Prepared by
Md. Jakirul Islam
Cohesive Devices: Cohesive devices are words or phrases that link sentences and
paragraphs together, creating a smooth and logical flow in writing or speech. They
help the reader or listener follow the meaning more easily.
Here are some important cohesive devices along with their purposes and
examples:
1. Addition (য োগ)
Words/Phrases: and (এবং),also(এছাডাও),moreover(অধিকন্তু), furthermore
(তদুপধি), in addition (এি সাথে), besides (ছাডাও), for one thing (একটি কািণ
হথ া)
Purpose: To add extra information or ideas.
Examples:
o She enjoys reading, and she loves writing poetry.
o He is good at math, and he excels in science.
o We need more staff. Moreover, we should hire specialists.
o The project is on schedule. Furthermore, we have under budget.
o Besides being friendly, he is also very professional.
2. Contrast (বৈপরীত্য)
Words/Phrases: but (ধকন্তু), however (যাথহাক), although (যধদও), though
(যধদও), on the other hand (অন্যধদথক), yet (এখন্ও), despite (সথেও),
nevertheless (তবুও), whereas (যযখাথন্), in contrast (ধবপিীথত)
Purpose: To show a contrast between ideas.
Examples:
o It was raining, but we went for a walk anyway.
o She was tired, yet she stayed up to finish her work.
o He didn’t study much. Nevertheless, he passed the test.
o Although they lost the game, they played well.
o The house is old. On the other hand, it has a lot of character.
3. Cause and Effect (কোরণ ও ফলোফল)
Words/Phrases: because (কািণ), so (সুতিাং), therefore (অতএব), thus
(এইভাথব), consequently (ফ স্বরূপ), as a result (ফ শ্রুধতথত), hence
(সুতিাং), due to (জন্য)
Purpose: To show cause and effect.
Examples:
o She was late because the bus broke down.
o He didn’t eat breakfast, so he was hungry by noon.
o The experiment failed, therefore we had to start over.
o The company performed poorly. As a result, many employees were
laid off.
o The weather was bad, hence the flight was canceled.
4. Sequence/Order (ক্রম/ধোরো)
Words/Phrases: first (প্রেথে), second (ধিতীয়), next (পিবতীথত), then
(তািপি), finally (অবথেথে), after that (এি পথি), subsequently (পিবতীথত),
meanwhile (এই সেয়), at the same time (একই সেথয়), eventually (যেেথেে)
Purpose: To show the order in which events occur.
Examples:
o First, we need to gather all the documents.
o We went shopping; then, we had lunch.
o He graduated college. After that, he started his own business.
o Meanwhile, the team continued working on the project.
o She applied to multiple universities. Eventually, she chose Stanford
5. Example/Illustration (উদোহরণ/চিত্র)
Words/Phrases: for example (উদাহিণস্বরূপ), for instance (উদাহিণস্বরূপ),
such as (যযেন্), in particular (ধবথেেত), namely (যো), to illustrate (উদাহিণ
ধদথত)
Purpose: To give examples or clarify ideas.
Examples:
o Many factors affect climate change, for example, deforestation and
industrial pollution.
o There are several fruits I like, such as apples and oranges.
o He plays many sports, namely football and tennis.
o Several strategies were considered, to illustrate, increasing market
reach and improving customer satisfaction.
6. Emphasis (গুরুত্ব আররোপ)
Words/Phrases in fact (প্রকৃতপথে), indeed (প্রকৃতপথে), especially
(ধবথেে কথি), particularly (ধবথেেত), above all (সথবাপধি),
ব significantly
(গুরুত্বপূণভাথব),
ব certainly (ধন্শ্চয়ই), actually (আসথ ), clearly (স্পষ্টভাথব)
Purpose: To emphasize or highlight the importance of an idea.
Examples:
o He is an excellent leader; in fact, the best we’ve ever had.
o The project is crucial; indeed, it will determine the company's future.
o She is a great student, especially in mathematics.
o The meeting was particularly important for senior management.
o She is clearly the best candidate for the job.
7. Comparison (ত্ু লনো)
Words/Phrases: similarly (একইভাথব), likewise (অন্ুরূপভাথব), in the same
way (একইভাথব), just as (যযেন্), equally (সোন্ভাথব)
Purpose: To compare two ideas or elements.
Examples:
o He loves sports. Similarly, his sister enjoys outdoor activities.
o They worked late; likewise, their manager stayed in the office until
midnight.
o Just as the sun rises in the east, it sets in the west.
o The two projects are equally important.
8. Clarification/Restatement (ৈযোখ্যো/পুনরুক্তি)
Words/Phrases: in other words (অন্য কোয়), that is to say (অোৎ),
ব to clarify
(স্পষ্ট কিথত), to put it another way (অন্যভাথব ব থত যেথ )
Purpose: To make something clearer or restate it.
Examples:
o The results were inconclusive. In other words, we need more tests.
o We need to cut costs. That is to say, we must reduce expenses.
o To clarify, the new policy applies to all employees.
o She wasn’t happy. To put it another way, she was frustrated with the
situation.
9. Concession (স্বীকৃচত্)
Words/Phrases: although (যধদও), even though (যধদও), while (যখন্),
granted (যেথন্ যন্ওয়া), admittedly (স্বীকাি কথি), despite (সথেও), in spite of
(সথেও)
Purpose: To acknowledge an opposing point.
Examples:
o Although it was raining, they continued the match.
o Despite his efforts, he couldn't complete the task on time.
o Even though they knew the risks, they went ahead with the plan.
o She managed to pass the test, in spite of her lack of preparation
10. Conclusion (উপসংহোর)
Words/Phrases: in conclusion (উপসংহাথি), to sum up (সািসংথেপ), in
summary (সািসংথেথপ), finally (অবথেথে), in short (সংথেথপ), overall
(সােধিকভাথব), to conclude (উপসংহাি িান্থত)
Purpose: To summarize or conclude.
Examples:
o In conclusion, the research shows a clear trend.
o To sum up, the project was a success.
o The presentation was excellent. In short, everyone was impressed.
11. Purpose/Intention (উরেশ্য)
Words/Phrases: so that (যাথত), in order to (যাথত), for this reason (এই
কািথণ), to this end (এই উথেথেয), with this in mind (এই েথন্ যিথখ), with a
view to (উথেেয ধন্থয়)
Purpose: To show the intention or purpose behind an action.
Examples:
o She saved money so that she could buy a car.
o He studied hard in order to get a scholarship.
o The company hired new employees with a view to increasing
production.
12. Time (সময়)
Words/Phrases: before (আথে), after (পথি), when (যখন্), while (যখন্), as
soon as (যত তাডাতাধড), since (যযথহতু ), until (পযন্্ব ত), now (এখন্),
eventually (যেেথেে)
Purpose: To express the timing of events.
Examples:
o Before leaving, she made sure to turn off all the lights.
o He will call you as soon as the meeting ends.
o They waited until the rain stopped.
13. Reference (উরেখ্)
Words/Phrases: this (এটি), that (ওিা), these (এইগুথ া), those (যসগুথ া), such
(এ িিথন্ি), which (যযটি)
Purpose: To refer back to something mentioned earlier.
Examples:
o This is why we need more funding.
o We’ve already discussed that point.
o The team worked on these tasks yesterday
14. Substitution (প্রচত্স্থোপন)
Words/Phrases: one (একটি), ones (গুথ াি েথিয), do (কিথত), does
(কথিথছ)
Purpose: To replace a word or phrase.
Examples:
o I'll take the red shirt. Can I have one in medium?
o She prefers novels, but I enjoy short stories. Do you like ones with
suspense?
15. Ellipsis (অপনয়ন)
Words/Phrases: (Omitted word)
Purpose: To omit part of a sentence.
Examples:
o She likes reading novels, and he [likes] poetry.
o They went to the party, and she [went] home afterward.
16. Conditional (শ্ত্ত)
Words/Phrases: if (যধদ), otherwise (অন্যোয়)
Purpose: To show conditions or alternatives.
Examples:
o If you study hard, you will succeed.
o We must finish this work, otherwise we’ll miss the deadline.
