Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
Please note - this presentation has been adapted from an
instructor-led training session – it is not designed
specifically for self-learn
Emergency First Aid
Course Aims
To enable you to:
Administer basic life saving skills
Deal with sudden injury or illness
Manage a first aid incident effectively
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Objectives
To be able to identify correct responses to:
Emergency situations
Non-breathing casualty
Bleeding, burns, fractures, shock
Other sudden injury or illness
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
1. Introduction
Emergency First Aid
What is First Aid?
First Aid
is the initial assistance or treatment
given to someone who is injured
or suddenly taken ill.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Principles of First Aid
Preserve Life
Prevent Condition from getting Worse
Promote Recovery
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Stay Within Your Training!
YOU ARE NOT A YOU ARE NOT A
DOCTOR! PHARMICIST!
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
First Aider Role
Assess First Aid Situation
Danger
Treatment Required
Administer First Aid
Effectively call the Medical Services
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Care with Confidence
Every casualty needs to feel secure and in safe
hands. Create an air of confidence and
assurance by:
Being in control of your own actions
reaction to the problem.
Acting calmly and logically.
Being gentle but firm.
Speaking to the casualty kindly
and in a clear and purposeful way.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Signs & Symptoms
Signs:
Use your Senses
See
Feel
Hear
Smell
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Signs & Symptoms
Symptoms:
Casualty Reported Sensations
Pain
Lack of Movement
Nausea
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Age Group Definitions
Adult – 7 years +
Child – 12 months to 7 years
Infant – Birth to12 months
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
The Golden Hour
Casualties of life-threatening trauma or
illness, have a greater chance of survival if
treated within the first hour.
If the heart stops, Brain Damage can occur
after just 3-4 minutes.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Personal Safety & Hygiene
Physical danger
Hepatitis B/C
HIV
Risk Management
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Hazard & Risk
What is the Hazard?
What is the Risk?
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Hazard & Risk
The horse kicking him is the hazard, his position and actions
increase the likelihood of risk of him being kicked.
The recoil from the rifle is the hazard, his lack of proficiency in
handling the rifle increases risk of injury from the recoil.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Dynamic Risk Assessment
1. Hazard Identification
2. Risk Assessment – who is at risk
3. Risk Control – how can we control risk?
4. Risk Elimination – can we eliminate risk?
5. Decision – Benefits – weigh-up
6. Action / No Action - go or no-go?
Applying this risk management process to an
emergency incident throughout the duration of
the event will actively lead to risk reduction.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Dynamic Risk Assessment
Evaluate
Select Action
Proceed Consider
Assess Action
Alternative
YES
Risks versus
Benefits
Re-Assess Add Control Do Not
Action YES Measures? NO Proceed
(Based on: HM Fire Inspectorate 1998)
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Dynamic Risk Assessment
An accident just
waiting to happen!
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Personal Safety & Hygiene
Hepatitis B/C
HIV
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
2. Casualty Assessment
Emergency First Aid
Emergency Call
On the scene of an Accident your aim is to:
Assess
Diagnose
Treat
Dispose
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Actions at an Accident Scene
Think:
D Danger
R Response
A Airway
B Breathing
C Circulation
D Disability
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Multiple Casualties
Be sure to assess ALL casualties:
Those making the most noise are more
likely to survive – they’re breathing!
Look for those who are SILENT
Non-breathing
Shock
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Primary Survey
Conscious
or
Unconscious?
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
The Conscious Casualty
HISTORY
What happened?
When did it happen?
How did it happen?
Has it happened before?
Signs & Symptoms
Medication
Inform relatives
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
The Unconscious Casualty – Why?
F Fainting
I Infantile Convulsions
S Shock
H Heart Attack
S Stroke
H Head Injury
A Asphyxia
P Poisoning
E Epilepsy
D Diabetes
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Emergency Actions - Summary
Assess the situation Risk Assessment
Check Casualty All of them!
Check Response Call Help
Open Airway (if required)
Breathe for Casualty (if required)
Assess Circulation
Commence CPR (if required)
Treat other injuries Prioritise
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Secondary Survey
Treat other Injuries
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
3. CPR
Emergency First Aid
CPR Protocols - 2009
Adult – Child – Infant
30 x Compressions
2 x Rescue Breaths
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR Protocols
Adult
1st Priority 30 Compressions
Adult Drowning or Child /Infant
1st Priority 5 Rescue Breathes
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR Protocols
Adult 30:2 Mouth-Mouth
Normal Lung Capacity
Child 30:2 Mouth-Mouth
50% Normal Lung Capacity
Infant 30:2 Mouth-Mouth & Nose
Like blowing out a candle
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Rescue Breaths - Adult
Is the casualty breathing?
Look – rise & fall of chest
Listen – put your ear to their mouth & nose
Feel – place your hand on their chest
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR - Adult
If not breathing, apply 30 chest compressions
immediately, followed by 2 rescue breaths
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Rescue Breaths - Child & Infant
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR - Child
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
CPR - Infant
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Secondary Survey
Treat other Injuries
Bleeding
Burns
Bones
SHOCK
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Recovery Position
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Recovery Position
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Recovery Position
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
4. Bleeding
Emergency First Aid
Bleeding
Types of Bleeding
Arterial Bright Red - Spurting
Venous Dark Red - Flowing
Capillary Medium Red - Trickling
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Types of Wound
LACERATED PUNCTURED
INCISED
ABRASION
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Treatment
P - Position
E - Examine
E - Elevate
P - Pressure
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Treatment
Wash hands
Rinse wound with clean water
Dry with towel / lint-free cloth
Cover with sterile dressing
If a foreign object is embedded in the
wound, dress around the object
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Eye Injuries
Support the Head
Dress Injured Eye
Hospital
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Other Types of Bleeding
Nose Bleeds
Mouth Bleeds
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Shock
Don’t forget SHOCK!
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
5. Burns
Emergency First Aid
Burns
Treatment
Cool Burn Area
Apply COOL WATER 10 mins at least
Remove Constrictions (if possible)
DO NOT pull away burnt clothing
Cover burn with STERILE dressing
Hospital
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Burns
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
6. Bones
Emergency First Aid
Fractures
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Fractures
Treatment
Steady and Support
Protect
Hospital
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
7. Shock
Emergency First Aid
Shock
There are many causes of shock:
Heavy loss of Fluids Burns
Bad News Spinal Cord Injury
Injury Severe Reactions
Blood Loss Hypo/Hyperthermia
Drug Overdose Hypoglycaemia
Infection Heart Attack
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Shock
Signs
Rapid Pulse
Pale, Cold & Clammy Skin
Sweating
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Shock
Treatment:
Lay Down
Loosen Clothing
Elevate Legs
Nil By Mouth
No Smoking
Cover with Blanket
Medical Assistance
Monitor
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
8. Other Injuries & Illnesses
Emergency First Aid
Heart Attack
Signs & Symptoms
Vice-like Pain
Feeling of Doom
Breathlessness
Ashen Skin
Rapid then Weakening Pulse
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Heart Attack
Treatment
Comfort Casualty
Call Emergency services
Give Medication
Monitor
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Choking
Signs & Symptoms
General symptoms and signs of asphyxia.
Casualty will be unable to speak or breathe and may
be gripping the throat. They may be completely silent.
Congestion of the face and neck with the veins
becoming prominent, blueness of the lips and mouth.
Possible unconsciousness.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Choking
Look in Mouth - Get the child to cough – if
unsuccessful, give 5 back slaps.
Check their mouth
If unsuccessful:
Give up to 5 Abdominal thrusts
If unsuccessful – send for help.
Repeat back slaps and check mouth.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Choking - Adult
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Choking - Child
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Choking - Infant
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Asthma
Signs
Wheezing
Difficulty Speaking
Gray Blue Skin
Loss of Consciousness
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Asthma
Treatment
Comfort
Inhaler:
- Brown or Blue or Both
Encourage Slow Breathing
BROWN - Preventative
BLUE - Relief
The BLUE inhaler is the one to administer
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Hyperventilation
Treatment:
Be Firm BUT Reassuring
Keep Casualty Quite
Try To Restore Normal Breathing
Paper Bag
Seek Medical Advice
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Seizures - Convulsions & Fits
Adult (Epilepsy)
Child (Infections)
Infant (Infections)
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Seizures - Convulsions & Fits
Adult
Protect Casualty
Ease Fall
Protect Head
Loosen Tight Clothing
Recovery Position
Maintain Casualty Dignity
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Seizures - Convulsions & Fits
Child and Infant (Infection Related)
Protect from Injury
Cool Child/Infant (Cool gradually)
Sponge with Tepid Water
Recovery Position
Medical Assistance
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Head Injuries
Concussion
Cerebral Compression
Skull Fracture
There may be possible Neck Injury
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Head Injuries
Signs and Symptoms
Blow / injury to the head
Dizziness
Nausea
Loss of memory
Headache
Concussion – brief impaired consciousness
Pupils unequal size
Drowsiness / Disorientation
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Head Injuries
Treatment
Check Responsiveness
Monitor
DO NOT allow to eat, drink or smoke
Hospital
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Head Injuries
Treat ALL head injuries as Serious
There is risk of Brain Damage
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Strains & Sprains
Associated with the Softer Structures around Bones
and Joints. Usually Sporting Injuries.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Strains & Sprains
Treatment:
R REST
I ICE
C COMPRESS
E ELEVATE
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Stings
To relieve pain and swelling apply a cold compress,
surgical spirit or a solution of bicarbonate of soda,
or rub a slice of potato on it (Starch = Alkali). For
jellyfish stings, smooth calamine lotion into the
affected area.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Stings
FOR STINGS IN THE MOUTH OR THROAT
To reduce the swelling give the casualty ice to suck.
Alternatively, rinse the mouth with cold water or a
solution of water and bicarbonate of soda (one
teaspoon to a glass tumbler).
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Stings
TREATMENT FOR STINGS IN THE SKIN
DO NOT squeeze the poison sac because this
will force the remaining poison into the skin.
If the sting has been left deeply embedded
in the skin, LEAVE IT as further attempts
to remove may in fact increase the flow of
poison. Seek medical assistance.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Stings
Anaphylactic Shock
If breathing becomes difficult, place casualty in the
Recovery Position.
Call Emergency Services immediately
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Swallowed Objects
Reassure the casualty and the parents if the casualty
is a child.
Call Emergency Services immediately
DO NOT give the casualty anything
by mouth.
Emergency First Aid
Emergency First Aid
Summary
Summary
Safety first! Risk Assessment
Remember DR ABCD
Emergency First Aid
Total Development Solutions
Emergency First Aid
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