CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing

Introduction
In the face of globalization, international trade and these exchanges are developing especially
in the economic sector on one hand, on the other hand the activity of transporting goods is
develops more and more until it has become more complex, due to the reduction of the deadline
delivery, and it is with the various modes of transport that today, the different goods
are available in different corners of the world, where the transport industry plays a vital role and
essential in the payment economy, and for businesses, it is a well-oiled logistics system.

Today, road transport of goods is considered one of the modes

the most widely used transport, and more suitable for short and medium distances, and which occupies the
first place compared to other modes, as it allows for flexibility in adaptation.

To face the economic environment, the company must think deeply.

on all the burdens it bears, and so that it can focus on its core business,
the company focuses on outsourcing activities in which it does not have value,
In other words, secondary activities or this phenomenon of outsourcing, allowing to
meet the expectations of the environment in terms of flexibility, responsiveness.

In this chapter, we will present two sections; in the first section, there are
General information on the transport of goods, where we will put the handling on the road transport mode.
very used and the place it occupies, and in the second section, we will dedicate it to
the outsourcing of road transport, where we conducted this study, addressing
essentially the secondary questions, who, what, why and how to outsource?

1. General information on the transport of goods

The transportation of goods is an essential element in any business, during
this section will present some concepts of transport in general, and on road transport
in particular.

1.1. Evolution and definition of the different modes of transport in general

1.1.1. Evolution

Man has always wanted to move, on land, by sea, and then in the air, and with the
industrial revolution this movement has become an essential and mandatory activity for all
the communities, either goods or people from one point to another, The transport of
Merchandise is one of the key factors of globalization and the development of exchanges, without
transport there will be no exchange or trade, it includes energy resources,
vehicles and operating systems that promote trade.

The transport of goods is an important means of the evolution of great civilizations.

for example in the 20th century, the development of aviation, containers, and pallets
handling, give a new movement to the transport of goods, and place it at
heart of economic globalization.

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CHAPTER II transport and transportation outsourcing
Transport is considered an activity that consists of moving objects, materials,
goods, where no one, thanks to the implementation of specific means and determination. Some of its
means of transport: motor vehicles or equipment, including cars, ships, airplanes, etc.
other means are stationary like transportation infrastructures, roads, railways,
channels...etc., or transshipment (stations, ports, airport), the transport of goods is
also important for the proper functioning of countries.
Man also thinks about nature, since transport is one of the factors that influence.
negatively on the environment, and for this man has made efforts to manage to pollute
less, and disperse less carbon oxide, knowing that he has developed transportation means
and he even created new machines that are more comfortable and faster that can go further in
less time and less polluting. The transportation of goods has made remarkable progress,
and it is becoming increasingly developed.(1)

1.1.2. Definition of the different modes of freight transport

A mode of transport is a special technique, or a type of vehicle that is related to a
type of infrastructure: trains and railway tracks, trucks and roads, etc.

The availability of several modes of transport allows the carrier to choose the means of
the most appropriate transport based on cost, speed, and according to one's objectives,
characteristics of each mode of transport and the products transported. Among these modes in
find:

1.1.2. 1. Maritime transport

It is one of the modes of transport like any other mode, it has the operation of doing
transporting goods from the loading docks to the unloading docks, by
large ship over long distances at several points around the world, and it has the highest security
reliable compared to other modes, it is low in pollution so it is an advantage for
the environment, and it has the ability to load large volumes of goods at prices
competitive, and it allows for complete security of the goods. It is a low-cost transport,
With all these advantages, we must not forget that there are disadvantages that should not be overlooked, such as
It is a costly investment, and the time devoted to transit is longer. 2

1.1.2.2. Air transport

Air transport is carried out by air, it encompasses all operations of
transport of goods, and it is characterized by its speed, level of security and reliability. The
Air transportation is ideal for the transport of perishable products, high-value products.
added (for example luxury products), chemicals, machines, this has repercussions
on the cost which is very high, and it imposes strict security conditions (customs).(3)

1.1.2.3. River transport

1NETTER M, "Transport capacities, transport costs and the organization of space", Economic Review.
(1974) Volume 25, No. 2, 1974.
2The professions of logistics and transportation, the reference frameworks for managerial jobs.PDF
3www.touchandgo.fr/air-transport viewed on 23/04/2018

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CHAPTER II transport and transportation outsourcing
River transport is the least used means, moreover it has a great reliability, it allows to
highlight the advantages of intermodal transport and connecting between several modes of transport
transport, this type requires heavy modifications, is often subsidized, and concerns
specific categories of goods, agricultural products, chemical products,
solid mineral fuels, hydrocarbons, raw minerals and materials of
construction, containerized goods. It is the mode of transport that consumes the least.
of energy than a train or a truck, it allows for carrying more goods per trip in the
silently and it pollutes less compared to other modes of transport.(4)

1.1.2.4. Road transport

This is the most adopted mode by small, medium, and even large companies, it consists of
to transport goods by road, usually by truck and it has as
characteristic :

• Possibility of transporting by container

• Possibility of carrying out combined, multimodal transport.

It has the advantage of facilitating loading and unloading, creating flexibility.

unexpected, and among its disadvantages is that the price of this mode of transport is lower
competitive, it is a polluting and not very reliable means.

1.1.2.5. Rail transport

Talking about the railway or railway is the same thing, it consists of
transporting people or goods on rails, where there are several forms
In terms of routing, rail transport enables the movement of trains or railway convoys in a
country to another.(5)

1.1.3. The main characteristics of the transport sector

Transport has several characteristics that can be distinguished in the following points:

• Transport is a self-consumption service that has not been appreciated by accounting.

national, since most services are provided by the users themselves.
• it is a service that is available and irreplaceable.
• the transport sector is characterized by a long duration, thus the period of their
construction it is indivisible which means a continuous adaptation of supply and demand
it will be difficult.
• Each mode of transport is chosen according to its speed.

4MEEDDAT.Sesp - The transportation accounts in 2007 (volume 2) - June 2008.

5www.faq-logistique.com/transport-modes-comparison.htm view April 13, 2018

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CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing
• transport combines the different services of supply and demand, in other words, none
No mode of transport is inherently superior to another, and it depends on the route and the
user needs.(6)

1.1.4. Types of transport

The types of transport are numerous; therefore, they are summarized in the following table.
know its main functions:

Table 03: Types of Transport.

The type its function

Transport chain Set of means of transport used for

transporting people or goods.

Transport of a complete road set with a

other mode of transport (for example: ferry or
train) accompanied by its conductor (in or by
outside of his truck).
Accompanied transport

is defined as an intermodal transport

main route, takes place by rail, waterways
or sea, and in the initial courses carried out by
route. for example, the pre-carriage of
goods by truck followed by main transport
by train.
Combined transport

It is when all the carriers have the same

operation, are subject to the same title of
transport like the movement of goods
carried out by several road carriers, under the
Homogeneous transport same transport document (waybill).

6DIDIER. M, Prud’homme. R, "Transport infrastructures, mobility and growth", the documentation

French, Paris, 2007 P 15.

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CHAPTER II transport and transportation outsourcing
transporting goods with two modes of
transport at most, but in the same vehicle
road transport (e.g., container), but without transshipping them
goods between the place of origin and the destination
Intermodal transport finale.

it is to transport people and animals or

of goods in the same vehicle of
Mixed transport transport, with the aim of connecting rural areas to
urban centers.

Stacked mixed transport it is when a means of transport is loaded onto

another means of transport (e.g.: loaded truck
on a ship).

transport goods at least by two

different modes of transportation from a place of origin
and the final destination, but with transfer
(loading, unloading, stuffing).
Multimodal transport

Transporting a road vehicle or part of a vehicle

by another mode of transport (for example, by ferry
Unaccompanied transport or by train) without a driver.

transport the goods by a single mode of

transport from the place of origin to the destination
Unimodal transport finale.

Sourcehttp://www.logistiqueconseil.org on 02/04/2018

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CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing
1.2. Road transport of goods
1.2.1. Evolution of TRM:
Road transport of goods is one of the most advanced modes during its
journey, it began with walking where the first men moved alone or with their
needs for goods, but only the strength of man can arbitrate the distance covered and the
long time.

Ten thousand years ago, man used certain animals like horses and donkeys for
to carry out their movement and to transport their goods from one point to another. Then,
(around three thousand to three thousand five hundred Before Christ) there is the arrival of the invention of the wheel where man
create carts and carriages that will be pulled by animals, which has allowed for
increase the distance as well as the speed traveled and the quantity of goods to be transported.

The innovation of road transport continues to develop, as man has succeeded in

the creation of the steam engine in 1712 which allowed it to create the first means of
road transport 'the car'. The latter has reduced the farthest distance and accelerated speed
and not forgetting the diversification of transported goods.

Thanks to technological advancements in road transport, long distances are

became a small connected village, where solutions have been found for the encountered situations
Previously, exchanges and movements could occur at any time and anywhere, which summarizes
capacity, speed, and security.

1. 2.2. Definition of a transport company

The transport company specializes in the transportation of goods as well
movement of a person from one point to another within a limited time, knowing that it is a
commercial enterprise and that the carrier and the valet operate a regulated profession.
transport can be national or international.

1.2.2.1. TRM Driver

Knowing that the long-distance goods driver is of great importance and plays a
essential role in delivery and is considered a link between the seller and
the buyer. His tasks can be of more or less long duration, namely the client he must
deliver.

1.2.2.2. Role of driver

In addition to his work as a driver, he has to manage relationships with clients, and in some cases,
he participates in the loading and unloading of the goods and ensures the smooth running of the
delivery from the pickup point to the delivery point. The truck driver must carry out the
following missions:

• Respect safety conditions by adhering to mandatory break times.

• Ensure the safety of the transported goods.
• Respect the delivery deadlines.
• Supervise the loading and unloading of the goods

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CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing
• Have the delivery slips signed Maintain your truck

• Update the logs, the delivery slips, and all the paperwork.
regulatory
• Representing one's company to clients

1.2.3. Types of TRM

There are two types of road freight transport, they differ according to the nature of the
Goods transported can be categorized into conventional and exceptional transport.

1.2.3.1. Conventional transport

In this type of transportation, there are legal limitations first, that is to say regarding the
length, width, height of the trailer, then there are the clients' requirements, regarding the
merchandise transported in which it should not exceed certain weight and dimensions;

• Do not exceed 15 meters in length

• Do not exceed 2.5 meters in width
• Have a total mass of less than 44000 kg

Conventional transport can involve any type of transport, especially: van trucks,
tarpaulin trucks, on 'standard' flatbed, for carrying.

1.2.3.2. Exceptional Transport

It is a transportation that is exceptional due to the type of goods being transported.
gabarit and in terms of tonnage and in terms of weight and dimensions, (example: transporting a
machine in two trailers and closed the road), this type of transport is valid for:

• Motor vehicles or trailers transporting.

• Vehicle or agricultural or public works equipment.

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CHAPTER II transport and transportation outsourcing

Vehicle or special equipment.(7)

1.2.4. The management modes of TRM activities

There are two modes of managing road freight transportation activities.
different depending on the ownership of the transported goods: transport for one's own account or
the transportation for others' account.

1.2.4.1. transport for own account

We use own-account transport when it involves goods that are specific to
the company and to have it transported using (vehicle, driver) owned or rented
vehicles with or without drivers, and it concerns the loaders that equip to charge their own
merchandise with its own means of transport or by rental, it is usable and practical
generally by ( small trader, artisan, individual doing their shopping with their
vehicles), and this activity remains ancillary to the company.

1.2.4.2. Transport for others

Transport for others' account or (public transport) is used when it is a
merchandise that is not specific to the company, is transported by its own vehicles or
rent with or without driver, in this case the carrier is not the owner of the goods.
(8)

1.2.5. The uncertainties of TRM

In the field of road transport, there are quite a few uncertainties that can occur during the
delivery of goods, among these hazards, we can mention two types: ordinary and exceptional.

1.2.5.1. Ordinary hazards

• Fire or explosion: it can be among the major risks, because fire in

the explosion could well come from the merchandise itself, or from the means of transport, this

who carries a double risk in this situation.

• The other major events: the other major events can be like,
the grounding, the derailment or the truck crash.

The humidity: bad weather conditions, storm, heavy rain, and the wetness of
merchandise represents one of the ordinary risks, and for this, humidity can lead to
serious damage to the goods.

7http://www.ecotra.eu/v view November 4, 2018

8GILLES Ostyn, Didier Danflous, 'Information service for freight transport', January 2008
P10.

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• Theft: theft is also among the hazards, where goods can be faced as such.
diversion, pilfering...etc.

• Dynamic forces: it can relate to transport operations, that is to say the

loading, moving, unloading or even storing the goods.
• Contamination: poor cleaning of the mode of transport, or toxic materials
Stored with the goods can lead to contamination of these goods.

1.2.5.2. Exceptional contingencies

This type of hazard can include risks of conflict, capture, riots, terrorism or
still the strike movements. Terrorism is also an increasingly common risk and it
is very dangerous and especially for road transport is easily accessible. As it can be
a target of attacks, due to its exceptional hazards, goods can be lost or
still damaged.(9)

1.2.6. The TRM documents

A road transport operation of goods is a task that can be simple, but
which is complicated at the same time, because even the slightest mistake can have consequences
very burdensome for the company either financially or in another way.

The basis of any goods transportation operation is documentation: either documents

regarding the driver, the vehicle or the goods themselves, there are documents
required depending on the cases.

1.2.6.1. The driver's documents

The main documents required for a driver before entrusting them with the implementation of a
The operation of the transport of goods by road is:

• A valid driver's license that must correspond to the category of the vehicle
used.

A power of attorney.

• A proof of the employment relationship or any other document that can justify the relationship.
between the driver and his employer.

• A National Identity Card.

• A Certificate of Mandatory Training and a Certificate of Approval for the profession of

road carrier of hazardous materials.

9https://www.prorassur.fr, view April 9, 2018

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1.2.6.2. The vehicle documents

The operation of transporting goods by road is conditioned by the availability of
valid documents which are as follows:

• The registration documents for isolated vehicles and towed vehicles (each vehicle corresponds to
a separate registration certificate).

• Insurance policies for standalone vehicles and towing vehicles (for each vehicle
corresponds to a distinct insurance policy.

• A valid technical inspection certificate.

• A public transport card must absolutely correspond to the license category of the
transport obtained by the vehicle operator.

• A public transport license for commercial transport only.

• A tax sticker, only for motor vehicles.
• Stamp duties.
• Exit voucher.
• An axle tax, only for towed vehicles (trailers, semi-trailers).
• A control certificate for tanks and transport units for hazardous materials.

• A calibration certificate for the tanks.

1.2.6.3. The documents of the goods

The transported goods must also be accompanied by certain documents including
the most important ones are:

• The loading declaration (freight manifest).

• The bill of lading.
• A security protocol for loading and unloading operations.
• Safety instructions.

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1.2.6.4. Special documents for the transport of Dangerous goods

All transport of dangerous goods must be accompanied by a document called
"declaration of hazardous materials loading", established based on a document provided by
the sender. This document, written in French or English, includes:

• The designation of the merchandise, its class, its number.

• The official designation of transport, to be completed, if applicable, with the technical name.

• If applicable, the packaging group assigned to the material may be preceded by the letters
GE (for example, GE II) or initials corresponding to the words

Packaging Group in the languages used.

The number and description of the packages.
• The total quantity of each hazardous material (expressed in volume, in gross mass
and/or in net mass as applicable.

• The name and address of the sender or senders.

• The name and address of the recipient.

• The charger's assertion that the product is authorized for transport and that its
packaging and its labeling are compliant. However, this last mention may be
included in an annex document that will then be attached to the transport document.(10)

1.2.7. The role of road freight transport

Transport involves the movement of goods from the supplier to the user with
The objective is to ensure delivery on time, in good condition, and at minimal cost.

Transportation is involved in all links of the supply chain, taking care of

movement of raw materials towards production, as well as that of distribution of
finished products. With the growth of the global market, this may involve a movement
international goods. Among these roles are found:

• The transportation of goods is an essential component of the distribution of goods.

materials.
• Transport is considered an integral component of the cycle of
production consumption.
• It reduces the distance between different locations.

• The improvement of business efficiency.

10The provided text is a URL and cannot be translated., on 04/10/2018.

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CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing

• He plays an important role in the labor market.

• Decrease in prices and the cost of goods and services.

• It allows for the emergence of new products and the expansion of the product line.
quality compared to other means.

• The ease of access to the point number.

It is distinguished that the role of transport is to connect the source of goods to the destination.
The source and the destination can be in different countries that require a movement.
international as they can be in the same country.

1.2.8. The types of trucks

The truck is a vehicle designed for the transportation of goods, there are several types which are
subject to very specific regulations namely:

• The tanker truck: the tanker truck is used to transport liquids or

gaseous products for the chemical and agri-food industry, this type of truck can have
different tanks depending on the products it transports.
• The dump truck: it is used for all types of public works or roadworks, these
Equipment can vary greatly depending on its use, it can be equipped with one to three.
bins as well as an auxiliary crane that can be installed on a chassis or on the cabin of the
truck, it is used to transport sand, gravel, etc.

• The refrigerated truck: it is a transport for perishable goods and products.

chemicals, it has an insulated box equipped with a generator allowing the
cold production, this type of truck allows for transportation over long distances, it
The temperature inside the cooler can be set between -25°C and +25°C.

• The roll-off truck: the roll-off truck has an articulated arm system, it allows
to equip the carrier with different bodies according to needs, these latter
can be bins, palettes, or containers.
• The flatbed truck: it is intended to transport large volume and large products.
length (beams, vehicles, etc.), it has sideboards that allow transporting the
products under better conditions.
• The heavy-duty truck: this type of truck is reserved for exceptional convoys with
dimensions and oversized weights (for example, aircraft parts).

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• The box truck: is a truck equipped with a box body, it is used for the
transport of goods or equipment, and for the van box it can be refrigerated
for the transport of frozen goods for example.(11)

During the development of this section, we tried to touch on the essentials of transport, and we
I noted that it is an element that plays an important role in the operation of the company.
and even in front of its clients.

2. Outsourcing of transportation
In this section, we will cover basic concepts of outsourcing and
logistics outsourcing, in which we will explain why companies turn to
outsourcing.

2.1. Definition of outsourcing and logistics outsourcing

2.1.1. Definition of outsourcing

Outsourcing is any decision made by a company to call upon a service provider.
outside, for carrying out activities previously assured internally.

According to the AFNOR standard, outsourcing is defined as "the result of integration

of a set of basic services, aims to entrust a specialized provider with all or part
of a company's "client" function within the framework of a multi-year contract, on a fixed-fee basis,
with a defined level of service and duration.(12)

Among the sectors most affected, here is the Outsourcing barometer published by
Ernst & Young, which categorizes companies' activities according to the degree of reliance on
outsourcing:

Thus, Ernst & Young classified the company's functions into 7 categories: Information Technology
or telecommunications, Distribution, logistics or transport, General services, resources
humanities, administration or finance, production, marketing or communication.

The barometer yields the following results regarding the degree of outsourcing of these
functions:

Figure 07: the most outsourced sectors.

11viewed on 04 17 2018.
12PIERRE Médan, ANNE Gratap.paris, 'Logistics and supply chain management, integration, collaboration and
risks in the global supply chain", Dunod edition, 2008, P48.

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CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing

PIERRE Méda, ANNE Gratacap, "logistics and supply chain management, integration,"
collaboration and risks in the global supply chain", dunod edition, paris 2008, P53.

It is noted from this outsourcing barometer that the logistics function holds
almost the highest percentage compared to other outsourced functions in
the company, the latter outsources the functions that are sensitive and complex.

2.1.2. Definition of logistics outsourcing

Logistics outsourcing involves the company delegating or transferring to a
external provider, all or part of the value chain, with the aim of performance.
Generally, the company entrusts secondary tasks that do not generate income.
outsourced, what doesn't work at home, we thought it would work better at a
service provider because he must be a true professional and able to take responsibility, thus
to create value and to anticipate changes.(13)

Consequently, logistics outsourcing aims to reduce the effects for companies.

from this commercial uncertainty, and of course the objective is therefore to increase the flexibility of the
companies face market uncertainties, thus it is a way to get physically closer to their customers.
(14)

13IVA NAJVERA. MASSON-FRANZIL Yvette, " Externalization of logistics activities: analysis

conceptual and testable propositions derived from transaction cost theory" University of Nancy 2,
Research notebook No. 2006-3, 2006.
14SAUVAGE Thierry, "What contractual relationships for logistics outsourcing?" In: Review

of industrial economics, Vol, 106, 2nd quarter, 2004, P 71.

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CHAPTER II transport and transportation outsourcing

2.2. The reasons for outsourcing

As logisticians, we seek the reasons that drive the company to entrust itself to this
outsourcing, we outsource the supply chain for several reasons:

First of all, with globalization, the supply chain has become significantly more complex.

• The complexity of the supply chain is geographically extensive.

Today suppliers can be found everywhere in the world as well, it is necessary to make the connection.
with suppliers, manufacturing centers, and clients with distribution, it has become
So very difficult for companies, especially for those with the necessary means to link them.
suppliers, manufacturing centers, and customers, this is the main reason
that today we are calling on logistics service providers from large companies, who
offer storage and transport services to connect the various industrial stakeholders of a
flow, which has become a real profession that requires particular skills in certain areas
transport, customs, storage aspects, and we need people who are specialized.

• gains in flexibility: we are obviously looking through the use of a provider, to

gain flexibility, contracts are generally quite current, they allow for
reconfigure its supply chain according to its changes over time.
• cost reduction: implement measures to support its activity and become
extremely expensive and many companies can no longer afford to have the
means of their logistics.
• The variable cost management: which allows companies not to bear the cost
permanent of an investment, if the level of activity fluctuates and especially when it
also lowered the operation they can carry out through the use of a service provider.

• The refocusing on the core business: in the past, there were companies built on the
model known as vertical integration, where a company performed all necessary trades

on their activities. Today, companies are refocusing, where they only did what they
knew how to do, and let the professionals manage their specifics.(15)

2.3. The main outsourced functions

One can consider that all activities that have a relation with the supply chain can be
outsourced, and among the major tasks that are outsourced is the function

15The provided text is a URL and cannot be translated as text.

logistics_activities.pdf

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CHAPTER II transport and transportation outsourcing

transport is the service that predominates over others, there are few companies
industries still relying on in-house transport.(16)

And there are other outsourced logistical functions that are as follows:

• Transport: since transport companies are highly developed in the sector

of diversification, they generally manage to meet the different requirements of
the major types of clients they target, hence the commercial companies and
industries have separated and relocated from their own means of transport, and make
call to these transport companies that are now specialized.
• Shopping: goods need storage either before shipping or
after. For this, the subcontractor has several activities to carry out such as storage it is
say reception and shipping and other operations like packaging management:
the purchase, the cleaning...etc., so it takes a lot of time and labor, for
they outsource this warehousing task to qualified service providers, who
will take into account all operations and at the lowest cost.
• Distribution and supply: are activities that always take place in the
context of outsourcing, that is to say entrusting a provider with the management of
storage and shipping, with or without the choice of customer order taking.

• The information system is a key element of the company's performance, without it

right to make mistakes and with the remaining teams, they must ensure efficiency and safety
permanent and even emergency repairs, but when we outsource this
function, all the data will be much more secure compared to the inside of
the company, as they take advantage of their position all around the planet to be more
reactants.

• The production itself: the company can produce all of these itself.
products, but sometimes it may happen that they cannot do it, so she may have to resort
to outsourcing, where it will entrust part or all of its production to a
external provider, who will reduce these fixed costs such as (fewer factories, less

16SAUVAGE Thierry, op cit. (2004).

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CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing

salaries, machines…) and benefit from the expertise of a technology, and not bear
industrial and financial risks.

The following figure shows the logistics outsourcing offers provided by the different
logistics service providers

Figure 08: The logistics outsourcing services offered by providers.

ECR, flux Collection of Assembly,
tension, waste resupply and definition, repair;
7% Purchases; 5%
government recycling
automatic; 13% 8%
Invoicing; 15%
Operations
customs duties; 20% Preparation, picking
inventory management;
76%
Computer Science; 20%
Transport of
lots (all modes);
48%

Conditioning,
labeling; 39% Messaging;
42%
Rental of
volumes of
storage; 13%

Sauvage Thierry, Doctoral thesis in management sciences, Aix Marseille II University

1997.

As this relativity shows us, we distinguish that all logistics functions or activities
can be outsourced or subcontracted. It is noted that activities such as the
(preparation, picking, inventory management) which has the highest percentage of 76%, and
Transportation activity, whether by bulk transport or by courier, comes second; it benefits from a
very high rates compared to other logistics functions. Today these percentages are well
more important because logistics outsourcing has currently reached a higher and more
complex, thus the offer made by the service providers has become much more comprehensive.

2.4 Forms of outsourcing:

Three forms of logistics outsourcing are distinguished as follows:

17
PASCAL Eymery. Issues of logistics.doc.PDF.P7.

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CHAPTER II transport and transport outsourcing

• Technical outsourcing: it involves the company subcontracting operations.

precise logistics, clearly defined and of a technical nature.

• Organizational outsourcing: it involves delegating a coherent set.

of logistics operations.

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