71 Zuba
71 Zuba
ISSN 1230-7483
Abstract
The aim of the studies presented in the paper was to assess whether it is possible to produce (and how efficiently) methcathinone a controlled psychotropic substance from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, active substances of many therapeutic preparations. For this purpose, on the basis of information presented on webpages and discussion forums, as well as advice from Monar a non-governmental organisation that helps people addicted to drugs procedures of simple processing of ephedrine present in Tussipect and pseudoephedrine present in Sudafed to methcathinone were developed. They assumed the use of generally available chemicals (potassium permanganate, spirit vinegar) or articles (syringe, mortar, glass, etc.). The substrates and the products of the reactions were analysed by means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on an HP-5MS column, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a Chromolith RP-18e monolithic column. The presence of a dozen chemical substances, including methcathinone, was detected in the reaction mixtures. The mean amount of methcathinone prepared from 6 tablets of Sudafed, each containing 60 mg of pseudoephedrine, was 88.2 1.8 mg, whereas from 10 tablets of Tussipect, each containing 15 mg of ephedrine: 19.1 6.5 mg. The obtained amounts constitute from one to even several acting doses of this psychotropic substance. The possibility that other psychoactive compounds also occurred among the formed substances cannot be excluded. The performed studies indicated that it is possible to effectively process ephedrine and pseudoephedrine to methcathinone using simple methods in home laboratories, and therefore tightening of control over therapeutic preparations containing these substances should be considered.
Key words
Ephedrine; Pseudoephedrine; Methcathinone; Processing.
1. Introduction
The Act of 29 July 2005 on Counteracting Drug Addiction [13] the basic legislation regulating control of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances defines them as substances of natural or synthetic origin acting on the central nervous system, listed in tables appended to the act. It contains among others: 1. Popular, abused street drugs like amphetamine, cocaine or heroin;
2. Designer drugs like TMA, PMA, DOE, etc. a new group of synthetic drugs, which are increasingly popular; 3. Other substances present on the illegal drug market, often used for criminal purposes, like GHB, ketamine or methcathinone; 4. Medicines, mainly derivatives of barbituric acid (e.g. allobarbital, barbital, cyclobarbital, phenobarbital) and benzodiazepines (e.g. chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, clo-
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nazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, oxazepam), which are often abused and can cause addiction. The classifications of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in Polish law are based to a large extent on resolutions of the United Nations [5, 7, 8], which are the basis of legal regulations in most Member States. The above-mentioned act also refers to another act Regulation (EC) no 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe of 11 February 2004 on Drug Precursors [10], on the basis of which substances used in production of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances came under legal control. According to the definition given in this act, scheduled substance means any substance listed in Annex I, including mixtures and natural products containing such substances. But this definition excludes medicinal products, as defined by Directive 2001/83/ EC of the European Parliament and the Council of Europe of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, pharmaceutical preparations, mixtures, natural products and other preparations containing scheduled substances that are compounded in such a way that they cannot be easily used or extracted by readily applicable or economically viable means. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are listed among the substances scheduled in category 1. This category covers compounds which contain in their structures the basic elements of psychotropic substances. The structural formulas of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and methcathinone (ephedrone, 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1-one) are shown in Figure 1. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug, an antagonist of a- and b-adrenergic peripheral receptors. It acts directly by increase of noradrenaline release from the neuron endings and inhibition of reuptake. It effectively dilates bronchial smooth muscles, accelerates decelerated heart action and intensifies the strength of cardiac contraction. It constricts the peripheral vessels, which can lead to an increase in arterial pressure. Ephedrine passes well through the blood-brain barrier. Signs of weak central stimulation are observed after its administration. It dilates pupils, but accommodation is not disturbed. It can cause psychical addiction and, because of growing tolerance, it cannot be used for a long time [9]. Pseudoephedrine is also a sympathomimetic amine acting peripherally and centrally on the sympathetic system, however its central action is weaker compared to ephedrine. It reduces congestion of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract (particularly
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Fig. 1. The structural formulas of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and methcathinone.
nose and nasal sinuses), which leads to a decrease in the swelling of mucous membranes and the amount of formed secretion, as well as relieving the inflammatory state [9]. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are also used for purposes other than medical. These substances are taken by young women, amongst others, in order to reduce weight (they take several tablets a day), because ephedrine and pseudoephedrine reduce the feeling of hunger by releasing catecholic amines. The side-effects like acceleration of heart action, increased blood pressure, fasciculation and agitation limit their application in this field. They are also used as substitutes for amphetamine or methamphetamine, because of their easier availability. Simultaneous administration of several or more tablets containing the above-mentioned substances can lead to symptoms similar to those that occur after administration of amphetamine. Ephedrine is also used as a doping agent. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are scheduled because they are substrates (precursors) used in production of methamphetamine. This substance, which is very popular e.g. in the United States, is not one of the main drugs abused in Europe. An exception is the Czech Republic, where methamphetamine is, beside cannabis products, the main street drug. One of the reasons for this situation may be the easy availability of ephedrine in this country, because its production was not subject to legal control for many years. The report of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and
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decreased, because it is now available only on prescription. However, some drug-addicts still use this preparation to produce methcathinone, as they state that it is much more dynamic than Sudafed. At present, the most popular preparations used for this purpose are Tussipect and the aforementioned Sudafed, which are available in Poland without prescription (over-the-counter). The aim of the studies presented in the paper was to assess the possibility and the effectiveness of production of methcathinone from ephedrine contained in Tussipect preparation and pseudoephedrine contained in Sudafed preparation.
Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) states that in the Czech Republic, production of methamphetamine has been reported since the early 1980s; most is destined for local consumption, although some of it is smuggled to Germany and Austria. In 2003, Czech authorities reported an increase in the production of Pervitin (local methamphetamine) from branded pharmaceutical products as a result of a lack of ephedrine (the precursor of methamphetamine) on the local black market. In addition, Denmark reported that methamphetamine is increasingly common on the illicit drug market, and Latvia reported an increased quantity (0.8 tonnes) of ephedrine seized in 2003 [12]. Polish criminal groups are amongst the leading producers of amphetamine in Europe [12]. They produce amphetamine not only for the internal market, but also for Scandinavian countries and Germany. Due to the activities of the Police, about twenty illegal laboratories producing this drug are liquidated every year in Poland. This leads to temporary shorter or longer decreases in amphetamine supply on the illegal market and attempts to use other, alternative substances, either for direct intoxication or in the production of classical drugs. One of the groups of substrates is medicines, including those available over-the-counter. The production of psychotropic substances from medicines has been observed and investigated by the Institute of Forensic Research (IFR) for many years [4, 11]. The production of methcathinone from ephedrine present in Proasthamin was popular in Poland in the late 1990s. It was concluded in studies performed in the IFR [4] that the method of oxidation of Proasthamin used by drug-addicts leads to the formation of methcathinone. The applied analytical methods allow the detection and determination of methcathinone even in small quantities of products constituting evidence in cases of illegal production of drugs from Proasthamin. The concentration of methcathinone in liquids obtained in the laboratory ranged from 1.9 to 2.6 mg/ml, whereas in evidential liquid obtained from an addicted person, it was 2.6 mg/ml. In the last few years, new preparations containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, e.g. Efrinol (Prolab), Ephedrinum hydrochloricum (Polfa Warszawa), Tussipect (Herbapol Pozna) and Sudafed (GlaxoSmithKline Export), have been marketed in Poland. According to information supplied by street-walkers, representatives of non-governmental organisations that help people addicted to drugs, and also information contained in case files analysed in the IFR, Efrinol preparation containing ephedrine in the form of 1% and 2% solutions was the most popular. Recently its popularity among addicted persons has
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(EI) mode. A full mass spectrum, from 10 to 600 amu, was collected. Confirmatory and quantitative analyses were carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a La Chrom D-7200 System (Merck-Hitachi) liquid chromatograph equipped with an L-7455 diode-array detector (DAD). The use of a D-7200 autosampler enabled excellent repeatability of injections. Separation of components was performed on a Chromolith Performance RP-18e monolithic column (100 4.6 mm, 2 m). This column offers a number of advantages over particulate columns, among other things, the use of faster flow rates enables quicker separations. At the same time, the separation capacity of these columns is higher. Monolithic columns contain a single, solid compound as the stationary phase, which is usually made up of a network of polymethacrylate or polystyrene copolymers. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1 ml/l aqueous solution of phosphoric(V) acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The separation was carried out in the following gradient conditions: 0 min 100%A, 20 min 100%B, 21 min 100%A, 26 min 100%A. The spectra of the substances were collected in the spectral range from 200 to 400 nm.
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tilled water was added to the mixture and it was stirred. The formed substance was brown and smelled of marzipan or aniseed oil (in contrast to the odour of acetic acid coming from the vinegar before the start of the reaction). Next, the obtained product was filtered with the use of a 20 ml syringe. The filtrate, which was the final product of the reaction, was pale to dark yellow. The filtrate was weakly acidic (pH 45). The obtained product was subjected to analysis by means of chromatographic methods.
means of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reaction products were analysed after 4-fold dilution with methanol. An example chromatogram of the product of Sudafed processing is presented in Figure 2. A dozen or so chromatographic peaks can be observed on the obtained chromatograms. The presence of, among other things, residues of acetic acid, benzaldehyde and benzylamine, was detected on the basis of a comparison with the NIST mass spectra database. The presence of many substances in the examined solutions results, among other things, from the fact that Sudafed and Tussipect contain, besides pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, other ingredients, which make up the original tablet mass. These substances can react with other substrates and with each other. It should be noted that the formed by-products can also
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Sudafed Active component of the preparation Amount of the component in a single tablet Number of tablets used in a single experiment Total amount of the substrate Number of performed syntheses Methcathinone concentration in a sample Mass of methcathinone obtained in a single experiment Mass of methcathinone obtained from a single tablet Estimated efficiency Pseudoephedrine 60 mg 6 360 mg 4 4.05 0.05 mg/ml 88.2 1.8 mg 14.7 mg 24.5%
Tussipect Ephedrine 15 mg 10 150 mg 3 2.24 0.77 mg/ml 19.1 6.5 mg 1.9 mg 12.7%
exhibit psychoactive action and even higher toxicity than methcathinone the main reaction product. In order to perform qualitative analysis, analysis of standard solutions of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and methcathinone was performed. On the basis of the comparison of retention times and, above all, mass spectra, methcathinone was detected in the reaction products. The mass spectrum of the chromatographic peak corresponding to the retention time of methcathinone is shown in Figure 3.
Studies aimed at confirming the presence of methcathinone in products obtained by processing of Sudafed and Tussipect preparations were performed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in conditions described in the Materials and methods section. The UV/VIS spectrum of the chromatographic peak obtained by the analysis of the products of Sudafed processing, corresponding to the retention time of methcathinone, is presented in Figure 4.
Fig. 3. The mass spectrum of the chromatographic peak corresponding to the retention time of methcathinone, obtained from the analysis of products of processing of Sudafed preparation.
Fig. 4. UV/VIS spectrum of the chromatographic peak corresponding to the retention time of methcathinone, obtained by the analysis of the products of Sudafed processing.
The mass spectra of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and methcathinone are very similar, but, on the basis of subtle differences particularly a lack of ion of m/z = 117 it can be ascertained that the mass spectrum shown in Figure 3 is consistent with the spectrum of methcathinone.
The UV/VIS spectrum of methcathinone differs significantly from the spectra of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine. In particular, in the spectra of these substances, a band with maximum absorbance at 249 nm does not occur. In the spectrum of the chromatographic peak corresponding to the retention time of meth-
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cathinone, obtained by the analysis of the products of Sudafed processing, this band is distinct and it can definitely be stated that it comes from methcathinone.
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of processing of medicines leads to a complex toxic action of their components, which is significantly more intensive than after administration of pure methcathinone alone. The high toxicity of such products has also been observed by other authors [2, 6]. In the 1990s in Russia and Belarus, a dozen or so deaths were noted after their overdosing [14].
4. Summary
In the performed experiments, methcathinone was obtained from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. The average amount of methcathinone prepared from 6 tablets of Sudafed, each containing 60 mg of pseudoephedrine, was 88.2 1.8 mg, whereas from 10 tablets of Tussipect, each containing 15 mg of ephedrine, it was 19.1 6.5 mg. The obtained amounts constitute from one to even several doses of this psychotropic substance. The obtained results indicate that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine can be easily used or extracted by readily applicable or economically viable means from therapeutic preparations like Tussipect and Sudafed, and therefore these preparations should not be excluded from the definition of scheduled substance. However, both preparations are available without prescription and their possession cannot be a basis for charging under Articles 61 and 66 of the Act of 29 July 2005 on Counteracting Drug Addiction, which concerns the purchasing, possession and storage of precursors.
Acknowledgements The author would like to thank his co-workers from the Alcohol and Drugs Section of the Institute of Forensic Research for their assistance in conducting the experiments and the examinations by means of instrumental methods.
References
1. Buddha P. D., Cole K. A., Cathinone (Khat) and methcathinone (CAT) in urine specimens: a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection procedure, Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2001, 25, 525530. 2. Glennon R. A., Yousif M., Naiman N. [et al], Methcathinone: a new and potent amphetamine-like agent, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 1987, 26, 547551. 3. http://www.totse.com/en/drugs/speedy_drugs/faq-cat.html.
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4. Janowska E., Chudzikiewicz E., Lechowicz W., Ephedrone new street drug obtained from proasthmin, Problems of Forensic Sciences 1999, 39, 4453. 5. Jednolita konwencja o rodkach odurzajcych z 1961 r., Dz. U. 1966, nr 45 poz. 277; Single convention on narcotic drugs 1961, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1961_en.pdf. 6. Kamiski B. J., Griffiths R. R., Intravenous self-injection of methcathinone in the baboon, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 1994, 47, 981983. 7. Konwencja Narodw Zjednoczonych o zwalczaniu nielegalnego obrotu rodkami odurzajcymi i substancjami psychotropowymi z 1988 r., Dz. U. 1995, nr 15, poz. 180; Convention against the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances 1988, http://www.unodc.org/ pdf/convention_1988_en.pdf. 8. Konwencja o substancjach psychotropowych z 1971 r., Dz. U. 1976, nr 31 poz. 180; Convention on psychotropic substances 1971, http://www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf. 9. Pharmindex, Wydawnictwo CMP Medica Poland, Warszawa 2006. 10. Rozporzdzenie (WE) nr 273/2004 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady Europy z dnia 11 lutego 2004 r. w sprawie prekursorw narkotykowych (Dziennik Urzdowy 2004 r., L 047, s. 00010010); Regulation (EC) no. 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe of 11 Feb ru ary 2004 on Drug Pre cur sors: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2004/l_047/ l_04720040218en00010010.pdf. 11. Stanaszek R., Lechowicz W., Pharmaceutical preparations in illicit drug cases, Problems of Forensic Sciences 2001, 46, 152157. 12. The state of the drugs problem in Europe, Annual report 2005, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug download/ar2005-en.pdf.Addiction (EMCDDA), 2005, http://ar2005.emcdda.europa.eu/ 13. Ustawa z dnia 29 lipca 2005 r. o przeciwdziaaniu narkomanii, Dz. U. 2005 r., nr 179, poz. 1485; Drug Addiction Counteracting Act of July 29, 2005, Journal of Laws 2005, no. 179, item 1485; http://www.narkomania.gov.pl. 14. Zhingel K. Y., Donevsky W., Crossman A. [et al.], Ephedrone: 2-methyl-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-one (Jeff), Journal of Forensic Sciences 1991, 36, 915920.
Corresponding author Dariusz Zuba Instytut Ekspertyz Sdowych ul. Westerplatte 9 PL 31-033 Krakw e-mail: dzuba@ies.krakow.pl
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Export). Zgodnie z informacjami dostarczonymi przez sprzedawcw ulicznych, przedstawicieli organizacji pozarzdowych zajmujcych si narkomanami oraz z danych zawartych w aktach spraw przekazanych do IES, szczegln popularnoci cieszy si preparat Efrinol, ktry zawiera efedryn w postaci roztworw 1% i 2%. W ostatnim czasie jego popularno wrd narkomanw spada, poniewa jest on obecnie dostpny tylko na recept. Niemniej jednak cz narkomanw nadal stosuje ten preparat do wytworzenia metkatynonu twierdzc, e otrzymany produkt jest o wiele dynamiczniejszy od Sudafedu. Obecnie najpopularniejszymi preparatami uywanymi w tym celu s Tussipect oraz wanie Sudafed, ktre dostpne s w Polsce bez recepty. Celem niniejszej pracy bya ocena moliwoci i ewentualnej efektywnoci wytworzenia metkatynonu z efedronu zawartego w preparacie Tussipect oraz pseudoefedryny zawartej w leku Sudafed.
gwnych narkotykw uywanych w Europie. Wyjtkiem w tym zakresie s Czechy, gdzie metamfetamina jest obok produktw konopi podstawowym narkotykiem ulicznym. Jedn z przyczyn tej sytuacji moe by dua dostpno efedryny w tym kraju, gdzie przez lata jej wytwarzanie nie byo objte kontrol. Raport Europejskiego Centrum Monitorowania Narkotykw i Narkomanii (EMCDDA) podaje, e Republika Czeska odnotowuje produkcj metamfetaminy od wczesnych lat osiemdziesitych, a wikszo tej produkcji przeznaczona jest na rynek wewntrzny, cho pewne iloci przemycane s do Niemiec i Austrii. W roku 2003 wadze czeskie doniosy, e na lokalnym czarnym rynku wzrosa produkcja preparatu Pervitin (lokalnej metamfetaminy) z markowych produktw farmaceutycznych w wyniku braku efedryny (prekursora metamfetaminy). Ponadto Dania poinformowaa, e metamfetamina staje si coraz bardziej popularna na rynku nielegalnych narkotykw, a otwa odnotowaa zwikszon ilo (0,8 ton) efedryny skonfiskowanej w 2003 roku [12]. Polskie grupy przestpcze s jednymi z czoowych producentw amfetaminy w Europie [12]. Produkuj one amfetamin nie tylko na rynek wewntrzny, ale rwnie na rynek skandynawski czy niemiecki. Dziki aktywnoci policji kadego roku likwidowanych jest w Polsce okoo dwudziestu nielegalnych laboratoriw wytwarzajcych ten narkotyk. Prowadzi to do czasowych krtszych lub duszych spadkw poday amfetaminy na nielegalnym rynku i prb wykorzystania innych alternatywnych substancji bd to do bezporedniego wprowadzenia si w stan odurzenia, bd te wykorzystania ich do wytworzenia klasycznych narkotykw. Jedn z grup substratw s leki, w tym leki dostpne bez recepty. Wytwarzanie substancji psychotropowych z lekw jest problemem dostrzeganym i badanym w Instytucie Ekspertyz Sdowych (IES) od wielu lat [4, 11]. Pod koniec lat dziewidziesitych ubiegego wieku popularne byo w Polsce wytwarzanie metkatynonu z efedryny obecnej w preparacie Proasthamin. W badaniach prowadzonych w IES [4] stwierdzono, e metoda utleniania Proastaminu stosowana przez narkomanw prowadzi do uzyskania metkatynonu. Zastosowane metody analityczne pozwoliy na wykrycie i oznaczenie metkatynonu nawet w nieznacznych ilociach produktw bdcych dowodami w sprawach o nielegalne otrzymywanie rodkw uzaleniajcych z Proasthaminu. Stenie metkatynonu w otrzymanych w laboratorium pynach miecio si w zakresie 1,92,6 mg/ml, natomiast w dowodowym pynie zabezpieczonym przy osobie uzalenionej wynosio 2,6 mg/ml. W ostatnich latach pojawiy si w sprzeday nowe preparaty zawierajce w swoim skadzie efedryn lub pseudoefedryn, takie jak m.in. Efrinol (Prolab), Ephedrinum hydrochloricum (Polfa Warszawa), Tussipect (Herbapol Pozna) czy Sudafed (GlaxoSmithKline
2. Materia i metody
Do przeprowadzenia eksperymentw majcych na celu otrzymanie metkatynonu z efedryny oraz pseudoefedryny wykorzystano nastpujce reagenty, odczynniki i wzorce: tabletki preparatu Tussipect wyprodukowanego przez Herbapol (Pozna, Polska) oraz preparatu Sudafed (GlaxoSmithKline Export, Warszawa, Polska); odczynniki do reakcji chemicznych: nadmanganian potasu w postaci preparatu farmaceutycznego Kalium Hypermanganicum (Galena, Wrocaw, Polska), 10% roztwr kwasu octowego (ocet spirytusowy wyprodukowany przez Matmar Comindex, Sawcinek, Polska, zakupiony w sklepie spoywczym); odczynniki do analiz chromatograficznych: metanol, acetonitryl (Merck, Darmstadt, Niemcy), 85% wodny roztwr kwasu fosforowego(V) (POCH, Gliwice, Polska); wzorce efedryny, pseudoefedryny i metkatynonu o steniu 1 mg/ml zakupiono w firmie Cerilliant Co. (Round Rock, TX, Stany Zjednoczone). Identyfikacja produktw reakcji bya wykonywana metod chromatografii gazowej sprzonej ze spektrometri mas (GC-MS). Badania prowadzono, wykorzystujc chromatograf gazowy 6890 N firmy Agilent (Stany Zjednoczone) sprzony ze spektrometrem masowym 5973 Network. Rozdzia prowadzono na kolumnie kapilarnej HP-5MS (30 m 0,25 mm 0,25 mm) przy zastosowaniu nastpujcego programu temperaturowego: 40oC przez 7 minut, nastpnie wzrost z szybkoci 10oC/min do 275oC, po czym utrzymywanie w maksymalnej temperaturze przez 9,5 min (cakowity czas analizy 40 min). Jako gaz nony stosowano hel o szybkoci przepywu 1,0 ml/min. Spektrometr masowy pracowa
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w elektronowym trybie jonizacji (EI). Zbierano cay zakres mas, od 10 do 600 amu. Analizy potwierdzajce oraz analizy ilociowe przeprowadzano metod wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej (HPLC), stosujc chromatograf cieczowy La Chrom D-7200 System (Merck-Hitachi) wyposaony w detektor spektrofotometryczny z szeregiem diod L-7455. Zastosowanie autosamplera D-7200 zapewniao doskona powtarzalno nastrzykw. Rozdzia skadnikw by prowadzony na kolumnie monolitycznej Chromolith Performance RP-18e (100 4,6 mm 2 m). Kolumna ta w stosunku do kolumn tradycyjnych oferuje wiele zalet, midzy innymi moliwe jest zastosowanie wikszych szybkoci przepywu, co pozwala na skrcenie czasu analizy. Jednoczenie zdolno rozdzielcza tych kolumn jest wysza. Kolumny monolityczne jako faz stacjonarn zawieraj pojedyncz substancj sta, ktr jest najczciej sie kopolimerw polimetyloakrylowych lub polistyrenowych. Natomiast w opisywanym dowiadczeniu faz ruchom stanowiy: 0,1 ml/l wodny roztwr kwasu fosforowego (A) oraz acetonitryl (B). Rozdzia prowadzono w nastpujcych warunkach gradientowych: 0 min 100%A, 20 min 100%B, 21 min 100%A, 26 min 100%A. Widma substancji zbierano w zakresie spektralnym od 200 do 400 nm.
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Powstaa substancja miaa brzowy kolor i przyjemny zapach marcepanu lub olejku anyowego (w przeciwiestwie do woni kwasu octowego pochodzcej od octu przed rozpoczciem reakcji). Nastpnie otrzymany produkt przesczono przez wat z uyciem strzykawki o pojemnoci 20 ml. Przescz, bdcy produktem kocowym reakcji, by koloru od somkowego do ciemnotego. Odczyn chemiczny przesczu by sabo kwany (pH 45). Otrzymany produkt poddano analizom metodami chromatograficznymi.
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chodzi do zapale y w nogach, zwaszcza u osb dokonujcych iniekcji w pachwin. Produkt kocowy przerobu niszczy rwnie w szybkim tempie wtrob oraz trzustk. Mona wic przypuszcza, e przy przyjmowaniu produktw przerobu lekw dochodzi do zoonego dziaania toksycznego ich skadnikw, znacznie bardziej nasilonego ni w przypadku przyjcia samego czystego metkatynonu. Na wysok toksyczno takich produktw zwracali uwag rwnie inni autorzy [2, 6]. W latach dziewidziesitych 20. wieku w Rosji i na Biaorusi stwierdzono kilkanacie zgonw po ich przedawkowaniu [14].
zy produktw przerobu Sudafedu, odpowiadajce czasowi retencji metkatynonu, przedstawiono na rycinie 4. Widmo UV/VIS metatynonu rni si znacznie od widm pseudoefedryny i efedryny; w szczeglnoci w widmach tych substancji nie wystpuje pasmo wykazujce maksimum absorpcji przy 249 nm. W widmie dla piku chromatograficznego odpowiadajcego czasowi retencji metkatynonu, a otrzymanego z analizy produktw przerobu Sudafedu, pasmo to jest wyrane i mona z pewnoci stwierdzi, e pochodzi od metkatynonu.
4. Podsumowanie
W wyniku przeprowadzonych eksperymentw uzyskano metkatynon z pseudoefedryny oraz efedryny. rednia ilo metkatynonu uzyskana z 6 tabletek Sudafedu zawierajcych po 60 mg pseudoefedryny wynosia 88,2 1,8 mg, natomiast z 10 tabletek Tussipectu zawierajcych po 15 mg efedryny wynosia 19,1 6,5 mg. Otrzymana ilo stanowi od jednej do nawet kilku dawek tej substancji psychotropowej. Uzyskane wyniki wskazuj, e efedryna i pseudoefedryna mog by bez trudnoci wykorzystane lub odzyskane za pomoc dajcych si atwo zastosowa lub ekonomicznie realnych rodkw z preparatw leczniczych, jakimi s Tussipect i Sudafed, a zatem nie powinny podlega wyczeniu z definicji substancji sklasyfikowanej. Z drugiej strony oba te preparaty s dostpne bez recepty i fakt ich posiadania nie moe by podstaw do postawienia zarzutu z art. 61 i 66 Ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 roku o przeciwdziaaniu narkomanii dotyczcych nabywania, posiadania i przechowywania prekursorw.
Podzikowania Autor pracy skada podzikowania wsppracownikom z Pracowni Badania Alkoholu i Narkotykw Instytutu Ekspertyz Sdowych za pomoc przy przeprowadzaniu eksperymentw i bada metodami instrumentalnymi.