ICT- Information and Communication Technology
IT- Refers to use of hardware and software for storage, retrieval, processing and distributing info of
many kinds.
ICT is a subset of IT
As per UNESCO, sequence of understanding ICT in Education- Understanding; Application; Innovation
NPTEL- national Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
ERNET- Educational and Research Network
Which of the following institutions is ERNET used to connect computers- IISCs, IITs, national Centre for
Software Technology
Convergence- combination of computing, telecommunication and media in a digital atmosphere
Interactivity- Human being and computer program simultaneously
IIT Kanpur- Brihaspati
Recording a TV program on a VCR is an eg of- Time shifting
Machine Learning reqs good quality and sufficient data to train and test the algorithm
TKDL- Traditional Knowledge Digital Library
Asynchronous communication- out of sync and not in realtime. Eg; discussion Forums, Blogs, Wikipeida,
Google, SMS
Synchronous- Video conferencing
Hypermedia database- Info bits are stored in the form of signals; Interent is the best example of use of
hypermedia
Concept of connect intelligence is derived from- Value added networks
Function of mass communication of applying info regarding the processes, isues, events and societal
developments- Surveillance
Als see Content supply and Gratification
e-Gyankosh in 2005-IGNOU
Institution of Dept of IT- Provide communication infrastructure to academic reserch institution- ERNET
Gyan Vani- bouquet of FM radio channels which boradcaast programmes conitbuted by insitutiosn such
IGNOU and IITs
Virtual Technical University- AICTE
NPTEL- National Prgramme on Technology Enhanced Learning (jointly by IITs and IISC0
See Web 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 tools
Which appl has access computer files from remote locations thourhg mobile phones- Renren
Satellite communication works through- Transponder
Computer= CPU + Memory + Input + Output Device
Modern computer uses- LSIchips
Programme- Set of instructions
Computer- capable of processing only digital singla, however can analyse both quantitative and
qualitative data
Virus:-
Improves spped of processing info
Part of software
Computer ican think on its own due to AI
CRT- Cathode Ray Tube
Main component of 1st generation computers – Vacummn tubes and valves
FORTRAN- Formula translation
Analagou computer- Input is never converted to digital form
In latest generation of computers, instructions are executed- both sequnetuially and parallel
Data storage hierarchy- Bits, Bytes, Fields, Records, Fields and Databases
See capacity of storag devices
Hexadecimnal number sytem- 0 to 9, A-F
See about binary equivalent
1 GB = 2 to the power of 30 bytes
- All computers have ALU, Control Unit and Primary storage
- Byte- 8 bits
- Niblle- 4 bits
- Bit smallest unit of computer memeory
- Bit can either be 0 or 1
EEPROM- Flash Memory
Operating system- UNIx, GNU< Linux, Windows, Mac OS
Utility Software- system software designed to help in analyzing, monitoring, configuiring optimizing
settings and maintaining the computer
Freeware- general terms used for the software that can be copied and used without payment to the
author, although there may be some restrictions on distribution
Silicion chips uswed for data processing- Microprocessors
Metal disks permanently housed in sealed and contamination-free containers+ Hard Disks
All modern computers operate on- Hard Disks
- Instructions and memory address are repsented by binary codes
- Micprocessors as switching devices are for 4th generation of computers
- Integrated chips used in 3rd generation of computers
UNIVAC- Universal automatic computer
PASCAL- programming lanagues, widely used in computer science, engineering and business
1st Super computer of India- PARAM 8000
Fastest Supercomputer- PARAM Pravega
CDAC (Centre for Development of Advanced and Information Technology)- Pune
Mainframe computers- computers used in Bnaking, Airlines, Railways
What is used for manufacturing chips- Semicondcuttrors
Flow of data in a computer- CPU’ Cache’ Memory
-Operaitng system- set of computer prgrams that manage the hardware/ software of a computer
Assembler- AL to ML
Compiler- HLL to ML
Interpreter- translates one programe instructions at a time into machine lanaguge
See what is compiler-
Small or intelligent devise is so called because it contains- Sensor
Hard Disk Memory- Highest capacity
CPU performs- read or write operations directly wtith RAM
Algorithm- Logical flow of a program
CPu- Control Unit, Logic Unit and Primary Storage
Modifer Keys- Ctrl, Shift and Alt
ALU of computer contains – registers (high spped storage elements)
EBDIC- Extended Binary Case Decimal Interchange Code (256 characters)
ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange
SIMM- Serial in Memory Module
Binary memory- Cache memory
Burning- process of copying files to a CD-ROM
Data is saved on backing storage medium- Computer Disk rewritable
Microprocessing made for- Computer
Largest unit of storage- Terabyte
Primary storage is faster and more expensive than secondary storages4
Secondary memory- Mgentic Disk, Optical Disk, Magentic Tape
Internal Memory- Main memory, Cache memory and CPU registers
RAM s used as a short memory- Volatile
Ram- for temporary storage of data and program’ allows simultaneous read and write operations
ROM- Memeory programmed at time fo manufacturing
Secondary memeory devicse- Floppy diskette
Latest write-once OS media- CD ROM disk
VDU- is a peripheral device
Shortest access time- Cache memeory
Fetch- Locate a data item for storage
Magnetic bubble memory- Provide non-volatile direct access syorage of data and no moving parts
Computer programs see the largest to smallest- vv imp
Memories:-
Made up of reigsters
Locations identified using Address
Data in a memory are stroed and retrieved by process called writing and reading respectively.
RAM:-
Primary Memory or main memory
Program and data which CPU reqs during execution of a program stored inn RAM
RAM volatile memeory- since data lost when power is turned off
2 types- SRAM and DRAM
ROM:-
Stores most curicla info for operaint such as program used to boot the computer
Not volatile
Used in calculators and peripheral devices
4 types- MROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM
Cache Memory:-
Reduce the average time to access data
Costilier than main memory
Fast emmeory type
Buffer btw RAM and CPU
Semiconductor Memories- used for primary emmoery
Secondary memoeyr- magnetic or optical memeories; can store high volume data, however is slower
ROM- stores the program to iniatially boot the computer and allows only reading
CD-RW disk- can be erased and rewritten
EEPROM- Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
VGA- Video Graphics Array
MSI- Medium Scale Integrated Circuits
MICR- Magnetic Ink Character Reader
Output quality of printer- Measured per dot per inch
Laser printer- used for Desktop Publishing
Errors in computer program-Bug
System unit of a personal computer typically containas all of following except- Modem
Application Software- programs designed to perform specific task
Execution Time- time during which a job is processed
Overlapped processing- Permits computer to work on several programs instad of one
Input- Devicwe prvoindg info which is sent to the CPU
Media with varying capacities that is used in the storage subsystem in a amicrocomputer- magnetic or
optical
DPI- Dots per inch
CAD- Computer Aided Design
Terminal- more than one person uses a central computer at the same time
Dumb Terminal- used only for data entry and storage, never for processing
High-quality graphics- Plotter
Magnetic tapes can serve- Input, Output and Secondary storage media
16 bits- 65,536 no of addresses
2 types of computers are:- Primary and Microprocessor
Logical unit in the CPU of a computer- compare numbers
Laser Printer- is used in conjunction with computer using dry ink powder
32 bit microprocessor has a word length- 4 bytes
Process Description- Set of info defining status of resources allocated toa process
XML- Extensible Markup Languauge
Standard size of IP address- 32 bits
Linear Data Strucutre- Array, Binary tree and Queue
Message beneath a message- Subtext
Line access and avoidance of collision functions of- Network Protocols
Cyberventing- pour out one’s grievances
Modem- analogue signals into digital and vice versa
TCP/IP- protocoals manages assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted
over the Internet and received thata a lyayer that reassmeblees the packwets intoe the original message
and also handles the address pat of each packet
FTP- set of guidelines or standards establish estb formats in which files can be transmitted from one
computer to another
SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Domain name- identifies a specific web page and its computers on the web
WWW- collection of interconnected documents
Eg of web server- Apache
Unauthorized attacks- firewall provies protection
Backbone- Very high speed data transmission line that provides networking facilities to relatively small
but high interent service provides
VoIP technology – Converts voice calls from analogue to digital
Bit- Binary Tree
See about HLL, LLL, AL and NL
IRC – Internet Relay Chat
Interent’s intial development supported by _ARPANET
Gropher protocol used- disturbing, searching and retrieving docs thorught eh internet
WWW by- Bill Rogers
URL- Uniform Resource Locator
Gateway- Machine that links 2 network using 2 diff protocols
FTP- File transfer Protocl
Ethernet- used in LAN
MAN- Metropolitan Area Netowkr
Virtual Private Network- which some of the links btw the nodes are carried by open connectiosn or
virtual circuits in some larger network, such as an internet
Intranet- Type of computer networking accessible to computers that are not physically part of an
organization own private network but are also not accessible to general public
Protocol- First part of a computer URL that if required to access the web resources
Directory- organizes the web into categories
Communication satellites- large no of computers in a wide geographical area can be efficiently
connected
Gateways- Hardware and software cob9nation that connect devices running diff native protocol
USB- Universal Serial Bus
Internet Hardware requirements-
Modem, Hub, Bridge, Router and Gatework
ISDN- used for transferring large amts of data to and from the internet without a modem
ISDN- Integrated services Digital Network
See egs of top- level domains- .com, .org and .net
Metasearch engine- used for a search tool that sends user request to several other search engine and or
databases and aggregates the results into a single list
Groupware- can be used to send emails to large grp at one time
Unsolicited commercial mail- Spam
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
FTP archives in a file- Jughead
CB of the Internet- IRC
Message with replies in a newsgroup if often called a _Thread
S/MIME- Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
Cookie- Small text file that a web server stores on a user hard drive when the user visits certain websites
is called
Community radio- 2002
MS Window sound file- .wav
RFID- Radio Frequency Identification
