Subordinating Conjunctions
১. If → যদি
🎯 Conditional Types:
● Zero Conditional (সাধারণ সত্য)
● First Conditional (ভবিষ্যতের সম্ভাবনা)
● Second Conditional (অবাস্তব বর্ত মান/ভবিষ্যৎ)
● Third Conditional (অতীত অনুশোচনা)
● Mixed Conditional (মিশ্র)
🔹 Zero Conditional
🧱 Structure:
If + present simple, present simple
✅ Examples:
1. If you heat water, it boils.
2. If people eat healthy food, they stay fit.
🤔
3. If the sun sets, it gets dark.
Explanation: নিয়ম বা সত্য যেগুলো সবসময় সত্য হয়।
🔹 First Conditional
🧱 Structure:
If + present simple, will + verb
✅ Examples:
1. If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home.
2. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
🤔
3. If I see him, I will tell him.
Explanation: ভবিষ্যতে সম্ভাব্য কোনো শর্ত বা ঘটনা।
🔹 Second Conditional
🧱 Structure:
If + past simple, would + verb
✅ Examples:
1. If I had a car, I would drive to work.
2. If she knew the answer, she would help you.
🤔
3. If we lived near the beach, we would swim daily.
Explanation: কল্পনাপ্রসূত বা অবাস্তব বর্ত মান/ভবিষ্যৎ পরিস্থিতি।
🔹 Third Conditional
🧱 Structure:
If + past perfect, would have + past participle
✅ Examples:
1. If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
2. If they had left earlier, they would have caught the train.
🤔
3. If she had told me, I would have helped.
Explanation: অতীতে হয়নি এমন ঘটনার জন্য অনুশোচনা বা কাল্পনিকতা।
🔹 Mixed Conditional
🧱 Structure:
If + past perfect, would + verb
✅ Examples:
1. If I had slept earlier, I wouldn’t be tired now.
2. If she had taken the job, she would live abroad now.
🤔
3. If they had saved money, they would be rich today.
Explanation: অতীতের ঘটনা বর্ত মান বা ভবিষ্যতের পরিস্থিতিতে প্রভাব ফেলে।
২. When → যখন
🎯 Conditional Types:
● First Conditional (ভবিষ্যতের সময়)
● Past Time Clause (অতীতের সময়)
🔹 Future Time Clause (First Conditional)
🧱 Structure:
When + present simple, will + verb
✅ Examples:
1. When he arrives, we will start the meeting.
2. When you finish your homework, you can watch TV.
🤔
3. When the train comes, get on quickly.
Explanation: ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনা ঘটার সময় অন্য কিছু ঘটবে।
🔹 Past Time Clause
🧱 Structure:
When + past simple, past simple
✅ Examples:
1. When I was young, I played football every day.
2. When the teacher entered, the students stood up.
🤔
3. When she called, I was cooking dinner.
Explanation: অতীতে ঘটে যাওয়া কোনো নির্দি ষ্ট সময় বা ঘটনা।
৩. Unless → যদি না
🎯 Conditional: First (Negative)
🧱 Structure:
Unless + present simple, will + verb
✅ Examples:
1. Unless you study, you won’t pass.
2. Unless it stops raining, we can’t go out.
🤔
3. Unless she apologizes, he won’t forgive.
Explanation: কোনো শর্ত না হলে বা ব্যতিরেকে কিছু ঘটবে না।
৪. Provided that → যদি শর্ত পূরণ হয়
🎯 Conditional: First (Formal)
🧱 Structure:
Provided that + present simple, will + verb
✅ Examples:
1. You can join provided that you register.
2. He will help provided that you ask.
🤔
3. I’ll come provided that it’s safe.
Explanation: শর্ত পূরণের ভিত্তিতে কিছু ঘটার সম্ভাবনা।
৫. As soon as → যত দ্রুত
🎯 Conditional: First (Time)
🧱 Structure:
As soon as + present simple, will + verb
✅ Examples:
1. As soon as I arrive, I will call you.
2. As soon as the rain stops, we’ll play.
🤔
3. As soon as you finish, we’ll eat.
Explanation: কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনা শেষ হওয়ার সাথে সাথে অন্য কিছু ঘটবে।
৬. Even if → এমনকি যদি
🎯 Conditional: First / Second
🧱 Structure:
Even if + present simple, will + verb
✅ Examples:
1. Even if it rains, I will go.
2. Even if you explain, he won’t listen.
🤔
3. Even if I had money, I wouldn’t buy that.
Explanation: শর্ত পূরণ হোক বা না হোক, ঘটনা ঘটবে বা ঘটবে না।
৭. Although / Though / Even though → যদিও
🎯 Conditional: None (Contrast)
🧱 Structure:
Although / Though / Even though + subject + verb
✅ Examples:
1. Although he is poor, he is happy.
2. Even though she was tired, she worked.
🤔
3. Though it was raining, they played.
Explanation: বিরোধ বা বিপরীততাকে দেখানোর জন্য।
৮. Because / Since / As → কারণ
🎯 Conditional: None
🧱 Structure:
Main clause + because/since/as + clause
✅ Examples:
1. I stayed home because I was sick.
2. Since it is late, we should leave.
🤔
3. As she is busy, I will call later.
Explanation: কোনো ঘটনার কারণ বোঝাতে।
৯. So that / In order that → যেন
🎯 Conditional: None (Purpose)
🧱 Structure:
Main clause + so that + subject + can/may/will
✅ Examples:
1. I study hard so that I can pass.
2. She speaks loudly so that everyone can hear.
🤔
3. He left early in order that he might catch the train.
Explanation: উদ্দেশ্য বা কারণ বোঝাতে।
১০. Whatever / Whoever / Whenever / Wherever /
However → যেকোনো কিছু / কেউ / সময় / জায়গা / উপায়ে
🎯 Conditional: None (Emphasis / Uncertainty)
🧱 Structure:
Clause starter + subject + verb
✅ Examples:
1. Whatever happens, stay calm.
2. Whoever calls, don’t answer.
🤔
3. Whenever you come, I’ll be here.
Explanation: অজানা বা অনির্দি ষ্ট অবস্থার জন্য।
১১. In case → যদি হঠাৎ এমন হয়
🧱 Structure:
Do X in case Y happens
✅ Examples:
1. Take an umbrella in case it rains.
2. Bring food in case they’re hungry.
🤔
3. Call me in case you’re late.
Explanation: কোনো পরিস্থিতি ঘটতে পারে বলে প্রস্তুতি নিতে।
১২. Suppose / Supposing → ধরো যদি
🧱 Structure:
Suppose/Supposing + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Suppose you fail, what will you do?
2. Supposing he is late, will we wait?
🤔
3. Suppose it rains, where will we go?
Explanation: কল্পনাপ্রসূত শর্ত ।
১৩. Now that → এখন যেহেতু
🧱 Structure:
Now that + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Now that we are friends, let’s talk.
2. Now that exams are over, we can relax.
🤔
3. Now that you’re here, let’s begin.
Explanation: নতু ন কোনো তথ্য বা পরিস্থিতির কারণে।
১৪. As if / As though → যেন
🧱 Structure:
Subject + verb + as if + clause
✅ Examples:
1. He talks as if he were the boss.
2. She looks as though she saw a ghost.
🤔
3. They act as if they own the place.
Explanation: কোনো কল্পনা বা মিথ্যার ইঙ্গিত দিতে।
১৫. Lest → যেন না, যাতে না (Formal)
🎯 Conditional: Prevention
🧱 Structure:
Main clause + lest + subject + verb (subjunctive)
✅ Examples:
1. He left early lest he be late.
2. Take care lest you fall.
🤔
3. She whispered lest anyone hear.
Explanation: কোনো অবাঞ্ছিত ঘটনা রোধ করার জন্য।
১৬. Albeit → যদিও (Formal)
🧱 Structure:
Main clause + albeit + adjective/noun/phrase
✅ Examples:
1. He succeeded, albeit slowly.
2. The movie was good, albeit long.
🤔
3. She agreed, albeit reluctantly.
Explanation: আপত্তিকর বা সীমাবদ্ধতা সত্ত্বেও।
১৭. Whereas → যেখানে, কিন্তু
🧱 Structure:
Clause + whereas + clause
✅ Examples:
1. He likes coffee, whereas she prefers tea.
2. Some work hard, whereas others don’t.
🤔
3. The north is cold, whereas the south is warm.
Explanation: দুটি বিপরীত বা ভিন্ন বিষয় তু লনা করতে।
১৮. Given that → বিবেচনায় রেখে
🧱 Structure:
Given that + clause, main clause
✅ Examples:
1. Given that it’s raining, the match is postponed.
2. Given that he is new, we should help him.
🤔
3. Given that prices rose, demand fell.
Explanation: কোনো তথ্য বা পরিস্থিতি বিবেচনায় রেখে।
১৯. Provided → শর্ত হিসেবে
🧱 Structure:
Provided + clause, main clause
✅ Examples:
1. Provided you try hard, you will succeed.
2. You can come, provided you finish your work.
🤔
3. Provided there is money, we will start.
Explanation: কোনো শর্তে র ভিত্তিতে।
২০. As far as → যতদূর পর্যন্ত
🧱 Structure:
As far as + clause
✅ Examples:
1. As far as I know, he is honest.
2. As far as the law allows, you can go.
🤔
3. As far as I’m concerned, it’s fine.
Explanation: সীমাবদ্ধতা বা জ্ঞানের পরিমাণ নির্ধারণ করতে।
২১. Seeing that → যেহেতু
🧱 Structure:
Seeing that + clause, main clause
✅ Examples:
1. Seeing that he is late, we started.
2. Seeing that it’s your birthday, I bought a gift.
🤔
3. Seeing that you’re tired, rest now.
Explanation: কোনো ঘটনা বা তথ্যের কারণে।
২২. Until → যতক্ষণ না
🧱 Structure:
Main clause + until + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Wait here until I come back.
2. He didn’t stop working until midnight.
🤔
3. Stay inside until the rain stops.
Explanation: কোনো কাজ বা অবস্থা কোনো নির্দি ষ্ট সময় পর্যন্ত চলবে।
২৩. Before → আগে
🧱 Structure:
Before + clause, main clause
✅ Examples:
1. Before you leave, turn off the lights.
2. She finished her homework before dinner.
🤔
3. Read the instructions before you start.
Explanation: কোনো কাজের আগে আরেকটি কাজ সম্পন্ন হওয়া।
২৪. After → পরে
🧱 Structure:
After + clause, main clause
✅ Examples:
1. After he arrived, we began the meeting.
2. I will call you after I finish work.
🤔
3. She went home after the party ended.
Explanation: কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনার পরে অন্য কাজ বা ঘটনা।
২৫. While → যখন (সময়ের পাশাপাশি বিরোধের অর্থেও)
🧱 Structure:
While + clause
✅ Examples:
1. I listened to music while studying.
2. He was cooking while she cleaned the house.
🤔
3. While I like coffee, I prefer tea.
Explanation: একই সময়ে দুটি কাজ হওয়ার কথা বা বিরোধসূচক তু লনা।
২৬. Though → যদিও (‘Although’ এর মতো)
🧱 Structure:
Though + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Though it was cold, they went swimming.
2. Though he tried hard, he failed.
🤔
3. Though she is young, she is very responsible.
Explanation: বিরোধ বা বিপরীততা দেখানোর জন্য।
২৭. Even though → যদিও সত্যিকারের বিপরীত
🧱 Structure:
Even though + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Even though he was sick, he went to work.
2. Even though it was raining, we played football.
🤔
3. Even though she was tired, she finished the project.
Explanation: বিরোধের মাত্রা আরও শক্তিশালী করে দেখানোর জন্য।
২৮. As → যেহেতু (কারণ বা একই সময়ে)
🧱 Structure:
As + clause
✅ Examples:
1. As it was late, we decided to go home.
2. As I was leaving, he arrived.
🤔
3. As she is an expert, we asked her opinion.
Explanation: কারণ বা সমান্তরালে কোনো কাজ বা অবস্থা।
২৯. In case → যদি হয় এমন সন্দেহে
🧱 Structure:
Do X in case Y happens
✅ Examples:
1. Take your keys in case you get locked out.
2. Bring water in case you get thirsty.
🤔
3. Keep your phone charged in case of emergency.
Explanation: সম্ভাব্য কোনো ঘটনার জন্য প্রস্তুতি।
৩০. Now that → এখন যেহেতু (কারণ বা অবস্থা)
🧱 Structure:
Now that + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Now that the exams are over, we can relax.
2. Now that you’ve apologized, I forgive you.
🤔
3. Now that he’s here, the meeting can start.
Explanation: কোনো নতু ন অবস্থা বা তথ্যের কারণে।
৩১. Provided (that) → যদি শর্ত পূরণ হয় (Formal)
🧱 Structure:
Provided (that) + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Provided you finish your work, you can leave early.
2. Provided that the weather is good, we will go hiking.
🤔
3. You can come provided you bring your ID.
Explanation: শর্তে র ভিত্তিতে কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনা ঘটার সম্ভাবনা।
৩২. Insofar as → যতদূর পর্যন্ত
🧱 Structure:
Insofar as + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Insofar as I know, the meeting is tomorrow.
2. Insofar as the law permits, you can proceed.
🤔
3. Insofar as it concerns me, I agree.
Explanation: সীমাবদ্ধতা বা জ্ঞানের পরিমাণ নির্দে শ করে।
৩৩. Once → একবার যখন
🧱 Structure:
Once + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Once you finish, you can relax.
2. Once the train leaves, we cannot board.
🤔
3. Once he agrees, we will start the project.
Explanation: কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনার পরপরই অন্য কিছু ঘটবে।
৩৪. So long as / As long as → যতক্ষণ পর্যন্ত
🧱 Structure:
So long as / As long as + clause
✅ Examples:
1. You can stay so long as you behave well.
2. As long as there is light, we can continue working.
🤔
3. You will succeed as long as you try hard.
Explanation: কোনো শর্ত বা সময়সীমার মধ্যে কাজ বা অবস্থা।
৩৫. As much as → যতটা (সীমাবদ্ধতা/বিরোধ দেখাতে)
🧱 Structure:
As much as + clause
✅ Examples:
1. As much as I want to help, I am busy now.
2. As much as she tried, she couldn’t finish on time.
🤔
3. As much as they love music, they didn’t go to the concert.
Explanation: কোনো সীমাবদ্ধতা বা বিরোধ প্রকাশ করতে।
৩৬. Inasmuch as → যেহেতু , যেহেতু কারণ (formal, written)
🧱 Structure:
Inasmuch as + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Inasmuch as you have done your duty, I am satisfied.
2. The report is useful inasmuch as it provides new data.
🤔
3. Inasmuch as this is true, we must reconsider our plans.
Explanation: কারণ বা যুক্তি বোঝাতে, বিশেষত formal writing-এ।
৩৭. Whereas / While → যেখানে, কিন্তু (বিরোধসূচক)
🧱 Structure:
Whereas / While + clause
✅ Examples:
1. He is outgoing, whereas she is shy.
2. I like coffee, while he prefers tea.
🤔
3. Some prefer morning, whereas others work at night.
Explanation: তু লনামূলক বিরোধ বা পার্থক্য দেখাতে।
৩৮. That → যে (Relative clause-এ ব্যবহৃত হলেও
subordinate conjunction হিসেবেও)
🧱 Structure:
Main clause + that + clause
✅ Examples:
1. I believe that he is honest.
2. She said that she would come.
🤔
3. It is clear that they need help.
Explanation: কোনো তথ্য বা বক্তব্যের অংশ হিসেবে।
৩৯. Than → থেকে (তু লনা করার জন্য)
🧱 Structure:
Comparative adjective + than + clause
✅ Examples:
1. He is taller than I thought.
2. She runs faster than he does.
🤔
3. This problem is harder than we expected.
Explanation: তু লনা করার সময় ব্যবহৃত।
৪০. As though / As if → যেন (অনুমান বা কল্পনা বোঝাতে)
🧱 Structure:
Subject + verb + as though/as if + clause
✅ Examples:
1. He looks as though he has seen a ghost.
2. She behaves as if she owns the place.
🤔
3. They acted as though nothing happened.
Explanation: কল্পনা বা অনুমান বোঝাতে।
৪১. Whereas → যেখানে, কিন্তু (contrast)
🧱 Structure:
Clause + whereas + clause
✅ Examples:
1. I prefer tea, whereas he likes coffee.
2. The north is cold, whereas the south is warm.
🤔
3. She is outgoing, whereas her brother is shy.
Explanation: বিরোধ বা পার্থক্য দেখাতে।
৪২. Provided (that) → যদি শর্ত পূরণ হয়
🧱
(আগে দেওয়া হয়েছে, কিন্তু খুব বেশি ব্যবহৃত, আবার উল্লেখ করলাম)
Structure:
Provided (that) + clause
✅ Examples:
1. Provided that you finish your work, you can go home.
2. You can stay, provided that you don’t make noise.
🤔
3. Provided she agrees, the plan will proceed.
Explanation: শর্ত পূরণের ভিত্তিতে কিছু ঘটার সম্ভাবনা।
৪৩. Lest → যেন না (formal, rare)
🧱 Structure:
Main clause + lest + subject + verb (subjunctive)
✅ Examples:
1. Take care lest you fall.
2. He spoke softly lest anyone hear.
🤔
3. They left early lest they miss the train.
Explanation: কোনো অনাকাঙ্ক্ষিত ঘটনা এড়ানোর জন্য।
