Plumbing Theory

Roles of the plumber

1.ToInstall, repair and maintain water treatment equipment.

2. To install, repair and maintain water heaters and conditioners

3. Fit and install firefighting systems and equipment.

. 4.Carry out domestic and outdoor water supply.

5. Install pipe work and equipment for gas supplies for cooking and heating.

6. Fix sheet metal weathering to roofs and install rain collection and disposal systems.

7. Fix sanitation equipment and drainage pipework.

Safety

The health and safety of people working in the plumbing industry is a major concern for the
plumbers.

Personal Protection

Wherever possible and regardless of the job a plumber is undertaking. He/ she must ensure that
his/ her safety first.

Several protective clothings have been designed to ensure personal protection. They include

Overalls

Overalls are designed to prevent everyday clothing from becoming contaminated by oil, grease,
fluxes or general dust and dirt.

Always wear Overalls to cover loose clothing eg ties which could be caught in moving parts of
machines.
Safety helmet or Hard hat

Helmets are usually made of toughened plastic or steel.

Always wear a helmet to protect a person against injuries caused by falling objects.

Safety Goggles

These are clear safety googles

Always wear clear googles to protect yourself from airborne dust and debris from getting in to
your eyes.
Welding Goggles

They have dark or shaded lenses.

Always wear welding googles to protect the eyes from intense bright light or sparks created by
arc welding and gas welding

Gloves

Gloves are worn to give wide range of protection.

Always wear rubber and plastic gloves to give protection against skin irritation when handling
cement, oil or grease.

Always wear heavy duty gloves to give protection against injuries when handling materials with
sharp edges like glass.

Face Mask

This is a safety equipment used to cover the mouth and nose.

Always wear face mask when working in area with high concentration fumes and dust for
protection against inhalation problems.

N/B keep working area tidy to ensure that jobs are carried out more safely and efficiently.

Safety in the workshop

 Keep work benches and machines clear of unnecessary tools and materials, and free of
scraps and offcuts.
 Remove all combustible materials eg timber and papers because they can promote fire
hazards in the workshop.
 Sweep floors and workbenches to remove shavings, metal of cuts and general rubbish.
 Check benches regularly to make sure that there are no protruding nails and screws that
could cause injuries.
 Ensure work benches are secure, solid and level.
 Ensure all workbench’s equipment eg pipe vices are fixed securely.
 Never leave long pipes protruding from pipe vice for they can cause injury.
 Ensure all machines and equipment in the workshop are fitted with appropriate protective
guards and all safety procedures displayed alongside the machine.
 Ensure all electrically powered machines are fitted with a safety ‘panic button’ shut off
switch which is visible and painted in a distinctive colour.
 In workshop where welding, brazing or soldering is taking place, ensure suitable
ventilation to remove fumes.

Safety When Handling Hand Tools.

 Keep all blades and cutting surfaces sharp and if possible covered when not in use.
 Never use file and similar tools without handles.
 Ensure Wedge head of all hammers are securely fixed to prevent them from flying off
during use and causing injuries.
 Only use correct size of screw drivers when fixing screws.
 Ensure that all cables for portable electric power tools are securely fixed to the terminals
and cables are not damaged.

Safety in Building Sites.

Most accident on building sites result from people falling from the ladder, working platforms or
scaffolds or buildings themselves.
Falling objects, tools and materials also contribute to fine share of accident in the site.

With suitable precautions taken, the potential accidents are greatly reduced.

Safety on Ladders

 Never extend ladders above to third of the extension length, otherwise they become
unstable.
 If a ladder cannot be repaired properly. Scrap it.
 Ladders should never be painted, because paints may hide defects.
 The foot of the ladder should be level and securely anchored if it is on the soil.
 Never reach too far off a ladder to save time.
 Always rub off mud and clay off your shoes or boots before climbing the ladder to
prevent slipping.

Scaffolds and working platforms.

Scaffold is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction

Safety on scaffolds and platforms

 Never use stepladders on top of working of working platform or scaffolds to gain extra
height.
 Whenever working near scaffolds wear a safety helmet
 Never overload a working platform or scaffold with tools and materials because they may
cause it to become unstable.
 Never use timber that has seen a lot of wear and tear to make scaffolds.

Tools and Equipment

All plumbers should understand common tools, what they are used for and tips to get the best out of
one’s tools.
A good plumber never blames his/her tools for a job that goes wrong and mistakes made.
The most common plumbing activities involve the following.
 Measuring
  Cutting
 Bending
 Jointing
 Fixing and installing

There are several tools used in relation to the above activities carried out by a plumber.
Measuring Tools
Most popular measuring tools used by plumbers are
 Tape measure
This is a flexible ruler used to measure distance.

 Steel Rule
This is a strip of metal graduated in inches and fractions of inches to give actual
measurements.
 Measuring Square
A square is primarily used to keep things perpendicular.

NB: when measuring length of pipework to be cut, remember to allow for depth of socket on fittings.

Cutting Tools.
Variety of cutting tools are used by plumbers to cut and bend various materials used in plumbing
pipework.
Pipe vice
A pipe vice is used to hold pipes when cutting, filling, reaming, bending, cutting threads or any other
operation on pipes.
Pipe vices are designed to grip pipes equally around the its circumference to prevent deformation of
pipe walls.
They are available as free – standing, portable site vices or fixed bench vices
Hacksaw
Hacksaw is mainly used for cutting pipes of various materials but also used for cutting steel bars and
bolts.
There are mainly two types of types of hacksaws.
 Adjustable frame hacksaw – uses blade between 250 and 300mm long
 Junior hacksaw – uses a blade approximately 150mm long.

A wing nut at the end of the adjustable frame hacksaw always to change the size and increase
tension on the blade.

Precautions taken when using a hacksaw.

 Always check the measurement and markings are correct before starting the cutting
 Always stand comfortably with the feet slightly spread to provide a sound base
 Always cut slowly with pressures of forward stroke only.
 Make sure the blade is at 900 to the pipe and vertically straight on pipe, to ensure a straight
cut.
 Always make sure that the blade is fixed with teeth facing forward.
 Never used blades that are worn or have missing teeth.

Wheel Pipe cutter

They are used for small and large pipe cutting.
The single wheel cutter has 1 cutting wheel and 2 guide wheels.
The pipe is placed at 900 so that both guide wheels are in contact with the pipe.
The adjustable handle is turned to bring the cutting wheel in to contact with pipe.
The handle turns the whole tool completely around the pipe through 3600. This increases the pressure
from the cutting wheel until it eventually cuts the pipe.

Pipe Reamer.
This is a purpose made tool used to remove internal burrs from steel or copper pipes.
They are usually cone – shaped with several cutting edges which can either be hand – turned or machine
– turned.
NB: Burrs are rough edges or ridges left on objects after an action of tools.

Files
Files are used for general shaping and the preparation of pipes before jointing, including removal of
burrs and swarf.
NB: fine chips or fillings of a material produced after a machine or tool operation.

Precaution when using a file

 Before using a file make sure that the handle is sure with teeth free from metal swarf. If
necessary, brush the file with a wire brush to clean.
 Make sure you are standing in a comfortable position with your feet spread out form a sound
base.
 Never use a file without a handle.
 Never run the fingers over the edges of pipes to check the cut.
 Make sure that the file is cutting on the forward stroke only.

Hole Saws or Hole cutters.

They are used for cutting holes on plastic pipes, steel and plastic tanks and sheet metal.
Padsaw/ Compass saw
Blades are fixed on one end, in wooden or metallic handle.
They are used for cutting holes in sheet materials and sawing in restricted positions where a hacksaw
will not fit.

Bending Tools
Bending is done to change direction of pipe work.
Using special purpose fitting or joints can be expensive where you need a lot of fittings and some bends
cannot be easily made from available fittings. In this case you will have to bend the pipe yourself.
The method used will be governed by the size and type of pipe used.
In most situation, the easiest way to bend is using a machine.

Hydraulic Pipe Bender

A hydraulic pipe bender bends pipe of various sizes.
Using a hydraulic pipe bender
 Mark the bending distance from the end of the pipe (former mark).
 Deduct from the diameter from the measured distance and make a fresh new mark. This gives
an allowance of the centre of the pipe to accommodate the gain in length after bending.
 Put the stops and pins in the correct position and choose the correct size horse shoe.
 Position the pipe in the machine against the stops with the centre line between the two marks
made (Former and fresh mark).
 Close the hydraulic cylinder bleed valve to build up the pressure for pumping.
 Pump the machine carefully until the suitable bend is obtained.
 When you are satisfied with the bend, open the valve of the hydraulic machine to pump to
lower the hydraulic cylinder.

Safety precautions for hydraulic pipe bender

 Always make sure oil in the machine is kept topped up according to manufacturer’s
requirement.
 Never leave any machine part on the floor where it could be damaged or cause safety
hazards.

Bending Springs
A pipe bending spring is a strong, flexible spring that is inserted into (or over) a pipe to support the
walls of the pipe when manually bending.

Heat bending
Steel pipe and plastic pipe can also be bent by loading the pipe with dry sand, heating it up in a
furnace or oxyacetylene flame and then bending.
NB: The sand must be clean and dry with no debris or large particles.
Make sure you heat the correct heat length because if you heat so much the pipe radius will be too
big and if you heat too little the radius will be to small and the pipe may kink.

Jointing Tools
The formation of joints in various materials is an essential part of the installation and maintenance
of pipe work systems and components.
Stocks and Dies
These are used to form threads on the end of steel pipes prior to joining.
The stock is the main body of the tool including the handle.
The chaser contains a set of four dies which cut threads within a certain range of sizes.

Threading Machine
This is a multipurpose machine that includes a pipe cutter, reamer and chase dies.
Threading machines can cut dies on pipe from 6 mm to 150mm diameter.

Pipe wrenches
They are used for tightening and loosening fittings and pipes.
Stilson pipe wrench
This is a general purpose pipe wrench with adjustable jaws.
Stilson are available in different sizes to suite range of pipes up to 150mm.
 Chain wrench
They are used for tightening pipes of fittings because the chain grips right around the pipe, gripping
it against the teeth of the wrench.

Footprint pipe wrench

This is an adjustable pipe wrench is available in different sizes but is normally used for small diameter
pipe.

Spanners
These are used for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts of all sizes. There three main types of
spanners.

 Adjustable spanner
 Open – ended fixed spanner
 Ring spanner.
Adjustable Spanner

Open – ended fixed spanner

Ring spanner.
Fixing and installing Tools
The tools are used for fixing and installing including general tools used by plumbers.
Spirit Level and Plumb bob
These are tools used for setting out horizontal or vertical pipe work runs so that when clips and
brackets are fixed will be horizontally level or vertically plump.
They are used to level appliances and component during installation.
Drills
These are used to make holes in metals, plastics wood and masonry.
They consist drill bits, which actually makes the hole, and the drill itself which turns the drill bit.

Drill bit

Centre Punch
It is used to make an identification in the materials will prevent the drill from slipping when making
holes.

Screw driver
It is used to drive in or remove screws

Pliers
They are used for general purpose gripping action and remove nails.
Chisel
They are used for cutting holes through concrete, stone and brickwork walls.

Hammers
A hammer is a tool consisting of a weighted "head" fixed to a long handle that is swung to
deliver an impact to a small area of an object

Mallets
A mallet is a kind of hammer, often made of rubber or sometimes woodand usually has a
relatively large head.
 Materials

As a plumber, you will use many different kinds of material and they will come in a variety of
forms.

Many will be metals, however, and most of this will be in the form of pipes, fittings, taps and
valves.

NB: plastics have become one of the plumber’s favored materials because of their ease use and
relatively low cost.

Nonmetallic materials such as ceramics, are important in plumbing.

This chapter introduces a plumber to the materials, he or she is likely to come across, both
nonmetal and metal.

This chapter also deals with taps, valves and other flow - control fittings.

Plastics

The use of sythentic plastics, derived from from oil products has recently transformed the
plumbing industry.

Plastic has replaced many traditional plumbing materials for the manufacture of wide range of
domestic and industrial plumbing. These materials include pipes, joints, valves, gutters, cistern
and some sanitary appliances.

Advantages of plastic material in plumbing

 They are light and flexible

 They have a high resistance to corrosion.
 They do not contaminate water or fluid being transported.
  They are cheap compared to other plumbing materials.

Most commonly used plastics include.

1. PE – Polythene.
2. PVC – Poly Vinyl Chloride.
3. UPVC - Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
4. CPVC - Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
5. PPR- Polypropylene Random
6. HDPE - High Density Polyethylene

Ceramics

These are inorganic non-metallic solid made up of either metal or non-metal compounds that
have been shaped and then hardened by heating to high temperatures

In plumbing, ceramics are used mainly for sanitary appliances eg water closet and wash hand
basin.

They are also used for underground drainage pipes.

Concrete

This is a mixture of sand, stone and cement together with water in various quantities.

Concrete pipes are mainly manufactured for use in large drainage or sewerage projects.

Metals

Properties of metals

Brittleness: a property of metals which states that they do not deform under load but suddenly
break.

Coefficient of linear expansion:This is a figure that indicates the amount a material will expand
when heated by 1o c.

Colour: this is the visual appearance of a metal and important for identification purpose.

Creep:Tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence
of its load.

Density:this is the mass per unit volume measured in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3)
Ductility:the physical property of a material associated with the ability to be hammered thin or
stretched into wire without breaking.

Durability:the is the ability to remain strong and sound for a long time over a long period of
time.

Elasticity:this is the ability of a metal to go back to its original position shape after being
distorted under load.

Fatigue:this the point when a metal fails or fractures when subjected to variation in direction of
applied pressure.

Hardness:The ability of a material to resist scratching or cutting.

Malleability: physical property of metals that defines the ability to be hammered, pressed or
rolled into thin sheets without breaking

Melting point:this is the temperature at which a metal changes from a solid to a liquid.

Plasticity:the ability of a solid material to undergo a non-reversible change of shape in response

to applied forces.

Specific gravity: this the number that denotes the weight of a materials in relation to water.

Example lead has specific gravity of 11.3. which means it is 11.3 times heavier than water.

Tenacity: this the ability of a metal to withstand compression or fracture when opposite pulling
forces are applied.

Thermal Conductivity: this is the degree to which material will transmit heat by conduction.

Annealing: this the heat treatment that alters the physical properties and reduce hardness.

Case hardening: process used to increase the hardness of a metal by heat.

Normalising: This is the process of heating and slowly cooling metals to alter the microstructure
of the metal which in turn reduces its hardness and increases its ductility.

Toughness:the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.

Metals can be classified into:

I. Ferrous metals
II. Non – ferrous metal
Ferrous metal

This is the metal that contains iron.

They are magnetic and give little resistance to corrosion.

They include

I. Think steel
II. stainless steel
III. carbon steel
IV. cast iron
V. Chromium
VI. Nickel
VII. Titanium

Non Ferrous metal.

This are metals that do not contain iron.

They are usually more corrosion resistance.

They include:

 Aluminium

 Copper

 Lead

 Tin

 Zinc

Iron and steel

Iron and steel are among the most commonly used materials by plumbers.

Iron

Iron is further classified into

I. Cast iron
II. Malleable iron
III. Wrought iron
Pure metals

These are metals that have not been mixed with other metallic elements. They include

1. Aluminum
2. Copper.
3. Chromium.
4. Nickel.
5. Niobium/Columbium.
6. Iron.
7. Magnesium

Alloys

A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength
or resistance to corrosion.

They include.

 Steel, a combination of iron (metal) and carbon (non-metal)

 Bronze, a combination of copper (metal) and tin (metal) and zinc.
 Brass, a mixture of copper (metal) and zinc (metal)
 Stainless steel is a mixture of chromium and nickel
 Solder is measure of lead and tin.
 Stainless steel is a mixture chromium and nickel

Steel Pipe and Fittings

Low carbon mild steel (LCMS) is a of the most common pipework materials used by plumbers.

These pipes are usually galvanized to prevent discolouring of water due to corrosion.

There are three grades available, each usually identified with a different colour band near the end
of the pipe.

The different between each is their wall thickness. The heavier the grade, the larger the wall
thickness.

Class Grade Wall Weight per Colour Code Uses

Thickness meter
A Light 2mm 1.00 kg Brown Gas
B Medium 2.65mm 1.28kg Blue water
 C Heavy 3.25mm 1.50kg Red Steams, and
underground pipelines

Joints in Plumbing

The connection at the ends of pipes ensures tight sealing and strength. In some cases, pipe joints
must also provide for connection and disconnection where necessary.

Below are available joints in plumbing.

Threaded Joints.

Pipes are connected by screwing with the help of threads provided for each pipe. One pipe
having internal threads and the other one having threads externally.

Threads are formed on the end of pipes on site or in the workshop using stocks and dies.

The threads formed are tapered while but the joints in fittings are parallel, this ensures a good
joint when they are screwed together.

Tapered threads are threads that taper along the thread profile and decrease in diameter as you
travel down the part.

Parallel threads are threads that have a parallel profile and maintain a consistent diameter all
the way down the part.
Disconnecting Joints.

When connecting pipe work up to appliances and component that need to be removed or
disconnected for maintenance eg pumps and tanks, special fittings need to be used that can be
easily disconnected without affecting the other parts of the pipe work.

These joints include

1. Flanges
2. Unions
3. Long screws
1. Flange Joints

These relatively large ring – shaped fittings that are used in pairs.

They are screwed on to each end of the pipes to be joined.

The holes around each flange must be aligned to enable bolts to pass through for tightening them
together.

2. Long Screws

This type of joint has parallel threads cut on it, long enough to screw a backnut and sockets
completely on the pipe so that the end of the pipe protrudes.

Normal taper threads are to be on the other pipe end.

The socket is the unscrewed from the long screw and on to the taper thread until tight.
 3. Union Joint

These are fittings made up of two parts, each part of the screw part screwing on to the ends of
pipes being jointed.

A large nut screws both parts together.

Compression Joints

There are two types of fittings available:

1. Manipulative joint
2. Non – manipulative joint
1. Manipulative Joint

You first place, the nut over the end of the pipe.

The end of the pipe is shaped to form flared end on the pipe.

The cone end of the compression nut is smeared with jointing paste and moved to the end of the
flared joint.

The nut is then tightened on to the assembled joint.

Materials, tools and equipment used in Cold and hot Water supply

INTRODUCTION:

This section teaches students the different types of pipes used in plumbing, tools and fittings as
well as guidelines to be followed when doing plumbing work.

Because of the many special tools used in plumbing and the wide range of different pipes and
water systems, special knowledge is needed to do plumbing properly.

Water pipes

Water supply pipes are classified into three basic groups. Namely

I. Galvanized Iron
II. Plastic pipes (PVC, PPR & HDPE)
III. Copper Pipes.

GALVANIZED Iron (G.I) pipes

 These pipes have a threaded end to fit to the threaded fittings

 Galvanized iron pipes are used for external plumbing from the tank to the house,
underground, under the floor and for supplying water to outside taps

Plastic Pipes (PVC, PPR and HDPE)

 These pipes are for adhesive fittings or connections

 Plastic-pipes are best suited for external use, as underground or sewer pipes
 Plastic-pipes are commonly used in many areas because they are much easier to cut and
connect than any other pipes and few tools are needed
Copper pipes

 These pipes are for solder joints and flare joint fittings
 Copper pipes are used for distributing the water inside, the house to all applications
(shower, sinks, toilets) and are mostly laid in the wall because they are of small diameter
and is easy to bend. Copper pipes are also used for hot water systems

Pipe Measurement

 Pipes are always measured by inside diameter usually in inches.

Pipes are available in sizes of:

½" = 15 mm
¾" = 20 mm
1" = 25 mm
1¼" = 32 mm
1½" = 38 mm
2" = 50 mm
3" = 75 mm
4" = 100 mm
5" = 125 mm
6" = 150 mm
 TOOLS FOR PIPEWORK

 When planing the plumbing work, you must decide which type of pipes to use. Your
choice will depend on the plumbing tools available. As plumbing with G.I pipes requires
a lot of different tools to cut, bend, thread and join the pipes, it is less practical for many
plumbing, because of the high costs of these tools
 Plumbing with PVC-pipes and copper-pipes need only a few tools because pipes need not
to be threaded due to the fittings which are either glued (PVC-pipes) or connected with
special designed flare connectors (Copper-pipes)
 Below is a list of the most important plumbing tools.
a) Hacksaw: - Used for steel, copper and PVC-pipes cutting

b) Pipe cutter: - For steel, copper and PVC pipes. Pipe cutters do not remove any metal. The
wheel squeezes the metal and forces it ahead of the cutter until the pipe is cut through the
wall thickness

c) Self-locking, hinged pipe vice: - For steel pipes only. Pipes to be cut or threaded must be
held steady and prevented from rotating by holding them in a suitable vice.
 d) Chain pipe vice: - For steel pipes only. These vices are made to hold pipes with outside
diameters up to 8" (200 mm). They are mounted on solid benches

e) Pipe reamer: - For G.I and steel pipesonly.

To remove internal burrs caused by cutting pipes. Several types of tapered reamers are available
from ½" to 2" with a cross handle.

f) File: - File off all the outside burrs of the galvanized steel pipe with a flat bastard file or
with a halfround bastard file.

g) Stock and die

 These are stock and dies for cutting external threads on bars and small pipes up to 1"
 The stock is a suitable frame with handles to hold and rotate the die.
These dies are used to cut external threads.

- The die must be set exactly at an angle of 90 degrees to the bar or pipe-end and is pressed
firmly against the end while rotating the stock clock wise until -the length of the thread is cut.

- Reverse and rotate the stock carefully anti-clock wise. Then repeat to clean out the thread.

h) Ratchet stock and die:

- For steel pipes only. It works in the same way as the other model but is adjustable from ½" to
2" and the single cutter can be exchanged.

- It has only one handle and when reversing, the knob has to be turned around.
- The length of a pipe thread should be between 15 mm and 35 mm long - depending on the pipe
diameter.

i) sealing threads:

- For steel and PVC threads. Threads must be sealed to ensure a completely tight joint between
pipe and fitting.

- Hemp string: For steel threads. Wind it in the same direction as the male thread.
- Seal tape: For steel and PVC threads. If using sealing tape, unroll a sufficient length of tape and
wrap it around the male thread as shown.

Figure

j) Stillson pipe wrench:

- It is used for all types of pipes with ½" to 2" diameters.

- The stillson pipe wrench is designed as a heavy duty tool to withstand rough handling and
heavy work. The jaws give a immediate and positive grip.

k) Adjustable spanner: - For tightening or loosening connectors. Available in different sizes for
pipe fittings up to 2".

l) Tube flaring tool set:

- Only for copper pipes. Copper pipe-ends must be flared to fit with the copper ring used by
connectors which are tightened with a nut to the pipe.

- The flaring tool consists of two parts. The part in which the pipe is fastened, and the sharp
pointed inserter which is forced with a hammer, or with a spindle into the end of the pipe to
widen it.
- This job must be done with accuracy to ensure a sealed joint.

Plumbing fittings

 Fittings are used when installing pipes to go around corners, to join pipes, to reduce the
diameter of the pipes and to set taps
 The fitting system for PVC and metal pipes is the same. For metal pipes only metal
fittings are used, while for PVC pipes PVC and metal fittings can be used because the
threads are the same size. For PVC pipes many fittings can be glued with a "PVC solvent
cement".
 I. Nipple
 Is a short stub of pipe, usually male-threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride (CPVC), or copper (occasionally unthreaded copper), which connects two
other fittings

II. Female socket threaded

 Connects two pipes. If their sizes differ, the fitting is known as a reducing
coupling, reducer, or an adapter. There are two types of couplings: "regular" and
"slip".

III. Plug

 A plug fits inside the pipe segment or fitting

IV. Reducing male socket/Reducing Nipple

 To Reduce / Increase Port Sizes

V. Reducing female socket

 Connecting pipes of different size diameter.

VI. Bushes

 Mostly used for reducing the size of pipes used

VII. Tee – joint

 The most common pipe fitting, is used to combine or divide fluid flow

VIII. Cross – joint

 A cross fitting has openings on all four of its ends and can connect four pipes. Cross
fittings come with three inlets and an outlet or three outlets and an inlet

IX. Back nut

 Tap backnuts are hexagonal nuts with an integral flange and are used to secure a tap
fitting to a basin, sink or bath.
 X. Union

 A union also connects two pipes, but is quite different than a coupling, as it allows
future disconnection of the pipes for maintenance.

XI. Double female Elbow 90 deg. Threaded

 Used to navigate corners and change direction of flow.

XII. Double female Elbow 45 deg. Threaded

 Used to navigate corners and change direction of flow.

 Commonly used in water-supply facilities, food, chemical and electronic industrial
pipeline networks, air-conditioning pipelines, agriculture and garden production, and
solar-energy facility piping

XIII. PVC-Elbow plain

 XIV. PVC - Elbow + Inspection eye

 A pipe fitting with a removable plug which provides access for inspection or cleaning
of thepipe run. Also called an access eye or cleaning eye.

XV. Male - Female Elbow

XVI. Flange

 A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form
a piping system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or
modification. Flanges are usually welded or screwed. Flanged joints are made by
bolting together two flanges with a gasket between them to provide a seal

XVII. 'S'- Trap

 It is also referred to as a sink trap because it is installed under most sinks. Because of
its shape, the trap retains some water after the fixture's use. This water creates an air
seal that prevents sewer gas from passing from the drain pipes back into the building.

XVIII. 'P'- Trap

 A P-trap is a plumbing fixture that has several purposes. It traps debris that has
drained from the sink and prevents it from forming a clog deep within the plumbing
system, and to stops sewer gases from passing into the home.

XIX. Floor waste

 It is used to drain whatever water winds up on the floor. In the shower, it drains the
water that is on the shower floor while showering. In a commercial restroom is it
used to drain water spilled on the floor, or water used to clean the bathroom

XX. Gate valve

 Also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a barrier (gate) out of
the path of the fluid

Bip - Tap

Stop - Cock

Hose - Cock