gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU: 13
Awa‡ekb 1 : cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kx I †Kb?
Awa‡ekb 2 : cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj
Awa‡ekb 3 : m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb AwfÁZv
Awa‡ekb 4 : m~² cÖwZdjb AwfÁZv‡K wkL‡b
cwiYZKiY
Awa‡ekb 5 : m~² cÖwZdj‡bi mnvqK cš’v
Awa‡ekb 6 : m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb I Kg© mnvqK
M‡elYv

209
wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

210
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 1

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kx I †Kb?

f~wgKv

cÖwZdjb n‡”Q †h †Kvb wk¶v msµvšÍ wel‡qi †¶‡Î GKwU eûgyLx Drm m¤^wjZ cÖK…Z
c×wZMZ we‡kølY| GwU wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qi Rb¨ Zv‡`i AwfÁZv‡K kw³kvjx Kiv
ev evov‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq c×wZ| cÖwZdjb Abykxjb eZ©gv‡b mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| Gi e¨envi‡hvM¨Zv AviI cÖmvwiZ
n‡q †h‡Kvb KvR fv‡jvfv‡e m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i hw` GUv mv_©Kfv‡e e¨eüZ
nq| Av‡jvP¨ Awa‡ek‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Ges wk¶Y-wkL‡b Gi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 cÖwZdjb I cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Gi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwZdjb I cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Gi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: cÖwZdjb I cÖwZdjb Abykxjb
 wcÖq wk¶v_x©, wb‡gœi evK¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h¸‡jv‡K cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z e‡j
g‡b n‡e Zvi Rb¨ ÔmwVKÕ N‡i wUK (√) wPý †`‡eb Ges †h¸‡jv‡K cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq e‡j g‡b n‡e Zvi Rb¨ ÔmwVK bqÕ N‡i wUK (√) wPý †`‡eb|

211
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

µg. Dw³ mwVK mwVK bq

1. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q Aci‡K ûeû AbyKiY
Kiv|
2. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q gyL¯ÍK…Z Ávb‡K Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv|
3. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb †kªYxK‡¶ cÖkœKi‡Yi GKwU
†KŠkj|
4. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb ¯^xq wRÁvmv †_‡K D™¢~Z nq|
5. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb ¯^xq I Ac‡ii AwfÁZvi e¨vL¨v
I Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi GKwU †KŠkj|
6. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb AbymÜv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i n‡q
_v‡K|
7. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q wk¶‡Y ¯^xq mgm¨v
mgvav‡b c~e© AwfÁvZv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi cÖwµqv|
8. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q wkL‡bi GKwU Kvh©Kix
†KŠkj|
9. cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g Av‡Z¥vbœqb NUv‡bv
hvq|
10. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q ¯^xq AwfÁZv‡K hvPvB Kiv
Ges Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi GKwU mvaviY †KŠkj|
11. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qi
Rb¨ Zv‡`i AwfÁZv‡K kw³kvjx Kiv ev evov‡bvi
Rb¨ GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq c×wZ|
12. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q mgm¨v mgvav‡bi GKwU
cÖ‡qvRbxq nvwZqvi|

212
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

µg. Dw³ mwVK mwVK bq

13. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb mv_©Kfv‡e e¨envi Kivi gva¨‡g
†h †Kvb KvR fvjfv‡e m¤úv`b m¤¢e nq|
14. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb wewfbœ gvÎvi n‡Z cv‡i|
15. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb ïay mnR wel‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
16. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g wkL‡bi
my‡hvM m„wó K‡i|
17. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Ggb GKwU c×wZ hv wPšÍv I
Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab ev †hvMm~Î ˆZwi K‡i|
18. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb mywbqwš¿Zfv‡e we‡kl wk¶Y
`¶Zvi weKvk mva‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
19. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb †ckvMZMZ Dbœq‡b e¨w³i †Kvb
KvR‡K m~²fv‡e we‡kølY K‡i|
20. cÖwZdjb Abykxjb wk¶Y-wkL‡bi ˆkwíK g~j¨vqb
K‡i|
21. cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †kªYx cvV`vb
Abykxj‡b ˆewPΨ Avbv m¤¢e nq|

213
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

ce©- L: wk¶Y-wkL‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv


wk¶v_x© eÜz, cÖwZdjb Abykxjb †Kb cÖ‡qvRb? wPšÍv Kiæb Ges cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi
2/3wU cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v wjL‡Z †Póv Kiæb|

214
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 1

g~j wkLbxq welq

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kx I †Kb?

†Wvbvì kb (Donald Schon) cÖwZdjb Abykxjb ev Reflective Practice-Gi aviYvwU
 1987 mv‡j †Kvb wbw`©ó wel‡q KviI `¶Zv AR©‡bi cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib|
†Wvbvì kb cÖ`Ë msÁv Abyhvqx ÒReflective Practice involves thoughtfully
considering one’s own experiences in applying knowledge to practice
while being coached by professionals in the disciplineÓ (Schon, 1996).

Schon cÖwZdjb Abykxjb‡K †Kvb wel‡q bexb wk¶v_©x I mdj wk¶K‡`i ga¨Kvi

Abykxjb Kv‡Ri ZzjbvKviK wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h,
cÖwZdjb Abykxjb ej‡Z GKRb cÖwk¶‡Ki mnvqZvq KviI Áv‡bi cÖ‡qv‡M wPšÍvcÖm~Z
AwfÁZv‡K eySvq|

Schon Gi G aviYv cÖmv‡ii ci Gi Dci wfwË K‡i A‡bK we`¨vjq, gnvwe`¨vjq Ges

wk¶v wefvM wk¶K‡`i wk¶v I †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœqb msµvšÍ wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi iƒc‡iLv
cÖYqb ïiæ K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb M‡elK g‡b K‡ib †h, G aviYv Rb wWDB-Gi `k©‡bi mv‡_
mw¤§wjZfv‡e cÖwZdjb AwfÁZv‡K AviI ev¯Íe wfwˇZ `vuo Kwi‡q‡Q|

Kane et al, 2004 mv‡j cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ GKwU g‡Wj cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB

g‡WjwU wk¶K‡`i †ckvMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i| wb‡P GB g‡WjwU
D‡jøL Kiv nj|

215
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

years

wPÎ: Kane et al Gi cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi g‡Wj|

cÖwZdjb (Reflection): wk¶v‡¶‡Î cÖwZdjb n‡”Q †h ‡Kvb wk¶v msµvšÍ wel‡qi Rb¨
GKwU eûgyLx Drm m¤^wjZ cÖK…Z c×wZMZ we‡kølY| “A multi-sourced, honest and
systematic analysis of an educational event". (Mendeval's definition)

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb: cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kvh©Ki wk¶v wn‡m‡e `xN©mgq a‡i ¯^xK…Z GKwU
†KŠkj| cÖwk¶YKvjxb mg‡q cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i Rb¨ GB †KŠkj Aej¤^b AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq|
 †hme KvR Kiv n‡q †M‡Q †m ¸‡jv‡K wd‡i †`Lv Ges †mLvb †_‡K cÖK…Z wk¶Yxq
Ask Luy‡R †ei Kiv hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z AwfÁZv wn‡m‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq|

216
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 cÖwk¶K wn‡m‡e hv †kLv n‡q‡Q Zv wK GKRb ¯^v_©K cÖwk¶K nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó
mnvqK?
 GB welqwU wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡j †`L‡Z n‡e Kxfv‡e wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡q‡Q?
 †kªYxK‡¶ Zv‡`i mv‡_ Kx iKg AvPiY Kiv n‡q‡Q?

Facilitator wn‡m‡e Kv‡Ri mgq mn‡hvwMZv KZUzKz A_©c~Y© wQj BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv

†ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb|

c`v_©we` Edward Teller †Kvb GKwU wk¶vg~jK IqvK©k‡c e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒYou can be
a good teacher because you know how to teach. You may be a good
teacher because you know your subject. Both are very important but you
must love your kids. Excite your students awaken their interests and
make them follow it up. Turn them into life long learners."

ÒZzwg GKRb fv‡jv wk¶K n‡Z cvi KviY Zzwg Rvb Kxfv‡e wkLv‡Z nq| Zzwg nq‡Zv
GKRb fv‡jv wk¶K KviY welq m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi Ávb Av‡Q| `yÕUvB fxlY Riæix| wKš‘
wel‡qi Dci Aek¨B †Zvgvi fv‡jvevmv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Zv ev”Pv‡`i g‡a¨ ¯’vbvšÍi
Ki‡Z n‡e| †Zvgvi wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K Av‡›`vwjZ Ki, Zv‡`i AvMÖn‡K RvMwiZ Ki Ges
Zv‡`i‡K G¸‡jv a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv Ki| me‡k‡l Zv‡`i‡K Rxeb e¨vcx wk¶v_x© wn‡m‡e
M‡o †ZvjÓ|

GB Dw³ †_‡KB †evSv hvq †h, wk¶v †¶‡Î cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb KZUzKz|

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qi Rb¨ Zv‡`i AwfÁZv‡K kw³kvjx Kiv ev
evov‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq c×wZ| cÖwZdjb Abykxjb eZ©gv‡b mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z Ges GUvi e¨envi‡hvM¨Zv AviI
cÖmvwiZ n‡q †h †Kvb KvR fv‡jvfv‡e m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i hw` GUv mv_©K fv‡e
e¨eüZ nq|

217
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

1*ERIC Digest (2000) Education Resources Information Center, ERIC Identifier:

ED449120 Author: Ferraro, Joan. M, Source:ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and
Teacher Education, Washington DC.
2*Schon,D.A (1996). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design
for teaching and learning in the professionals. San Francisco:
**Source: Mentor Development and Evaluation of Languages Student-Teacher,
Mendeval.
http://www.open.ac.uk/Mendeval/modile6/#reflective.

g~j¨vqb

1| cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kx Ges Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv KZUzKz?
2| wk¶Y-wkL‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|

218
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 1

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K
wb‡R wb‡R †Póv Kiæb Ges mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii mnvqZv
wbb|

ce©- L
cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:
Áv‡bi RM‡Z Ggb A‡bK Ávb ev m¤ú` i‡q‡Q hv GLbI Avwe®‹v‡ii A‡c¶vq| ZvB GB
Áv‡bi fvÛvi‡K Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ fvM K‡i †bqv cÖ‡Z¨KwU gvby‡li AwaKvi|

 †hme KvR Kiv n‡q †M‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wd‡i †`Lv Ges †mLvb †_‡K cÖK…Z wk¶Yxq
Ask Ly‡R †ei Kiv hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z AwfÁZv wn‡m‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq|

 cÖwk¶K wn‡m‡e hv †kLv n‡q‡Q Zv wK GKRb ¯^v_©K cÖwk¶K nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó
mnvqK? G welqwU wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡j †`L‡Z n‡e Kxfv‡e wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †kªYxK‡¶ Zv‡`i mv‡_ wK iKg AvPiY Kiv n‡q‡Q, Facitilator
wnmv‡e Kv‡Ri mgq mn‡hvwMZv KZUzKz A_©c~Y© wQj BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv †ckvMZ
`¶Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb|

 c~e© jä AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K eZ©gvb †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡b cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgvav‡b
†cuŠQv‡bv hvq|

 †kªYx cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶Y Z‡Ë¡i cÖ‡qv‡M ˆewPΨ Avbqb Kiv hvq|

 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K ¯^xq wk¶‡Yi aib, ixwZ I `ye©jZv m¤ú‡K©
Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯^xq wk¶‡Yi aib cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|

219
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 2

cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvM ‡KŠkj

f~wgKv
wk¶vZË¡we`MY g‡b K‡ib †h, wkLb KLbI cÖwZdjb Qvov m¤ú~b© nq bv Ges cÖwZdj‡bi
AwfÁZvB cieZx© wkL‡bi wfwË †hvMvq| wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡g wk¶v_x©iv †hLv‡b Zv‡`i
†ckvMZ `„wófw½ wb‡q mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i Ges †hLv‡b mwVK I Kvh©Kix wkLb g‡b
nq †mLv‡b cÖwZdjb AbyNUK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZdjb Abykxjb G‡Kev‡i
†gŠwjK ¯Íi †_‡K cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© eyS‡Z I we‡kølY Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G Qvov
Kg©‡¶‡Îi g‡a¨ †Kvb GKR‡bi wbR¯^ wµqv I cÖwZwµqv e¨³ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| c~‡e©i
Awa‡ek‡b Avgiv cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
G Awa‡ek‡b Avgiv cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
1| wk¶Y-wkL‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2| AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Dbœq‡bi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3| AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^xq `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kivi Dcvq wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: wk¶Y-wkL‡b cÖwZdjb Abykx‡bi aviYv I cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj
 wcÖq wk¶v_x©, cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q wcQ‡b wd‡i ZvKv‡bv, ¯^xq †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wPšÍv
Kiv Ges DbœZi PP©v/ixwZi AeZviYv Kiv| Abykxjb cÖwZdj‡bi g~j †KŠkj nj:

220
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

LOOK THINK ACT

(†`Lv) (wPšÍv Kiv) (Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kiv)

GK wgwbU †PvL eÜ K‡i wb‡Ri wk¶v Rxe‡bi Av`k© wk¶‡Ki K_v wPšÍv Kiæb †h, wZwb
Kx ai‡bi wUwPs ÷vBj (wk¶v`vb c×wZ ev †KŠkj) AbymiY Ki‡Zb| Avcbvi Av`k©
wk¶‡Ki AYyKi‡Y Avcwb Kx ai‡Yi wUwPs ÷vBj AbymiY K‡ib Zv wjLyb|

1|

2|

3|

221
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

ce©- L:AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Dbœqb


wcÖq wk¶v_x©, AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dcvq Av‡Q| †hgb-wb‡R‡K wb‡R g~j¨vqb,
†kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_x©‡`i Øviv g~j¨vqb, mnKgx© KZ©„K g~j¨vqb, AwffveK KZ©„K g~j¨vqb
BZ¨vw`|

¯^xq †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ GKwU †kªYxcvV`vb m¤cbœ Kivi ci AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi
Rb¨ wb‡R‡K Kx Kx cÖkœ Ki‡eb Zvi GKwU bgybv †`Iqv n‡jv| Aewkó Ni¸‡jv
Abyiƒcfv‡e c~iY Ki‡Z †Póv Kiæb|

1.Avwg wK K¬v‡mi Rb¨ h‡_ó cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡qwQjvg?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

222
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 2

g~j wkLbxq welq

cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj
cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi aviYv Ges cÖ‡qvM
 cÖwZdjb Abykxjb wewfbœ Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ Ges wewfbœ `„wófw½ cix¶v
Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl c×wZi †hvMvb †`q hv Dc‡iv³ Kg© Ki‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i DrmvwnZ K‡i|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ cÖwZdjb N‡U AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ hv‡Z AviI weg~Z© aviYv‡K †evSvi g‡Zv
gvbwmK mvg_¨© ˆZwi nq Ges bZzb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g K‡g© cwieZ©b Avbv hvq|
cÖwZdjb e¨ZxZ †ckvMZ Dbœqb Lye Kg N‡U _v‡K| hw`I cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvM
cÖK…Z c‡¶ wk¶vg~jK `„wófw½i wfwˇZ weKwkZ n‡qwQj Z_vwc Could and Taylor
(1996) Gi g‡Z, e¨e¯’vcbv Dbœqbg~jK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨I cÖwZdjb c×wZi ¸iæZ¡

Acwimxg| wk¶v_x©iv Zv‡`i wµqv cÖwZwµqvi Ici hLb cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv ïiæ Ki‡e;
GgbwK †m cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zviv Zv‡`i †`‡L †m¸‡jv AbymiY A_ev cybive„wË n‡q‡Q wKbv
Zvi we‡kølYI Ki‡e| GB cÖwZdjb I we‡køl‡Yi cÖwµqv kbv³Ki‡Yi mgq g‡bv‡hv‡Mi
we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| G †_‡K cÖvß AwfÁZv wk¶v_x©‡`i Rxe‡b I K¨vwiqv‡ii Ab¨vb¨
†¶‡ÎI cÖmvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i|
wkLb ÷vBj ev wkLb ixwZ
GKRb wk¶‡Ki cÖwZdjb †`Lv hv‡e Zvi wkLb ÷vBj ev wkLb ixwZ‡Z| wkLb
e¨vcviwUB g~jZ: †kLvi I †evSvi welq| ZvB Mfxi AbymÜv‡bi †P‡q Gi cÖv_wgK
cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© †evaMg¨ZvB †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| wkL‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb GKK I mwVK c_ †hgb
†bB, †Zgwb wkL‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb c×wZ‡KB Lvivc ejv hvq bv| wk¶K hw` wb‡R Ávb mg„×
nb, Z‡e †h †Kvb c×wZ e¨envi K‡iB wZwb cvV`vb Kvh©µg‡K mv_©K K‡i Zzj‡Z
cvi‡eb| hw`I wkLb ixwZ ev ÷vBj m¤ú‡K© A‡bK ZË¡ i‡q‡Q, Z_vwc wb‡Pi 3wU ixwZ‡K
†gŠwjK wkLb ixwZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb-
1) `„k¨gvb wkLb ixwZ: wjwLZ Z_¨ (†hgb: †bvU, WvqvMÖvg I Qwe BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g
wkLb)|

223
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

2) kªeb‡hvM¨: e³e¨ cÖavb (wk¶K e³…Zv †`b I wk¶v_©xiv †kv‡b)|

3) ¯úk© MÖvn¨: ¯úk©, PjvPj I ¯’vb (AbyKiY Ges Abykxjb)

wk¶Y ixwZ ev wUwPs ÷vBj

wkL‡bi g‡Zv wk¶‡Yi Rb¨I †Kvb GKK ÷vBj e¨envi bv K‡i wewfbœ wk¶Y ixwZ ev
wUwPs ÷vBj e¨envi Kiv †kªq|
wb‡P Tony Grashon Gi PviwU wUwPs ÷vBj Gi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :
1) wbqgvbyM KZ…©c¶ (Formal Authority): G ai‡bi wk¶‡Y wk¶v_x©‡`i mv‡_
wk¶‡Ki mswkøóZv Kg _v‡K| Zviv wk¶K-wk¶v_x© GgbwK wk¶v_x©-wk¶v_x©i
m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZI D`vmxb _v‡K| wk¶K †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v`v‡bi mgq wk¶v_x©‡`i
AskMÖnY cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡ib bv|
2) Facilitator (mvnvqZvKvix): G ai‡bi †kªYxK‡¶ MÖæc IqvK© Kiv‡bv nq| wk¶v_x©iv
mwµq AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K| wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3) Demonstrator (cÖ`k©K): G †¶‡Î wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡`i bZzb bZzb wkLbixwZ cÖ`k©b
Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i|
4) Delegator (Kg©KZ©vMY): G †¶‡Î wk¶KMY †kªYxK‡¶ wKQz wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡
I ¶gZv Ac©Y K‡i _v‡Kb hv‡Z wk¶v_x©iv wb‡RivB wewfbœ `‡ji cÖwZwbwa n‡q †h
†Kvb KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e me ai‡bi wk¶Y ixwZ‡ZB (Teaching
Style) †gUv‡dvi (Metaphores) e¨env‡ii `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e hv w`‡q †Kvb weg~Z©

welq ev wRwbm‡K g~Z© wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡q
_v‡K|

AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Dbœqb

cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv Zv‡`i cvV`v‡bi Gi djcÖm~ g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ myk„•Lj c×wZ I †KŠkj ˆZwi
Ki‡Z wkL‡e| mvaviYfv‡e wk¶v_x©iv hw` Zv‡`i Kvw•¶Z wkLb dj AwR©Z n‡Z †`‡L
Z‡e g‡b K‡i †h, GKwU mv_©K K¬vk m¤úvw`Z n‡q‡Q| Zviv g~j¨vq‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i
cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wb‡R‡K Dbœq‡bi wPšÍv K‡i Ges GUv ¯^vfvweK cÖwµqvq P‡j| Z‡e

224
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi welqwU mgK¶ mncvVx‡`i (Peer) m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| ¯^vaxbfv‡e wkLb I

ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Dcvq †ei Kiv AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó| cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K
(Trainee Teacher) mncvVx‡K Zvi wbR¯^ cvV`vb `¶Zvi wfwˇZ mnvqZvi j‡¶¨
g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| cÖwZdjb Abykxjb GKwU ZvwË¡K aviYv wn‡m‡e hvÎv ïiæ K‡i cvV`vb
Abykxjb G cwiYwZ cvq|
wk¶KMY AšÍÁ©vbe‡j (Intuitively) †hme c×wZ I †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb
cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Zvi GKUv ZvwË¡K wfwË wbg©vY K‡i _v‡K| GB cÖwµqv wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨
†ckv`vwiZ¡‡eva RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkLb Wv‡qwi I G m¤úwK©Z KvMRcÎ
wk¶K‡`i Kvh©Kix cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ev¯Íevqb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †KŠkj

 wk¶K cÖwk¶‡Yi ïiæ †_‡K cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv KvVv‡gve× I µgea©gvbfv‡e cÖwZdjb

Abykxjb I AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡b wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z wk‡L|
 c×wZ welqK †mwgbvi PjvKvjxb mg‡q mgK¶ mncvVx‡`i (Peer) m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e
KvR Kivi gva¨‡g cÖwZdjb †KŠkj †ei n‡q Av‡m| cvkvcvwk GKwU Abykxjb jM I
Wv‡qwi iv‡L Ges Zviv wewfbœ Bmy¨ wb‡q wk¶K, †gbUi (Mentor) I mgK¶
mncvVx‡`i (Peer) mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
 cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv ¯^g~j¨vqb, wUwPs AMÖMwZ, cybive„wË Bm¨y¸‡jv‡K kbv³ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl
ˆewkó¨ †e‡Q wb‡e| ïiæ †_‡K hw` cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv GKevi Kvh©Ki cvV`vb AwfÁZv
AR©b K‡i Z‡e Zviv cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKBfv‡e
wk¶KMYI cÖwZdjb Abykxjb K‡i Zv‡`i †ckvMZ `¶Zv Dbœq‡b eªZx n‡Z cv‡ib|

AvZ¥-Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb †KŠkj: †Km ÷vwW

†Km- 1: Ave`yj gwgb, wk¶K, Lyjbv

Avwg GKwU Wv‡qwi ivwL| Zv‡Z mßv‡n hv wKQz fvj ev fyjÎæwU n‡q‡Q Zv wjwce× Kwi|
Avgvi wb‡Ri `ye©jZv mg‡ÜI †bvU ivwL hv‡Z Avwg ZvovZvwo wkL‡Z cvwi Ges Avgvi

225
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

Af¨vm I g‡bvfw½i Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvwi| Avwg cÖwZw`b †Kvb wKQz wjwL bv| wKš‘ mßv‡ni
†kl AvaNÈv †cQ‡b wd‡i ZvKvB| †kªYxK‡¶ Avgvi mKj AwfÁZv m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv Kwi
Ges G †_‡K Avwg wkLb-†kLv‡bv welqK A_© AbymÜvb Kwi|

†Km- 2: wiqvRyj Bmjvg, wk¶K, ivRkvnx

AwfÁZv wewbgq Kivi Rb¨ Avwg Avgvi mnKgx©‡`i m‡½ K_v ej‡Z cQ›` Kwi| Avwg
cÖwZ `yÕmßv‡n 30 wgwb‡Ui Rb¨ Avgvi †Kvb mnKgx©i mv‡_ mv¶vr Kwi Ges
†kªYxK¶¸‡jv‡Z Kx n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Avjvc Kwi| AwfgZ cÖKv‡k mgvb AskMÖnY LyeB
fv‡jv g‡b Kwi Ges Avgvi mnKgx©MY cÖvqB bZzb w`‡Ki Avfvm †`b Ges Kx bZzb
c×wZ‡Z KvR Ki‡j DËg n‡e Zv Abyave‡b mvnvh¨ K‡ib|
†Km- 3: †Mvjvg imyj, wk¶K, PUªMÖvg

cÖwZw`‡bi †k‡l Avwg wZbwU wRwbm wjwL- 1) hv Avwg fvj K‡iwQ †m m¤ú‡K© wZbwU 2) hv
wkLjvg †m m¤ú‡K© wZbwU Ges 3) †h wZbwU wRwbm Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgvi G
Kg©c×wZ Avgvi wb‡Ri AwfÁZv Ges Avgvi fyjåvwšÍ †_‡K wkL‡Z Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cÖwZdjbg~jK wPšÍ‡bi Rb¨ GwU Avgvi †iKW© wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

†Km- 4: †nvm‡b Aviv †eMg, wk¶K, XvKv

djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ Avwg Avgvi wk¶v_x©‡`i cÖkœ Kwi| cÖ_‡g GwU GKwU bZzb aviYv wQj wKš‘
GLb Zviv G‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡”Q Ges †kªYxK‡¶ Zviv Kx Dc‡fvM Ki‡Q Zv Avgv‡K ej‡Q|
†mLv‡b Avgvi KvRB n‡”Q Zv‡`i‡K wk¶v †`Iqv | myZivs Zviv hv m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q †m
m¤ú‡K© Avwg Zv‡`i cÖwZwµqv (Reflection) Rvb‡Z cQ›` Kwi|

(†Km ÷vwW AskwU wUwKDAvB-†mc KZ©„K cÖavb wk¶K‡`i †ckvMZ Dbœqb welqK
cÖwk¶Y †Kvm© Gi cÖwk¶K g¨vby‡qj †_‡K msKwjZ)

g~j¨vqb

1. wk¶Y-wkL‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi aviYv I cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

226
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

2. AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Dbœq‡bi c×wZ eY©bv Kiæb|

3. AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^xq `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kivi Dcvqmg~n wb‡`©k Kiæb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K
g~j wkLbxq welq `ªóe¨

ce©- L
AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖkœ:

1| Avwg wK K¬v‡mi Rb¨ h‡_ó cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡qwQjvg?

2| Avwg wK mKj wk¶v_x©i cÖwZ mgvbfv‡e g‡bv‡hvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQjvg?
3| Avgvi e¨eüZ c×wZwU wK wk¶v_x©‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ h_‡cvhy³ wQj?
4| cvV`vb †k‡l wK e¯‘wbôfv‡e cv‡Vi g~j¨vqb K‡iwQjvg?
5| mZZvi mv‡_ cvV cwiKíbvwU AbymiY K‡iwQjvg wK?
6| cvV`v‡bi mgq wk¶v_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv cÖkœ¸‡jv wK gvbm¤§Z wQj?
7| Avwg wK cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î cÖksmvm~PK kã e¨envi K‡iwQjvg?
8| Avwg wK mK‡ji KvR wVKfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y K‡iwQjvg?
9| †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î Avwg KZUv mdjfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwQjvg?
10| Abykxjbx cvV`v‡bi mgq †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v`v‡bi †¶‡Î Avwg KZUv mdjfv‡e `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡iwQ?
11| K‡j‡Ri †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi mgq Avwg wK g‡bv‡hvMx _vwK?

227
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 3

m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb AwfÁZv

f~wgKv
m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡jv †Kvb KvR Kivi ci KvRUvi mvwe©K w`K ch©‡e¶Y I
we‡kølY Kiv| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡jv †kªYx cvV`vb †k‡l cvVwUi mdj w`K I
e¨_©Zv wb‡q AvZ¥ex¶Y Kiv| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡jv mZx_© wk¶v_©xi mej w`K
AbymiY I mZx_© wk¶v_©xi †Pv‡L †`Lv wb‡Ri ÎæwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I ms‡kva‡bi Dcvq
†ei Kiv Ges Abykxjb Kiv|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b wjwce× ev †iKW©K…Z wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwZdjb Abykxjb we‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©-K: m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b wjwce× ev †iKW©K…Z wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡
m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv wel‡hi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| †hgb -

1| we`¨vj‡qi wk¶Y I wkLb cwi‡ek †Kgb wQj?
2| †kªYxK‡¶i wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek †Kgb wQj?
3| wel‡qi mv‡_ wK DcKi‡Yi m¤ú„³Zv wQj?
4| cv‡Vi †Kvb ch©v‡q wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi K‡iwQ‡jb?
5| DcKi‡Yi e¨envi wK h_vh_ wQj?

GiKg AviI KZK¸‡jv wel‡qi D‡jøL Kiæb hv m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ †Lqvj
ivL‡Z n‡e|

228
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

1|

2|

3|

ce©- L: cÖwZdjb Abykxjb we‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡


229
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

wcÖq wk¶v_x©, wk¶‡Ki wbR¯^ `¶Zv e„wׇZ wb‡Ri cvV‡K wb‡Ri mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges †mB mv‡_ mZx_©/mn‡hvMx wk¶‡Ki mgv‡jvPbv ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
AvZ¥ex¶‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ cÖkœ¸‡jv GKRb wk¶‡Ki wb‡R‡K Kiv DwPZ:
1| †hfv‡e cv‡Vi cÖ¯‘wZ †bqv n‡qwQj †mUv wVKgZ AbymiY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ wK?
2| me¸‡jv cÖkœ mwVKfv‡e K‡iwQjvg wK?
3| cÖkœ Kivi MwZ wK mvewjj wQj?
4| cÖkœ Kivi ci wk¶v_©x‡K wPšÍv Kivi h‡_ó mgq w`‡qwQ wK?
5| mwVKfv‡e DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ wK?

Ggb Avi wK wK cÖkœ Kiv DwPZ GKRb wk¶‡Ki AvZ¥ex¶‡Yi Rb¨ Zv wb‡P Lvwj N‡i
wjLyb|

230
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 3

g~j wkLbxq welq

m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb AwfÁZv

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g GKRb wk¶K Zvi wk¶Y `¶Zv
 I AwfÁZv¸‡jv‡K Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb K‡i Zvi cvV`v‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡Z
cv‡ib| cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb wk¶K wewfbœ w`K †_‡K wk¶‡Yi wewfbœ
mgm¨v ev ÎæwU mbv³ Ki‡Z ¯^Z:ùzZ©fv‡e m¶g nb|

†Wvbvì mb (1987) Gi g‡Z, cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶‡Ki mgv‡jvPbv I

cÖwZdjb ¶gZv‡K e„w× Kivi Dcvq| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, cÖwZdjb Abykxjb n‡”Q wk¶KZv
†ckv MÖnYKvix cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Rb¨ Ggb GKwU Dcvq hvi d‡j GKRb Abykxjbx cvViZ
wk¶K Zvi Abykxjbx cvV‡K Av‡iKRb wk¶K whwb mdjfv‡e cvV w`‡q _v‡Kb Zvi mv‡_
wb‡Ri cv‡Vi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK `„wófw½ M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq,
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Kvb we‡kl †¶‡Î †ckv`vix e¨w³i wkí`¶Zv ev Kg©‰bc~Y¨‡K
cwigvwR©Z I DbœZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K Abykxjbg~jK cÖwZdjb e‡j| GwU bexb‡`i mswkøó
†ckvq Zvi wbR¯^ Abykxjb Ges mKj †ckv`vi e¨w³‡`i Abykxj‡bi g‡a¨ m½wZc~Y© ev
Dc‡hvwMZv †g‡b †bqvi GKwU Dcvq wn‡m‡e mycvwik K‡i| cÖwZdjbg~jK wkLb nj
cwiKwíZ wk¶Y AwfÁZv hv cÖK…Z †kªYxK‡¶i evB‡i cwiPvwjZ nq|

m~² cÖwZdjbg~jK wk¶K: †ckvMZ gvb Dbœqb I `¶Zv e„w×i Afxó D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b
†i‡L †h wk¶K wk¶Y wkLb cÖwµqvwfwËK †h Abykxj‡b wjß nb Zv‡K cÖwZdjbg~jK
wk¶K ejv nq|

cÖwZdjb AbykxjbKvixi ˆewkó¨: wb‡P cÖwZdjbg~jK AbykxjbKvixi ˆewkó¨mg~n †`qv

nj-

231
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

 cÖwZdjbg~jK AbykxjbKvix wbqwgZ I ¯^ZtùzZf

© v‡e wk¶‡Yi Dci cÖwZdjb NUvq
ev c~Ywe©‡ePbv K‡i|
 wkLb Kv‡h©i DrKl© mva‡bi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i wPšÍvaviv AvMÖn I Drdz‡jøi mv‡_
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i|
 wk¶Y-wkLb msµvšÍ ZË¡ I Abykxjb wel‡q AbymÜvb I wRÁvmvi gva¨‡g wk¶K
wk¶v_x©‡Z cwiYZ nq|
 cÖwZdjbg~jK AbykxjbKvixi wk¶Y c×wZ I wkLb msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY ev
cwieZ©‡bi djvd‡ji `vwqZ¡ MÖnY I we‡ePbv K‡i|

cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxj‡bi cÖv_wgK myweav‡fvMx n‡”Qb wk¶K| wk¶K wb‡gœv³ myweavw`

†c‡q _v‡Kb:

1| wk¶K Zvi wbR¯^ wk¶Y †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2| wk¶K wn‡m‡e Zvi †ckvMZ I e¨w³MZ mdjZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM cvb|
3| wk¶‡Ki Av`k©mg~‡ni h_v_©Zv hvPvB nq|
4| myweav‡fvMx wk¶K MZvbyMwZK wk¶Y c×wZ‡K †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
5| wk¶K Zvi we‡kølYx ¶gZvi weKvk NUv‡Z cv‡ib|
6| cÖwZdjbgyjK Abykxj‡b wk¶K Zvi wkLb c×wZi c~Y© Abykxjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
7| wk¶v_x© KZUzKz wkLj Ges wk¶‡Ki wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z mš‘ó wKbv Zv eyS‡Z cv‡ib|
8| GwU wk¶K‡K wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwZdj‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`q|

g~j¨vqb
1| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b wjwce× ev †iKW©K…Z wel‡qi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb we‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|


232
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 3

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K

1| wZwb wK mnRjf¨ DcKiY w`‡q covb? ev¯Íe wRwbm e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb? wk¶K
wbR¯^ D™¢vebx kw³ w`‡q DcKiY e¨envi K‡ib?
2| wk¶‡Ki cÖkœ cÖ‡¶c‡Y wK bZzb †Kvb †KŠkj wQj? wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ GUv KZUv
AvKl©Yxq wQj? wk¶v_©x‡`i mvov †`evi †¶‡Î †Kvb bZzbgvÎv †hvM n‡qwQj wK?
3| cÖ‡kœi aib †Kgb wQj? wZwb wK mnR cÖkœ †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i wPšÍvg~jK cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb?
wZwb K¬v‡m KqwU wbgœgv‡bi (Lower order) I KqwU D”Pgv‡bi (Higher order)
cÖkœ K‡ib?
4| cÖkœ¸wj wK wk¶v_©x‡`i †eªBb ÷wg©s Kivi Rb¨ h_v_© wQj?
5| wk¶‡Ki †kªYx‡Z Avmb web¨v‡mi †Kvb my‡hvM wQj wK?
6| `j MV‡b wk¶‡Ki †KŠkj¸‡jv Kx wQj? `j MV‡b wk¶v_©x‡`i Rb¨ Zvi wb‡`©kbv
wK h_vh_ wQj?
7| †kªYx k„•Ljv i¶vi †¶‡Î †mUv Kxfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡ib?
8| wK ai‡bi AskMÖnYg~jK KvR wZwb wk¶v_©x‡`i w`‡q‡Qb?
9| `jxq Kv‡R cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K wb‡`©kbv `vb ev Kg©cÎ mieivn K‡i‡Qb wK? Kg©c‡Î
†jLv ev wPÎ my¯úó wQj wK?
10| `jMZ Kv‡R mKj wk¶v_©x AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q †mUv wk¶K wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb Kxfv‡e?
11| wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb Ki‡Qb?
12| K¬v‡m cÖvmw½K Mí ej‡Z ev D`vniY e¨env‡i KZUv wbcyY?
13| cv‡Vi mgvwß Uvb‡Z wk¶‡Ki `¶Zv †Kgb?
14| †kªYx‡Z wK †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡K Ae‡njv K‡i‡Qb ev †Kvb wk¶v_©xi we‡kl Pvwn`vi cÖwZ
g‡bv‡hvMx wQ‡jb wKbv?
15| wk¶v_©x‡`i †kªYx mvov I cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bvfve †Kgb wQj?

233
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

16| wk¶‡Ki evPbfw½, D”PviY I K‡Éi ¯^iMÖvg wK h_vh_ wQj?

ce©- L
 DcKiYwU mevi Kv‡Q my¯úó wQj wK?
 Kg©c‡Î †`qv KvRwU wk¶v_©xiv mn‡R eyS‡Z †c‡iwQj wK?
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡q›U wK †ev‡W© wj‡LwQjvg?
 †ev‡W©i AvKuv/†jLv my¯úó wQj wK?
 Avwg wK ¯^vfvweK wQjvg?
 Avwg wK bvf©vm/cÖvYešÍ wQjvg?
 Avwg wK †kªYxi mevi mv‡_ `„wó †hvMv‡hvM †i‡LwQjvg?
 Avwg wK DcKiY e¨env‡i/D`vniY e¨env‡i/kã Pq‡b †Rvi m‡PZb wQjvg?
 D”Pvi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i Avwg wK m‡PZb wQjvg?
 Avwg K_v ejvi mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq A½fw½ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ wK?
 Avwg A‡nZzK †Kvb kã ev kvixwiK A½fw½ K‡iwQ wK?
 `jxq Kv‡Ri mgq mKj `j‡K wK mgvbfv‡e `„wó w`‡Z †c‡iwQ?
 Avwg AwaK wk¶v_©xm¤úbœ †kªYx‡Z bZzb †Kvb wbqg cÖ‡qv‡M mdj n‡qwQ wK?
 wk¶v_©xiv Avgvi cÖwZ Av¯’vi g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Q wK?
 `j MV‡b Avwg cvi`wk©Zvi Qvc †i‡LwQ wK?
 wk¶v_©x g~j¨vq‡b mdjZv cÖgv‡Y Kx Kx m~PK wba©viY K‡iwQjvg? †m¸‡jv wK mswkøó
cv‡Vi Rb¨ mwVK wQj?
 wba©vwiZ mg‡q cvV mgvc‡bi †¶‡Î cv‡Vi wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Rb¨ mgq e¨e¯’vcbv wK
h_vh_ wQj?
 mZx_© wk¶‡Ki/mn‡hvMx wk¶‡Ki/ZË¡veavqK wk¶‡Ki mgv‡jvPbv‡K Avwg Kxfv‡e
MÖnY Kie?
 mZx_© wk¶K/mn‡hvMx wk¶K/ZË¡veavqK wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i K¬vm wb‡Z
Avwg †ewk ¯^v”Q›` †eva Kwi wK?
 mZx_©/mn‡hvMx/ ZË¡veavqK wk¶‡Ki nVvr K¬v‡m Dcw¯’wZ‡K Avwg P¨v‡jÄ wn‡m‡e
MY¨ Kwi wK?

234
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 Avwg wK wk¶v_©x‡`i fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ h_vh_ cÖksmv K‡iwQ?

 wk¶v_©x‡`i Pvwn`v m¤ú‡K© wK Avwg h‡_ó m‡PZb wQjvg?
 cvV`vb Kv‡Ri †Kvb †Kvb w`K Avwg mdjZvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ?
 †Kvb †Kvb w`‡K mdj n‡Z cvwiwb?
 †Kvb w`KUv Avgvi †ewk K‡i Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e?
 cvV`v‡bi welqwfwËK NvUwZ Av‡Q wK?
 welqwfwËK NvUwZ c~i‡Y Avgvi wK Kiv DwPZ?
 †Kv_v †_‡K welq m¤úwK©Z mv¤cÖwZK Z_¨ msMÖn Kie?

235
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 4

m~² cÖwZdjb AwfÁZv‡K wkL‡b cwiYZKiY

f~wgKv
m~² cÖwZdj‡bi D‡Ïk¨ nj wb‡Ri `ye©jZvmgyn wPwýZc~e©K Zv ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g
wb‡R‡K `¶ I m~Pviæ iƒ‡c M‡o †Zvjv| wk¶K hw` m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi
gva¨‡g Zvi wPwýZ ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ¸‡jv ¯’vqxfv‡e `~i K‡i A_©vr fyj -ÎæwU †_‡K
AwR©Z AwfÁZv‡K wkL‡b cwiYZ K‡i Ges wb‡R‡K Av`k© wk¶K wn‡m‡e M‡o
†Zv‡j Z‡eB Kvw•¶Z j¶¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| GB Awa‡ek‡b `ye©j wk¶Y
`¶Zv¸‡jv‡K cwikxj‡bi Rb¨ AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ wbe©vPb Kiv n‡e Ges D³
`ye©jZv¸‡jv Dbœq‡b Kx Kx c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv hvq †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 `ye©j wk¶Y `¶Zv¸‡jv‡K cwikxj‡bi Rb¨ AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 kbv³K…Z wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n we‡kølYc~e©K Gme `¶Zvi cwikxj‡b Kx Kx
e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb -Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b mbv³K…Z `ye©j w`K¸‡jv Kxfv‡e
 cwikxj‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡e?

wcÖq wk¶v_©xe„›`,
cvV`vb Abykxj‡bi mgq mbv³K…Z Avcbvi `ye©j w`K¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi
Kiæb| Zvi g‡a¨ †Kvb †KvbwU Avcwb cwikxj‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb Ki‡eb †m¸‡jv
AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ mvRvb| GQvov cvV`vb Abykxj‡b Avcbvi †Kvb mgm¨vi
AwfÁZv †kqvi Kiæb| Kxfv‡e mgm¨vwU Gwo‡q †h‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb A_ev Gi

236
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

mgvavb w`‡qwQ‡jb ev cieZx©‡Z mgvavb Lyu‡RwQ‡jb- Zvi GKwU eY©bv wjwce×

Kiæb|

237
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

ce©- L: `ye©j wk¶Y `¶Zv¸‡jvi cwikxj‡b Kx Kx e¨e¯’v †bqv †h‡Z

 cv‡i?
wk¶v_©x eÜziv,
Avcbvi `ye©j wk¶Y `¶Zv‡K mej wk¶Y `¶Zvq cwiYZKi‡Y Kx Kx e¨e¯’v
†bqv †h‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ wb‡P GKwU gvBÛ g¨vc †`qv nj| cÖkœ‡evaK wP‡ýi
Ni¸wji Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcÎ wjLyb|

gvBÛ g¨vc

gvB‡µvwUwPs
Gi gva¨‡g
we‡kl `ye©j
?? ??
w`‡Ki
AwfÁ Abykxjb K‡i!
wk¶‡Ki mv‡_
gZ wewbgq
K‡i!!
?
?? wb‡R‡K Av‡iv
`¶ I ms‡kva‡bi
??
Rb¨ Avwg
Kx †cWvMwR I
GKwU fvj wewfbœ wkLb
Ki‡Z cvwi?
K¬v‡mi mv‡_ ZË¡
Zzjbv K‡i!!! msµvšÍ eB
c‡o!!!!!!!!
mZx_© wk¶‡Ki †h wk¶K‡K
AwfÁZv Avwg Av`k©
ï‡b!!! g‡b Kwi Zvi
ZË¡veavqK K¬v‡m †`‡L
mn‡hvMx wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ !!!!!!!
wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ civgk©
civgk© I K‡i!!!!
Av‡jvPbv
K‡i!!!

238
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 4

g~j wkLbxq welq

m~² cÖwZdjb AwfÁZv‡K wkL‡b cwiYZKiY
m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi myweav
 1| †kªYxi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mgq eÈb I e¨env‡ii `¶Zvi weKvk N‡U|
2| cÖvmw½K NUbvi AeZviYv, mwVK kã/evK¨ Pqb BZ¨vw` wk¶Y `¶Zvi Abykxj‡b
my‡hvM N‡U|
3| mn‡hvMx I mZx_© wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ AvšÍwiKZvc~Y© m¤úK© Mo‡Z mnvqK nq|
4| evwoi Kv‡R wdWe¨vK Kxfv‡e Kiv `iKvi †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZv ev‡o|
5| wk¶K wnmv‡e wbR‡K we‡køl‡Yi my‡hvM ˆZwi nq|
6| cv‡Vi mv‡_ DcKiY mgš^‡qi `¶Zv e„w×i my‡hvM N‡U|
7| wbR¯^ wk¶‡Y wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i `ye©j w`K¸‡jv cwikxj‡bi my‡hvM K‡i
†`q|
8| wbR‡K Av‡iv Kxfv‡e fvj wk¶K wnmv‡e M‡o †Zvjv hvq †m e¨vcv‡i m‡PZbZv e„w×
cvq|
9| A‡b¨i mgv‡jvPbv‡K BwZevPK `„wó‡Z †`Lvi g‡bvfve ˆZwi nq|

g~j¨vqb
1| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi myweav¸‡jv wjLyb|
2| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wPwýZ `ye©jZvmg~n `~ixKi‡Y Avcbvi
cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiæb|

239
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 4

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K
wb‡R wb‡R ˆZwi Kiæb Ges mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbb|

ce©- L
wb‡R wjLyb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|

240
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 5

m~² cÖwZdj‡bi mnvqK cš’v

f~wgKv
wk¶KZvi c~‡e© Ges wk¶KZvKvjxb Dfq ch©v‡q cÖwZdjg~jK Abykxjb‡K
†ckvMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b I `¶Zv e„w×i Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| `¶Zvi DrKl©
mva‡bi Rb¨ cªwZdjbg~jK Abykxj‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq| GB Awa‡ek‡b m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e Ges Gme c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ Kxfv‡e
wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ †cÖlYv RvMÖZ Kiv hvq †m wel‡qI Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi mnvqK c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e
wk¶K‡`i †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvab Kiv hvq †m wel‡q gZvgZ w`‡Z Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
ce©- K: m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b mnvqK Dcvq ev c_
 wcÖq wk¶v_©xe„›`,
cÖ_‡g wb‡Pi Wvb cv‡ki e·wU mv`v KvMR w`‡q †X‡K wbb| m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi
c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj¸‡jv Kx n‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q GKUz gv_v LvUvb Ges wb‡Pi duvKv
RvqMvq wjLyb| †jLv †kl n‡j KvMRwU mwi‡q wgwj‡q †`Lyb Avcbvi aviYv wVK Av‡Q wK
bv|
1. wbqwgZ wkLb mvgwqKx Aa¨qb
------------------------------------ 2. ¯^g~j¨ hvPvBKiY
3. cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ wbqwgZ Wv‡qwi wjLb I AbymiY
------------------------------- 4. †cvU©‡dvwjI ˆZwiKiY
5. Av‡jvPbv
------------------------------- 6. msjvc wewbgq/ gZ wewbgq
------------------------------- 7. we‡klÁ/wk¶K cÖwk¶K/ZË¡veavqK wk¶K KZ…©K
wb‡`©kbv
------------------------------- 8. mZx_© wk¶Y ch©‡e¶Y
9. mZx_© wkLb AwfÁZv wewbgq
---------------------------------------- 10.Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv AbymiY, BZ¨vw`

241
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

ce©- L: cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡b †cÖlYv m„wói cš’v

 wk¶v_©x eÜziv,
cÖwdjb Abykxj‡b †cÖlYv ˆZwii Rb¨ Kx Kx e¨e¯’v †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i Zvi Dci
GKUz wPšÍv Kiæb Ges G e¨vcv‡i GKwU cwiKíbvi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Kiæb|

1|

2|

3|

242
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 5

g~j wkLbxq welq

m~² cÖwZdj‡bi mnvqK cš’v

cÖwZdjb Abykxjb c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj: wk¶KZvi c~‡e© Ges wk¶KZvKvjxb

 Dfq ch©v‡q cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb‡K †ckvMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b I `¶Zv e„w×i Kv‡R
e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| `¶Zvi DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ cªwZdjbg~jK Abykxj‡bi
wewfbœ cÖKvi c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| wb‡gœ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv-

 wbqwgZ wkLb mvgwqKx Aa¨qb

 ¯^g~j¨hvPvBKiY
 cÖwZdj‡bi Rb¨ wbqwgZ Wv‡qwi wjLb I AbymiY
 †cvU©‡dvwjI ˆZwiKiY
 Av‡jvPbv
 msjvc wewbgq/gZ wewbgq
 we‡klÁ/wk¶K cÖwk¶K/ZË¡veavqK wk¶K KZ…©K wb‡`©kbv
 mZx_© wk¶Y ch©‡e¶Y
 mZx_© wkLb AwfÁZv wewbgq
 Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv AbymiY

1| Av‡jvPbv: †kªYxK‡¶ GK`j mZx_© wk¶K, mn‡hvMx wk¶K Ges cwi`k©‡Ki

m‡½ gy³, Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GKRb bexb wk¶K Zvi cÖ¯‘wZg~jK Kv‡Ri
DbœZ aviYv MVb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| D‡Ïk¨g~jK I welqwfwËK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
wk¶K Zvi g‡bvfv‡ei BwZevPK cwieZ©b mvab Ges D”P ch©v‡qi wPšÍb
¶gZv AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g nb| Dillon (1984) GB Av‡jvPbvi GKwU gvb`Û

243
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

Abymi‡Yi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb hv e¨w³i †ckvMZ Dbœqb I weKv‡ki mnvqK

n‡q _v‡K|
 Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnYKvix mK‡jiB †h †Kvb gZvgZ cÖ`v‡b gy ³ I †Lvjv‡gjv
n‡Z n‡e|
 A‡b¨i cÖ`Ë gZvgZ‡K mv`‡i MÖn‡Yi gvwbmKZv I B”Qv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 Dcw¯’Z mKj gZvgZ wePvi we‡Pbv I hyw ³i gva¨‡g MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| G
†¶‡Î Av‡jvPbvi wewfbœ w`K m~² we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ gvb I
`¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ mnvqK welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Dcmsnvi ev P~ovšÍ wm×v‡šÍ
†cŠuQv‡Z n‡e| wk¶Y-wkLb msµvšÍ aviYv I PP©vi cwieZ©b mvab I Dbœqb
wbwðZ Ki‡Z Av‡jvPbvi Dcmsnvi ev mvigg©KiY welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

2| msjvc wewbgq/mv¶vrKvi: mgx¶v `j ev †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ÷vwW

MÖƇci gva¨‡g wk¶K wn‡m‡e Zvi `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ Ges wk¶Y PP©v msµvšÍ
wPšÍv-fvebv, AbymÜvbx I we‡klÁ e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ wbqwgZ Av‡jvPbv
Pvwj‡q wk¶Y msµvšÍ †h †Kvb wel‡q Zv‡`i g‡bvfve ˆZwi Ges wPšÍvi
cwic°Zv Avbq‡b h‡_ó mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gi d‡j †kªYx
wk¶‡Yi wewfbœ NUbv I c×wZi weKí Dcvq Aej¤^‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq hv
wk¶K‡`i KvR I wk¶v_x©i wkLbd‡ji mgš^q mvab K‡i _v‡K|
3| we‡klÁ/wk¶K cÖwk¶K KZ…©K wb‡`©kbv (Coaching): wk¶K cÖwk¶KMY
Kvh©Ki wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶‡Ki cvV`vb Abykxjb Kv‡h©i
g‡bvbœqb ev ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G Rb¨ Zviv cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡`i
e¨w³MZ BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv, Zv‡`i ‰`bw›`b msjvc ch©‡e¶Y Ges †QvU I
eo `‡j Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g wk¶Y PP©v m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ K‡i
cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i †cªlYv ˆZwi K‡ib Ges PP©vi DˇivËi Dbœqb NUv‡Z
cv‡ib|

244
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

4| mZx_© wk¶Y ch©‡e¶Y ( Peer involvement): †KUj I wgjvim (1996)

Zv‡`i ch©‡e¶Y I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡ib †h, mZx_© cÖwZdjb
`‡ji cÖwk¶Yv_x© wk¶K‡`i †ckvMZ `¶Zvi weKv‡k we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv I
†cÖlYv w`‡q _v‡K| cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶KMY Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i K¬vm mZx_©‡`i
Øviv ch©‡e¶Y Kiv‡Z weeªZ‡eva K‡ib bv eis †ewkifvM †¶‡Î Zviv GUv‡Z
¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡ib| ZvQvov Zvr¶wYK mnvqZv cvIqvi †¶‡ÎI mZx_©
wk¶K A‡bK †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨| mZx_© wk¶K‡`i †Pv‡L wb‡Ri ÎæwU ev
`ye©jZv¸‡jv‡K MÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î Zviv Av‡jvPbv I hyw³ cÖ`v‡b ¯^Ztù~Z©Zv
†eva K‡i| d‡j †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© I AskMÖnYg~jK
Abykxjb Zv‡`i wk¶KZv †ckvq Dbœq‡bi mvgwMÖK mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i
_v‡K|
5| mZx_© wkLb AwfÁZv: PvKzwiiZ cªwk¶Yv_x©‡`i Rb¨ cÖwZdjbg~jK
Abykxj‡bi Avi GKwU iƒc n‡”Q mZx_© wk¶Y ch©‡e¶Y| wb‡Ri cvV
msµvšÍ `ye©jZv¸‡jv cwikxj‡bi Rb¨ ev wb‡Ri †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨
we‡kl †Kvb `¶Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ mZx_© wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ e‡m Av‡jvPbvi
gva¨‡g GKwU cwiKíbv K‡i Ges mZx‡_©i K¬vm cwiPvjbv †`‡LI
cªwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K Zvi gv‡bvbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU GKwU mw¤§wjZ I
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK cÖwµqvi Av`k© ev gvb`Û MVb K‡i hv Zv‡`i wk¶KZv
†ckv‡K AvRxeb mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| G c×wZ‡K Uzat (1998)
AvZ¥¶gZv e„w× (Self efficacy) wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
6| Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv (Action Research)
Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi †¶‡Î GKRb wk¶K †kªYx cvV msµvšÍ wewfbœ cÖkœ
mbv³ K‡ib, cÖkœ msµvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †kªYxwfwËK Dcvq
Aej¤^‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib Ges cwi‡k‡l ch©‡e¶Y, Aa¨qb,
AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g mgm¨v msµvšÍ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| cÖvß Z‡_¨i we‡kølY

245
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

I cªwZdjb NwU‡q welqwfwËK I NUbv m¤úwK©Z aviYv mg„×kvjx K‡ib

Ges Dchy³ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kivi civgk© jvf K‡ib|

GKBfv‡e GKRb wk¶K Zvi wk¶Y cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î †kªYx‡Z m„ó wewfbœ mgm¨v,
wk¶v_©xi aviYv msMV‡b mgm¨v, wkLb mgm¨v, welqwfwËK cvi`wk©Zvi AmvgÄm¨
BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv cÖwZdj‡b Luy‡R cvb| †kªYxK‡¶i cvV msµvšÍ G mKj mgm¨vi
†cÖw¶‡Z GKRb wk¶K Zvi AwfÁZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖavb ˆewkó¨ nj- GwU GKwU ev¯Íe mgm¨vwfwËK Ges cÖK…Z
wkLb dj AR©b‡hvM¨ M‡elYv| Gi GKwU mywbw`©ó Ges Zvr¶wYK djvdj _vK‡Z
n‡e hv mivmwi wk¶‡Ki wbR¯^ wk¶Y Abykxj‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy ³| Kg©
AwfÁZv‡K AwaK Zvrch©c~Y© K‡i †Zvjv Ges cÖwZdjb mvg_¨©‡K kw³kvjxKi‡Yi
gva¨‡g Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ `¶Zv e„w×i †¶‡Î h‡_ó Ae`vb
ivL‡Z cv‡i|

g~j¨vqb

1. cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi c×wZ I †KŠkj¸‡jv Kx Kx? Kxfv‡e Gme c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj
cÖ‡qvM K‡i †ckvMZ gv‡bvbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv m¤¢e- Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

246
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 5

m¤¢ve¨ DËi:

ce©- K
1| Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g|
2| wk¶K cÖwk¶K KZ…©K wb‡`©kbv|
3| mZx_© wk¶‡Ki civgk© MÖnY|
4| mZx_© wk¶‡Ki fvj K¬vm ch©‡e¶Y K‡i|
5| AwfÁ wk¶‡Ki civgk© wb‡q ev Zv‡`i K¬vm ch©‡e¶Y K‡i|
6| Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g|

ce©- L
wb‡R wb‡R †Póv Kiæb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|

247
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 6

m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb I Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv

f~wgKv
Avgv‡`i †`‡k ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K GLb ch©šÍ †h ai‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v
we`¨gvb Zv‡Z Avgiv Rvwb we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K g~jZ †kªYxK¶ cvV`vb Ges
wk¶v_x©i welqwfwËK I †kªYxwfwËK djvdj wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| Aek¨ Gi
A‡bK¸‡jv KviY i‡q‡Q A_©‰bwZK APjve¯’v, mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv, RbmsL¨vi
AvwaK¨ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y we`¨vjq ch©v‡qi wk¶v e¨e¯’vq wk¶K KL‡bv †kªYxK¶
M‡elYvi cÖwZ DØy× nb bv| AvR GB APjve¯’v †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi cÖ‡qvRb
†`Lv w`‡q‡Q| wk¶v e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ, wk¶v_x©i ‰`wnK, gvbwmK AMÖMwZi mv‡_
wk¶v‡¶‡Îi DbœwZi Kx ai‡bi m¤ú‡K© i‡q‡Q Zv †kªYx wk¶KB me‡P‡q †ewk
Kvh©Kifv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GB Awa‡ek‡b m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb I Kg©
mnvqK M‡elYvi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 m~² cÖwZdjb Gi avc I Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi avc¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 m~² cÖwZdjb I Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi avc¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK m¤úK©
wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi wewfbœ avc
 wcÖq wk¶v_©xe„›`,
m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb wb‡q Av‡Mi K‡qKwU Awa‡ek‡b Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q| †m
Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z GKUz wPšÍv Kiæb †h, m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cÖwµqv¸‡jv
Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡Pi Lvwj RvqMvq wjLyb|

248
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi avcmg~n

 wk¶v_©x eÜziv,
†Kvb †`‡ki we`¨vjqwfwËK AvbyôvwbK wk¶v e¨e¯’v mvaviYZ †h mg¯Í Dcvsk
wb‡q MwVZ Zvi †Kvb GKwU wb‡q ¯’vbxqfv‡e GKwU Kv‡h©vc‡hvMx M‡elYv KvR
cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| we`¨vjq wfwËK M‡elYvi m¤¢ve¨ †¶Îmg~n -
 we`¨vjq wfwËK wk¶vµg we¯ÍiY
 †ckvMZ Dbœqb
 we`¨vjq Dbœqb msµvšÍ †cÖvMÖvg
 e¨e¯’v msµvšÍ cwiKíbv

249
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

 c×wZ Dbœqb
 †kªYxK‡¶ cvV Dc¯’vcb c×wZ
 wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb cÖwµqv

Dc‡ii m¤¢ve¨ †¶Îmg~n †_‡K Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi Rb¨ hw` †Kvb †¶Î‡K †e‡Q
wb‡Z ejv nq Zvn‡j Avcwb †Kvb †¶Î‡K †e‡Q †b‡eb? †mB †¶Î wb‡q M‡elYv
Ki‡Z †M‡j Kx Kx cªwµqv ev av‡c KvRwU Ki‡eb? wb‡Pi Lvwj N‡i wjLyb|

250
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 13 Awa‡ekb- 6

g~j wkLbxq welq

m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb I Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv

cÖwZdjb wkLb Pµ: cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q †Kvb wk¶Y-wkLb cwiw¯’wZi
 Pig DbœwZ mvab Kiv| GwU wk¶K I wk¶v_x©‡`i e¨w³MZ I `jxqfv‡e wk¶Y wkLb
cÖwµqvq D™¢Z
~ cÖwZK~j cÖwiw¯’wZ Abyaveb Ges ev¯Íe aviYv MVb I Mfxi Ávb AR©‡bi
weKí Dcvq Aej¤^‡b mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| †Kvb bZzb aviYv I Abygvb‡K ch©vqµ‡g
cÖwZdjb I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cwiï×z Kiv nq| G cÖwµqv GKwU PµvKvi Kvh© mvab
cÖYvjxi m„wó K‡i hv‡K cÖwZdjb wkLb Pµ e‡j|

cÖwZdj‡bi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© kb (Schon) Avgv‡`i wPšÍvaviv‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ

K‡i‡Q| wZwb cÖwZdj‡bi `yBwU wfbœZi w`‡Ki K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| h_v-

1| K‡g©i Dci cÖwZdjb (Reflection on action)

2| K‡g© cÖwZdjb (Reflection in action)
1| K‡g©i Dci cÖwZdjb: K‡g©i Dci cÖwZdjb ej‡Z †Kvb we‡kl c×wZ I †KŠk‡ji
Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kvb KvR Kivi ci Zv m~²fv‡e we‡kølY mv‡c‡¶ ch©‡e¶Y Ges
Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv ev `ye©jZv m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri g‡b cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv ev wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb
Kiv‡K eySvq|
†Kvb wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqvi wPwýZ mdjZv I e¨_©Zvi KviY AbymÜvb I we‡kølY
K‡i cieZx© cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq Ges wk¶Y-wkL‡bi DˇivËi Dbœqb I DrKl©
mva‡bi †Póv Kiv nq| K‡g©i Dci cÖwZdjb NwU‡q AbykxjbKvix Zvi wbR¯^ `¶Zv
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nb Ges wb‡Ri mej Ges `ye©j w`K¸‡jv mbv³ K‡i Zv `~ixKi‡Yi
e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z m¶g nb|
2| K‡g© cÖwZdjb: wk¶Y-wkLb msµvšÍ †h †Kvb ZË¡xq ev Z_¨MZ Ávb ev AwR©Z
aviYv‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K K‡g© cÖwZdjb ejv nq| A_©vr

251
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

cÖwZdjbg~jK AbykxjbKvix Zvi †ckvMZ `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ Ávb `¶Zv ev¯Íe
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wk¶Y wkLb Kv‡h© cÖ‡qvM Kivi †Póv Kivi cÖwµqvB nj K‡g©
cÖwZdjb|
K‡g©i Dci cÖwZdjb Ges K‡g© cÖwZdjb `ywU ch©vqB avivevwnK I wbiew”Qbœfv‡e
cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxj‡b e¨eüZ nq Ges G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
_v‡K|
Dfq cÖKvi cÖwZdjbB n‡”Q cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxj‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y| cÖwZdjbg~jK
wkLb P‡µi GKwU KvVv‡gv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

Kg© cwiKíbv eY©bv

1| eY©bv (Description)
2| Abyf~wZ (Feelings)
3| g~j¨vqb (Evaluation) Dcmsnvi Abyf~wZ
4| we‡kølY (Analysis)
5| Dcmsnvi (Conclusion)
6| Kg©cwiKíbv (Action taken)|
we‡kølY g~j¨vqb

Dc‡iv³ P‡µi e¨vL¨v nj:

eY©bv: GLv‡b wk¶Y AwfÁZvi weeiY ev eY©bv _v‡K| cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶KMY Zv‡`i
ˆ`bw›`b Abykxjbx cvV`vb †_‡K Zv‡`i cvV`v‡bi we‡kl cÖwZdjb we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e
Wv‡qwi‡Z wj‡L iv‡Lb|
Abyf~wZ: cvV`v‡bi ci cÖwk¶Yv_©xi wk¶Y m¤úwK©Z Abyf~wZ †Kgb †mUv e¨³ Kiv nq|
g~j¨vqb: †Kb cvV`v‡b wk¶Y-wkLb †KŠk‡j e¨Z¨q N‡UwQj; weKí c×wZ wnmv‡e wk¶K
Avi wK c_ /Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb; G‡Z Kx Kx myweav ev dj cvIqv †hZ; Kx Kx
Amyweav n‡Z cv‡i- †mUv †`Lv nq|
we‡kølY: wk¶Y-wkLb mswkøó wK wK AwfÁZv AwR©Z nj †mUv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv nq|

252
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

Dcmsnvi: we‡kølY I g~j¨vq‡bi ci wK wK c`‡¶c ciewZ©‡Z †bqv hv‡e †mB wm×v‡šÍ

DcbxZ n‡Z nq|
Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv: cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K ev †kªYx wk¶K wbR¯^ wm×všÍ Abyhvqx/ev mZx_©‡`i
mv‡_ wb‡q GKwU cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡eb Ges †m Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡eb|
wcUvm© (1991) cÖwZdjb Abykxjb‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib| ms‡¶‡c GwU DATA
bv‡g AwfwnZ| GLv‡b D= description, A = analysis, T = theorize, A= act.

eY©bv: cÖwk¶YKv‡h© †h `¶Zvi DrKl© mvab Ki‡Z Pvb †m msµvšÍ wel‡qi ev `¶Zvi
eY©bv cÖ`vb| GLv‡b wk¶K †Kb Zvi `¶Zvi Dbœqb NUv‡Z Pvb ev cwieZ©b Avb‡Z Pvb
Zvi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
we‡kølY: cÖwk¶Yv_©x wk¶K wk¶‡Y †Kb `¶Zvg~jK ÎæwU nq Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ KviY wPwýZ
K‡ib I Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb|
gZev` MVb: wk¶K Zvi mbv³K…Z ÎæwU wbim‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœfv‡e cÖvß ev wbR¯^ wPšÍb
†_‡K D™¢vweZ Dcvq Abyhvqx cÖvß c×wZ ev AbymiY K‡ib Ges †m D™¢vweZ Dcvq
mvdj¨RbKfv‡e Kvh©Kix n‡e a‡i †bqv nq| GwU‡KB †mB Kvw•¶Z wk¶Y `¶Zv e‡j
a‡i †bqv nq|
Kvh© m¤úv`b: G ch©v‡q wk¶K Zvi D™¢vweZ ev cÖvß bZzb wk¶Y `¶Zv Kv‡R jvMvb Ges
DrKl© mva‡bi †Póv K‡ib| G ch©v‡q c~e© Abym„Z c×wZ Ges mg_©b‡hvM¨ ZË¡ ev c×wZi
g‡a¨ weivRgvb NvUwZ ev ÎæwUmg~n Kwg‡q Avbv nq| GUv wbwðZ Kiv hvq evievi cÖ‡qvM,
we‡kølY I cÖwZdj‡bi gva¨‡g|
Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv: Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv n‡”Q we‡kl ai‡bi M‡elYv hvi gva¨‡g M‡elK
cÖwZôv‡b KvR PjvKvjxb D™¢~Z mgm¨v kbv³ K‡i Zvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi civgk© w`‡q
Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek Dbœqb Kivi gva¨‡g KvR‡K MwZkxj I mv_©K Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i
_v‡Kb|

253
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

wk¶v‡¶‡Î Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡e‡ki mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ

K‡i M‡elYvi gva¨‡g Zvi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb †ei Kiv Ges wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqv‡K MwZkxj I
kw³kvjx Kiv|

myZivs cÖwZdjb bgybvi mv‡_ Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi h‡_ó wgj i‡q‡Q| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi
gva¨‡g wk¶KMY †kªYxK‡¶i Kg©KvÛ h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi bvbv w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Qb Ges G‡Z Zv‡`i †ckvMZ Dbœqb n‡”Q, Aciw`‡K G‡Z wk¶v_©xiv wkL‡bi Dchy³
cwi‡ek cv‡”Q d‡j Zv‡`i mv_©K wkLb n‡”Q| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wk¶KMY
cvV`v‡bi Kjv †KŠkj msµvšÍ Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i AvPiY msµvšÍ aviYv cv‡”Qb hv Zv‡`i‡K
wbqš¿‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡e|

Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv I cÖwZdjb bgybv wbgœwjwLZfv‡e wk¶Y-wkLb Kv‡R mnv‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb

K‡i _v‡K:
1| `jMZ Kv‡R mn‡hvwMZv K‡i, wk¶v_©x‡`i wkL‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges wk¶K I
wk¶v_©x‡`i g~j¨‡eva cÖwZwôZ K‡i| cÖwZdjb bgybvi KvRI wVK GKB iKg|
2| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv wk¶K‡K cvV`v‡b wkLb ZË¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM K‡i †`q|
cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi cvV`v‡b wkLb ZË¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi K_v g‡b Kwi‡q †`q|
3| Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv wk¶K‡`i fwelrevYx Kivi `¶Zv evovq Ges †kªYx‡Z bvbv
iKg cÖhyw³ I Kjv †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi `¶Zv Dbœqb K‡i| cÖwZdjb AbykxjbI
GKB fv‡e wk¶K‡K mnvqZv K‡i|

AZGe ejv †h‡Z cv‡i cÖwZdjb Abykxjb GK cÖKvi Kg©mnvqK M‡elYv|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, wk¶KZvi gZ RwUj †ckv‡K mv_©K Kivi Rb¨ Ges wk¶Y-wkL‡bi
gZ RwUj Kg©KvÛ‡K mnR I cÖvYešÍ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Ges Kg©mnvqK
M‡elYvi h‡_ó Dc‡hvwMZv i‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶K †hgb µgvš^‡q `¶Zv evov‡Z
cv‡ib; †Zgwb wk¶Y-wkLb cwi‡ek‡KI AbyK~‡j Avb‡Z m¶g nb|

254
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 g~j¨vqb
1. cÖwZdjb wkLb PµwUi eY©bv w`b|
2. Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi avc¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. m~² cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Ges Kg© mnvqK M‡elYvi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
4. wcUvm© cÖ`Ë cÖwZdjb Abykxj‡bi avc¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K
wb‡R †Póv Kiæb Ges mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbb|

ce©- L
wk¶v e¨e¯’vi mv‡_ m¤ú©hy³ Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv (Action Research) †h‡nZz †kªYxK‡¶
cvV`v‡bi Am½wZ, Am¤ú~Y©Zvi m‡½ RwoZ ZvB Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-

 mgm¨v RwoZ Ae¯’vwU wPwýZKiY|

 fwel¨r Kvh©c×wZ wba©viY|
 DcvË msMÖnKiY|
 ch©‡e¶Y KvR m¤úv`b|
 mgMÖ cwiw¯’wZ ch©v‡jvPbvc~e©K fwel¨r Kg©cš’v wba©viY|
mgm¨v wPwýZKiY ch©v‡q wk¶K-M‡elK wb‡gœv³ welqmg~‡ni cÖwZ `„wó †`‡eb-

 cÖ‡R± ev cÖKí KvRwU †hb wk¶‡Ki wbqwgZ wk¶Y KvR e¨nZ bv K‡i|
 DcvË msMÖn Kv‡R †hb wk¶‡Ki Lye †ewk mgq e¨q bv nq|
 M‡elYvjä djvd‡ji wbf©ikxjZv I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv eRvq _v‡K|
 mgm¨vwU Ggb n‡e †hb Gi GKwU m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb _v‡K|
 bxwZMZ w`mg~n †hb mxgv‡iLv j•Nb bv K‡i|
Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q wk¶v‡¶‡Î wk¶K-M‡elK †h ai‡bi M‡elYv KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Zvi g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ ¸Yvewj _vK‡e-

255
 wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB I cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb- 2

 mgm¨vwU cÖ‡kœi AvKv‡i Zz‡j aiv m¤¢e n‡e|

 wewfbœ Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiv hv‡e|
 cix¶v KvR cwiPvjbv Kivi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e|

Gevi Avgiv c`‡¶cmg~n wjwce× Ki‡Z cvwi-

 mgm¨v wPwýZ Kiv|
 Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv|
 DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv|
 mv¶vrKvi, ch©‡e¶Y BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g KvR m¤úv`b Kiv|
 cieZx©‡Z dj we‡kølYc~e©K Gi e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv|

256