GRAMMAR_HN01: CONJUNCTIONS

Def: Conjunctions are words that join or link elements. Or Conjunctions are words which join two
sentences, clause or words together, showing the relation between the items.

যে শব্দগুল ো যযোলনো বোলযের দুই বো তলতোধিয শলব্দর বো বোযেোাংলশর মলিে সাংলেোগ স্থোপন যলর, ধযাংবো বোযেসমূলের
সঙ্গধত রক্ষো যলর তোলদরলয sentence connectors বো বোযে সাংলেোগযোরী শব্দ বল ।

1. Coordinating conjunctions: FAN BOYS

The coordinating conjunctions are and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet. These conjunctions join words,
phrases, or clauses that are grammatically equal in rank.

✓ Words: Mother and daughter, tea and toast

✓ Phrases: We found the Easter eggs under the couch and in the closet.
✓ Clauses: He likes me, but I don’t care.

Each clause (He likes me and I don’t care) can stand alone. The two clauses are grammatically equal.

2. Correlative conjunctions are like coordinating conjunctions except that they come in matched pairs:
either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/ but also, and whether/or.

✓ Words: Neither mother nor daughter

✓ Phrases: We found the Easter eggs not only under the couch but also in the closet.
✓ Clauses: Either you surrender or I shoot.

3. Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join unequal elements. A subordinating conjunction joins a clause that can’t
stand alone (called a subordinate or dependent clause) to a clause that can (called an independent
clause).

✓ We will discontinue research in this area unless the results of the experiment are promising.

Table: Words That Can Act as Subordinating Conjunctions

after before than whenever

although even if that where
as if though wherever
as if in order that till while
as long as provided (that) unless
as though since until
because so (that) when

Rajon Sir’s English Mentor_Enjoy Your Learning English_01719-271306 Special Grammar Note_ Conjunctions Page 1 of 6
 GRAMMAR_HN01: CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions (Linking words) Vs Sentence Linkers
Conjunctions: Join words, clauses or phrases within in a sentence. (Comma is used)
Sentence Connectors: Help in maintaining flow between sentences. (Full-stop or semi-colon is used)
Connectors Sentence Linkers
Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Between Sentences
For/ because, as, due to the fact Reason [কারণ] therefore, result, thus,
that, so…..that, now that Result [ফলাফল ] consequently, as a hence, as
So
a consequence
, while , whereas on the other hand, however,
Yet But Contrast [ তু লনা]
in contrast, instead, rather
although/even though/
though, even if, despite the Concession [অপ্রতযাশিত] however, nevertheless,
ফলাফল] nonetheless, still
fact that, in spite the fact that
FAN BOYS

Nor just as Similarity [ সাদৃিয] Similarly, likewise

(একইরুপে/অনুরুেভাপে)
if…, whether (or not), when, in addition, furthermore,
And in case that, provided that Condition Addition moreover, besides,
/provided/providing that, [ শর্ত) [ য াগ/আরও] additionally
unless
Negative otherwise ( অনযভাপে/)নর্ু ো/)
Or So that, in order that, Purpose নইপে/)র্া)না)হপে)
[ উপেশয)
Condition
[ননশতবাচক]িতত]
Description in fact, as a matter of fact,
who, whom, that, whose, [ ের্না)
ত / Emphasis indeed, actually
Identification [গুরুত্ব] (প্রকৃর্েপে/)োস্তনেকেপে/)অেশযই/)
when, where [ নননদতষ্টকরর্) প্রকৃর্েপে)
after, before, whenever, Negative on the contrary ( সম্পূর্))))
ত
when, since, as, as soon as, Time [সময়] Emphasis নেেনরপর্/)অনযনদপক)
until [ননশতবাচক গুরুত্ব]
Main Idea [মূল]ধারণা] in general, generally, on the whole, generally speaking
Sentence Linkers
Conclusion [উপসংহার] in conclusion/summary, in short, in brief, to sum up, to
conclude/summary, all in all,

Words Meanings Words Meanings

সসই) জনয/কাপজই/সুর্রাাং/) এই) জনয/) এর) র্ার)নেেরীপর্/)যখন)অনযনদপক)/)েোন্তপর
therefore whereas
কারপর্/)যার)ফপে
যাহা) হউক/) ) যাহা) হউক) না) সকন/) নকন্তু/)
however while
র্ৎসপেও ঠিক)সসই)সমপয়/)একই)সমপয়
Nonetheless র্থানে/)র্েু/)র্ৎসপেও [ nevertheless] though যনদও [ even though /although]
ফপে/কাপজই/) সসই) জনয/) এই) জনয/) যনদও/র্থানে
consequently even if
অর্এে/)এই)কারপর্)))
On the other hand অনযনদপক/)নেেরীর্ক্রপম/)অেরেপে despite )( নকুু )সপওও [in spite of]
furthermore অনিকন্তু/র্াুাড়া [ moreover/besides] provided that এই)শপর্ত)(পয
Nor ওটাও)না)/)ও)না unless যনদ)না [if not]
Nor is commonly used together with neither, but it can also be used alone. Hisham cannot sing nor recite poetry from memory. Hester Lott -187
The train was late so I had plenty of time to get a newspaper.

NOTE: Nothing is grammatically wrong with placing And or other coordinating conjunctions at the
beginning of a complete sentence, although this practice should be used sparingly.
Incorrect: We hung the wallpaper and painted the walls. And laid new tile.
Correct: We hung the wallpaper, painted the walls and laid new tile.
Correct: We hung the wallpaper and painted the walls. And we laid new tile.
Rajon Sir’s English Mentor_Enjoy Your Learning English_01719-271306 Special Grammar Note_ Conjunctions Page 2 of 6
 GRAMMAR_HN01: CONJUNCTIONS
More About Conjunctions:
While Vs While!
You got A+ , while you brother got A. [While= but, Coordinate Conjunction]
I entered the room while my brother was cooking. [While = in the time of, Subordinate Conjunction]
Note:
A. We don’t repeat same subject in compound sentence except in the use of So and for [Ref. Longman]
✓ He washed the motorcycle and polished it. He washed the motorcycle, but didn’t polished it.
✓ He couldn’t find his pen, so he wrote in pencil.
✓ We ate only fish, for we couldn’t afford meat. [For=because]

B. Still/Yet are not used very commonly in modern English, except with the other time-related meaning.
But in older texts, you will find them used to mean the same as But. [Ref. Hester Lott]
✓ It got colder and colder, yet we were not permitted to put on our clothes.
✓ The children pleaded yet/still the teacher made them stand to attention.
C. As is used like when or while. It is often used with just to mean at the exact time. [Ref. Hester Lott-
191]
✓ The bell rang just as the teacher started the dictation.
D. Again (আবার/তাছাড়া- পূর্বরে দেওয়া তর্যের উপর দ ার দেয়ার ন্ে আর তযে যুক্ত করর্ত):
✓ The solution is hard to find. Again, we have lost our core team members.

Again/Moreover/Besides

E. In fact/Actually (প্রকৃতপর্ে- পূববতী

ে বক্তর্বের বা দরাতার প্রতোশার ববপরীর্ত বকছু বলর্ত বা পূর্ব েদেওয়া তযে স্পষ্ট করার ন্ে

আরও তযে বের্ত):

✓ Kashmir is a beautiful place. In fact, it is called the heaven in the earth for her beauty.
F. If , Unless and In case:
✓ If you hear the news, can you ring me immediately?
✓ If it rains, I will go out.
✓ I can’t see unless I wear glasses. I can’t see if I do not wear glasses. [if…not = unless]

• We use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a possible problem later on. In case is mostly
used to talk about precautions.

✓ I’ll bring in the machine if it rains. I’ll bring in the machine in case it rains.
(= I'll bring it in at the time it starts raining.) (= I'll bring it in now because it might rain later.)

✓ I ‘m taking an umbrella in case it rains. I’ll take an umbrella if it rains.

G. In modern English except is replaced by but (PEU-Swan),

H. Besides can used as preposition and discourse marker (sentence connector).
✓ Besides general mathematics, we have to study higher mathematics. Preposition-as well as
✓ Who was there besides Rokcy and Rumon? Preposition- as well as
✓ It’s too late to go out. Besides, it’s starting to rain. Sentence Connector- as well/also

Rajon Sir’s English Mentor_Enjoy Your Learning English_01719-271306 Special Grammar Note_ Conjunctions Page 3 of 6
 GRAMMAR_HN01: CONJUNCTIONS
I. For = Because He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.
J. Then [adverb]

o used when saying what the result of a situation or action will be:
✓ If you won’t tell him, then I will.
✓ Start off early, then you won’t have to rush.

o but then (again) used to say that although something is true, something else is also true which makes
the first thing seem less important:
✓ William didn’t succeed first time, but then very few people do.
✓ Elaine’s father might lend them the money, but then again he might not.
o then and there (also there and then) immediately: (every) now and then at NOW
✓ He wasn’t prepared to wait – he wanted the money then and there.
o Used to add something to what you have just mentioned OR to refer back to what you have just been
talking about:
✓ We have to invite your parents and my parents, and then there’s your brother.
✓ This then was the situation facing the government at the end of the war.
The last bus has gone. Then we’re going to have to walk.

K. That’s why/for that reason: He was ill. That’s why he was absent in the class.
L. Adverbs:
Instead (used to say what is done, when you have just said that a particular thing is not done.)
✓ I didn't go there to her. Instead, I went to her home.
Generally /Basically:
Definitely:
Until/While/During:
Even: used to emphasize something that is unexpected or surprising in what you are saying.
✓ It was quite difficult to see, even with the light on.
Even if: Used to emphasize that something will still be true if another thing happens.
✓ She's going to have problems finding a job even if she gets her A levels.
Frankly:
Unfortunately:
Eventually (finally/in the end/after all that - something happens after a long time or after a lot of effort):
The car didn’t want to start, but eventually I got it going.

Like: In the same way

Don’t talk to me like you talk to a child.
Such as: when you give example of something : Novels such as Pather Pachali and Teacher Man are very
interesting.
And so: Used to add that what has just been said is true about something or someone:
Rajon Sir’s English Mentor_Enjoy Your Learning English_01719-271306 Special Grammar Note_ Conjunctions Page 4 of 6
 GRAMMAR_HN01: CONJUNCTIONS
✓ He’s been ill and so his wife.
M. Nor (Conjunction): Used after a negative statement in order to introduce another negative statement
containing a similar kind of information
✓ I don't expect children to be rude, nor do I expect to be disobeyed.
✓ It was not my fault, nor his.

N. Anyway/anyhow means What was said before doesn’t matter- the point is as follows.
I am not sure what time I’ll arrive, maybe half past seven or quarter to eight. Anyway, I’ll certainly be
there before eight o’clock.
O. Actually, in fact and as a matter of fact can introduce additional information.
The weather was awful. Actually, the campsite got flooded and we had to come home.
P. Not…but rather (Used to say that something is not true but a different thing is true)
- The problem is not their lack of funding, but rather their lack of planning.
Some more connectors and linkers:
Addition and listing (দকার্ন্া কারণ বা ফলাফল েযায়ক্রপম)
ত সাজাপনা) : first (ly), secondly, thirdly….., then
finally/lastly,

Time: in the meantime/ at the same time (এযই সমলে), later, at first, after a while, afterwards, at
that time, lately/recently, presently (এেুবন্/অবির্র), at present, sometimes,

Particularization (নেপশষভাপে)উপেখ): in particular, particularly, specifically

Exemplification (উদাহরর্): for example, for instance, to illustrate

alternatively, by the way, above all, anyway, anyhow, in any case, both…and, either….or, neither…nor,
not only….but also, as well as, so that, as adjective as, so adjective as, than, no sooner had…than,
scarcely had/ hardly had….when, that is to say (অযাৎ,
ে অন্ে কযায়), not only that, of course, somehow

Rajon Sir’s English Mentor_Enjoy Your Learning English_01719-271306 Special Grammar Note_ Conjunctions Page 5 of 6
 GRAMMAR_HN01: CONJUNCTIONS
Check which ones are correct or all are correct!

1. Because the current was swift, he could not swim to shore.

2. The current was so swift that he could not swim to shore.
3. Because of the swift current, he could not swim to shore.
4. The current was swift. He could not swim to shore.
5. The current was swift; he could not swim to shore.
6. The current was swift, so he could not swim to shore.
7. He could not swim to shore, for the current was swift.

Rajon Sir’s English Mentor_Enjoy Your Learning English_01719-271306 Special Grammar Note_ Conjunctions Page 6 of 6