Name: 1 bach.

September 2013

Write relative sentences.

1. My sister is sixteen. She had her eyebrow pierced yesterday.

2. I only pierce young people. They come with their parents.
3. Peter is a good body piercer. He took me to his salon.
4. John showed me his certificate. It was on the wall.
5. He put the ring through her nose. It was made of gold.
6. I know someone. Her father has got a tattoo on his back.
7. I read a leaflet. It said body piercing was dangerous.
8. I went to a salon. They did body piercing there.
9. My sister dyed her hair pink. I find it an attractive colour.
10. I saw a girl. She had each part of her face pierced.
11. They opened a beauty salon in London. There used to be a perfume shop there.
12. Barbara is a hairdresser. She has her own beauty salon.
13. Pamela bought a big desk. She put it near the window.
14. Merchandise is sold in internet. It has a huge market.
15. Graffiti artists have moved into designing products. They can make a lot of money.
16. Tom’s father plays the cello. Tom wants to be a musician.
17. Jeans were considered working clothes. They were fashionable among young people.
18. People spray paint on the walls. They are spoiling the environment.
19. Street artists are respected in Europe. They can get much money for their paintings.
20. He landed in Cuba in 1492. He thought he had reached Asia
21. Hong Kong is now part of China. My parents were born there.
22. Last night I went to a restaurant. You can eat whatever you want for 10 pounds there.
23. That is the library. I lost my watch there.
24. A man phoned me this morning. His company sells computers.
25. I go to a restaurant. You can eat whatever you want for 10 pounds there.
26. That is the library. I study there.
27. I have a good friend. He has more than ten different pets.
28. The Tate Museum is a museum in London. It is very expensive.
29. The winner is Peter. He is selected by the judges.
30. We had lunch in London. There they serve traditional English food.

Rewrite the following sentences in the passive. Pay attention to the verb tense
1. They make these televisions in Japan. → These
2. We clean the garages every day. → The garages
3. Mr. James washes the car every week. → The
4. The police arrested two hundred people. →Two
5. They told Mary the news. → Mary
6. We opened the factory at nine o’clock. →
7. Paul took a lot of pictures. → A
8. Someone’s interviewing Dr Johnson at the moment. →Dr Johnson
9. They’re repairing your shoes.→ Your
10. The headmaster is sending you a message. → You
11. The police are questioning Mr. and Mrs. Davidson. → Mr.
12. They were carrying the bomb to a safe place. → The
13. They were painting the outside of the ship. → The
14. About thirty million people were watching this programme.→ This
15. I have told the children about the party. → The
16. They have cancelled the meeting. → The
17. I will send the letter tomorrow. → The
18. They are going to sell a new electric car. → A new
19. Sam took these photographs
 20. The boss is going to give Tom a pay rise
21. The police are questioning the suspects …
22. A lot of children use computers nowadays
23. The children will post the letters tomorrow …
24. People make pancakes from flour, eggs and milk
25. Someone is repairing the garden fence …
26. She hit Mary on the head with a tennis racquet
27. Eric will take the children to school
28. Sam cut the grass yesterday
29. Emma is showing Sally the pictures
30. Sam cooks all the meals every day …
31. Grandmother takes care of the children …
32. Kate is choosing a new carpet now
33. Peter gave Jane a letter
34. Last Monday, we chose the new director
35. Richard led the soldiers in the 12th. Century …
36. An expert is restoring the antique car
37. Steven Spielberg directed ET
38. A number of reporters will meet the president
39. A famous designer is going to redecorate the house
40. The Romans founded Bath in the first Century
41. Jane is going to buy a new car next week

Complete these conditional sentences

1. I won’t buy a new car if I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not find) a better job.
2. I. . . . . . . . . . . . . (send) you a postcard if I had had (have) your home address
3. If Mary doesn’t study (not study) every day, her mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gets (get) angry.
4. What would you do (do) if you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . found (find) a diamond ring in the street?

5. If you . . . . . . . . . . . don’t put (not put) salt in your soup, it won’t taste (not taste) nice.
6. If I failed my exams, my parents _______________ (kill) me!
7. If Sue leaves me, I _______________ (be) very sad.
8. My cat _______________ (fly) if it __________ (have) wings!
9. If I __________ (be) 10 years younger, I _______________ (have) more energy.
10. If my best friend __________ (kiss) my boyfriend, I would never speak to them again.
11. If the world ____________ (end) tomorrow, I _______________ (have) a party tonight.
12. I _______________ (study) harder if the subjects were more interesting!
13. John _______________ (be) devastated if he found out Lucy’s secret.
14. If I had more time, I _______________ (take up) canoeing.
15. I _______________ (go) shopping with you if I had had more money.
16. If we __________ (own) a car, we wouldn’t have (not/have) to take the bus.
17. If you eat (eat) too much sugar and fried food, you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (put on) weight.
18. Mary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . would have enjoyed (enjoy) the concert last night if she had come
(come) with us.
19. I would be very surprised if I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . failed the exam. I’ve studied very hard.
20. If it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rains(rain) tonight, I will stay (stay) at home. It’s very cloudy.
21. You . . . . . . . . . . . . .(become) dehydrated if you don’t drink (not drink) enough water.
22. Tina would have forgotten (forget) her sister’s birthday if I . . . . . . . . . (not remind) her.
23. If we didn’t have (not have) such a good teacher, we . . . . . . . . . . (not learn) so quickly
24. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (tell) to call you if I had seen (see)her at the party.
25. Marianne will pay you back (pay back) if she . . . . . . . . . . . .(get paid)next Wednesday.
26. If someone took (take) my car without permission, I . . . . . . . . . . . . (get) really angry.
27. I wouldn’t talk (not talk) to strange people if I . . . . . . . . (be) you. It could be dangerous.
 28. Will she attend (attend) the meeting if she . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (feel) better tomorrow?
29. If Mary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (not miss) the plane she would have been (be) here today.
30. Michael . . . . . . . . . . . . . (feel)much better if he stopped (stop) smoking and drinking.
31. If you touch (touch) a warm iron you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (burn)yourself.
32. The teacher ________________ (be) pleased if the pupils greeted him.
33. If you ______________ (do) the job carefully, you´d get better results.
34. I _________________ (certainly/do) it if it´s possible.
35. I´d be terribly sorry if he ______________ (break) the vase.
36. They will be foolish if they ________________ (not/take) this opportunity.
37. If they had given me her number, I ________________ (telephone) her.
38. I _______________ (be) scared if a thief walked in here.
39. if she ______________ (be) older, she would have more sense.
40. What ________________ (you/do) if you had won a lot of money?
41. What would you do if your car ______________ (be) stolen?
42. If we didn´t catch the 10.30 train, we _________________ (not/arrive) in time.
43. If I go to bed now I _______________ (not/sleep).
44. If he ______________ (not/work), he won´t earn any money.
45. If I _____________________ (be) you, I wouldn´t marry him.
46. I wouldn´t have come to the party if Jane ______________ (not/be) invited.
47. I would have gone out if I _________________ (not/have) so much to do.
48. If the traffic lights don´t work, ________________ (probably/there be) an accident.
49. I would have telephoned if ______________ (there be) an emergency.
50. If you want to go, I __________________ (get) some tickets.
51. I ______________ (be able) to afford a holiday if I sell the car.

CHANGE THESE SENTENCES INTO REPORTED SPEECH

1. Tom said to Mary, “I haven’t taken your dictionary”

2. “I won’t take you to the party.” Tom said to his sister.
3. “My father will buy a bike for me” Paul told his friend.
4. My friend told me “ Our house was robbed last winter.”
5. The teacher told us “I haven’t corrected your compositions yet.”
6. My mother told my brother “You must finish your homework before dinner.”
7. Jim said to Mr Brown “I didn’t throw stones at your dog”
8. “I’ll wait for you outside the cinema” Şenol told Meltem.
9. Jale said to her dad “I don’t want to stay at home tonight”
10. Mrs Güneş told her husband “I feel very tired and I have a headache”
11. Burcu said to me “I have to leave the office before 4.00 p.m.”
12. Mr Brown said “ I have been smoking for two years”
13. The teacher told us “You must study hard for the exam”
14. Tom said “The secretary was at the office when I came”
15. “I think we should choose a quiet place to study” Mustafa said to me.
16. “I have lost my favorite sweater” Ali said
17. “My brother is going to drive me to the station” Hakan said
18. “ We are having a barbecue at our garden next week” Pınar and Tamer told us.
19. “I forgot to take the dog for a walk today” Osman said.
20. “There is a bus strike tomorow” The man sai
21. Dağhan said “ I have to study my lessons.I’m going to have an exam tomorrow.”
22. “I have to go out.I won’t be back before midnight” Jim said to his mother.
23. Mary to Jim “I have a terrible toothache.I have to see the dentist today.”
24. John to his father “I can’t ride my bicycle.Its tyres are flat.”
25. “I invited John to my party.He hasn’t come yet” said Mary.
26. “We’ ve just come from Spain.People in Spain are very friendly.I’ve made a lot of friends there” Liz said.
27. “My father bought a computer for me.I don’t know how to use it” Sezen said to Tarkan.
28. George to Erol Evgin “French is a difficult language.I’m not very patient.I won’t be able to learn it”
29. “I’ve just bought some new jeans.I can’t wear them.They are too tight” said Kayahan.
30. “ I have to leave now ,because I am seeing the doctor’s at 4 this afternoon.” Said Cengiz
 31. “You dont need to come to the office because it is holiday” The boss told us
32. “I didnt visit you yesterday, as I had an importany meeting.” She said to me
33. “People will have to supply their water from very few sources in the next centuary”The scientist said
34. “It may be difficult for the students to learn a new foreign language” The teacher said
35. “You must obey the rules in a public place or you will be punished” The police told us
36. “Last weekend, he baby was sleeping when her mother went out shopping” .A woman said
37. “The firemen are still trying to extinguish the forest fire” The reporter said
38. “ You must read this book because you will be responsible for the next exam.”the teacher told us
39. “I am looking for a woman whose name is hatice” a man said.
40. “ The pilot saw the climbers and rescued them” Mrs.Kaya told us.
41. “Who is going to live in the big house?” asked Peter.
42. “I’ll phone you later,” Sarah told Simon.
43. “I can’t speak French,” I told them.
44. “Are you a doctor?” They asked me.
45. “Please fill up this form” the secretary told me.
46. “Where are you going?” I asked her
47. “We’re going into town,” they said.
48. “Don’t hurry!” I said.
49. “I haven’t got any money,” he told me.
50. “Could you speak more slowly?” he asked her.
51. “Don’t touch the wire”, he said to Mary
52. “I was on holiday in July,” she told her.
53. “What time did you get home?” they asked him.
54. “Don’t touch that switch, Peter” I said.
55. “Can you do me a favour?” She asked me.
56. “We won’t be home late,” we told them.
57. “Open the safe” the raiders told the bank clerk.
58. “Which team has won?” asked Ann.
59. Don’t miss your train,” she warned them.
60. “Who wants a lift home?” said Ann.
61. “Read it before you sign it, “he said to the client.
62. “When does it arrive in York?” he asked.
63. “Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,” she said.
64. “Sing it again”, he said.
65. “Does this train stop at York?” Bill asked.
66. “It isn’t so foggy today as it was yesterday”, I said.
67. “Can you get coffee on the train?” asked my aunt.
68. “Don’t put your hands near the bars,” the zookeeper told us.
69. “From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Eiffel Tower,” he said.
70. “Buy a new car”, I said to Tom.
71. “Are you interested in acting?” asked Ann.

TENSE REVISION
Fill in the blanks with the correct tense.

1) Look! This woman ______________ (sit) on a bench in the park and she__________ (read) her newspaper.
2) George is a good student. He ___________ (study) every day and he _______ come never) late for school.
3) Yesterday I _____________ (wake) up at 8 o’clock, ____________ (have) breakfast, ___________ (get) dressed
and ___________ (go) to work.
4) While Mary _______________ (swim) in the sea, her brother _____________ (ski) with a friend.
5) What __________________ (you/do) when your aunt ___________ (come) home yesterday?
6) I _______________ (have) a party for my birthday this year.
7) In this photo, we .............(play) voleyball on the beach.
8) My father can’t come to the phone now he ........... (take) a shower.
9) My father ..............(work) as an accountant in a big company.
10) He is happy. He………………………an important contract.(just sign)
11) My cousin ................... guitar in a rock band. (play)
12) The band ................... on tour every year. (go)
13) Why ................... you ................... me last night? (not, call)
14) Next weekend I ................... my grandparents. (visit)
15) Nothing ................... (change) yet.
16) I ................... from him for a long time. (not, hear)
17) The Olympic Games ................... every four years. (take place)
18) Last summer ................... very rainy. (be)
19) Man ................... on the Moon in 1969. (land)
20) In summer the sun ................... about nine o'clock PM. (set)
21) While I ................... (sleep), he ................... (clean) the house and ................... (prepare) dinner.
22) What ................... you ................... yesterday at 11 AM? (do)
23) I ................... never ................... to Australia. (be)
24) ................... you already ................... your car? (wash)
25) He ................... just ................... back. (come)
26) Jane ................... coffee every morning. (drink)
27) What ................... you ................... at? (look)
28) I ................... here all my life. (live)
29) When I was a child I always ................... holidays at the seaside. (spend)
30) This coffee ................... good. (smell)
31) She ................... (walk) around the garden right now and ................... (smell) the flowers.
32) I ................... (think) you ................... (be) wrong.
33) I ................... many books on the subject, so I can tell you everything about it. (read)
34) Susan got 5 in the test. She……………………….very hard for it. (study)
35) When we met them in 1980, they………………….already ………….married for 10 years. (be)
36) John ................... ill for two weeks now. (be)
37) I ................... (love) sweets since I ................... (be) a little girl.
38) Our troops ................... the city four times. (attack)
39) He ..................................... (allready arrive)
40) The shop ................... at eight o'clock. (open)
41) Jane ................... playing cards. (enjoy)
42) I ................... (think) I ................... (meet) her several times when I was at school.
43) He …………………………French before he went to Paris. (study)
44) I ................... many specialists, but no one knows the answer. (ask)
45) The Earth ................... around the Sun. (revolve)
46) ................... you ................... any good films lately? (see)
47) I’ m sure next year you ______________ (be) a better student.
48) Look at this banana skin on the floor. She __________________ (fall).
49) How often _____________________(he/travel) abroad?
50) – When ______________________( you/buy) your new car? -I ________________ (buy) it a week ago.
51) We __________________ (not/go) out when it rains.
52) I ________________ (not spend) my money on silly things if I win the lottery.
53) What _________________ (you/ do) after you heard that terrible noise?
54) – How ___________________ (you/drive) your car when the accident _________________ (happen) last
month? – Not very carefully, I guess.
55) I promise I ______________ (call) you when I get there, mum.
56) Sssshhh! Be quiet John ..................(sleep).
57) Don’t forget to take your umbrella, it ..........(rain).
58) Mary usually ________________ (cook) meat on Sundays.
59) Listen to the children. They _______________ (play) in the garden.
60) _________________________ (you/ visit) your grandparents next weekend?
61) ___________________( you/ go) to the cinema yesterday?
62) Finish your homework or you _______________ (not/ go) out
Choose the correct answer.

1. Find the past forms of teach 11. ____ Jack _____ a picture now?
a. teach b. teached a. Is/draw b. Is/drawing
c. teaching d. taught c. Is/draws d. Is/drawings

2. Find the past forms of cut 12. He and she _______ TV right now.
a. cut b. cuts c. cutted d. cutting a. is watching b. are watch
c. watching d. are watching
3. I was in the kitchen when the phone ________.
a. rings b. is ringing 13. They ______________ next July.
c. will ring d. rang a. are going to go on holiday
b. are going to doing on holiday
4. I _______ a book when my mother came. c. going to go on holiday
a. was read b. was reading d. are going to holiday
c. reading d. read
14. I think robots _____ at home in the future.
5. I slept while I ______ TV. a. are working b. work
a. was watch b. was watching c. will work d. working
c. watching d. watched
15. He ____ just _____ the meal.
6. While Ann ____ a bike, I saw her. a. did/serve b. does/serve
a. was riding b. was ride c. has/served d. have/ served
c. riding d. rode
16. ____ you ____ your homework yet?
7. They _____ breakfast early every morning. a. Have/did b. Has/done
a. are having b. having c. Have/done d. Has/did
c. has d. have
17. Did Ali __ to your house yesterday?
8. _____ your sister______ to pop music? a. coming b. came c. come d. comes
a. Does/ listen b. Does/ listens
c. Do/listen d. Do/listens 18. A: ______ you at school yesterday?
B: Yes, I ______.
9. I ______ my room every day. a. Were/was b. Was/was
a.clean b.am cleaning c. Were/were d. Was/wasn’t
c.am clean d.clean
19. _____ the students and the teacher _______ in
10. I _________ on the phone at the moment. the garden?
a. am talking b. am talk a. Was/playing b. Were/playing
c. talking d. talk c. Did/ played d. Are/play

20. ______ I saw you, you were going to school.

a. While b. When c. Because d. And
READING

Martín Luther King

Martin Luther King was born in Atlanta in the south of the USA in 1929. His family was rich and Martin
had good educational opportunities. At that time in the USA, there was a lot of discrimination against people
who were black like Martin. Black people couldn’t go into certain restaurants, and they could only sit in
certain parts of the buses and they couldn’t vote in elections. Martin decided to change all this. He organised
marches and other protests. He spent some time in prison but slowly the laws began to change. In 1963 a
crowd of 200,000 people listened to Martin’s famous “I have a dream” speech. In 1964 he won the Nobel
Peace Prize. At last in 1965, black people had the right to vote. In 1968 someone assassinated Martin. Today
they remember him the third Monday in January – a public holiday in the USA.

(Extracted from Martin Luther King’s biography.)

a) Where was Martin born?

___________________________________________________
b) Why was life difficult for Martin?
___________________________________________________
c) What did he do?
___________________________________________________
d) What happened in 1964?
___________________________________________________
e) When did black people win the right to vote?
___________________________________________________

Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as…
- some= - killed=
- jail = -started=

EATING IN CORNWELL by Tom COUSIN

A few days ago I was in Cornwell, the northern suburb of Bristol. It isn't big - about 14,000 people live there. I
thought there weren't any good restaurants in Cornwell. I thought there were only some pizza houses and a few
hamburger cafes. But I was wrong.
A friend took me out to dinner last Saturday. We got off the bus at Cornwell Central, and walked down George
Road to the post office. Then we turned left into a little street called West Lane, we walked a few meters, and we entered a
small restaurant.
The Rajah Restaurant has six tables, and there wasn't anyone there when we arrived. We had a wonderful Indian
meal there. The Tandoori chicken was very tasty, and the curries were hot and delicious. The wine was good and cheap,
the fruit salad was really exotic and the meal cost only £12 for two.
Try it - but hurry. You can't seat 14.000 people at only six tables!
Answer the questions
1. Where can you eat in Cornwell?
2. Where is the Rajah Restaurant in Cornwell?
3. Who went there last Saturday?
4. What did they have at the Rajah Restaurant?
B. Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F) and give evidence from the text.
1. Cornwell is a small place.
2. They drove to Cornwell.
3. The restaurant was crowded when they arrived.
4. The writer liked the meal but he thought it was a bit expensive.
C. Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as…
- large (paragraph 1)= - little (paragraph 2)=
- went into (paragraph 2)= - inexpensive (paragraph 3)=

EDUCATION AT HOME
Some children in England don't go to school but they study at home. Do you think it's right? Our reporter, Jean
Anderson, went to talk to some children. The Richardsons live in a big old house, 20 kilometers from London. The
family is large – two girls and three boys. Our reporter visited them on a Wednesday morning. The children were at home.
She heard music inside the house, a piano and a guitar. A normal family? A normal day? Yes, but in one way the
Kichardsons are very different. The children don't go to school. Their parents, Marian and Roger, teach them at home.
Answer the questions
1. What is Jean Anderson's job?
2. How many children have Marian and Roger
3. Why were the children at home
4. Who teaches them?
5. Where do the children study?
Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as…
– journalist = - kids =

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

New York University is in Greenwich Village. Students can get almost everything they need near the university campus.
There is a post office on 9th Street. There is a bank on 5th Avenue, and there are two on 8th Street. The restaurants and
coffee shops in Greenwhich Village are very popular.
Answer the questions
1. Where is New York University?
2. What's there on 9th Street?
3. How many banks are there near the university?

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
The University of London is in Bloomsbury. It was founded in 1836. There are many other famous buildings in
Bloomsbury. The British Museum, which is near the university, is one of these buildings. There are also many restaurants
and coffee shops, where you can buy things to eat. The restaurants are not always very cheap, but the coffee shops are
excellent for the price.
Answer the questions
1. Where is the University of London?
2. Which building is near the university?
3. Where can you eat in Bloomsbury?
Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as…
– created = - a lot of =
Find words or expressions in the text which mean the opposite
– far = - sell =
– expensive = - few =

JIM
Jim Chapman, a famous cameraman, is the new assistant director of Video Sound, a large film company. It has fifty-two
offices all over the world. Mr. Chapman is the first American to work at the company's Paris office in its thirty-year
history. Mr. Chapman is not married. He's got a sister - Mary. She lives with her friend Paul in London. She goes to the
Faculty of Arts at the University of London. There are also the Faculties of Science, Engineering, Medicine and Music
there.
Answer the questions
1. What is Video Sound?
2. In which city does Mr. Chapman work?
3. Who does Mary live with?
4. What does Mary do?
5. How many faculties are there in the university?
Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as…
– well-known = - single =
JOHN LENNON
A lot of people remember John Lennon for his music with the Beatles. He was serious and creative, and many
young people of the 1960's and 1970's thought he spoke for them. Lennon was born on October 9, 1940, in Liverpool,
England. When he was a child, he listened to the music of rock and roll singers like Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis and
Little Richard. At 15, when he was in art school, Lennon started his first rock-group, the Quarrymen. The members of the
group were Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Pete Best, who played the drums.
The Quarrymen later changed their name to the Silver Beatles and then the Beatles. When Pete Best left the
group, Ringo Starr joined the Beatles as the drummer. Between 1958 and 1962 the group played in night clubs in
Liverpool and Hamburg, Germany. Then the Beatles made a record called 'I Wanna Hold Your Hand' and had their first
big success in Britain. 'Please Please Me' came a short time after that and it became number one.
Lennon was both a singer and a songwriter. He wrote many of the Beatles' songs and most of these songs became
number one all over the world. They were romantic and intelligent, and today's musicians still play them. Lennon did not
only make music and films with the Beatles. He also wrote two books, the first one in 1964 and the second one a year after
that. In 1967 he acted in a film called How I Won The War.
On December 8, 1980 John Lennon died in New York, shot dead outside his apartment building. Every year
thousands of people come together in New York's Central Park to remember him. For many people in the world, he was
someone very special.
Mark the best choice.
1. When he was very young, Lennon liked _ c) spending time in night clubs in Liverpool
a) the music of Little Richard d) New York's Central Park 51
b) playing the drums
2. It was the name of Lennon's first group. 4. In 1965…
a) The Silver Beatles a) Lennon left for the United States
b) The Beatles b) Lennon wrote his second book
c) The Quarrymen c) Pete Best left the group
d) Please Please Me d) Lennon was an art student
3. The Beatles became famous . 5. Which of the following is a true statement?
a) in 1958 a) How I Won The War is the name of a book.
b) when Lennon was 15 years old b) Many musicians today don't know anything about the
Beatles.
c) with the song I Wanna Hold Your Hand'
c) Lennon died in Britain.
d) in Hamburg
d) Lennon had great success with his songs.
Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as…
- believed (paragraph 1)= - the majority of (paragraph 3)=
- innovative (paragraph 1)= - clever (paragraph 3)=
- soon after (paragraph 2)= - worldwide (paragraph 3)=

THE OCEAN FLOOR

Almost three-fourths of the earth is under the ocean. Until recently, people didn't know what the ocean bottom,
or floor, was like. The ocean floor is substantially different from what we thought. After World War I, scientists made a
new machine. This machine told them what the bottom of the ocean was like and told how deep the ocean is in each
place. For a long time, many people thought the ocean floor was flat. Now we know that there are large mountains and
deep holes on the ocean floor.
There are three kinds of ocean floor under the water: the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the deep
ocean floor. The continental shelf goes all around the continents. (The continents are North America, South America,
Europe, Australia, Asia, Africa, and Antarctica.) The water is not more than 600 feet deep above the continental shelf. The
sun can only shine down about 600 feet into the water. Plants and animals need sunshine to live so most of the fish in the
ocean live above the continental shelf. The continental shelves were part of the continents many thousands of years ago.
Later, the water came over them. That's why oil and minerals can be found in the continental shelf as well as in the land.
Oceanographers are scientists who study the oceans. They think the continental shelves will be very important to
us some day. They are trying to learn how to live and work under the water, at depths of 500 feet or more. The
continental slope begins where the continental shelf ends. At the edge of the continental shelf, the continental slope
suddenly goes down two or three miles. Some continental slopes are like the side of a mountain; some are like a wall. All
are very high. The largest one is five miles high, which is higher than any slope on the land. There are large canyons in the
continental slopes. The canyons look like the Grand Canyon, but they are larger.
The deep ocean floor, which is the real bottom of the ocean, begins at the end of the continental slope. It is the
largest and deepest of the three kinds of ocean bottom and it makes up half of all the earth's surface. Oceanographers
have found a large range, or line, of mountains called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on the ocean floor. This mountain range is
10,000 miles long. It goes through the Atlantic Ocean from Iceland to southern Africa. Many of the mountains in this
range are 10,000 feet high with a mile or more of water. However, a few mountains in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are even
higher. We can see their tops above the ocean surface. The Azore Islands, near Portugal, are really the tops of some of
these mountains. The Pacific Ocean has large mountains, too. The Hawaiian Islands are tops of mountains 32,000 feet
high. There are some large, long holes in the ocean bottom called trenches. One of the deepest is near New Zealand. This
trench is seven miles deep and is 1600 miles long and is big enough to hold six Grand Canyons.
Now we know that there are mountains, canyons, and trenches under the ocean. Soon people will be able to live
and work on the continental shelves. However, it will be a long time before people can reach the deep ocean floor.
1. Which of the following is true? Give evidence from the text
a) We have known for hundreds of years what the ocean floor is like.
b) More of the earth is under the ocean than above it.
c) The machine that the scientists made after World War I showed that the ocean floor was flat.
d) The continental shelf is the real bottom of the ocean.
2. Which of the following is not true about the continental shelf? Give evidence from the text
a) There is no life there because there is no sunshine.
b) The depth of the water is about 600 feet.
c) There is oil and minerals there.
d) Thousands of years ago it was above the ocean level.
3. Which of the following is not true about the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? Give evidence from the text
a) The mountains in this range are 10,000 feet high or even higher at certain places.
b) It is a large line of mountains which goes from Iceland to southern Africa.
c) The Atlantic Ocean is so deep that it covers even the tops of all these high range of mountains.
d) This mountain range, which has a length of 10,000 miles, is on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
4. Which of the following is not true? Give evidence from the text
a) The trench near New Zealand is bigger than the Grand Canyon.
b) New Zealand is really the top of some mountains.
c) The mountains in the Pacific Ocean are higher than the ones in the Atlantic Ocean.
d) As well as mountains, there are also large, long holes in the Pacific Ocean.
5. Find words or expressions in the text which mean the same as…
- not long ago (paragraph 1)= - authentic (paragraph 4)=
- types (paragraph 2)= - quickly (paragraph 5)=
- bigger (paragraph 3)= - get to (paragraph 5)=