds to provide a wealthy and opulent lifestyle for his own

family. At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Burns, whose

strong, martyrlike attitude toward the school’s miseries is both helpful and

displeasing to Jane. A massive typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, and Helen dies

of consumption. The epidemic also results in the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by

attracting attention to the insalubrious conditions at Lowood. After a group of

more sympathetic gentlemen takes Brocklehurst’s place, Jane’s life improves

dramatically. She spends eight more years at Lowood, six as a student and two as

a teacher.

After teaching for two years, Jane yearns for new experiences. She accepts a

governess position at a manor called Thornfield, where she teaches a lively

French girl named Adèle. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides

over the estate. Jane’s employer at Thornfield is a dark, impassioned man named

Rochester, with whom Jane finds herself falling secretly in love. She saves

Rochester from a fire one night, which he claims was started by a drunken

servant named Grace Poole. But because Grace Poole continues to work at

Thornfield, Jane concludes that she has not been told the entire story. Jane sinks

into despondency when Rochester brings home a beautiful but vicious woman

named Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But

Rochester instead proposes to Jane, who accepts almost disbelievingly.

The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange

their vows, the voice of Mr. Mason cries out that Rochester already has a wife.

Mason introduces himself as the brother of that wife—a woman named Bertha.

Mr. Mason testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young

man in Jamaica, is still alive. Rochester does not deny Mason’s claims, but he

explains that Bertha has gone mad. He takes the wedding party back to

Thornfield, where they witness the insane Bertha Mason scurrying around on all

fours and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third

story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to keep his wife under control. Bertha

was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier in the story. Knowing that it is

impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield.

Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last,

three siblings who live in a manor alternatively called Marsh End and Moor House

take her in. Their names are Mary, Diana, and St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”)

Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St. John is a clergyman, and

he finds Jane a job teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one

day by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune:

20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further

by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle: Jane and the Riverses are

cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three

newfound relatives.

St. John decides to travel to India as a missionary, and he urges Jane to

accompany him—as his wife. Jane agrees to go to India but refuses to marry her

cousin because she does not love him. St. John pressures her to reconsider, and

she nearly gives in. However, she realizes that she cannot abandon forever the

man she truly loves when one night she hears Rochester’s voice calling her name

over the moors. Jane immediately hurries back to Thornfield and finds that it has

been burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire.

Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one of his hands. Jane

travels on to Rochester’s new residence, Ferndean, where he lives with two

servants named John and Mary.

At Ferndean, Rochester and Jane rebuild their relationship and soon marry. At the

end of her story, Jane writes that she has been married for ten blissful years and

that she and Rochester enjoy perfect equality in their life together. She says that

after two years of blindness, Rochester regained sight in one eye and was able to

behold their first son at his birth.

MODERNISM – A BREAK WITH TRADITIONAL FORMS AND TECHNIQUES,

EXPERIMENTATION INS TYLE, AND THEMES OF ALIENATION

- A LITERARY MOVEMENT THAT FOCUSES ON CONTEMPORARY

ELEMENTS

- AUTHORS: FRANZ KAFKA, VIRGINIA WOOLF, JAMES JOYCE

ULYSSES BY JAMES JOYCE

ULYSSES BY JAMES JOYCE AND THE ODYSSEY BY HOMER ARE

INTERCONNECTED THROUFH THEIR EXPLORATION OF A HERO’S JOURNEY

AND THEIR SHARED THEMATIC ELEMENTS.

LEOPOLD BLOOM CORRESPONDS TO ODYSSEUS/ULYSSES, NAVIGATING

PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL CHALLENGES.

STEPHEN DEDALUS PARALLELS TELEMACHUS, SEEKIING HIS OWN IDENTITY

AND PLACE.

MOLLY BLOOM REPRESENTS PENELOPE, DEALING WITH HER OWN SET OF

TRIALS WHILE WAITING FOR HER PARTNER’S RETURN.

POST-MODERNISM – USE OF METAFICTION, UNRELIABLE NARATION, SELF-

REFLEXIVITY, INTERTEXTUALITY

- MODERNISM BUT WITH MORE SKEPTICISM TOWARDS GRAND

NARRATIVES AND IDEOLOGIES

- AUTHORS: MARGARET ATWOOD, DAVID FOSTER WALLACE

THE HANDMAID’S TALE- IN THIS SOCIETY, WOMEN HAVE LOST THEIR

RIGHTS AND ARE STRICTLY CONTROLLED, WITH THEIR ROLES

ASSIGNED BASED ON THEIR FERTILITY AND SOCIAL STATUS.

WOMEN ARE CLASSED SOCIALLY AND FOLLOW A STRICT DRESS CODE,

RANKED HIGHEST TO LOWEST: THE COMMANDERS’ WIVES IN SKY BLUE,

THE HANDMAIDS IN RED WITH LARGE WHITE BONNETS TO BE EASILY

SEEM THE AUNTS, (WHO TRAIN AND INDOCTRINATE THE HANDMAIDS),

THE BROWN, THE MARTHAS, (COOKS AND MAIDS, POSSIBLY STERILE

WOMEN PAST CHILD-BEARING YEARS) IN GREEN, ECONOWIVES, (THE

WIVES OF LOWER RANKING MEN WHO HANDLE EVERYTHING IN THE

DOMESTIC SPHERE) IN BLUE, RED AND GREEN STRIPES, AND WIDOWS

IN BLACK.

EDWARDIAN ERA- A TRANSITIONAL PHASE FROM THE VICTORIAN ERA

TO MODERNIST LITERATURE.

- GILDED AGE

- DURING THE REIGN OF KING EDWARD VII

 - FOCUSED ON REALISTIC DEPICTIONS OF SOCIETY

- PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, AND EMERGING MODERNISM

GOLDEN AGE OF CHILDREN’S LITERATURE – 1865 TO 1926

-PRODUCING SOME OF THE MOST ENDURING REPRESENTATIONS OF

CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD IN OUR CULTURAL IMAGINATION.

-DIDACTIC THEMES

-COMMONLY ASSOCIATYED WITH CHILDHOOD, SUCH AS INNOCENCE,

IMAGINATION, PLAYFULNESS, AND SENTIMENTALITY.

FAMOUS WORKS: LEWIS CAROLL: ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND

(1865) AND THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS (1871)

L. FRANK BAUM: THE WONDERFUL WIZARD OF OZ (1900)

J.M BARRIE: PETER PAN (1904)

BEATRIX POTTER: THE TALE OF PETER RABBIT (1902)

A.A MILNE: WINIE THE POOH (1926)

TIMELINE: ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND (1865)

VICTORIAN ERA (1837-1901)

THE HOBBIT (1937)

AFTER THE EDWARDIAN ERA

WINNIE THE POOH (1926)

AFTER THE EDWARDIAN ERA

 DRILL:

1. LITERARY WORK ASSOCIATED WITH EDWARDIAN ERA – PETER PAN

2. NOT A CONSEQUENCE OF VICTOR’S CREATION OF THE CREATION:

THE CREATURE’S DESTRUCTION OF VICTOR’S LABORATORY.

3. THE CONSEQUENCES: THE DEATH OF VCITOR’S BROTHER, WILLIAM;

THE CREATURE’S REQUEST FOR A FEMALE COMPANION; THE DEATH

OF ELIZABETH (WIFE).

4. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GOLDEN ERA OF CHILDREN’S POETRY – IT

INTRODUCED COMPLEX THEMES AND EMOTIONS TAILORED FOR

YOUNG READERS.

MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY TO THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY- GOLDEN AGE OF

CHILDREN’S LITERATURE

-DURING THIS PERIOD, CHILDREN’S POETRY EVOLVED BEYOND SIMPLE

MORAL LESSONS AND DIDACTICISM TO EXPLORE MORE COMPLEX THEMES

AND EMOTIONS, MAKING IT MORE ENGAGING AND RELATABLE TO YOUNG

READERS.

AUTHORS: LEWIS CAROLL, ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, CHRISTINA ROSSETI,

EDWARD LEAR, AND A. A MILNE.

SWING BY ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON

How do you like to go up in a swing,

Up in the air so blue?

Oh, I do think it the pleasantest thing

Ever a child can do!

Up in the air and over the wall,

Till I can see so wide,

Rivers and trees and cattle and all

Over the countryside—

Till I look down on the garden green,

Down on the roof so brown—

Up in the air I go flying again,

Up in the air and down!

DRILL:

1. RELIGIOUS- NOT A CONVENTION OF ROMANTIC LITERATURE

2. PASTORAL PLAY- A PLAY THAT CELEBRATES COUNTRY LIFE AND

NATURE
 ROMANTIC LITERATURE – OF THE 18TH CENTURY OFTEN DEPARTED

FROM STRICT ADHERENCE TO RELIGIOUS THEMES AND BELIEFS

INSTEAD EMPHASIZING INDIVIDULAIMS, EMOTION AND IMAGINATION.

3. IN THE STORY THE HANDMAID’S TALE, WHAT IS THE PRIMARY PURPOSE

OF THE CEREMONY IN GILEAD SOCIETY? – TO FACILITATE

PROCREATION AMONG THE ELITE.

4. DESCRIBES THE LITERATURE DURING THE EDWARDIAN ERA- MARKED

BY OPTIMISM, SOCIAL SATIRE, AND EXPLORATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL

THEMES.

EDWARDIAN WRITERS BECAME MORE POLITICAL, THEY EXAMINED

ISSUES INCLUDING THE CLASS SYSTEM, COLONIALISM, AND OTHER

SOCIETAL ISSUES LIKE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE.

VICTORIAN ERA LITERATURE WAS CHARACTERIZED BY DEPICTIONS OF

EVERYDAY PEOPLE, HARD LIVES, AND MORAL LESSONS.

5. WINNIE THE POOH- IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE 2OTH CENTURY WAS

KNOWN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF STORY FROM THE BOOKS, THE

PERSONIFICATION OF TOY ANIMALS.

WINNIE THE POOH BY A. A MILNE

THE STORIES REVOLVE AROUND THE ADVENTURES OF

ANTHROMORPHIC (attribution of human traits to animals) TOY ANIMALS

INCLUDING WINNIE THE POOH (BEAR), PIGLET (PIG), TIGGER (TIGER)

EEYORE (DONKEY), RABBIT, KANGA AND ROO (KANGAROO), OWL.

 MODERNISM – EARLY 20TH CENTURY MOVEMENT IN LITERATURE AND

THE ARTS THAT BROKE WITH TRADITIONAL FORMS, CONVERSION AND

EXPECTATIONS, CHALLENGING ACCEPTED NOTIONS OF THE

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ART AND EVERYBODY’S LIFE, AND

EXPERIMENTING WITH NEW TECHNIQUES AND NEW MODES OF

REPRESENTING REALITY.

MODERNIST WORKS- CHARACTERIZED BY THEMES OF ALIENATION,

FRAGMENTATION, AND A DEPARTURE FROM TRADITIONAL NARRATIVE

STRUCTURES.

REALIST WORKS – AIM TO DEPICT LIFE AS IT IS, FOCUSING ON

EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES, SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE LIVES OF

ORDINARY PEOPLE.

POSTMODERN WORKS FREQUENTLY BLUR THE BOUNDARIES BETWEEN

HIGH AND LOW CULTURE, CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL NARRATIVE

STRUCUTRES, AND INCORPORATE ELEMENTS OF PARODY AND

PASTICHE (an artistic work in a style that imitates that of another work,

artist, or period.).

6. STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND MAGIC REALISM – PAIRS BEST

REPRESENTS THEMES OF THE MODERN AND POST-MODERN LITERARY

ERA.

7. JANE’S EXPOSURE TO THE HARSH TREATMENT BY HER AUNT – PIVOTAL

EVENT IN THE RED ROOM SCENE OF JANE EYRE.

8. EXAMPLE OF STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS- ULYSSES BY JAMES JOYCE

 9. 18TH CENTURY – CHILDREN’S LITERATURE FLOURISH

MYTHOLOGY- PURE MYTH, LEGEND, FOLKTALE, FAIRYTALE

THEMES OF MYTH:

 CREATION

 GODS AND GODDESSES

 HEROIC FIGURES

 MONSTERS AND DEMNS

 ANIMALS

 THE UNDERWORLD

 JOURNEYS, QUESTS AND TRIALS

 THE AFTERLIFE

MYTHOLOGIES OF THE WORLD:

 GREEK

 NORSE

 EGYPTIAN

 HINDU

 ROMAN

GREEK- STORIES OF GODS AND GODDESSES SSSUCH AS ZEUS, HERA,

POSEIDON, AND ATHENA, AS WELL AS HEROES LIKE HERCULES AND

PERSEUS. IT EXPLAINS THE CREATION OF THE WORLD, THE LIVES OF THE

DEITIES AND THE ADVENTURES OF HEROES.

 ATHENA
  APOLLO

 ATHENA

 ZEUS

 ARES

 DIONYSUS

 HADES

 DEMETER

 POSEIDON

 HERA

 APHRODITE

 HERMES

NORSE – MYTHS OF THE VIKINGS INCLUDING GODS LIKE ODIN, THOR AND

LOKI. IT INCLUDES TALES OF THE CREATION OF THE WORLD, THE END OF THE

WORLD (RAGNAROK) AND THE HEROES OF GODS AND HUMANS.

 ODIN

 THOR- a hammer-wielding god associated with lightning, thunder, storms,

sacred groves and trees, strength, the protection of humankind, hallowing,

and fertility.

 BALDR OR BALDER - god of light, beauty, and purity

 HEIMDALL- Guardian of Asgard, God of War & Watchman of Bifrost

 SIF- Norse goddess, wife of Thor, and mother of Ull and Thrud. She is

associated with fertility, the home, and the harvest.

 FREYR- god of fertility, peace, and prosperity

  FRIGG- goddess of marriage, motherhood, and fertility

 NJORD - SEA

 HEL- UNDERWORLD

 LOKI

 IDUN- goddess of youth, spring, and fertility

 REYJA- goddess of love, beauty, fertility, war, death, and magic.

 Mjölnir- MAGIC HAMMER OF THOR

EGYPTIAN- STORIES OF DEITIES SUCH AS RA, ISIS, OSIRIS, AND ANUBIS.

EGYPTIAN MYTH OFTEN REVOLVES ROUND THEMES OF CREATION, DEATH

AND AFTERLIFE.

 ISIS- Isis was an Egyptian goddess of protection, magic, and motherhood.

She was also the queen of Egypt and the mother of Horus.

 KHONSU- Khonsu was the ancient Egyptian god of the moon. He was also

associated with time, healing, and childbirth.

 SESHAT- Seshat, whose name means “female scribe,” was the goddess of

writing and record keeping. She was believed to have responsibility for

recording regnal years and maintaining the House of Life, an archive

containing Egypt's sacred books.

 SOBEK- ancient Egyptian crocodile god. He was one of the oldest deities in

Egyptian mythology and is often depicted as a human with a crocodile

head.

 OSIRIS- an Egyptian god who ruled the underworld, and was also the god

of fertility, agriculture, and resurrection.

 HORUS- an Egyptian god who represented the sky, sun, kingship, healing,

and protection. He was often depicted as a falcon or a man with a falcon

head.

 SEKHMET- ancient Egyptian goddess who was both a warrior and a healer.

She was the daughter of the sun god Ra and was often depicted with the

head of a lioness.

 HATHOR- Egyptian goddess of love, beauty, fertility, and pleasure. She was

also the goddess of women and the sky. Her name means "Temple of

Horus".

 SETH OR SET- Ancient Egyptian god and patron of the 11th nome, or

province, of Upper Egypt. A trickster, he was a sky god, lord of the desert,

and master of storms, disorder, and warfare. He was the brother of Osiris,

whom he killed, and he was antagonistic to Horus, the child of Osiris's

sister, Isis.

 TAWERET- ancient Egyptian goddess of fertility, rebirth, and protection.

She was depicted as a hippopotamus with the head of a crocodile and the

legs of a lion. Her name translates to "the Great One".

  AMUN-RA- supreme god of ancient Egypt, representing the sun, air, and

creation. He was the combination of two Egyptian gods, Amun and Ra, who

were merged around 2040 BCE.

 AMUN- ancient Egyptian god of the air and sun, and was considered a

creator god. His name means "hidden one".

 RA- ANCIENT DEITY OF THE SUN

 THOTH- Egyptian god of writing, wisdom, and magic. He was also the

patron of scribes and was associated with justice and order.

 PTAH- an Egyptian god who created the universe, the arts, and crafts

 ANUBIS- Egyptian god of the afterlife and death, and is often depicted as a

jackal or a man with a jackal's head.

 Parchment (Greece/Pergamum)

 Amate (Mesoamerica)

 Palm leaf manuscripts (India)

 Bamboo and wooden strips (China)

 Clay tablets (Mesopotamia)

 Ostraca (Ancient Greece)

 Birch bark documents (Northern Europe)

 Tapa (Tropical civilizations)

 PAPER – papyrus (EGYPT)

HINDU- INCLUDES A VAST ARRAY OF GODS AND GODESSES LIKE VISHNU,

SHIVA, AND DURGA AS WELL AS EPIC TALES SUCH AS THE MAHABHARATA

AND RAMAYANAA. THESE STORIES COVER CREATION, MORAL LESSONS AND

THE STRUGGLES BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL.

 BRAHMA

 GANESHA

 SHIVA

 LAKSHMI

 SARASWATI

 DURUGA

 VISHNU

 HANUMAN

 KRISHNA

 AGNI

 RAMA

 PARVATI

 VARUNA

 CHAMUNDA

 TRIMURTI

 BHAIRAVI

 KALI

 INDRA

 KARTIKEYA

 ARDHANARISHVARA

 BHUVANESHVARI
 BRAHMAN

 BALARAMA

Brahma - the Creator, Vishnu - the Preserver, and Shiva - the Destroyer.

Durga is one of the most powerful goddesses of Hindus. Hindu scriptures

say that Durga came to kill the asuras, that is, the demons. Male gods had

failed to control asuras and she was created. She has the powers of all the

male gods combined.

ROMAN MYTH- SIMILAR TO GREEK MYTH, BUT WITH ROMAN NAMES FOR

THE GODS AND GODESSES SUCH AS JUPITER (ZEUS), JUNO (HERA) AND

MARS (ARES). ROMAN MYTHS ALSO INCLUDE STORIES OF THE

FOUDING OF ROME AND ITS EARLY HEROES.

APOLLO- TWIN OF DIANA

DIANA- ARTEMIS

MARS- ARES

JUNO – HERA

JUPITER- ZEUS

MERCURY- HERMES

MINERVA- ATHENA

VENUS – APHRODITE

NEPTUNE – POSEIDON

PLUTO- HADES

SATURN- CRONUS

DRILL:
1. HORSE IN TROY SYMBOLIZES AS VICTORY OF THE LONG SIEGE

LONG SIEGE- THE ACT OF SURROUNDING A PLACE BY AN ARMED

FORCE IN ORDER TO DEFEAT THOSE DEFENDING IT.

2. FLOOD MYTH- THESE ACCOUNT DEPICT A FLOOD, SOMETIMES

GLOBAL IN SCALE, USUALLY SENT BY A DEITY OR DEITIES, TO

DESTROY CIVILIZATION AS AN ACT OF DIVINE RETRIBUTION.

E.G. NOAH’S ARK- God instructs Noah to build an ark to save himself,

his family, and pairs of every animal from a devastating flood that wipes

out most life on Earth, allowing them to repopulate the planet after the

waters recede;

The Epic of Gilgamesh- In this ancient Mesopotamian story, the god

Enlil decides to destroy humanity with a flood. The god Ea warns

Utnapishtim, who builds a boat to save his family and animals.

Atra-hasis- This Babylonian story is similar to the Epic of Gilgamesh

and may have been the source of inspiration for it. In this story, the

gods create humans but forget to limit their lifespan.

Manu and Matsya- In this Hindu story, a fish warns Manu to build a boat

and tie it to the fish's horn. The fish leads Manu to a mountain where he

ties the boat to a tree to prevent it from drifting.

Pu Sangkasa-Ya Sangkasi- In this Thai creation myth, the supreme god

Phu Ruthua punishes his descendants with a flood for being wicked and

crude.
 Cheyenne- In this Native American story, a great deluge transforms the

course of the Cheyenne people's history.

Greek- In this Greek story, Zeus tells Deucalion and his wife to build an

ark.

Norse- In this Norse story, Odin and his brothers kill the giant Ymir,

causing the blood to flood the earth.

Aztec- In this Aztec story, people are turned into fish after the flood.

Aboriginal- In this Aboriginal story, a frog named Tiddalik drinks up all

the water in the land, causing a drought.

DEUS EX MACHINA - is a literary device that occurs when an

unexpected event resolves a seemingly hopeless situation. It's often

used in novels and films.

E.G. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (Harry encounters Tom

Riddle in the Chamber of Secrets, which is a deus ex machina moment

in the book's climax), Lord of the Flies (A naval officer and his fleet

arrive to save the protagonist from a rival faction of boys, which is a

deus ex machina moment), As You Like It (Hymen, the god of marriage,

appears and resolves the romantic subplots of the play's main

characters), Medea (SUN GOD, HELIOS), TOY STORY 3 (A thrilling

moment of salvation from a hopeless situation).

DELUGE MYTH- a story about a great flood that destroys a civilization,

often as punishment from a deity. Deluge myths are common in many

cultures, and can be traced back to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.
Noah's Ark: The Biblical story of Noah's Ark is a well-known example of a

deluge myth.

Deucalion: In Greek mythology, Deucalion and Pyrrha survived the flood

and became the originators of humankind.

Utnapishtim: In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim survived the flood.

Matsya: In the Hindu Puranas, Matsya survived the flood.

Ymir: In Norse mythology, Odin and his brothers killed Ymir and flooded

the universe with his blood, killing most of his giant offspring.

CATACLYSMIC DELUGE- A cataclysmic deluge is a violent and destructive

flood that causes great suffering. The word "cataclysm" comes from the

Greek word kataklysmos, which means "a deluge or flood".

The Great Flood in the Bible

In the Hebrew Genesis, God flooded the earth to punish humanity for its

wickedness. Noah and his family were saved by building an ark.

The Deluge by John Martin

This painting depicts a massive flood that extinguished many forms of life

on earth. Martin believed the flood was caused by a collision between the

sun, moon, and a comet.

The Great Cataclysm in Marvel

This event was caused by the Eternals ignoring humanity while the

Deviants enslaved it.

3. THE MYTH OF SISYPHUS, ETERNALLY CONDEMNED TO ROLL A

BOULDER UPHILL ONLY FOR IT TO ROLL BACK DOWN, IS OFTEN

INTERPRETED AS A METAPHOR FOR- THE FUTILITY OF HUMAN

EXISTENCE AND THE INEVITABILITY OF SUFFERING.

SISYPHUS’ ENDLESS AND MEANINGLESS TASK SYMBOLIZES TASK

SYMBOLIZES THE HUMAN CONDITION OF CONSTANTLY STRIVING FOR

MEANING IN A SEEMINGLY INDIFFERENT UNIVERSE

4. IN MANY FLOOD MYTHS, WHAT IS THE TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF

EVENTS? – CAUSE SIZE SURVIVORS SIGN

CAUSE: THE REASON BEHIND THE FLOOD, SUCH AS THE WRATH OD

GODS OR A DIVINE DECISION TO CLEANSE THE EARTH.

SIZE: THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FLOOD IS DESCRIBED, OFTEN

PORTRAYING IT AS MASSIVE, WORLD ENCOMPASSING EVENT.

SURVIVORS: IDENTIFIES THE SURVIVORS TYPICALLY A SELECT FEW

CHOSEN BY THE GODS OR WHO HAVE FOUND FAVOR IN SOME WAY.

SIGN: A SIGN OR SYMBOL INDICATING THE END OF THE FLOOD AND

OFTEN A NEW BEGINNING OR COVENANT BETWEEN THE DIVINE AND

HUMANITY.

5. ODIN- THE NORSE GOD KNOWN AS THE RAVEN GOD

6. LOKI- REGARDED BY THE ANCIENT NORSE PEOPLE AS THE GODS OF

MISCHIEF, TRICKERY, AND DECEPTION,

7. FRIGG- QUEEN OF ASGARD AND THE HIGHEST OF THE GODDESSES

8. THOR- A HAMMER WIELDING GOD ASSOCIATED WITH LIGHTNING,

THUNDER, STORMS, SACRED GROVES, AND TREES, STRENGTH, THE

PROTECTION OF HUMANKIND, HALLOWINMG AND FERTILITY.

9. NOT A PURPOSE OF MYTHOLOGY IN THE DAILY LIVES OF THE

GREEKS – IT SERVED AS A FORECAST OR PROPHECY OF THE END

OF THE WORLD.

10. NOT AN EGYTPIAN GOD- DEMETER

11. MYHTOLOGY- SERVED AS THE EARLY RELIGION, SCIENCE AND

LITERATURE OF ANCIENT PEOPLE.

MYTHOLOGY OFTEN ENCAPSULATED THE EARLY BELIEFS,

EXPLANATIONS FOR NATURAL PHENOMENA AND CULTURAL

NARRATIVES OF ANCIENT SOCIETIES, FUNCTIONING AS THEIR

RELIGION, SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.

UNDERWORLD- TARTARUS, ELYSIUM, ASPHODEL, AND EREBUS ALL

PERTAINS.

IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY, TARTARUS, ELYSIUM, ASPHODEL, AND EREBUS

ARE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD, WHERE SOULS GO AFTER

DEATH.

TARTARUS- IS A DEEP ABYSS USED FOR PUNISHMENT

ELYSIUM- IS A PARADISE FOR THE VIRTUOUS

ASPHODEL IS A NEUTRAL AREA FOR ORDINARY SOULS

EREBUS IS A PLACE OF DARKNESS.

DRILLS:

1. FIRST FILIPINO NOVEL WRITTEN IN ENGLISH – A CHILD OF

SORROW

2. FIRST PUBLISHED BOOK IN THE PHILIPPINES- DOCTRINA

CHRISTIANA

3. FIRST FILIPINO SOCIAL NOVEL – NINAY

4. FIRST TAGALOG NOVEL IN THE PHILIPPINES- BARLAAN AT

JOSAPHAT

5. MALAKAS AT MAGANDA – FILIPINO MYTH, NAME OF THE

CREATION MYTH THAT EXPLAINS THE ORIGIN OF THE FIRST

PARENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

MALAKAS- FIRST MAN MAGANDA- FIRST WOMAN – WERE

CREATED BY THE GODS AND LAID STHE FOUNDATION FOR

HUMANITY IN FILIPINO.

6. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE ABOUT THE PHILIPPINE PRE-

COLONIAL TEXTS- MOST PRE-COLONIAL LITERARY TEXTS

OCCURRED IN RELIGIOUS SETTINGS. – MANY PRE-COLONIAL

LITRERARY TEXTS IN THE PHILIPPINES WERE INDEED

ASSOCIATED WITH RELIGIOUS RITUALS, BELIEFS AND

PRACTICES.

7. PHILIPPINE FOLKTALE – IBONG ADARNA

8. RAMAYANA – AN ANCIENT INDIAN EPIC THAT NARRATES THE LIFE

OF PRINCE RAMA

9. SHAKUNTALA AND DUSHYANT – A FAMOUS SANSKRIT PLAY BY

KALIDASA

10. THE MONKEY KING – BEST KNOWN AS ONE OF THE MAIN

PLAYERS IN THE 16TH CENTURY CHINESE NOVEL JOURNEY TO THE

WEST

11. ALIGUYON- IFUGAO HERO IN THE EPIC HUDHUD

12. IN HINDU MYTH, HE IS A GOD THAT PRESERVES THE WORLD AND

HUMANS – VISHNU

PROMINENT DEITIES OF CONTEMPORARY HINDUISM – BRAHMA-

THE CREATOR

SHIVA- THE PRESERVER

KRISHNA- GOD OF COMPASSION, PROTECTION AND LOVE

13. TERM IS USED TO FOR THE NATURAL PROCESS OF BIRTH, DEATH

AND REBIRTH IN HINDU TRADITION – REINCARNATION

KARMA – THE PRINCIPLE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, WHERE THE

INTENT AND ACTIONS OF AN INDIVIDUAL THEIR FUTURE DESTINY

OR FATE.

RAJAS – ONE OF THE THREE QUALITIES IN HINDU PHILOSOPHY

REPRESENTING PASSION, ACTIVITY, AND DYNAMISM.

14. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY- A PLOT DEVICE IN LITERATURE

WHICH IS USUALLY EMPLOYED WHERE VISIONS ARE REALIZED

 DUE TO THE ACTION OF THE CHARCATERS WHO TRY TO PREVENT

THEM. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS THIS OEDIPUS REX.

SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY- A BELIEF ABOUT A FUTURE

OUTCOME THAT HELPS TO BRING ABOUT ITS OWN FULFILLMENT.

FORESIGHT- PREDICTION

INSIGHT- DEEP UNDERSTANDING

ORACLE- SOMEONE WHO OFFERED ADVICE OR A PROPHECY

THOUGHT TO HAVE COME DIRECTLY FROM A DIVINE SOURCE.

15. HAN DYNASTY- ONE OF THE MOST GLORIOUS ERAS OF CHINESE

HISTORY WHICH WAS MARKED BY THE INTRODUCTION OF

BUDDHISM FROM INDIA.

HAN DYNASTY- SIGNIFICANT PERIOD IN CHINESE HISTORY WHEN

BUDDHISM BEGAN TO BE INTRODUCED FROM INDIA. THIS PERIOD

SAW THE ESTABLISHED OF THE SILK ROAD, WHICH FACILITATED

THE EXCHANGE OF CULTURE, INCLUDING RELIGIOUS IDEAS,

BETWEEN CHINA AND INDIA.

16. BEWARE OF WITCHES – SHAKESPEAREAN WORK MACBETH CAN

BE COMPARED TO THE PHRASE BEWARE OF GREEKS BEARING

GIFTS.

BEWARE OF GREEKS BEARING GIFTS WARNS OF HIDDEN

DANGERS DISGUISED AS SOMETHING BENEFICIAL. THE WITCHES’

CRYPTIC AND SEEMINGLY POSITIVE PREDICTIONS LEAD TO

DISASTROUS OUTCOMES.
17. MACBETH AND HAMLET ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR EXPLORATION

OF INTERIOR DOUBT.

18. CONTEMPORARY – LITERARY TYPE COVERING WORKS BETWEEN

THE END OF WWII AND THE PRESENT.

CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE REFERS TO WORKS OF PROSE.

POETRY, AND DRAMA PUBLISHED SINCE 1945. PRECISELY, IT

REFERS TO POSTMODERNISM AND WHAT HAS COME

AFTERWARD.

19. IN THE EGYPTIAN SHORT STORY “THE TWO BROTHERS” WHAT

WERE THE NAMES OF THE TWO BROTHERS? – ANPU AND BATA

20. LES MISERABLES- WORK BY VICTOR HUGO IS KNOWN FOR ITS

MORAL STORY

21. SUNSET AND THE EVENING STAR, AND ONE CLEAR CALL FOR ME

AND MAY THESE BE NO MOANING FOR THE BAR WHEN I PUT OUT

TO SEE- A DYING MAN

22. TOO LONG ON THE MOON WHILE WATCHING THE RAIN –

LONELINESS

23. MORAL LESSON OF THE SCORPION AND THE FROG – PEOPLE’S

INHERENT NATURE CANNOT BE CHANGED

24. PAPYRU- MATERIAL HISTORICALLY USED FOR WRITING IN

HEBREW

25. SCENT OF APPLES – WRITTEN BY A FILIPINO AUTHOR THAT

EXPLORES THEMES OF ALIENATION AAND CULTURAL IDENTITY

  SCENT OF APPLES BY BIENVENIDO N. SANTOS – THE STORY

ALSO REVOLVED AROUND A FILIPINO IMMIGRANT WHO IS

IMMIGRANT WHO IS REMINISCING THE MOMENTS OF HIS

YOUNGER DAYS WHILE HE WAS STILL LIVING IN THE

PHILIPPINES.

 NEW YORKER IN TONDO BY MARCELINO AGANA JR. –

EMPHASIZES THE MESSAGE THAT THERE IS NO PLACE LIKE

HOME, HIGHLIGHTING THE TRADITIONS. INFLUENCE OF

CULTURAL REFLECTION AMD IDENTITY. AGANA’S WORK

EXPLORES CULTURAL IDENTITY AND THE EFFECT OF

WESTERN INFLUENCE ON FILIPINOS.

 SA PULA, SA PUTI BY FRANCISCO “SOC” RODRIGO – ANG

KWENTO AY TUNGKOL KAY KULAS NA MAHILIG

MAGSABONG NG MANOK NA SIYANG NAGDUDULOT NG

PROBLEMA NA KANYANG ASAWANG SI CELING.

26. GOD SEES THE TRUTH, BUT WAITS- FORGIVENESS AND FAITH IN

DIVINE JUSTICE CAN BRING INNER PEACE

27. BIG BROTHER SYMBOLIZES IN GEORGE ORWELL’S 1984- THE

OMNIPRESENT AND OPPRESIVE SURVEILLANCE OF

TOTALITARIAN REGIMES.

28. GUTENBERG BIBLE – FIRST MAJOR BOOK PRINTED USING THE

PRINTING PRESS.
29. CLOSEST PARALLEL TO Iq84 BY HARUKI MURAKAMI – 1984 BY

GEORGE ORWELL

30. ADULTS WHO KILL CHILDREN’S DREAMS – WITCH SYMBOLISM IN

HANSEL AND GRETEL.

31. THE MUSTARD SEED- IF YOU WANT TO TEACH A PARABLE, THIS IS

THE STORY YOU WILL PRESENT.

PARABLE- A SIMPLE STORY USED TO ILLUSTRATE A MORAL OR

SPIRITUAL LESSON, AS TOLD BY JESUS IN THE GOSPELS.

GOD’S CREATION – BIBLICAL NARRATIVE

THE TRAVELING MUSICIAN – FAIRYTALE

JOHNNNY APPLESEED- FOLKLORE

32. ZADIE SMITH’S WHITE TEETH IS KNOWN AS CONTEMPORARY

FICTION.

ZADIE SMITH’S WHITE TEETH – A WORK OF CONTEMPORARY

FICTION. IT EXPLORES THEMES OF MULTICULTURALISM, IDENTITY,

AND GENERATIONAL CONFLICT IN MODERN BRITAIN, MAKING IT A

HALLMARK OF CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE.