STS: Reviewer - The shape of the cuneiform is wedge shaped and mounted on

a clay envelope, the ancient people wrote their writing in the

Lesson 1: Science and Technology and Society cuneiform using the stylus.
- The cuneiform is developed to keep tract of their transactions
What is Science? and used in their religious cultural and artistic practices.
- A body of knowledge based on the study of nature.
- The essential characteristic is scientific inquiry, which can be The Uruk City (Warka)
both a creative process as well as rooted in unbiased - The Uruk for today is known as Warka today, the city in the
observations and experimentation. ancient near east
- The first major city in Sumerian built in the 5th century BC.
Nature of Science - The larget sumerian settlements and the religious centers in
Knowing how science works puts scientific facts in perspective mesopotamia Uruk as one of the oldest cities in the world its
- Theoretical science communal works includes the temples and canals for irrigation.
- Practical (applied science) - Uruk a true city dominated by monumental brick buildings
- Media (popular) science decorated with mosaics
Science is a process, not a list of discoveries.
- Scientific process Irrigation
- What is the problem with this model? - The Sumerians built an advanced irrigation system using the
- What are the steps? Egyptian Technology to sustain the water supply of their farms
Societal values influence science and technology and protect the fields from floods.
- Scientists and nonscientists view science differently - This is to protect their farms with silt.
- However, scientists are raised in a society, and a society
shapes the way we see the world. (Meaning: Everyone has their Sailboat
own filters.) - The sailboat is primarily invented to help people of Sumerians
to travel their trade efficiently to other countries
Scientific Method – systematic way of solving problem. - The sailboat is simple in design; the sails were square in shape
Purpose - What do you want to learn? and made of cloth. The angle and direction of the sails is fixed
Research - Find out about your topic. if the wind blew in the direction that the sailboats desired to go.
Hypothesis – Predict the answer.
Experiment – Design a plan to test your hypothesis. Wheel of Sumerian
your topic. - The Sumerian was invented in the fourth millennium BC
Analysis – Record the results to your experiment. - The first wheels were potter’s wheel were not used for
Conclusion – Was your hypothesis correct? transportation known as Tourette or slow wheels, later used as
transportation.
What is Technology?
- Technology is a term that refers to a body of knowledge that Roads
is employed to generate tools, create skills, and choose - The Sumerian road which made up of meticulous brick
materials for human use. making skills forming identical mud bricks for building.
- Technology includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, - The roads were made from aggregates stones that compacted
and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and down created a strong stable and long-lasting surface. These
work more productive. roads demonstrated strength it could support the marching of
hundreds of soldiers and carts laden with supplies.
What is Society? - The purpose of building roads was to increase the speed of
- A group of people living according to a shared culture. travelling, trading and transporting food, goods, water and
- A concrete phenomenon livestock.
- A group of people living their lives the thing that makes a
group of people a society is that they share a common culture. The Great Ziggurat of Uruk
- Members should have organized their established - It was built as a place of worship dedicated to the moon god
relationships Nanna in the Sumerian City of Ur an ancient Mesopotamia.
- Developed common ideas, interests, and techniques for living Traditionally it symbolizes a link between the gods and the
and working together as a community. human kind. It is also served practically as shelter from floods
- Is changed or shaped by innovations of people in different for more than 4,000 years, the ziggurat is still well today and
generations. instantly preserved.
- A ziggurat is a type of massive stone structure resembling
Lesson 2: Historical Antecedents in which Social pyramids and featuring terraced levels and accessible only by
Considerations Changed the Course of Science and way of stairways.
Technology
Egyptians Civilization
An antecedent is described as a precursor to the unfolding of
life. Historical backgrounds in science and technology paved - Egyptians medicine was often times a trial and error at the
the way for advanced and sophisticated advancements in beginning of Ancient time.
science and technology that may everyone enjoys today and live - Egyptians doctors learned that if you covered an open wound
in comfort life. with moldy bread, the wound heals quickly. This finding
affirmed that certain bread mold produces penicillin, a
Ancient Times - ancient history covers the period 3000BC -AD chemical that kills germs that infect wounds
500. - Modern science discovered that certain bread molds produce
Middle Ages - began around 476 A.D may span roughly 1,000 penicillin, a chemical that kills germs that infect wounds.
years ending between 1400 and 1450. - Egyptian doctors promoted seeds of poppy for pain reliever
Modern Ages - It is also referred to as Modernity, is the post because it contains both morphine and codeine.
Medieval area, beginning 1500 to present.
Papyrus
The First Inklings of Science (From Ancient Times to 606
B.C) In the Ancient Time Papyrus
It is an ancient form of paper, made from a plant of the same
Sumerian Civilization name as early as 3,000BC, Egyptian formed a paper named as
Papyrus. Papyrus is a thick type of paper made from the pith of
Cuneiform Proper the papyrus plant, the Cyperus papyrus. Papyrus can also refer
- It is a logo syllabic script that was used to write several to a document written on the sheets. The papyrus was joined
languages of the Ancient Near East and their literature works together side by side and rolled into a scroll and served as the
such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. early form of book of the Egyptian.
The invention of the ancient form of paper revolutionized the columns and arches. They used stones, wood, marble and
way the information was transmitted from person to generation, materials such as bricks and glass which allowed the buildings
communication is done smoothly compared to clay tablets or to stand,
smooth rocks been used by Egyptians, Sumerians and other
races. The Roman Numerals
- The Roman numeral is any of the symbols used in a system of
Egyptian Wig numerical notation based on the Ancient Roman system.
The Egyptian wig is predominantly worn by the elite of
Egyptian society, which served as dual purpose. The wearing of The Chinese Civilization
wig signified high rank in Egypt’s and helped protect shaven
calps (a sign of mobility) from the sun. The wigs which is called The Silk Industry
as Nubian Wigs also helped maintain hygiene levels by The production of silk originated in Neolithic China within the
reducing the incidence of head lice. Yangshao culture (4th millennium BC). China maintained its
virtual monopoly over silk production for another thousand
The Water Clock as Clepysdra years ago. The use of silk within China was not confined to
The ancient is a device for measuring time by the gradual flow clothing alone, the silk was use for a number of applications
of water. It is made up of stone, copper or pottery. It has 12 such as writing within clothing, the color of silk worn also held
carved columns of 11 false holes, that corresponds hours of the social importance and formed an important guide of social class
night. The water flowed through a very small hole. The clock during the Tang dynasty.
was used by the priests to determine the time at night so that the
temple rites and sacrifices could be performed at the correct The Gun Powder
hour. The clock may be used also in day light. Taoist alchemists combined Sulphur, saltpeter a charcoal in
making the earliest form of gunpowder, during the eight
Hieroglyphics Egyptian centuries. It was used to kill insects and treat skin diseases and
Hieroglyphics uses pictures but it was not demonstrated in lately in fireworks and rockets
writing. It signifies sounds in the Ancient Egyptian language,
just as the characters in the Roman Alphabet. Compass
In ancient China the compass was first used for worship,
Writing fortune-telling and geomancy the art of aligning buildings in the
Ancient Egyptians began writing with ink – made by burning late 11th century and early 12 the century, Chinese sailors
wood or oil and the concoction was mixed with water around adopted the compass for astronomical and terrestrial navigation
3200 BC. The ink is made of two key parts the pigment and the leading in improving the trade.
carrier. The pigment is the dye itself and what is delivered by
the vessel to the printing medium. The Great Wall of China
The Great Wall is known as one of the seven construction
Cosmetics Egyptian wonders in the world for its massive construction size and its
- Cosmetics make up was one of the inventions that the unique architectural style. The builders were composed of a
Egyptians made. They invented eye makeup in 4000 BCE to great army of manpower, soldiers, prisoners and local people.
give them protection from the sun and to imitate the impressive The Great Wall is the longest man-made structure which is over
look of the gods. They combined soot with a lead called galena 21,000 kilometers long, an average height and width of about
to make the ointment Kohl. six to eight meters. The travelers would take three to 6 months
- The importance of cosmetics in Egyptian are the following to walk along the section of the wall.
1. Served as protective shield against malevolent spirits
and diseases Tea Production
2. Essential part of religious rituals The tea started in China around 2750 BC. The tea may first have
3. The Ancient Egyptians regarded beauty as a sign of been consumed in China as a beverage as early as 4,000 years
holiness, they believed that the makeup was next to ago and by the classical area the tea was served as a refreshing
godliness. stimulant and facilitated Buddhist meditation. The Chinese tea
production followed the process prescribed by Lu Yu. The tea
The Roman Civilization leaves were first steamed, grinded using the mortar and pestle,
shaped into cake before dried and strung with reed or bamboo
Newspaper of Romans then the tea is cooked in a brazier.
- The Acta Diurnal, also called Populi Acta Publica and simply
Acta or Diurna in ancient Rome was a sort of daily gazette, The Medieval Period (From 500-1500 Ad)
containing an officially authorized narrative of noteworthy
events at Rome. The Acta Diurna shared gossip. It provides The start of the middle ages was marred by massive inventions
information on events and contained birth and death and migrations. Great technology was needed in the field of
announcement and human-interest stories, weaponry navigation, mass food and farm and production
including health that’s why the most innovative minds came
Romans Bound Books or Codex from this period. Some of the most innovative were the Printing
The Romans streamlined the medium by creating the codex, a Press, microscope, weapons, telescope and the like.
stack of bound pages that Is recognize as the earliest incarnation
of the book. The first codices were made of bound box wax The Printing Press
tablets, but these were later replaced by animal skin parchment The German goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg was able to invent
that more clearly resembled pages. These roman books provide he printing press around 1436. The printing press is a
important historical accounts of Rome and established the mechanical device described as movable type printing which
stories of classical civilization, the culture is seen as the allowed the medieval people to share large amounts of
foundation of modern civilization. information quickly and in a huge number, quickened the
spread of knowledge, discoveries and literacy in Renaissance
Roman Architecture Europe, the printing revolution also contributed mighty to the
- The Ancient Roman architecture is seen as part of classical Protestant Reformation that split apart the Catholic church.
architecture and generally builds off of the three classical orders
Ionic, Corinthian and Doric The Medieval Microscope
- The Romans were innovators and combined new construction - With the massive migration and urbanization, people
techniques and materials with creative design to produce a transferred to polluted area there was a massive spread of
whole range of brand need architectural structure. The various illnesses a disease, to address these problems a device
innovative buildings include the basilica, monumental that could magnify things visible to the eye was invented, the
aqueduct, amphitheater and residential housing block. microscope.
- The striking features of Roman architecture were the elements - The history of the microscopy began in the middle ages, the
used, innovated and executed by them. They focused innately first microscope invented was credited to Zacharias Janssen, the
on the elements they used in architecture like vaults, domes,
making of the earliest compound microscope which has two little use for the explaining the world around us. As a result, the
lenses. real science was actively discouraged at most part of the world.
- Alchemy is one of the best examples in which science been
The Telescope recognized in this era. The Alchemists were the most wanted to
- Since the Middle Ages was also known as the Age of find a means by which lead could be transformed into gold. The
Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high. The alchemists began mixing and recording, many interested things
invention of the telescope an optical instrument that helps in the were observed, they mixed mixtures and did the process in trial
observation of remote objects was a great help for navigators and error. They never tried to use their observations to conclude
during this time together with the invention of compass, oars about natural works, instead they were content to just write their
and rudders that made sea traveling easier and faster. observations and move to the next experiment searching for the
- The first telescope was created in the Netherlands in 1608 next substance they could make.
- The first person to apply a patent for a Telescope was a Dutch - Science thrives on the free exchange of ideas from one
eyeglass marker Hans Lippershey, laid a claim to a device that scientist to another, this put another road block for the science
could magnify objects three times. progress. Many historians refer to this period as the Dark Ages.
- The telescope had a concave eyepiece aligned with a convex The progress in science depends on scientists, government and
objective lens, used to form magnified images of distant culture. Still the progress in science not quite observed, due to
objects, Romans remained active in discouraging science. The Roman
empire preferred to concentrate on inventions, the crumbling
The Medieval Weapons “War Weapons” government caused trade and communications to become more
- Since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, the great difficult. scientific progress slowed even more.
developments in the weaponry technology was shown, - Both Arabs and Chinese during this time period were involved
- Swordsmiths in Northern Europe discovered a method of in making careful studies of the heavens. They made
sword making (now called pattern welding) the swords were observations that were much more detailed and precise than
made of various pieces of Iron or steel rods of different hardness those of the Greek Scientists. For example, Chinese records
were combined by twisting and folding together. from 1054 A. D include detailed observations of a phenomenon
- The weapons include offensive and defensive instruments, that Chinese scientist called a guest star in the heavens, they
these are cross bows and long bows, high walls and fortress, recorded in 1054 that a star that had not been seen before
iron body armors and chainmail suddenly appeared in a certain constellation. Modern scientists
- The sword places first on the list of the most important have been able to use those observations to determine that the
weapons in the middle age Chinese had seen a supernova, which is actually the explosion
of a star. The observations were so detailed that modern
The Science begins to Emerge (600 BC to 500 A.D) scientists were able to look at the same part of the night sky and
when they did, they found a cloud of dust and gas, called a
The Greeks nebula. Based on these facts, modern scientists now believe that
As far as historians can tell the first true scientists were the nebula is formed by the explosion of the star.
Ancient Greeks
- Thales studied the heavens and tried to develop a unifying Robert Grossetteste
term that explain the movement of the heavenly bodies (the He was a bishop in the Roman Catholic in the early 1200s A.D
planets and the stars) He predicted certain planetary event, he He proposed the idea that the secrets of the natural world could
predicted the short-term disappearance of the sun. The be learned by discovering the laws that God had set in motion.
prediction he made is actually what we called today is a solar He wanted to explain why things happened the way they did.
eclipse, an event in which the moon moves between the earth He was the father of scientific method, because he was the first
and the sun, mostly blocking the sun from view. to thoroughly use and explain.
- Anaximander was interested in the study of life. He was the
first scientist who concluded that all life began in the sea and The Modern Times 1500 to the Present
some sort of a fish. His idea was later resurrected by other Some studies were the Pasteurization, Petroleum Refinery,
scientists, most notably Charles Darwin and is today called telephone, calculator and computer
evolution. Anaximander, however, believed that all things were
constructed of air since what he knew that air was the most basic Pasteurization
substance in nature. His ideas led to the introduction of the The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating
Greeks concept on that things in nature is made by single was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they spoil
substance atoms. faster. To prevent food poisoning and other related illnesses,
- Leucippus, a Greek scientist who lived up to 150 years Louis Pasteur, a French scientist, found a way to solve the
further developed the concepts of Atoms that all matter is problem. He invented the process of pasteurization.
composed of little unit known as atoms, he was named as the Pasteurization is the process of heating dairy products to kill the
Father of Atomic Theory. harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. It is intended to
- Democritus believed that all matter was similar to sand. Even make milk and milk products safe by destroying all the
though a piece of wood appears to be solid, it is in fact made up vegetative pathogenic organisms Through the process milk
of little individual particles which he called it atoms. could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also
Democritus was not well as accepted in his time, but later prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. The most
scientists utilized his ideas and modified them. common method of pasteurization in US is High Temperature
Short Time (HTST) pasteurization which uses metal plates and
Two Novel Greek Scientists were recognized hot water to raise milk temperature to at least 1610.
Aristotle- The father of the life sciences who wrote volumes of
works on many things. Including Philosophy, mathematics, Petroleum Refinery
logics and physics. He was the first to make a large-scale The Petroleum refineries convert (refine) crude oil into
attempt with the classification of animal and plants. Although petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating,
Aristotle is noted to contribute large studies in science not all paving roads, generating electricity and as feedstocks for
the ideas were without flaw. One was his idea on spontaneous making chemicals. Refining breaks cruel down into its various
generation, he believed that living things spontaneously formed component which are selectively reconfigured into new
from nonliving things. products. Petroleum is required to transform crude oil into
Archimedes - He was one of the scientists who demonstrated useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) gasoline,
how closely science and mathematics. He was best known for kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oil.
his works on fluid. He was the first to show how fluid may float
or not in liquid. Law of Floatation/Buoyancy. Telephone
The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the
The Progress of Science Stalls for A While (500 A.D To 1000 more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections
A.D) and communicate in real time. Thus, the development of the
- The Roman Empire had a great deal of influence throughout telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most
the world. Rome disliked science much, did not mind important inventions at that time. A telephone is an instrument
inventions especially those that made work productive, but a designed for the simultaneous transmission and reception of the
human voice These communication devices are among the most - The age of Enlightenment Period, was an intellectual
important technological devices of our life time these are movement developed mainly in France, Britain and Germany
mobile phone, cellular portable phones. Many businesses which advocated freedom, democracy and reason as the
benefited from the advancements in communication. primary values of society.
- Utmost importance of increasing efficiency of transportation,
The Calculator communication, and production
Paschal’s Invention of mechanical calculator in the early 1640 - Industrialization took place with greater risk in human health
was born out of desire to help his father in collecting taxes. He food safety and environment.
was the second person own to have created device of this kind, - The scientific community should critically analyze the works
the first was the name of Schicakrd in 1624. Although an earlier of the previous scientists since their studies were based on the
version of calculator had already been developed, modern times data and results from the former scientists.
required a faster way to compute more complicated - Increased scientific knowledge, led to the invention of many
computations. Thus, computing devices must be easy to carry devices that turned hours of manual labor into just a few
for day to day basis. The creation of modern calculators resulted minutes of work, the changed led to making of so many
in the development of more complex machinery the computer inventions and this mark the period in history.
.
The Computer The Birth of Industrial Revolutions
The first computers were used primarily for numerical
calculations. However, as any information can be numerically Carolus Linnaeus
encoded people soon realized that computers are capable of His works on classification marked the beginning of the
general-purpose information. Enlightenment because it revolutionized the study of living
things. The basic classification scheme proposed by Linnaeus
THE RENAISSANCE the GOLDEN AGE OF SCIENCE is still used today the scientific name consists of genus and
(1500 AD To 1600 A.D) species. Carolus Linnaeus = Father of Modern Classification
“The Binomial System - The Scientific Name: genus and
Nicolaus Copernicus species Man scientific name: Homo sapiens Homo is the
Copernicus believed Ptolemy’s view of the universe was wrong genus, sapiens wise
Copernicus placed the sun at the center of everything and
assumed that the planets (including the Earth) traveled around Antoine Lavoiser
the sun. This view was called the heliocentric system or The father of modern chemistry, he was the instrument of
Copernican System in honor of Copernicus. renaming oxygen, the gas which combine with fuel to form
combustion
Andreas Vesalius He was the first to analyze chemical reactions in a systematic
He published a Book on 1543, the book contains the detailed way, and he was the first to realize that matter cannot be
part of the Human Body, the organs were clearly illustrated destroyed or created, can be transformed to another form. This
especially the muscles and bones. This book led to knowing is known as the Law of Mass Conservation.
how the medicine is taught. He was also the first to properly explain combustion which is
the process burning. Antoine Lavoisier Father of Modern
Blaize Pascal Chemistry.
- He spent an enormous time in studying the air and liquids. He disproved the Phlogiston Theory, he renamed the
- He demonstrated that the air we breathe exerts pressure on dephlogisticated air oxygen, when he realized that oxygen was
everything now we called it as atmospheric pressure. the part of air that the oxygen was the part of air that combines
- He demonstrated the pascal law. The science behind the law with substances as they burn the process is combustion,
allowed us to develop hydraulic lifts, like the lift a mechanic Lavoisier work on this made him Father of Modern Chemistry
uses to raise a car so he can get underneath
THE REST OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY(1820 A.D
ERA OF NEWTON (1660 A.D to 1735 A.) to 1900
Newton wrote most of his revolutionary work in three volume
The Principia - The First Volume, laid down his three laws of LOUIS PASTEUR
motion, The Law of Inertia, Law of Acceleration and Law of He destroyed the idea of spontaneous generation. He made great
Interaction. The Second Volume of the Principia. Newton built advances in the study of bacteria and the like. He demonstrated
on the work of Pascual and added many details to the experimentally that fermented beverages resulted from the
understanding of the motion of fluids. The Third volume laid action of living yeast (transforming glucose into ethanol. He
down his universal law of gravitation concluded that fermentation is vital process, he defined it as
respiration without air (Anaerobic respiration,) In his discovery
Newton used detailed experiments and observations to show of microbes were responsible for souring alcohol, came up the
that gravity was the cause of both effects. The same gravity that process of pasteurization where bacteria are destroyed by
attract objects to the earth (making them fall) also keeps the heating beverages and then allowing them to cool. His work in
planets in their orbits around the sun, Newton also developed germ theory also led him and his team created vaccination on
detailed mathematical equations and still considered accurate to anthrax. His experiment on Pasteurization contributed to the
this day. The first law also called as Law of Inertia states that improvement of science. He developed process of
an object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion Pasteurization, the process of fermentation in making wine,
unless compelled to change the state by an external force. The vinegar etc. Louis Pasteur - Father of Bacteriology
second law of motion states that if a net force acts on an object,
it will cause acceleration of the object, the law addresses the
cause and effect relationship between force and motion. F=ma GREGOR MENDEL
The Third Law of motion States that when two bodies attract, He was an Augustinian monk. Father of Genetics
they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and He devotedly develops much of his life in the study of
opposite in direction also known as The Law of action and reproduction.
reaction. The entire field of modern genetics which studies how leads are
passed on from parents to offspring is based on his work.
Robert Boyle
- The founder of modern chemistry contemporary of Newton MICHAEL FARADAY
- He did any experiments with gas, like Boyle’s Law . It in this period in History in which science developed a much
better understanding of electricity and magnetism
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Faraday’s experiments and ideas about electricity earned him
- The Father of microscopy, invented the First microscope the title of the electrical giant
where he was able to examine the different microorganisms
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
The Enlightenment and The Industrial Revolution (1735 He is known as the founder of modern Physics, he contributed
A.D-1820 A.D) on the development of the mathematical equations that showed
Faraday was right that electricity and magnetism are both is a contributory to pollution. To countered these disadvantages,
different aspects of the same phenomenon now called the electric jeepney (ejeepney)was developed which powered.
electromagnetism. 4. INCUBATOR

JAMES JOULE Lesson 3: Role of STS in Education

He determined that like matter, energy cannot be created or
destroyed. It can only change forms. This now known as Law - Science, Technology and Society education (STS) is an
of Thermodynamics, the guiding principle in the study of educational innovation designated to promote responsible
energy. citizenship in this techno-logically dominated area (Waks 1987)
- STS was born in the late 1960s and early 1970s as school and
THE MODERN SCIENCE ( 1900 A.D. TO THE college educators at the grassroots level.
PRESENT) - STS is an interdisciplinary field of academic teaching and
research, with elements of a social movement having its focus
MAX PLANCK the explication and analysis of science and technology as
He proposed an idea that matter exists in tiny packets called complex social constructs with attendant societal influences
atoms, energy exists in tiny packets which he called as quanta. entailing myriad epistemological, political, and ethical
You can give one packet of energy to an object, or you can give questions.
two packets of energy to an object. However, you cannot give
an object any amount of energy in between one and two packets. Science Technology and Science plays important role in
With his lot of evidence for his ideas, this led to the acceptance Education in terms of the following:
of the scientific community the QUANTUM MECHANICS
CONSTRUCTIVISM
ALBERT EINSTEIN STS assumes scientific and technological development to be
Einstein used Plank’s idea of energy quanta to explain a socially constructed phenomena, that is science and technology
problem called the photoelectric effect could not be explained are inherently human hence value laden activities that are
by Newton’s laws of motion but could be easily explained by always approached and understood.
Planck ideas about the energy quanta.
CONTEXTUALIZATION
NEIL BOHR The science and technology are historically, politically, and
Bohr developed the Bohr Model. This model of the atom is culturally embedded which means can only understood by
based on solid mathematics and it required the assumption that context. In any given technological solution to a problem must
energy comes on small packets be seen as contextualized within the particular socio-political
Using the Bohr model many of the mysteries of the atom were economic framework that give rise to it.
revealed
PROBLEMATIZATION
OTHER SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES The view of scientific knowledge and technological
1907 : Radiometric dating discoveries that the earth is 2.2 development as value-, laden leads to the problematization of
billion years both. In this view, science and technology have societal
1915 : Einstein announced the general theory of relativity implications frequently positive. The essence of scientific
1915 ; Pellagra was discovered to be a dietary disease knowledge the application of technological artifacts and
1924 : Hubble identified new galaxy processes has to be considered to meet both ends.
1927 : Big Bang theory
1928-1948 - Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin DEMOCRATIZATION
1932 : Chadwick discovered neutron The provision of the problematic natures of science and
1938 : Electroshock therapy was introduced technology, and the acceptance of the construction by society,
1947 : Transistor was invented leads to the notion of enhanced democratic control of
1972-1985 : CT Scan and MRI were introduced technoscience, there is need to enhance public participation in
1979 : cellular phones, radio, telephone system were the shaping and control of science and technology especially
introduced early in the decision-making process, when the opportunity for
1982 : human growth hormone was genetically engineered effective input is greatest, the ultimate goal is to structure
1885 : Microsoft windows were introduced science and technology collectively the most democratically
1988 : Digital cellular phones were introduced beneficial for society.
1992 ; smart pill
1993 : Pentium processor Science Technology Communication for Development
1995 : Java computer language Information and communication technologies (ICT’s) have an
1998 : Viagra was invented important role to play in this process by reducing or eliminating
the transactional (non-production) costs of communicating
THE PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS knowledge about science and technology
Despite being considered as developing country, the Philippines
also contributes to the global advancement of science and The following to be considered to communicate STS to every
technology. learner:
Many inventions and discoveries of Filipinos were built from
indigenous materials more created to adapt to the harsh tropical 1. The need to encourage dialogue achieving oneness in mind
environment. apply STS concepts in practical and useful ways.
1. SALAMANDER AMPHIBOUS TRICYCLE
Due to flooding during rainy season, it is very difficult for 2. Science and Development Network (Sci Dev Net). It was
tricycles to transverse the streets. To remedy the issue, H20 launched in December 2001 as a source (www.scidev.net) of
Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto online news
Armada, together with Chief Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave was
able to invent the Salamander an amphibian tricycle 3. The science journal, the Nature in Science which provide
2. SALT LAMP access to scientific research.
Electrification is one of the urgent needs of a developing
country like the Philippines. Fortunately, a young Filipina Aisa 4. The Dossiers, a comprehensive online guide to topical issues
Mijeno was able to invent a lighting system that utilizes a at the interface of science, technology and society. Tahe
material abundant to the Philippine saltwater. She invented the dossiers provide topics on Intellectual Property Rights, climate
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALT)lamp, an eco-friendly changes, indigenous knowledge, genetically modified crops,
light source that runs on salt water the ethics of homicidal research and the brain drain, HIV/AIDS,
3. E JEEPNEY research policy, genomics, biodiversity.
The jeepney dominated the Philippine streets and is considered
as the primary mode of transportation. However, the diesel The channels of communication of science knowledge
powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke and through the following:
Workshop of science unication - The workshop held like the ROLE OF STS IN VALUES AND ETHICS
World Summit on Sustainable Development in South Africa
last August 2002 and many more workshops were held. There are certain moral values, such as concern for people,
empathy and kindness that are important in setting research
Partnerships - Building the communication channels that will priorities in science. And in determining the uses of science.
allow science to be fully integrate from government down to There is need to incorporate these humanitarian values into the
communities, participation of scientists from developing science and technology spheres while maintaining and
country. Other science community partnerships like between reinforcing the intrinsic values in science. In the quest for
research institutes, private firms, the media and governments scientific and technological ddevelopment, ethical values
considered as the effective and practical way to share the cost should not be neglected. The humanitarian values found in
of communicating science to the public moral education can complement the intrinsic. Values found in
science such as objectivity, rationality, practicality, honesty and
Educational authorities engage teamwork training and accuracy.
multidisciplinary approaches to science education the attempt
to demystify science to make attractive to large portion of
students.
Lesson 4: History of Science and Technology in the
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Philippines
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting Early Years
human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the
ability of natural systems to provide the natural ecosystem Stone Age
services on which the economy and society depend are used to - The ancient man-made simple tools and weapons of stone
continue to meet human needs without undermining the flakes and later developed method of saving a polishing story
integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable around 40,000 BC.
development involves satisfying the needs of the present - 3,000 BC produced ornaments of seashells and pottery later
population without endangering the capability of the future the production of copper, bronze, iron and gold metal tools and
populations to satisfy its own needs. ornaments.
There are 3 components of sustainable development:
Iron Age
Economic growth, environmental stewardships and conserving - Lasted from 3rd century BC to 11th century AD
natural resources. - The Filipinos were engaged in extraction smelting and
refining of iron from ores, the importation of cast iron from
3 primary goals of Sustainable Developnment Sarawak to China.
1. To minimize the depletion of natural resources when creating - The Weaving of cotton, glass ornaments and cultivation of low
new developments land rice and dike fields of terraces where the spring water was
utilized in mountain regions.
2. To create a development that can be maintained and sustained - The build boats were used for trading purposes.
without causing further harm to the environment - 10th century the traded bee wax, cotton, pearls , coconut heart
mats, tortoise shell, medicine were endorsed.
3. To provide methods for retrofitting existing developments to
make them environmentally friendly facilities and projects. Pre-Colonial Period
THE ROLE OF STS IN SUSTAINABLE - The natives were already aware of therapeutic properties of
DEVELOPMENT plants and the methods of extracting medicines from herbs
- The alphabet number systems, a weighing and measuring
1. The Use of e-learning technology and cybernetic system and a calendar were available
methodology for modern education in the are of prevention of - Filipinos were engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and
environmental hazard based on sustainable development. weaving.
Modern e-learning tools is a necessary tool for adequate life- - The constructed ship ensured efficiency in sailing because the
long learning about innovative methods of early detection the engineers demonstrated mastery of geometric thinking,
deficiency or excess of some trace elements in the human convexity, concavity and the proper proportion of ship breath
environment, diet, body as well as for dissemination innovative and length
technologies for more effective primary prevention. - The measuring system has standard system of weighs and
measures and was demonstrated by the use of precise
2 Global Conference Promotes Role of STS In Sustainable measurement for gold as shown by The Laguna Copperplate
Development. the participants discussed how by working inscription.
together, may solve critical sustainable development challenges - The Banaue Rice Terraces is considered as the most
and achieve targets set out, the Paris Agreement on climate sophisticated products of Engineering.
change, and the convention on Biological Diversity.,
Agriculture and Food Security, Land Human Settlements and Colonial Period (The Spanish Period 1521-1898)
Populations. Commercial, academic and personal networks - The colonization of the Philippines contributed to the growth
enable the widest possible access to information. Emphasis on of Science and Technology in the Archipelago
creating and sustaining scientific databases and creating - The Spanish introduced formal education and founded
appropriate arrangements for sharing such data will be the
scientific institution and later established colleges and
hallmark of this effort. universities including University of Santo Tomas
3. Strengthening the scientific basis of decision making - - The field of engineering is given priority through
Science needs to be integrated into policy-making through constructions of building, roads, churches and Forts.
establishment of regular channels for soliciting and receiving
scientific advice. American Period and Post Commonwealth Era

4. Informing the Public - Government and policy makers must - Public vehicles dwindled and cars ceased to be available for
support the communication of scientific findings to the public almost all other than the Japanese.
to the public thereby enabling a dialogue. - The Philippines' automobile industry started during the
American Colonial Period from 1898
to 1946.
- Generally, there was transportation through land air and water Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, indorsed numerous laws and
and machines were available. concerns both the environment and science to push technology
- July 01, 1901, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was as a tool to increase the country’s economy. The STI was
established where the Bureau dealt with the study of Tropical developed further by strengthening technology. Arroyo passed
diseases and laboratory projects RA 9367 the Bio Fuel Act which promoted the development
- October 26, 1905 the Bureau of Science replaced the Bureau and usage of biofuels through the country. This potentially
of Government laboratories. The field of inventions focused on enables cheaper alternative gasoline as a medium in producing
agriculture, food processing, medicine and pharma. energy. It also benefited the environment since it boasts a
- 1946, the Bureau of Science is replaced by Institute of Science cleaner emission compared to regular fuel, however this was not
- Philippine Congress passed the Science Act which established fully implemented since importing the necessary materials are
the National Science Development Board. imported more.

The Marcos Era and Martial law In 2014 President Aquino conferred four New National
- 1968 Marcos recognized technology as the leading factor in Scientists to their contribution in the Scientific field Gavino C.
economic development Trono, Angel C.Alcala, Ramon C. Barba, Edgardo D.
- He declared 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig City as the Gomez, was honored in their respective field. Trono’s
Philippine Science Community April 6, 1968 contribution to extensive studies on seaweed species, Alcala
- 1970, the upgrading of science curricula and teaching served as pioneer scientist of coral reefs, Barba studies on the
equipment for Science Development Program induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of
- The Philippine Coconut Research focused to modernize the important crop species, Gomez steered the national scale
coconut Industry assessment of damage coral reefs which led a national
- The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission explored the uses conservation: Project NOAH seven components, automated
of atomic energy to economic growth where scientists were sent water level monitoring station (Marikina)
to study nuclear science and technology abroad.
- 1972 Marcos created National Grains Authority to provide the THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF DIFFERENT FIELDS OF
development of rice and corn industry to fully harness the SCIENCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND
economy of the country. Marcos established ALSO the TECHNOLOGY
Philippine Atmospheric and Anatomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National BOTANY AND BIOLOGY
Defense provided environmental protection and scientific
knowledge to ensure the safety of the people. Eduardo Quisumbing authored the books on the Philippine
- 1973 Marcos created the Philippine National Oil Company to Medicinal Plants.
promote industrial and economic development through Gavino Trono a Phycologist who focused on seaweed
effective and efficient use of energy sources. biodiversity
- 1976 Marcos created Task Force, in which the functions were Dioscoro Umali the Father of Philippine Plant Breeding.
the Formulation of a National Action Program on Science and Gregorio T. Velasquez authored a book the Field Guide and
technology. This assessed scientist with innovative atlas of seaweed resources of the Philippines.
achievement in the basic and applied sciences. as reservoir of
scientific and technological expertise for the country. BIOTECHNOLOGY
- 1979 the Health Sciences Center is created
- 1980 Marcos created the National Committee on Geological The Philippines Biofuel Act of RA 9376. Bioethanol can be
Sciences produced from simple sugars, starch and lignocellulosic
- 1982, the National Science and Technology is created to biomass, which is cheaper and abundance in the Philippines.
provide central direction and coordination of scientific and The main sources of lignocellulosic are forest residues,
technological research and development municipal wastes and agricultural waste such as sugarcane
- 1986 the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine bagasse,
Science High School were established to encourage careers in
science and technology. ENGINEERING

THE FIFTH REPUBLIC The following were their contributions:

- UP established the National Center for Transportation Studies,
1988 President Corazon Aquino further enhanced the they advocated sustainable transport, integrated transport
Ddevelopment of science and technology where the Science system and road safety.
and Technology Master Plan is endorsed to achieve newly - Ricardo G. Sigua wrote a book of The Fundamental Traffic
Industrialized Country status at 2000. It provided assistance to Engineering. The book provided the following; the Traffic
Filipino inventors and assisted them to market their products. Management and regulations, traffic flow, design of highways
and the like
1993 President Fidel Ramos established Programs significant - Endorsement of Electronic products such as Semiconductor
to Science and Technology like Magna Carta for Science and and Electronics Industry in the Philippines
Technology Personnel, Science and Technology Scholarship
Law of 1994, Inventors and Inventions Act, The Intellectual AGRICULTURE AND AQUA CULTURE
Property Act which provides industrial property rights,
copyrights and related rights, and technology transfer - The Department of Agriculture focused on creating, more
arrangements. efficient and cheaper process of Rice. The IRRI , The
International Rice Research helped to realize the Department
1999 President Joseph Estrada, signed two major legislations of Agriculture goal through the following:
law the Philippine Clear Air Act designed to protect and
preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable The IRRI, The International Rice Research conducted research
development of natural resources. The Electronic Commerce on converting C3 rice plant into C4 rice plant. The C4 produces
Act of 2000 was designed and outlaw’s computer hacking and more yields 30-50%. The production of C4 in the process, used
provided opportunities for new businesses emerging from double waster efficiency and less usage of fertilizer. Other rice
Internet-driven. President Estrada launched a full scale program varieties have been developed to increase efficiency.
based on cost-effective irrigation technologies.
METAL INDUSTRY
The metal industry with the support services of the Metal
Research and Development Center, the metal industry showed
remarkable technological dynamism in the country such as the
Transplanter Hand Tractor, the farmers were benefited
economically on rice Transplanting and Harvesting.

FOOD AND NUTRITION

The Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) developed

simple recipes for small scale and household use The nutritional
information, properties and even market potential were
provided
- Maria Ligaya T. Braganza endorsed the use of banana flour
extender in pandesal and doughnut.
- Patricia Arroyo wrote The Science of Philippine Food which
provided the following as reference for students in Food
Chemistry and Food Technology. The book contains
information about the structure, composition, methods of
preparation, standards and quality of preservation about the
foods such as eggs, rice, red meat, poultry, fish. Fruits,
vegetables and the like.

HEALTH

- The Department of Health recently implemented the

Philippine Health Strategic Framework and Plan focuses on the
application of information and Communication Technologies
for health care.
- The anti-cancer properties was introduced Lunasin, a specie
of soybean discovered by Dr. Alfredo Galvez and Dr. Benito
de Lumen.