DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TRAINING REPORT

CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION

 ABOUT PROJECT

 TECHNICAL REPORT

 SITE PLAN AND PLALLING OF BUILDING

 BUILDING MATERIAL

 REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE AND

DESIGN PHILOSAPY

 EFFECTS OF THE AGGREGATES PROPERTIES

ON THE CONCRETE

 ADMIXTURES

 FROM WORK

 GENERAL NOTES

 INDEX
 INTRODUCTIO
N
The building is defined as any structure what so ever
purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and ever
part thereof whether used as human habitation or not. For
this practical training.
I reported at Ansal palam vihar
Gurgoan at Construction of defence services officers
institute at Ansal palam vihar Gurgoan in response to Mr.
S. L. Baluja (General Manager) dated 12.05.2005. In
connection with same, I have reported to Mr. A. K.
Nijhawan (General Manager) at Ansal palam vihar
Gurgoan furthers ordered me to join project site. The site
incharge Mr. Jitendra Singh meet me at the site and gives
me brief introduction of this project as under.

2
 The project on which I take practical training this
project is a construction of a CLUB for the DEFENSE
SERVISES OFFICERS.

This project has the following features:

Location : Ansal palm vihar gurgoan
Client : Ansal Group, Delhi
Construction Company : Ahaluwaliya construction co.
Structural consultant : Pioneer Engg. Consultant
Cost of the Project : 14.5 carore rupees

The building is fully air-conditioned. It have fire detection

system and fire fighting system and escape way in the
carious condition. This building is earth quack resistance. It
has both lifts car lift and man lift. This building have fully
power backup.

3
 TECHNICAL REPORT
1. GENERAL
1.1 Name of work Construction of defence
servises officers institute
1.2 Name of zone Palam tringle, Ansal palam
vihar, gurgoan
1.3 Name of division Gurgoan division

2. LOCATION OF THE LAND

2.1 Location Palam tringle, near at BSNL
Teliphone exchange, Ansal
palam vihar, Gurgoan

2.2 Possession taken over/ Taken over

not taken over

3. REFERENCE OF APPROVED DRAWINGS

s.no. Detail Drawing

1. Site plan -- Approved by the project

2. Plans incharge shri Jitendra
3. Section singh & chief architect
4. Elevation
5. detail of compound wall
6. Sanitary / Water Supply &
Drawing System
7. Electrification
8. Other Drawing

4
4. BRIEF SPECIFICATION As recieved from
chief Architect

4.1 Foundation concrete: Design mix concrete M-25

4.2 Foundation: R.C.C. Raft foundation
having slab thickness
700 mm
4.3 Wall: (a) Basement outer wall of
R.C.C. Retaining type
in cement concrete M-25
(b) Ground floor & first floor
other wall of R.C.C. in
cement concrete M-25 &
Brick masonry in cement
mortar 1:6 230 mm
thick with bricks of class
designation 100
4.4 Structure The complete structure is
of RCC frame structure in
M-25 concrete.
4.5 Interior finish/exterior Shown in detailed in
finish/flooring/joinery/ index
white wash, cement
paint & painting

4.5 Sanitary & water

supply fitting (a) Conclealed G.I. fitting in
side building with brass

5
 fitting.
(b) Out side fitting are of
open type.
4.6 Other specifications (a) Expansion &Contraction
joint are provided.
(b) bitumen treatment are
provided at the roof.
(c) Plasticizer used: cico
plasticizer tape Crete P-
151 polymer mix in the
concrete at the rate of 1%
of weight of cement used.
5. ESTIMATE COST The estimate cost of above
building comes to Rs. 14.5
crores of double basement
& three floor.
6. PLINTH AREA RATE Rs. 2100 per Sq. Ft.
7. CONPONY FOR CONSTRUCTION
Aluwaliya contrctors (india) ltd

6
 SITE PLAN AND PLANNING OF THE
BUILDING

The planning of the building has the most important role

in the civil engineering because well designed building
has the comfort and good working conditions for the
people who live and work in it.
The project on which I take training it is a
construction of club for the defense officers. This
building is designed very carefully by keeping the
following views:

1: Gymnasium
2: Indoor Games
3: Swimming Pool
4: Car Parking
5: CSD Canteen
6: Shopping Complex
7: Beauty parlour
8: Cyber cafe
and many of the facility for the defense officers.

This building is situated in the ansal palm vihar gurgoan.

There are the environmental condition is sun shiny and
hot arid zone, good rain fall, good neighboring
conditions. The facing of the building is south.

7
 BUILDING MATERIAL

A building structure is composed of different types of the

material these materials are either called as building
material. The material use in the building on basis of the
avaibility and cost. For construct a building the essential
building material are as follow:

Cement

The cement often called the magic power is a fine

ground material consisting of compound of lime ,silica
alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a
paste which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand,
gravel, crushed rock, etc) together to form a durable
mass called the Concrete. Cement is the binder that
holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it
play the most critical role in giving strength and
durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic
building such as home are basically of three types.

Portland Slag Cement: Portland slag cement

(PSC) conforming to IS: 455 A combination of
good quality blast furnace slag (from the iron steel
industry) with clinker (which makes the OPC) and
gypsum.

8
Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland pozzolana
cement (PCC) conforming to IS: 1489 A
combination of flyash (from thermal power plant)
with clinker and gypsum. pozzolana cement is
prepared by grinding Portland cement clinker with
pozzolana. This type of cement is largely used in
marine structure.

Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland

cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to IS: 269, 43
grade conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade
conforming to IS: 12269 A combination of clinker
and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland
cement is manufactured by first burning at a very
high temperature the mixture of calcareous (mainly
calcium carbonate) and argillaceous (mainly clay)
and then grinding the calcined product (i.e. clinker)
with small amount of gypsum in to a fine power
known as ordinary Portland cement.

Good quality cement has the following features:

• Reduced water requirement

• Improve Workability
• Less permissible to moisture
• Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
• Reduced heat of hydration
• Easier to finish
• Reduced shrinkage

9
 • Reduced leaching problems because it is low as
free lime

Manufacture Of Cement

Ordinary Portland cement is manufactured by

crushing, milling and proportioning the following
materials:

 Lime or calcium oxide, CaO: form limestone,

chalk, shell, shale or calcareous rock
 Silica, SiO2: from sand, old bottles, clay or
argillaceous rock
 Alumina, AL2O3: from bauxite, recycled
aluminum, clay
 Iron, FE2O3: from clay, iron ore, scrape iron
and fly ash
 Gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O: found together with
limestone

The materials with out the gypsum are

proportioned to produce a mixture with the
desired chemical composition and then ground
and blended by one of two processes – Dry
process and Wet process .The materials are then
fed through a kiln at 2600 F to produce grayish
black pellets known as clinker. The alumina and
iron act as fluxing agents, which lower the

10
 melting point of silica from 3000 to 2600 F. After
this stage, the clinker is cooled, pulverized and
gypsum added to regulate the setting time. It is
then ground extremely fine to produce cement.

The kiln resembles a large horizontal pipe

with a diameter of 10 to 15 feet (3 to 4.1 meters)
and a length of 300 feet (90 meter) or more. One
end is raised slightly. The row mix is placed in
the high end and as the kiln rotates the materials
move slowly toward the lower end. For each
tones of material that goes in to the feed end of
the kiln, two thirds of a tone comes out the
discharge end, called clinker. This clinker is in
the form of marble sized pellets. The clinker is
very finely ground to produce Portland cement. A
small amount of gypsum added during the
grinding process to control the cement’s or rate of
hardening.

Flow Diagram For Cement Manufacturer

11
 (Wet process)

Calcareous Material Argillaceous Material

Water
i.e., Lime stone i.e. Clay

Crushing Washing
----------------------

Silos Storage Tank

| Hooper |

Wet Grinding Mill

Formation of Slurry
Correction Tank
Coal
Storage Tank

Crushing Mill Pump

Rotary Tank

Linker Cooler Gypsum

Grinding in Ball Mills

And Tube Mills

Cement Silos

Weighing and Packing in Bags

Dispatch

12
 Cement Shorthand

Because of the complex chemical nature of cement, a

shorthand from is use to denote the chemical
compounds. The shorthand for the basic compound is:

Compound Formula Shorthand form

Calcium Oxide CaO C

(Lime)

Silicon Dioxide SiO₂ S

(Silica)

Aluminum Dioxide Al₂O₃ A

(Alumina)

Iron Oxide Fe₂O₃ F

Water H₂O H

Sulfate SiO₃ S

Chemical composition of the clinker

13
 The cement clinker formed has the following typical
composition:

Compound Formula Shorthand % by

form weight

Tricalcium Ca₃Al₂O₆ C₃A 10

Aluminate

Tetracalcium Ca₄Al₂Fe₂O₁₀ C₄AF 8

aluminoferrite

Belite or dicalcium Ca₂SiO₅ C₂S 20

Silicate

Alite or tricalcium Ca₃SiO₄ CS 55

Silicate

Sodium Oxide Na₂O N )

Potassium Oxide K₂O K )Upto 2

Gypsum CaSO₄.2H₂O CSH₂ 5

These compounds contribute to the properties of cement in

different ways

14
Tricalcium aluminate, C₃A:-

It liberates a lot of heat during the early stages of hydration,

but has little strength contribution. Gypsum slows down the
hydration rate of CA. Cement low in CA is sulfate resistant.

Tricalcium silicate, C₃S: -

This compound hydrates and hardens rapidly. It is largely

responsible for Portland cement’s initial and early strength
gain.

Dicalcium Slicate, C₂S: -

CS hydrates and hardens slowly. It is largely responsible

for strength gain after one week.

Ferrite, C₄AF:

This is a fluxing agent, which reduces the melting

temperature of the row material in the kiln (from 3000 F to
2600 F). it hydrates rapidly, but does contribute much to
strength of the cement paste.

By mixing these compounds appropriately, manufacturers

can produce different types of cement to suites several
construction environments.

15
Sand

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub

rounded, angular, sub angular or flat fragments of more or
less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of
particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm.
Alternatively, these are coarse grained cohesion less
particles of silica derived from the disintegration of rock.
These are of three types:

Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of

size greater than 0.6 mm and less than 2 mm.

Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90& of particles

of particles size greater than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm.

Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of

size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 0.2 mm.

Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and

performance of concrete mixture. It should be:

• Clear, angular and hard

• Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky material
• Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine,
medium and coarse sand
• Fee from contaminates like sea salt

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 • Consistent in moisture (water) content which should
not exceed 7%. When mixing concrete the moisture
content must be taken in to consideration.

The price of sand includes three or four components-

base cost, transportation, handling and number of
intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the
source will be cheaper. Your neighborhood dealer in
this case is likely to be costlier, except when you need
smaller quantities.

Building Stone

Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in

nature. The stones are used in to construct the
foundation, super structure and many of the building
component. The various stones derived from these types
of rocks are as follows:

Principal stones from igneous rocks: Granite,

Basalt and Trap
Principal stones from sedimentary rocks: Sand
stone, Shale, Lime stone
Principal stones from metamorphic rocks:
Quartzite, slate and marble

Properties or requirement of good building stone:

17
 A good building stone should posses several
characteristics such as high strength (crushing
strength>1000kg/cm²), high durability, sufficient
hardness (coefficient of hardness>14), high resistance
to wear, good fire resistance, specific gravity more
than 2.7, crystalline structure, high impact value
(toughness index> 13) low water absorption
(percentage absorption after 24 hour less than 0.6),
weather resistance and better appearance.

Bricks

Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and

size. Standard brunt clay bricks come in the size 10" x 5"
x 3". Modular bricks, rarely used because they are not
easily available, come in the size 200mm x 100mm x
100mm (including mortar thickness) Fly ash bricks,
sometimes also come in modular form.

Conventional bricks have a ‘frog’ (depressed /

raised portion) on one of the larger surface bearing the
manufacturer’s brand. These also provide a good
mechanical key for bonding (lock ability) with mortar.
The modular bricks do not have the frog on them. Fly
ash bricks exhibit almost similar mechanical properties
as brunt clay bricks. Exposed brickwork with precise
pointing is possible if the shapes are perfect.

The four board categories of bricks used in construction:

18
1st class 2nd Class 3rd Class Over brunt
Bricks Bricks Bricks Bricks

1. Perfect in Not so uniform Much interior Absolutely

Size/shape/ as 1st class to 2nd class out shape of
quality of bricks in shape/ bricks in terms and size,
burning size/quality of of shape/size over burnt,
burning and burning fused with
more bricks,
with a honey
comb texture
2.Red to Dark red to
cherry black in colour
red in colour

3.Do not DO not absorb

absorb more more than 25%
than 15 to water of own
17% of their weight if kept
own weight submerged
if kept under water
submerged for one hour
for one hour
under water

4.Suitable for Good for brick These bricks

precision work whenever are unsuitable
work such subsequent for any kind
as exposed plastering is of brickwork
brickwork to be done and are only
used in broken

19
 pieces for
consolidation of
foundation soil
and base of floor

Aggregate

‘Aggregates’ is a general term applied to those inert (that

chemically inactive) material, which when bounded
together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used
in this country are naturally occurring aggregates such as
sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

• Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes

through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150
micron.
• Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes
through 63 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 4.75
micron.
• All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it
comes from the pit or riverbed. It is some times
used for unimportant work without separating
into different sizes.

Properties of Natural Aggregates:

20
The properties should comply with the norms laid down in
IS: 38-1970 Specification for C.A. and F.A. from natural
sources for concrete. Aggregates should be chemically
inert, strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water
absorption when immersed in water for 24 hours should not
be more than 10%.), free from adherent coating, clay
lumps, coal and coal residues and should contain no
organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of the
reinforcement or impair the strength or durability of the
concrete. The shape (rounded, irregular, angular and flaky)
and sizes of the aggregates should conform to the strength
and workability requirements.

Uses of the Aggregates:

1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be
used for producing any type of good concrete or
R.C.C. for construction purpose.
2. Broken brick aggregates is used to produce plain
concrete but not suitable for R.C.C. which is lighter
than broken stone aggregate.
3. Air- cooled blast furnace slag, which is a by- product
in the process of pig iron, forms a stronger and durable
concrete when mixed with sand, and has a high fire
resistance.
4. Lightweight aggregate produce low density concrete,
which can be used for interior parts of the building
where high strength are not desired.

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Reinforcement Steel

RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance

the load carrying capacity of the concrete it is reinforced
with steel bars of different diameters provided in an
appropriate manner. Such concrete is called reinforced
concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement. These
bare are provided at various locations to resist the
internal forces, which are developed due to the loads
acting on the structure.

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of

the concrete. Concrete has low tensile, but high
compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is
compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass through
insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars. Both
branded and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to
buy good brands the names of which are marked on the
steel. During construction make sure that steel
reinforcement is provided exactly as the engineering
design specification.

Precautions:
• Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and
free of rust.
• Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or
mechanically should be rejected.
• Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce
wastage in cutting.
• To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted

22
 • Welded length of the bars should not be accepted

Water

The strength and durability of concrete depends also on

the amount of water mixed with it. Too much or to little
water can adversely effect the strength of concrete. After
concrete is cast, water is used to cure it so that the
temperature is controlled and concrete matures slowly.

It is very important to use clean, potable water in

quality concrete production. Brackish or salty water must
never be used. Contaminated water will produce concrete
mortars with lower durability, erratic set characteristics
and inconsistent colour.

23
 THE EFFECTS OF THE AGGREGATE
PROPERTIES ON THE CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of cementious material,

aggregate and water. Aggregate is commonly considered
inert filler, which accounts for 60 to 80% of the volume and
70 to 85% of the weight of the concrete. Although
aggregate is considered inert filler, it is a necessary
component that defines the concrete’s thermal and elastic
properties and dimensional stability.

Physical and mineralogical properties of

aggregate must be known before mixing concrete to obtain
a desirable mixture. These properties include shape and
texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity,
reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight. These
properties along with water /cementitious material ratio
determine the strength, workability and durability of the
concrete.

The shape and texture of the aggregate affects the

properties of fresh concrete more than hardened concrete.
Concrete ids more workable when smooth and rounded
aggregate is used instead of rough angular or elongated
aggregate. Crushed stone produces much more angular and
elongated aggregate, which have a higher surface to
volume ratio better bond characteristics but require more
cement paste to produce a workable mixture.

24
 The surface texture of the aggregate can be either smooth
or rough. A smooth surface can improve workability yet a
rougher surface generates a stronger bond between the
paste and the aggregate creating a higher strength.

The grading or size distribution of aggregate is an

important characteristic because it determines the paste
requirement for workable concrete. The required amount of
the concrete paste is dependent upon the amount of void
space that must be filled and the total surface area that must
be covered. When the particles are of uniform size the
spacing is the greatest but when a range of sizes is used the
void spaces are filled, the less workable the concrete
becomes, therefore, a compromise between workability and
economy is necessary.

The moisture content of an aggregate is an important

factor when developing the proper water/cementitious
material ratio.

The density of the aggregate is required in mixture

proportioning to establish weight- volume relationships.

25
 REINFORCEMENT CEMENT
CONCRETE
Plain concrete is very strong in compression but its
tensile strength is only about 1/10th of the strength in
compression. So, the use of the plain concrete is limited
to the structure in pure compression. Steel being equally
strong in compression and tension, is, there fore, used to
reinforce the concrete in a suitable way so that it can be
used to build supporting structure where tension also
develops. Concrete, thus reinforced is known as
“reinforced concrete”.

This combination is made because long steel bars can

develops its full strength where it cannot carry equal
amount of compressive force due to its buckling which is
caused by the slenderness. Thus, the combination of
concrete and steel bars has proved to be ideal, as the two
material are used to resist the stresses for which they are
most suitable.

26
Properties of the reinforcement
cement concrete
1) The concrete develops very good bond with the
surface of the steel bars and , there fore the stresses
are transferred from one material to the other which
cannot resist individually.
2) The steel possesses a high tensile strength, a high
modulus of elasticity and same coefficients of
expansion and contraction as concrete. Due to equal
linear coefficients, no internal stresses are set up
within reinforced concrete due to variation in
temperature.
3) The coating of cement grout or paste on the surface
of the reinforcement protects it from corrosion and
at the same time it does not chemically react with
the reinforcement.

Advantage of the reinforcement

concrete:

1) It is overall economical in ultimate cost.

2) Its monolithic character provides more rigidity to
the structure.
3) It is highly durable and fire resisting. It is not
affected by the vermin’s termite’s fungus or such
other insects.
4) Well-compacted R.C.C. structure is impermeable to
moisture penetration.
5) Care and cost of maintenance of R.C.C. structure
are almost negligible.

27
 6) The fluidity of the concrete and flexibility of
reinforcement make it to possible to mould the
R.C.C. members into variety of shapes desired.

Design philosophy

R.C.C. design of building is being carried out mainly by

three methods of design. They are namely: (1) Working
stress method (2) Ultimate load method and (3) Limit
state method.

The Limit state method is now is vogue in all

government design offices and premier private
consulting firms. The B.I.S. have published I.S.: 456-
2000 incorporating the use of the Limit state method of
design. The designer should therefore get well versed
with the theory of Limit state method.

Working Stress Method: In this method the design is

based on the working load and the criterion for the
strength of the structure is its capacity to sustain the
loads and forces imposed on it.

Ultimate Load Method: The ultimate load method of

design is based on a determination of the load at which a
structure fails and a certain factor safety is obtained.

Used over decades, this method is now practically

outdated in many advanced countries of the world,
because of its inherent limitation

28
The I.S.: 456-2000 code gives emphasis on Limit State
Method, which is modified from of Ultimate Load
Method.

Limit State Method is a judicious amalgamation of

Working Stress Method and Ultimate Stress Method,
removing the drawback of both of the method but
retaining their good points. It is also based on sound
scientific principles and backed by 25 year of research.

The Limit State Method has proved to have an edge

over the Working Stress Method from the economic
point of view. Consequently we need no stick to
Working Stress Method any more.

Accordingly design circle in P.W.D. is designing the

R.C.C. structure as per Limit State Method.

Besides analytical part of the structural design,

following factors should also be kept in mind while
designing the structure.
a) Strength of structure.
b) Durability of structure.
c) Serviceability of structure during construction as
well as during design lifetime of structure.
d) Economy in building material and ease of
constructions.
e) Economy in centering and formwork.
f) Aesthetics of structure

29
Cement concrete

Cement concrete is a composite material used for

construction of various civil engineering structures. It is
obtained by mixing the basic ingredients such as cement,
fine aggregate (normally sand) and coarse aggregate
(normally stone pieces) in required proportions. Water is
added in the required measure and the mixture is put into
a mechanical mixer to achieve concrete. Concrete is
poured into the formwork (mould made up of plywood,
steel plates and timber) to get the desired shape. It is then
vibrated to achieve proper compaction (uniform
denseness). High temperature is generated through
chemical reaction in this process. Curing (control of
temperature) with water is essential to achieve the
desired strength of the concrete.

Concrete gains compressive strength progressively

with time. The strength achieved at the end of the 28
days is called the Characteristics Compressive Strength
of the concrete and is designed as a Grade. About 60% of
this strength is achieved at the end of the 7 days from the
date of casting. Concrete continues to gain strength even
beyond 28 days, albeit marginally. The form is
subsequently removed. Different compressive strength of
the concrete can be achieved by mixing the basic
ingredients in different proportions. Being a material
moulded at site, the durability of the concrete over a long
period of time depends on its mixing, placement,

30
 vibration and curing which together contribute to its
‘workmanship’.

The following table shows guideline proportions for

some commonly used grades of concrete:

Proportions of the concrete without fly- ash

Description M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

O.P.C. cement 320/ 370/ 420/ 439/ 475/

Of 43 grade 6.4 7.4 8.4 8.78 9.5
(Kg)
20 mm Agg. 724/ 709/ 740/ 721/ 691/
(Kg) 113.2 95.81 88.1 92.12 72.73

10 mm Agg. 480/ 474/ 497/ 481/ 372/

(Kg) 75 64.05 59.17 54.78 39.15

sand 564/ 549/ 454/ 510/ 644/

(Kg) 88.12 74.19 54.05 58.08 67.79

water 208.6/ 207.9/ 207.5/ 190.2/ 182.2/

(lit.) 32.59 28.1 24.74 21.66 19.19

Proportion of concrete with fly ash: -

31
O.P.C. cement M25 M35
of 43 grade 350 451
(Kg)
Fly ash 60 127
(Kg)

Sand(Kg) 565 510

Agg. 10 mm 467 422

Agg. 20 mm 700 625

Water(lit) 186 199

Plastisizer 4.10

Properties of Cement concrete

Strength of concrete:-
It should be have high compressive strength. The tensile
and shear strengths are generally about 8 to 12 % and 8
to 10 % of their compressive strength respectively.
The compressive strength of concrete is effected by
several factors such as (a) quality of the material and
grading of the aggregates (b) water (c) water cement
ratio (d) cement content (e) age of the concrete (f)
method of mixing placing compacting and curing

Workability of concrete

32
The concrete should have sufficient workability. The
workability of the concrete indicates the ease with which
it can be mixed, placed and compacted. Generally the
strength decreases with increases of the workability.

Durability of concrete
The concrete posses a high durability value, as it is not
much affected by atmospheric action. On the contrary,
with the age, the concrete goes on hardening, thereby
increase in the strength. It is this property, which gives
this material a distinct place among the building
material.

Elasticity of concrete
The concrete is not a truly elastic material and elastic
modulus is effect by the strength, age, and moisture
content of the concrete and the type of the aggregate
used. The concrete undergoes an extra strain in addition
to instantaneous strain on application of a load or stress,
sufficient time. T his extra strain is called ‘creep of
concrete’ and is permanent in character not recovered on
the removal of load.

Shrinkage of concrete
The concrete has a tendency to shrink under following
conditions:-

33
(a) There is initial shrinkage of cement concrete, which
is mainly due to loss of water through forms, absorption
by surface of forms.
(b) The shrinkage of cement concrete occurs as it is
hardened. This tendency of shrinkage on one-hand
causes cracks in concrete, while on the other, it grips the
reinforcement tightly and hence proper bond between
concrete and reinforcement when used in R.C.C. work
Fire resistance of concrete
Concrete is good insulator and has a fairly good fire
resistance owing to the presence of pores and also water.

Workability

Workability is the most elusive property of concrete. A

concrete is said to be workable if it can be easily mixed,
handled, transported, placed in position and compacted.
A workable concrete should not show any segregation
Or bleeding.
The segregation is said to occur when the coarse
aggregate tries to separate out from the finer material and
this result in concentration of coarse aggregate at one
place and fine material at another place in the mass
concrete. The segregation creates larger voids and
reduces the durability and strength both.
The bleeding of concrete is said to occur when excess
water comes up at the surface of the concrete. This
causes the undesirable small pores through the mass of
the concrete.

34
 The workability of the concrete effected by many
factors: -
(a) Shape of the aggregates (b) grading and size of the
aggregates (c) ratio and coarse and fine aggregates (d)
efficiency of mixing (e) quantity of water and use of any
mixture.

For maximum strength, the desired workability of fresh

concrete can be attained by the following measure:
(i) The proportion of coarse aggregate may
be reduced, because the finer is the
grading, the greater will be the
workability.
(ii) The proportion of coarse aggregate may
be reduced while on the other hand
corresponding increases may be made in
that of the finer aggregates.
(iii) The process of mixing concrete can be
repeated second time by use of the
vibrator.
(iv) Proportionate increases may be made in
the quantity of water and cement as well
such that the water cement ratio is
maintained.
The suggested range of workability of concrete measured in
accordance with IS 1199

Water cement ratio

Water cement ratio is the ratio of the water in a mix

(excluding water absorbed already by the aggregate) to the

35
weight of cement their in. ‘water cement ratio’ is the most
important factor governing the strength of concrete. The
strength of the concrete depend mainly open the amount of
cement and the amount of water in it. The correct quantity
Of water cement ratio required for a particular mix depends
upon various factors such as mix proportions, type and
grading of aggregate, method of compaction applied and
weather condition.

On the other hand workability of a concrete mix

increases as the water content or water cement ratio of mix
increased, because the water lubricate the mixture. But, at
the same time increases in water content deceases the
strength. Excess of water, further weaken the concrete,
produces shrinkage cracks and decreases density.

Manufacture of the concrete

In the manufacture of concrete, it is almost important to

ensure that a concrete of predetermined proportion is
continuously placed in position in such a way that each
batch almost like the other batches as far as possible.

Batching of the concrete

After fixing the proportion of different ingredients of
concrete for a particular work, the material C.A., F.A.,
cement and water measured out in batches for mixing. The
process is known as Batching. This process of batching
may be carried out by weight or by volume.

36
 (i) Weight batching:- The unit of weight, for
material of concrete, is usually Kilogram. The
batching of material by weight is absolutely
straightforward, the cement, sand and coarse
aggregate being all weighed directly in Kilogram.
(ii) Volume batching:- In batching by volume, all
ingredient i.e. water, cement, sand and coarse
aggregate are measured in liters, where the
resulting concrete (being) solid measured in cubic
meters.

Mixing of concrete

Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine

(by using a mechanical mixture) but the mixing by machine
is always preferred.

(i) Mixing by hand:- In this, mixing carried out

by hand on a clean, hard and water tight platform.
Firstly cement, sand, aggregate are mixed by
hand with the help of the shovel and a desired
quantity of the water added to it and mix
properly. This type of mixing carried out in the
small work and unimportant work.
(ii) Mixing in machine: - The machine used for
mixing concrete is known as mechanical concrete
mixer. There are two main type of concrete mixer
is commonly use namely:

37
 Continuous mixers are used in massive construction
such as dams, bridges, etc., which involve the use of
large masses of concrete and also required the
continuous flow of concrete.

Batch mixer is most commonly used and consisting of a

revolving drum with blades or baffles inside it. In batch
mixer, all the material of desired proportioned mix are
fed into the hopper of the revolving drum on being
rotated at a certain speed mixes the material with the aid
of a series of blades providing inside, the resulting mix is
finally discharged from the drum and conveyed for used.

Transportation of concrete

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring

of concrete from the mixing plant to the construction site.
Keep in mind that not all concrete is mixed on the actual
construction site and could require some significant travel.
This is most common for ready mixed concrete. The main
objective in transporting concrete is to ensure that the water
cement ratio, slump or consistency, air content,
homogeneity are not modified from there intended states.
The concrete transport commonly by the steel pipes.

Placing and finishing of concrete

Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete should be

carefully coordinated with placing and finishing operations.
Concrete should not be deposited more rapidly than it can
be spread, struck off, consolidation, and bull floated.

38
Concrete should be deposited continuously as near as
possible to its final position. In slab construction, placing
should be started along the perimeter at one end of the
work with each batch placed against previously dispatched
concrete. Concrete should not be dumped in separate piles
and then leveled and worked together; nor should the
concrete be deposited in large piles and moved horizontally
into final position.

Consolidation
In some types of construction, the concrete is placed in
forms, and then consolidated. The consolidation
compacts fresh concrete to mold it within the forms and
around embedded items and reinforcement and to
eliminate stone pockets, honeycomb and entrapped air. It
should not remove significant amount of intentionally
entrained air.

Vibration either internal or external is the most widely

used method for consolidating concrete. When concrete
is vibrated, the internal friction between the aggregate
particles is temporarily destroyed and the concrete
behave like a liquid; it settles in the forms under the
action of gravity and the large entrapped air voids rise
more easily to the surface. Internal friction is
reestablished as soon as vibration stops.

Finishing
Concrete that will be visible, such as slab like driveway,
highway or patios often need finishing. Concrete slabs
can be finished in many ways, depending on the intended

39
service use. Options include various colors and textures,
such as exposed aggregate or a patterned stamped
surface. Some surface may require only strike off and
screeding to proper contour and elevation, while for
other surface a broomed, floated, or troweled finish may
be specified. In slab construction screeding or strike off
is the process of cutting off excess concrete to bring the
top surface of the slab to proper grade. A straight edge is
moved across the concrete with a sawing motion and
advanced forward a short distance with each movement.

Bull floating eliminates high and low spots and embeds

large aggregate particles immediately after strike off.
This look like a long handled straight edge pulled across
the concrete. Joining is required to eliminate unsightly
random cracks. Construction joints are made with a
groover or by inserting strips of plastic, wood, metal, or
performed joints material into the unhardened concrete.
Saw cut joints can be made after the concrete is
sufficiently hard or strong enough to prevent the
reveling. After the concrete has been jointed it should be
floated with a wood or metal hand float or with a
finishing machine using float blades. This embeds
aggregate particles just beneath the surface; removes
slight imperfections, humps, and voids; and compacts the
mortar at the surface in preparation for addition finishing
operations. Where a smooth, hard, dense surface is
desired, floating should be followed by steel troweling.
Troweling should not be done on a surface that has not
been floated; troweling after only bull floating is not an
adequate finish procedure. A slip resistant surface can be

40
produced by brooming before the concrete has
thoroughly hardened but it should be sufficient hard to
retain the scoring impression.

Curing of concrete

Curing is one of the most important step in concrete

construction, because proper curing greatly increase
concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardened as a
result of hydration: the chemical reaction between
cement and water. However, hydration occurs only if
water is available and if the concrete temperature stays
within a suitable range. During the curing period from
five to seven days after placement for conventional
concrete the concrete surface needs to be kept moist to
permit the hydration process. New concrete can be wet
with soaking hoses, sprinklers or covered with wet
burlap, or can be coated with commercially available
curing compounds, which seal in moisture.

After concrete is placed, a satisfactory moisture

contents and temperature (between 50º F and 75º F) must
be maintained, process called curing. Adequate curing is
vital to quality concrete. Curing has a strong influence on
the properties of hardened concrete such as durability,
strength, water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume
stability and resistance to freezing and thawing and
deicer salts. Exposed slab surfaces are especially
sensitive to curing. Surface strength development can be
reduced significantly when curing is defective.

41
 Curing the concrete aids the chemical reaction
called hydration. Most freshly mixed concrete contains
considerably more water than is required for complete
hydration of the cement; however, any appreciable loss
of water by evaporation or by otherwise will delay or
prevent the hydration. If temperature are favorable,
hydration is relatively rapid the first few days after
concrete I s placed; retaining water during this period is
important. Good curing means evaporation should be
prevented or reduced.

Removal of the formwork

The period for which forms should be left in place

depends upon the temperature of air, the shape and
position of structural member (i.e. horizontal vertical or
inclined), the nature of the loads likely to come and the
character of the cement and cement paste. Generally, the
use of rapid hardening cement, higher temperatures, low
water cement ratio and lighter loads, will permit early
removal of formwork.

Under normal conditions where temperature is above

20ºC and ordinary cement is use, forms may be removed
after the expiry of the period given below:
Particulars of the structural period of
member removing of formwork

(a) Vertical slides of slabs, beams 24 to 48 hours

columns and wall

42
(b) Slabs (props or vertical supporting 3 days
member left under)
(c) Beams soffits (props left under) 7 days
(d) Bottom of slabs up to a span 7 days
of 4.5 m.
(e) Bottom of slabs above 4.5 m 14 days
span, bottom of the beams up
to 6 m span, and bottom of arch
ribs up to 6 m span
(f) Bottom of beams over 6 m span 21 days
and bottom of arch ribs over 6 m span

Placing of concrete in hot weather

In tropical countries such as India, air temperature may

rises up to 50C during summer month. Such temperature
combined with the high wind velocity and low humidity
the rate of the evaporation of the water increase the rate
of the hydration of cement, which reduce the setting time
of the concrete and due to rapid evaporation of the water
t5here is increase drying and shrinkage which tend to
develops the cracks soon after placing even before
hardening is completed.

Water forms about 1/6 & 1/8 the total weight of

concrete. The quantity of mixing water in a unit of
concrete is decided primarily by the workability desired.
So due to accelerate hydration and to increase the
workability and maintain the required consistency, water

43
content will have to be increase and due to this the
concrete not develop its full strength.

As far as possible cold weather should be used for

the concreting. In hot weather, protect the concrete from
exposure to sun and drying hot winds with wet gunny
bags or hers ion cloth as far as possible and pounding
should start water curing as soon as possible.

Common tests on the fresh concrete

Concrete is tested to ensure that the material that was

specified and bought is the same material delivered to
the job site. There are a dozen different test methods for
freshly mixed concrete and at least another dozen tests
for hardened concrete, not including test method unique
to organization like the Army Corps of Engineers, the
Federal Highway Administration, and State department
of transportation.

Slump, air content, unit weight and compressive

strength tests are most common tests.

 Slump is a measure of consistency, or relative

ability of the concrete to flow. If the concrete can’t
flow because the consistency or slump is too low,
there are potential problems with proper
consolidation. If the concrete won’t stop flowing
because the slump is too high, there are potential

44
 problems with mortar loss through the formwork,
excessive formwork pressure, finishing delays and
segregation.
 Air content measure the total air content in a sample
of fresh concrete, but does not indicate what the
final in-place air content will be, because a certain
amount of air is lost in transportation Consolidating,
placement and finishing. Three field tests are widely
specified: the pressure meter and volumetric method
are ASTM standards and the Chace Indicator is an
AASHTO procedure.
 Unit weight measures the weight of a known
volume of the fresh concrete.
 Compressive strength is testes by pouring cubes of
fresh concrete and measuring the force needed to
break the concrete cubes at prescribed interval as
they harden. According to Building Code
Requirements for reinforced concrete (ACI 318) as
long as no single test more than 500 psi below the
design strength and the average of three consecutive
tests equals or exceed the design strength then the
concrete is acceptable. If the strength tests don’t
meet these criteria, steps must be taken to raise the
average.

45
 ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are defined as the material other than the
aggregate, water and cement added to the concrete. The
use of suitable admixture can result in the enhancement
the performance of concrete.

Types of Admixture

Air Entraining Agents

Air entraining agents are used primarily to increase the

resistance of freezing and thawing. They also supply
greater resistance to deicing chemicals, improve
workability, lower water demands for a particular slump,
reduce the amount of fine aggregate needs in the
mixture, reduce segregation and bleeding, increase
durability, and improve pump ability. Even though air
entrainments have no effect on drying shrinkage, they do
create a slight loss in the concrete strength.

46
Water Reducing Agents

A certain amount of the water is added to concrete to

make the concrete place able and to ignite the hydration
reaction of Portland cement. Over 50% of the water have
no useful effect and have direct results in drying
shrinkage, durability, and the strength of concrete. Water
reducing agents added to the concrete reduce the water
demands of the mix, maintain the workability, increase
the strength, reduce the cost, reduce bleeding, reduce
segregation, reduce honeycombing, reduce cracking and
permeability, increase bond strength of concrete to steel,
and reduce drying shrinkage. An average of 12-15 %
reduction in the total water content will attain this goal.

Set Retarding Agents

These agents are primarily used for delaying the setting

time of concrete. Set retards are useful, but are not the
solution to poorly designed mixes, inferior materials, or
low cement factors. The set retarder must be uniformly
dispersed throughout the whole mix. Failure to do so will
result in the admixture remaining in voids, causing some
areas to remain plastic. This leads to plastic shrinkage.

Accelerating Agents

Accelerating agents are used to shorten the setting time

and increase the early strength of the concrete. These
agents are mainly used for concrete needing to be used
immediately.

47
Calcium chloride

Calcium chloride is generally used in cold weather to

hasten the setting time and produces an early finish of
the concrete. Calcium chloride can effect the
characteristics of concrete causing temperature rise,
increased internal stresses, corrosion of unprotected
reinforcement, a decrease in the resistance to freeze, an
increase in the attack of sulfates, and an increase in the
amount of drying shrinkage between 10 to 50 %.

48
 FORMWORK
‘Temporary Supporting Structure’ is those structures,
which are temporarily required in building construction
either for supporting the laying of concrete till it gets
matured, such as formwork or forms or shuttering. As
fresh concrete is in a plastic state, when it is placed for
construction purposes, so it becomes necessary to
provide some temporary structure to confine and support
the concrete, till it gains sufficient strength for self-
supporting. The temporary structure is known as
Formwork or shuttering.

Requirement of the formwork

God forms for concrete structure should satisfy the

following requirements;
(1) It should be strong enough to resist the pressure or
the weight of the fresh concrete and the
superimposed loads due to equipment, men etc.
This requires careful design of formwork, because
the consideration of overloads will affects the
economy whereas of under loads may cause failure
of the forms work.

49
(2) It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without
undue deformation.
(3) It must be made or constructed so light that it does
not allow the cement paste to leak through the
joints.
(4) The inside surface of the formwork should be
smooth so as to give good appearance to the
resulting concrete surface. To achieve this, the
inside surface of formwork is usually applied with
crude oil or soft soap solution. This also facilitates
the removal of the formwork.
(5) The entire formwork should be so made that it can
be removed easily without causing the least injury
to the surface or edges of the concrete.
(6) It should be made economical by reducing the cost
through proper design, construction and use of
formwork.

GENERAL NOTES

50
The general notes specify the quantities and quantities of
materials, the proportion of the mortar, workmanship.
The method of preparation and execution and the
methods of the measurement.
The company prepares the general notes of various items
of work, and gets them printed in the book from under
the name of general notes. Some of the general notes are
given below related to Building Construction.

1. Earthwork in excavation in
foundation:-

Excavation- Foundation trenches shall be dug out to

the exact width of the foundation concrete and the
sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good and
does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be
sloped back or protected with timber shoring.
 Finish and Trench- the bottom of the foundation
trenches shall be perfectly leveled both
longitudinally and transversally and the sides of the
trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from
bottom up to least thickness of lose concrete may be
laid to the exact width as per design. The bed of the
trench shall be tightly watered and well rammed.
Soft or defective spots shall be dug out excess
digging if done through mistake shall be filled with
concrete.
Water in Foundation- water if any accumulates in
trench. Should be baled or pumped out without any

51
 extra payment and necessary precautions shall be
taken to prevent surface water to enter in trench.
Trench Filling- after the concrete has been laid and
masonry has been constructed, the remaining
portion of the trench shall be filled up with earth in
layers of 51 cm and watered and well rammed.
Measurement- the measurement of the excavation
shall be taken in cu m as for rectangular trench,
bottom width of concrete multiplied by the vertical
depth of the foundation from ground level and
multiplied by the length of the trench.

2. Foundation

The foundation of the building should be so planned

and the lay out of the foundation should be on the
ground should be correct in the measurement.
Should not place the concrete in the foundation
before checked by the Engineer-in charge.
If building has the basement more than two raft
foundations should be provided.
In the P.C.C. it should be in the ratio of 1:4:8 and
75 mm thick 75 mm projected beyond raft
foundation.
The concrete provided in the raft foundation should
be M-25 grade conforming to IS456.
The design and thickness of the raft foundation
provided by the soil testing.
Schedule of the raft foundation

52
Grade of Thickness Reinforcement
Concrete D T continuous extra distribution

mm mm b11 t11 t12 t21 t22 t23

M-25 1300 700 20 20 16@
@ @ 200
240 120

3. Reinforcement Concrete Work

 All reinforcement shall be of tested quality high

yield strength deformed bars conforming to IS 1786
shall be used as reinforcement steel.
 The lap length of bars shall be equal to Ҟ (splice
factor) X Dia of small bar. The value of Ҟ shall be
as per following table:-
Grade of the value of the splice factor
concrete for column for other
M-20 40 50
M-25 35 45
M30 35 45
M-35 30 40
M-40 30 40
Lapping of bars shall be suited staggered and in no
case more than 50% bars shall be lapped at any
section.

The chair to support the raft foundation bars can be

provided at the distance of the one-meter.

53
 The length of the anchorage should be 300mm
The reinforcement should be provided as per the
detailed drawing specification.
The bars of the reinforcement should straight not be
in the zigzag manner.
Check the slump of the concrete when concrete is
placing.
Clean cover to the main reinforcement shall be as
follows:
Structural element Top Bottom Sides
1. Footing/raft 50 50 50
2. Column dimension - - 25
up to 230
3. Column dimension up - - 40
above 230
4. R.C.C. wall up to 150 thk. 25 25 25
5. R.C.C. wall above 150 thk. 40 40 40
6. Beams 25 25 25
7. Lintel up to 200 depth 15 15 15
8. Lintel above 200 depth 25 25 40
9. Slab & chhaja 15 15 25

4. Brick Work I Class

Bricks- all bricks shall be first class of standard

specification, made of good brick earth
thoroughly brunt, and shall be keep cherry red
and copper colour, brick should be regular in
shape and other edges should be sharp and small

54
 emit clear ringing sound on being struck, and
shall be free from crack, chips, flaws and lumps
of any kind. Brick shall not absorb water more
than one-sixth of their weight after one hour of
soaking by immersion in the water. Brick shall
have a minimum crushing strength of 105 Kg per
sq cm (1500 lbs per sq in.)
Mortar- For mortar, cement shall be fresh
Portland cement of standard specification. Sand
shall be clean and free from organic and foreign
matters. For rich mortar coarse or medium sand
used and for weak mortar local fin sand may be
used. Proportion of the cement sand mortar may
be of 1:3 as specified.
Material of mortar shall be measured to have the
required proportion and first mixed thoroughly by
turning at least three times. Fresh mixed mortar
shall be use, old and stale mortar shall not be
used and mortar for one-hour work only shall be
mixed with water so that the mortar may be used
before setting starts.
Soaking of brick- brick shall be fully soaked in
clean water by submerging in tank for a period of
12 hour immediately before use.
Laying- brick shall be well bonded laid English
bond. Every course shall be truly horizontal and
wall shall be truly in plumb vertical of
consecutive coarse shall not come directly over
one another. Vertical joints in alternate course
shall come directly over one another. Mortar

55
 joints shall not exceed 6 mm in thickness and
joints shall be fully filled with mortar.
Curing- the brickwork shall be kept wet for a
period of at least 10 days after laying. At the end
of days work the topes of the walls shall be
flooded with water by making small weak mortar
edging to contain at least 2.5 cm deep water.
Protection- the brickwork shall be protected from
the effect of sun, rain, frost etc. during
construction and until such time it is green and
likely to be damaged.
Scaffolding- necessary and suitable scaffolding
shall be provided to facilitate the construction of
the brick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and
strong and sup[port and members sufficiently
strong so as to withstand all loads likely to come
upon them.
Measurement- brickwork shall be measured in cu
m different kinds of brickwork with different
with different mortar shall be taken under
separate items. The width of wall shall be
measured as multiple of half brick. The rate shall
for the complete work including scaffolding and
tools and plants.

5. Plastering

The joints of the brick work shall raked out to a

depth of 12 mm and the surface of the wall washed

56
 and clean and kept wet for the two days before
plastering. The material of mortar should be of
standard specification.
The thickness of the plastering shall be of 12mm to
ensure uniform thickness of plaster; patches of 15
cm shall be applied first at about 2 m apart to act as
guide. First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over
the surface and then brought to a true smooth and
uniform surface by means of float and trowel. Wall
plastering shall be started from top and worked
down towards floor,. Ceiling plastering shall be
completed before starting of wall plaster. All corner
and edge shall be rounded. The plastered surface
shall be kept wet for 10 days the surface should be
protected from rain, sun, frost, etc.
For wall plastering 1:5 cement mortar and for
ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar with coarse
sand is used.

6. 25 cm Cement Concrete floor

The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4

cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard
specification. The coarse aggregate shall be hard
and tough of 3 cm gauge, well graded and free from
dust, dirt, etc. the sand shall be coarse of 5 mm
maximum size and down, well graded, clean and
free from dust, direct and organic matters.
The floor shall be leveled and divided into panels or
bays of maximums size or 1.2m x1.2m and the sides

57
 of the panels shall be bounded with teak wood
battens 2. cm thick and 5 cm wide or flat iron of
same thickness and fixed with weak mortar, or with
nails or hooks. Required camber or slope should be
given in floor for draining wash water.
Mixing of concrete shall be down by measuring
with boxes to have the required proportion as
specified. First cement and sand mixed dry and the
dry mix of cement and sand mixed with ballast dry,
and the mixed by adding water slowly and gradually
to the required quantity, and mixed thoroughly to
have a uniform plastic mix.
Base – In ground floor the c.c. floor shall be laid on
a 7.5cm base of weak cement concrete as per
standard specifications.

7. White washing

 Fresh white lime slaked at site of work should be

mixed with sufficient water to make a thin cream. It
shall then be screened through a coarse cloth, and
gum in proportion of 100 gms of gums to 16 liters of
wash shall be added.
 The surface should be dry and thoroughly
cleaned from dust and dirt. The wash shall be applied
with Moonj or jute brush, vertically and horizontally.
And the wash kept stirred in container while using.
Two or three coats shall be applied as specified, and
each coat shall perfectly dry before the succeeding
coat is applied over it. Dry before the succeeding

58
 coat shall be applied as specified, and each coat shall
be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied
as specified, and each coat shall be perfectly dry
before the succeeding coat is applied over it. After
finishing the surface shall be of uniform colour. The
white wash should not splash on the floor and other
surfaces. In old surface, the surface should be
cleaned and repaired with cement mortar where
necessary and allowed to dry before white wash is
applied.
8. Wood work

 All wood work of which the scantling exceeds

20 sq cm in section and which is not specially
moulded or carved comes under carpenter’s work.
This include all timer work in choukhats of door and
windows, in roof works as beams, struts, ties, rafters,
purlins, in timber bridge, etc.
 the timber shall be of the kind as specified, may
be teak, shisham, sal, deodar, etc. the timber shall be
of best quality, well seasoned and free from sap,
knots, warps, creaks, and other defects. All
woodwork shall be planed, and neatly and truly
finished to the exact dimensions. Al joints shall be
neat and strong, truly and accurately fitted, and
coated with white lead before being fitted together.
 All portions of timber built into or in contact of
masonry or concrete shall be given two coats of
solignum or tar or other approved preservatives,

59
exposed surface of timber shall be painted with two
coats of approved paint over a coat of priming.
 All beams shall be bedded on plates with a
minimum bearing of 25 cm and 6 mm clear air space
shall be left on each side.
 Measurement of wood work shall be taken in cu
m for the finished work fixed in position including
sawing, planning, joining, nails, screws etc. painting
of wood work shall be measured under separate item.

INDEX

60
Basic data for the Building

A. (1). Thickness of the raft 0.70 m

(2). Projection of raft beyond footing 0.50 m
(3). Projection of raft beyond basement 0.50 m
(4). Depth of sand filling on the raft 0.50 m
(5). Thickness of P.C.C. below raft 0.075 m
(6). Projection of P.C.C. beyond raft 0.075 m
(7). Depth of lift pit 1.70 m

B. Floor Height
(1). Top of pad to first basement level 4.00 m
(2). Top of first basement to ground level 3.30 m
(3). Ground floor to first floor 4.20 m
(4). First to second & second to third floor 4.20 m
(5). Third floor to roof 4.15 m

C. Depth of excavation
(1). First lift 1.50 m
(2). Second lift 7.375 m

61
 Quantity of work proposed
S. no. Item description unit quantity total R/F
A. Earth work
(1). Earth work in the excavation cum 5878 5878
up to 1.5 m
(2). Earth work in excavation below cum 26370 26370
1.5 m
(3). Earth in back filling cum 5278 5278
(4). Disposal of surplus earth work cum 26970 26970
(5). Sand fill on the raft cum 1393 1393

B. Total P.C.C. (1:4:8) cum 276.6 276.6

C. Reinforcement Concrete
(1). Raft M-25 cum 2401.7 80
(2). Retaining wall M-25 cum 78.5 120
(3). Water tank wall M-25 cum 69 120
(4). Pedestal M-35 cum 269.6 200
(5). Column M-35 cum 232.2 320
(6). Column M-30 cum 331.0 240
(7). Beam M-35 cum 1533.2 180
(8). Water tank base slab M-25 cum 64.4 80
(9). Water tank top slab M-25 cum 21.7 80
(10). Slab M-25 cum 1394.73 80
(11). Staircase M-25 cum 98.58 160
(12.) Sump M-25 cum 68.88 80
(13). Slab on grade M-20 cum 286.74 60
(14). Mics. cum 200.0 100
Total cum 7492.12

D. Shuttering
(1). Raft Sq. m. 311.38
(2). Retaining wall Sq. m 4173.33
(3). Pedestals M-35 Sq. m 273.29
(4). Columns Sq. m 4012.2
(5). Beams Sq. m 9597.1
(6). Slabs Sq. m 7353.5
(7). Water tank base slab Sq. m 338
(8). Water tank top slab Sq. m 1084

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 (9). Water tank wall M-25 Sq. m 389.8
(10). Staircase Sq. m 492.9
(11). Sumps Sq. m 196.8
(12). Mics. Sq. m 400.0
Total Sq. m 26942.4

E. Reinforcement metric tones 943

F. Covered slab area Sq. m 11446.4
G. Rein/ area of slab Kg/ Sq. m 82.4
H. Rein concrete (Kg.) 125.8
I. Conc./area of slab cum/ Sq. m 0.65
J. Shuttering 3.60

63
 Specification for the floor, paint, ceiling &
door and window

Banquet Hall
Flooring Marble flooring with udaipur green
border
Wall Textured paint
Ceiling POP false ceiling with cornice
Door & windows Paneled & Glazed

Bar/ Restaurant/ Dining room

Flooring Marble flooring
Wall texture paint with panel of stone and
tile
combination
Ceiling POP false ceiling
Door & windows paneled & glazed

Swimming pool
Internal Glazed tiles
Deck area Red agra & Dhaulpur combination flooring

Kitchen/ Pantry
Flooring Polished kota stone/ Non skid tile
Wall Ceramic tile up to 7 feet
Ceiling White wash over plaster
Door & window Flush door & glazed paneled window

Toilet/ Changed room

64
 Flooring Udaipur green & jaisalmer yellow
combination
Counters Granite stone
Chinaware pleasing pastel colours
Fitting C.P. single lever fitting
Dado ceramic tiles up to 7 feet
Door/ window Flush door & glazed paneled window

Kids entertainment/ Squash/ Bridge/ Card room/ Carom/

Library/ Gym/ Billiards room/ Conference room/ ATM/
Mini cinema
Flooring Udaipur green & jaisalmer yellow
combination
Walls Textured paint
Ceiling Gypsum board false ceiling
Door & windows paneled & glazed

Suites/ Double room

Flooring Carpet over IPS flooring
Wall Textured paint
Ceiling POP false ceiling
Door & windows paneled & glazed

65
Schedules of the different structural elements

1.Schedules of the raft

S.no. grade of thickness reinforcement distribution

concrete D. T continuous extra
t11 t11 t12 t21 t22 t23

M-25 20 20 16@200
@ @
240 120

Schedules of the ramp wall reinforcement

s.no. wall wall wall Base vertical Horizontal
mkd. Thick height width a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 c2

1. Rm w1 300 up to 2050 12 16 12 12 10 10
3000 @ @ @ @ @ @
240 240 240 240 240 240

2. Rm w2 450 3000 2750 12 16 12 12 10 10

-4000 @ @ @ @ @ @
240 240 240 240 200 200

3. Rm w3 550 4000 3350 16 20 16 16 10 10

-5000 @ @ @ @ @ @
220 220 220 240 175 175

66
Levels of the basement & floor levels

+17950 mm
Roof terrace

+13800 mm

Third floor

+9600 mm

Second floor

+5400 mm

First floor

+1200 mm
Ground floor
0.00 mm
----------------------------------- Ground level

-3300 mm
First basement

-7500 mm

67
 Second basement

-8800 mm
P.C.C. level

Test result from the site

1. Cube testing of design mix M-25:

Casting date : 24/5/05 Mix proportion: Design mix

Grade: M-25 Location of casting: Basement raft
Water cement ratio: 0.53 Cement content: 350Kg/m3
Slump: 140mm (concrete by batching plant & concrete plant)
Required strength: 175Kg/m3 on 8 days

No. weigth of cross section due date max. load 7 days

the specimen area for 7 days (Kg) strength
gm cm2 strength Kg/cm2

1. 7850 225 31/5/05 21000 120

2. 7895 225 32000 142.22
3. 7895 225 31000 137.77
4. 7865 225 30000 133.33

Average stregth after 7 days testing is found: 133.33 Kg/cm2

Remarks: only 53% of 250 Kg/cm2 strength is taken by the cube so initial
strength is low.

Action: control Watre cement ratio of batching plant strictly for better result.
(there are another test results this is a sample test report)

2. Test for coarse aggregate

(a) For 10 mm size

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 Specific gravity 2.67
Voids content 50.5%

s.no. sieve size % passing according to table-2 of Is

383-1970 % passing for
10mm single size

1. 40 mm 100 -
2. 20mm 100 -
3. 10mm 86.9 85-100
4. 4.75mm 0 0-10

The above result conform coarse aggregate of 10 mm single size aggregate.

(B) For 20 mm size

Specific gravity 2.69%
Void content 49.4%

S.no. sieve size % passing according to table-2 of

Is 383-1970
% passing for 20mm
single size

1. 40 mm 100 100
2. 20 mm 95.75 86-100
3. 10 mm 1.75 0-20
4. 0 0 0-5

The above result compare coarse aggregate of 20 mm single size. The

proportion of the above two size (10 mm & 20 mm) were 0.33:0.67 in
proposed mix.

SLIT TEST

The slit found in the sand sample is 10.34%

F.M. (sieve test)- 3.6%

69
Remarks: the slit content is beyound the permissible limit, make slit test
mandatory before getting material unloaded at site.

70