report-1

detailed specifications
for materials

name: rabab fatima

roll no: 22031aa046
sem: 6th
material: BURNT CLAY BRICKS
(WALLS)
specifications:
1.TYPE:
Common burnt clay bricks, hand-moulded or machine-moulded, free from cracks, flaws, and
lime nodules.

2.SIZE:
Standard modular size 190 × 90 × 90 mm.

3.CLASS:
Class 7.5 (minimum compressive strength 7.5 N/mm²) – suitable for general building works.

4.SHAPE AND FINISH:

Bricks shall be well burnt, sound, rectangular in shape, with sharp edges and uniform reddish
color.

5.WATER ABSORPTION:
Not more than 20% of its weight after 24 hours immersion in cold water.

6.EFFLORESCENCE:
Not more than moderate.

7.MORTAR:
1:6 cement-sand mortar for walls (external and load bearing). Lime-sand mortar can also be
used for internal walls where required for breathability.

8.PLASTER:
Internal walls: 12 mm lime plaster, finished with lime wash.
External walls: 15 mm cement-lime plaster (1:1:6 mix) finished smooth.
material: BURNT CLAY BRICKS
(WALLS)
WORKSMANSHIP specifications:
mortar:
1:6 cement-sand mortar for walls (external and load bearing).
Lime-sand mortar can also be used for internal walls where required for
breathability.

1. Bricks shall be soaked in water for at least 1 hour before use,

until air bubbles stop coming out.
2. Brickwork shall be laid in English bond unless otherwise
specified.
3. Joints: Mortar joints shall not exceed 10 mm thickness. Bricks
shall be laid with uniform mortar joints, fully filled and
compacted.
4. Course Leveling: Every course shall be properly leveled and
checked with a spirit level.
5. Plumb and Alignment: Verticality of walls shall be checked with
a plumb bob, and alignment with a taut string after every
course.
6. Bonding: Bricks shall be properly bonded at corners and
junctions to avoid continuous vertical joints.
7. Curing: Brickwork shall be kept moist for at least 7 days after
construction to allow proper curing.
8. Finishing: Joints shall be raked out to a depth of 12 mm while the
mortar is still green, to provide a good key for plastering.

SOURCE:
IS 1077 (1992): Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks -Specification
material: red oxide
(flooring)
components: specifications:
PCC (plain cement concrete) 1:4:8
Base concrete (cement:sand:40 mm aggregates);
75–100 mm thick as base layer;
well compacted.
Cement mortar topping (1:3
Flooring layer cement:sand) with red oxide
pigment added; Thickness: 20–25

High quality, non-fading ferric

red oxide (Fe₂O₃), finely ground;
Red oxide pigment
Dosage: approx. 10–15% of cement
weight (adjust for colour

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC

Cement
43/53 grade); fresh, no lumps.

Clean, well-graded river sand;

Sand free from clay and organic
matter.
Potable, clean, free of salts or
Water
organic impurities.

Soft soap solution, linseed oil, or

Wax / Oil wax polish (for final polishing
and sealing).

2.2. Preparation of Base

Level and compact the subgrade.
• Lay PCC base (1:4:8) to thickness 75–100 mm.
• Cure for 7 days before applying flooring layer.
• Roughen PCC top surface
3.Mixing & Proportion
• Cement:sand = 1:3 (by volume).
• Add red oxide pigment at 10–15% of cement weight. Mix oxide
with dry cement thoroughly first (to avoid streaks), then add
sand.
• Mix dry until uniform colour. Add water gradually to make
workable mortar.

4. Laying Procedure
1. Mark levels using level pads at corners and along floor.
2. Spread mortar topping (20–25 mm thick) over the PCC base.
3. Lay in alternate panels (size 1.2 × 1.2 m or as per site), using
glass / aluminum strips for joints, to control cracks.
4. Compact and trowel smooth using steel trowel.
5. Work the surface well to bring cement slurry and colour
oxide evenly on top. Avoid over-troweling (can cause cracks).

5. Curing
• Cover with wet gunny bags or sprinkle water gently after
initial set.
• Cure for 7–10 days by keeping surface continuously moist.
• Protect from direct sun and foot traffic during curing period.

6. Finishing & Polishing

• After curing, rub the surface with carborundum stones (fine
grade) or polishing machine.
• Wash with soap solution and re-rub to get uniform, smooth,
glossy finish.
• Apply final coat of wax polish / linseed oil, buff with soft
cloth for shine.
• Maintain periodically by re-waxing.
stone rubble masonry
(earthwork in excavation for foundation)
•Foundation trenches to be dug to the exact width of
foundation concrete.
•Sides should be vertical; if soil is weak, provide sloping or
timber shoring.
•Excavated earth should not be placed within 3’ of trench edge.
•Trench bottom to be perfectly leveled (longitudinal &
transverse).
•Sides of trench to be dressed vertical to receive concrete
accurately.
Dumping the soil
•The excavated soil is to be dumped and heaped at a minimum
distance of 1.5 metre away from the trenches so that it does not
slide again into the trenches.

Trench filling
•Filling: After concrete & masonry, trenches to be filled with
earth in 15 cm (6") layers, each layer watered & well rammed.
•Material: Earth must be free from rubbish; clods to be broken
before filling.
•Surplus Earth: Excess soil to be removed, site leveled &
dressed.
 Stone
•Stones shall be obtained from approved quarries and
conform to IS standards.
•They shall be sound, durable, hard, and free from cracks,
cavities, veins, decay, or weathered skin.
•The stones shall have a specific gravity not less than 2.5 and
a compressive strength above 100 N/mm².
•The minimum size of stones shall not be less than 150 mm in
any direction.
•Flaky, rounded, or laminated stones shall not be used.
•Stones for corners (quoins) and through stones shall be
large, well-shaped, and dressed to provide proper bonding.
•Size of stone Normally stones used in rubble masonry
should be small enough to be lifted and placed by hand. The
length of the stone shall not exceed three times the height
and the breadth on base shall not be greater than three-
fourth of the thick- ness of wall nor less than 150 mm. The
height of stone for rubble masonry may be up to 300 mm.
•This walling is similar to uncoursed random rubble except
that the work is roughly levelled up to courses at intervals
varying from 300 mm to 900 mm in height according to the
locality and the type of stone used. The courses heights
usually correspond with the heights of the quoin and jamb
stones.
•Jointing and Pointing Size of stone Normally stones used in
rubble masonry should be small enough to be lifted and placed
by hand. The length of the stone shall not exceed three times
the height and the breadth on base shall not be greater than
three-fourth of the thick- ness of wall nor less than 150 mm.
The height of stone for rubble masonry may be up to 300 mm.
 Mortar
•Mortar shall be prepared using cement and clean coarse
sand in the proportion of 1:6 (cement: sand by volume)
unless otherwise specified.
•Water used for mixing shall be clean, free from salts and
organic matter.
•Mortar shall be mixed in small quantities to avoid setting
before use and used within 30 minutes of preparation.
•For improved workability, the mortar shall have a stiff
plastic consistency

Method of Laying
•Stones shall be laid on their broadest and flattest face to
ensure stability and load transfer.
•Masonry work shall begin at the corners and carried up
evenly in courses, maintaining proper line, level, and
plumb.
•Each stone shall be fully bedded in mortar, and joints
shall be filled with mortar — leaving no hollows.

Bonding:

•Vertical joints shall be staggered.

•Through stones shall be provided at least one in 1.5 m
length of wall and one in 0.6 m height.
•Where through stones are not possible (for thicker
walls), two stones overlapping each other shall be used.
 Hearting (filling of core)
•The interior of the wall shall be packed with smaller stones,
chips, or spalls, hammered into position with mortar to eliminate
voids.
•The outer face of the basement wall shall be vertical and
roughly dressed to line.
•No stone shall be allowed to touch another without mortar in
between.
•Masonry shall not rise more than 1.2 m height at a time to
maintain uniform settlement.
Curing
•Masonry shall be kept continuously moist for at least 7 days after
construction.
•Water shall be sprinkled thrice daily or as required, ensuring
mortar joints do not dry prematurely.
•Curing shall be done carefully to avoid washing out the fresh
mortar from joints.

Finishing
•Exposed joints shall be raked to a depth of 20 mm while the
mortar is still green, to receive pointing or plastering later.
•If pointing is specified, cement pointing (1:3) shall be applied
neatly in recessed, flush, or raised profile.

Quality Control and Precautions

•Masonry shall be carried out in layers with uniform rise to avoid
differential settlement.
•Stones with defective edges, soft veins, or disintegrated
material shall be rejected.
•All courses shall be checked for alignment, level, and plumb
before proceeding.
•Proper scaffolding shall be provided where necessary.
roof specifications
(roof detailed specifications)
Sizes
•Filler Slab Blocks: Hollow terracotta blocks, inverted pots
(size varies: typically 300–600 mm units).
•Guna Tubes: Conical terra cotta tubes (small span vaults,
length around 300–450 mm).
•Aachikal Bricks: Small local bricks (approx. 180×90×40 mm).
•Precast T-Beams: Span based on roof design, usually 2–4 m.
•Thatch bundles: Diameter ~50–100 mm, laid in thickness 150–300
mm

Laying Method

Pitched Roofs
•Rafters (wooden or RCC) fixed first as frame.
•Roofing finish applied: terracotta tiles, thatch, bamboo mat,
aluminum sheets.
•Thatch laid in layers, overlapped for waterproofing

Bonding

•Bonding is done only by overlapping the tiles properly

Curing

Terracotta Tiles / Blocks:

•Pre-soak in water before laying to avoid absorption of cement
water.
 Finishing
Final cover: terracotta tiles / thatch / aluminum sheet.
Bamboo mats or fabric finish underlay for interiors.

Quality Control
•Terracotta: Ensure no cracks in tiles/blocks before use.
•Waterproofing: Test slope and water flow direction.

Precautions
•Provide adequate slope in pitched roofs for water drainage.