RANDOM HOUSE, INC.

T E A C H E R ’ S G U I D E

Slaughterhouse-
Five
Written by Kurt Vonnegut

Dial Press | Trade Paperback | 978-0-385-33384-9 | 288 pp | $14.00/$21.00C

Dell | Paperback | 978-0-440-18029-6 | 224 pp | $7.99/$11.95C
Delacorte Press | Hardcover | 978-0-385-31208-0 | 224 pp | $25.00/$35.00C
READING LEVEL: 9

note to teachers
Slaughterhouse-Five is the semi-autobiographical account of the fire bombing of Dresden, Germany by the British and American air
forces in the February of 1945. The destruction of this non-military city so late in the war is still very controversial, and that
controversy is central to Vonnegut’s book.

historical background
By February of 1945, Dresden was one of the few major German cities that had not been bombed in the Allied campaign to break
German morale by targeting entire cities and towns. It had become a major refuge for civilians fleeing the advance of the Soviet
Army across Eastern Europe. It was also the home of American POWs who, like Vonnegut, had been captured during the Battle of
the Bulge. Although there were no obvious military targets in Dresden, allied commanders later suggested that the city was an
important communications link between the German armies in eastern and western Europe. Critics of the raid maintain that the
lack of military significance and the inflated population were reasons not to target Dresden. Some historians suggest that the
fire-bombing of Dresden was ordered as revenge for the V-2 rocket attacks on London late in the war.
The raid was carried out over three days, with the Royal Air Force leading the first wave with incendiary bombs that created a
firestorm in the city. Over the next two days, the American Air Force followed up with strafing raids on the survivors. No accurate
casualty reports exist because of the firestorm, but estimates range from a low of thirty-five thousand deaths (the figure offered by
the Allies) to over one hundred thousand (the figure offered by the Germans). Regardless of the actual number of casualties, the
firebombing of Dresden obviously ranks with the atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki as atrocities of World War II.

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 about the book
Published at the height of the Vietnam War in 1969, Slaughterhouse-Five is considered by
many critics to be Vonnegut’s greatest work. It includes all of the elements that readers
expect from Vonnegut: humor, satire, social criticism, and pacifism. The novel is the result
of what Vonnegut describes as a twenty-three year struggle to write a book about the
firebombing of Dresden, Germany which he witnessed as an American POW incarcerated in
a former slaughterhouse. Perhaps not surprisingly, Vonnegut emerged from the experience
an avowed pacifist.
Students who are unfamiliar with Vonnegut’s work may find the format of the novel a bit
disconcerting. Vonnegut combines science fiction, autobiography, historical fiction, and
modern satire in a “jumbled” depiction of the life of Billy Pilgrim. Billy, like Vonnegut,
experiences the destruction of Dresden, and, as with Vonnegut, it is the defining moment of
his life. Unlike the author, he also experiences time travel or coming “unstuck in time,” and
abduction by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore. Because of Billy’s unique view of time, the
story is told through a seemingly random recounting of the events of Billy’s life. Thus, the
reader comes “unstuck in time” along with Billy.
In 1969, the United States was reeling from the growing violence of the anti-war and civil
rights movements. The country had witnessed the assassination of two leaders who were
considered icons of peace and hope for a better society, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert
Kennedy. It is not surprising that in this atmosphere, Vonnegut’s novel gained an almost
cult-like following among the generation that rejected what it saw as the materialism and
shallowness of American society. Billy Pilgrim’s apparent acceptance of fate—he responds to
every mention of death with the phrase “so it goes”—actually illustrates Vonnegut’s opposi-
tion to blind acceptance of socially acceptable cruelty. This opposition is ilustrated in his
depiction of the massacre at Dresden, and in Barbara’s joy in stripping her father of his
dignity “in the name of love.”
Slaughterhouse-Five remains an effective indictment of the least attractive characteristics of
human society. Ultimately, Vonnegut’s criticisms are still valid in the twenty-first century.

about the author

KURT VONNEGUT was a self-described “fourth-generation German-American…who…
witnessed the fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany…and survived to tell the tale.” He was a
member of what Tom Brokaw has immortalized as “the greatest generation” who experi-
enced childhood during the Great Depression, young adulthood during World War II, and
who saw its values challenged in the Sixties and Seventies.
Vonnegut was born in 1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana. His family suffered financial losses during
the Depression, a fact that led to his mother’s eventual suicide. While a student, he wrote for
both his high school and college newspapers. He attended Cornell University and the Carnegie
Institute of Technology (Carnegie-Mellon), before enlisting in the army. In 1944, he was captured
at the Battle of Bulge and imprisoned in Dresden, Germany. In February of 1945, the Allies
bombed the city of Dresden, destroying most of the city and killing tens of thousands.
After the war, Vonnegut married and worked in journalism and public relations. His first
works were published in the 1950s, but were dismissed as lightweight science fiction. He
finally achieved critical acclaim with the publication of Cat’s Cradle, God Bless You, Mr.
Rosewater, and Slaughterhouse-Five in the 1960s. The anti-war themes of Vonnegut’s work
made him particularly popular with the counter-culture movement of the Vietnam Era.
Vonnegut’s last book, a collection of autobiographical essays entitled A Man Without A
Country, was published in 2005. He died due to injuries from a fall in 2007.

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teaching ideas
Slaughterhouse-Five is appropriate for study in high school or college English, creative writing,
or history classes. In any genre-based English class, the novel can be used as an example of
the use of plot, character, and setting to communicate the theme. The text can also be useful
in a study of literary techniques such as irony and satire. Obviously, the novel would be
appropriate in American literature classes as an example of modern American literature and
a reflection of the historical context in which the work was produced.
Students of the art of writing can benefit from an analysis of the mechanics of Slaughterhouse-Five.
Vonnegut’s use of repetition, humor, and vernacular give his work a unique flavor. The style
in which the book is written, moving from one time and place to another with no apparent
organization, illustrates the view of time that Vonnegut seeks to present. Vonnegut also
introduces many new techniques in his writing that no doubt influence other writers.
Students of history can also benefit from the historical aspects of the novel. Although it is
disjointed, Slaughterhouse-Five provides a realistic account of the experiences of an American
POW and the devastation of the fire-bombing of Dresden, a seldom studied aspect of World
War II. It is also a reflection of the social attitudes of the Vietnam era in which it was written.
Slaughterhouse-Five can legitimately be used in a study of the authenticity of historical novels.
Because of the liberal use of mature language, sexual situations, and violence, Slaughterhouse-Five
should be studied by older high school or college students.

discussion and writing: comprehension

CHAPTER 1
The author discusses the false starts and dead ends that he experienced in his twenty-three
year struggle to write a book about the fire bombing of Dresden which he experienced as a
prisoner of the Germans at the end of World War II.
Identify vocabulary – Guggenheim money
Identify characters – author, Bernard V. O’Hare, Gerhard Muller, Harrison Starr,
Edgar Derby, Paul Lazzaro, Mary O’Hare

1. What aspects of the book does the 8. What difference does the author see in
author insist really happened? the veterans who “really fought” and
the veterans who had office jobs? Why
2. How did the author find O’Hare?
do you think this difference exists?
3. What souvenirs does he recall
9. What response does the author get
the American POWs bringing out
when he tries to get information about
of Germany?
the Dresden raid from the Air Force?
4. What does the author do to
10. Who originally said, “Eheu, fugaces
entertain himself late at night?
labuntur anni”? What does this phrase
Why can’t he sleep?
mean in English?
5. What did the author learn in college
11. Why is Mary “polite but chilly”?
after the war?
12. What happened during the real
6. What jobs did the author have after
Children’s Crusade?
the war?
13. Why is the book “so short and jumbled
7. What fatal accident did he cover?
and jangled”?
14. Why does the author say that the book
“was written by a pillar of salt”?

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 discussion and writing: comprehension (continued)
CHAPTER 2
The reader is introduced to the main character, Billy Pilgrim. The chapter introduces the
concept of coming “unstuck in time” and tells the main events of Billy’s life, emphasizing
the events leading up to his capture by the German army at the end of World War II.
Identify characters – Billy Pilgrim, Barbara, Robert, Roland Weary, Valencia

1. What does the author mean when he says 6. What is the origin of the phrase,
that Billy “has come unstuck in time”? “so it goes”?
2. What are the major events of Billy’s life 7. Describe Billy’s war experience up
depicted in this chapter? to his capture?
3. What is Tralfamadore? What happens 8. How is he captured? With whom?
to Billy there?
9. When and how did Billy first come
4. How does Billy describe the unstuck in time? Describe the experience.
Tralfamadorians?
10. Why does Weary try to beat Billy?
5. What ability do the Tralfamadorians
have that Earthlings do not?

CHAPTER 3
Billy travels back and forth in time from his experiences as a POW in Europe to post-war
Ilium, New York on the eve of his daughter’s wedding.
Identify vocabulary – “mopping up,” androgyne
Identify characters – Wild Bob

1. Describe the German force that captured 7. Why does the doctor tell Billy to take
Billy. What does that force tell us about a nap everyday? What do you think
Germany at the end of the war? caused Billy’s malady?
2. What happens to the scouts? 8. Describe the German reserves whom
the captured Americans passed. How
3. Why does the German photographer
do they compare to the group that
take a picture of Billy’s and Weary’s feet?
captured Billy?
4. Why does the photographer stage a
9. Describe the conditions on the trains
picture of Billy’s capture?
that transported the prisoners.
5. What are the two causes of the Describe the car that housed the
destruction that Billy drives through on railroad guards.
his way to the Lions Club meeting?
10. Why does Vonnegut refer to the prisoners
6. What does Billy’s encounter with the on the trains as “human beings”?
Marine major tell us about Billy’s
approach to life?

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CHAPTER 4
Billy is captured by the Tralfamadorians on his daughter’s wedding night. While being trans-
ported on their flying saucer, he travels in time back to the prisoner train in 1945 Germany.
Identify characters – Edgar Derby, Paul Lazzaro, the Tralfamadorians

1. What does Billy do to occupy his time 5. Why do the other POWs refuse to let
before the aliens come? Billy sleep near them?
2. How does the message of the war movie 6. What does Weary tell the other men in
change when it is viewed backwards? his car before he dies?
3. How is Billy lifted into the flying saucer? 7. What processes do the Americans go
through when they arrive at the camp?
4. How do the Tralfamadorians answer
when Billy asks “why me?”

CHAPTER 5
Billy continues to move in time between World War II, Tralfamadore, his time in the
psychiatric ward of a veterans’ hospital, and his marriage.
Identify vocabulary – rodomontades
Identify characters – Eliot Rosewater, Kilgore Trout, Valencia Merble,
Mr. and Mrs. Lance Rumfoord, Howard W. Campbell, Jr.,
Professor Bertram, Copeland Rumfoord

1. What does the way Tralfamadorians 8. Why is Billy upset by his mother?
view the universe and Earthlings tell us
9. In his novel, The Gospel from Outer
about their concept of time?
Space, what does Kilgore Trout say is
2. Is there a similarity between the format the message of the gospels? How do
of Vonnegut’s novel and the description the aliens change that message?
of Tralfamadorian novels? Explain.
10. Describe Billy’s habitat in the
3. Describe the English POWs that Billy Tralfamadorian zoo.
and the Americans encounter.
11. What do the Tralfamadorians suggest
4. What was the main ingredient of the Earthlings should learn to do?
candles and soap used at the welcoming
12. What epitaph does Billy think of on his
dinner for the American POWs?
wedding night?
5. Why do the British POWs send Billy
13. What does Campbell write about
to the hospital shed?
American POWs in Germany?
6. What is Billy introduced to in the
14. Why does the widowed mother think
veterans’ hospital?
Billy is “going crazy”?
7. Why does science fiction appeal to
Billy and Rosewater?

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 discussion and writing: comprehension (continued)
CHAPTER 6
Billy and the other American POWs are transferred to Dresden as contract labor.
Billy describes his own death.

1. What is the source of the animal 6. How is Edgar Derby elected head
magnetism Billy feels in the prison American?
hospital shed?
7. To what does the author compare his
2. What does Lazzaro say is the sweetest first view of Dresden?
thing in life? What story does he tell to
8. Describe the Americans’ arrival in
prove his point?
Dresden.
3. What advice does Lazzaro give Billy?
9. Describe the Americans’ “home away
4. How does Billy die? from home.”
5. What positive attributes of Dresden
does the Englishman share with the
American POWs?

CHAPTER 7
While Billy is in a hospital in Vermont recovering from injuries sustained in a plane crash,
he travels through time back to Dresden in 1945.
Identify characters – Werner Gluck

1. Describe the plane crash in which 4. What work was assigned to the
Billy is injured. Americans in Dresden?
2. What do Billy, Gluck, and Derby discover 5. How do the Americans get vitamins
in the first building they enter while and minerals?
looking for the slaughterhouse kitchen?
3. What does the war widow in the kitchen
think of Billy, Gluck, and Derby?

CHAPTER 8
Billy travels from the slaughterhouse to his meeting with Kilgore Trout, his anniversary party,
and back to the fire bombing of Dresden.
Identify vocabulary – nacreous
Identify characters – Howard W. Campbell, Jr., Kilgore Trout, Maggie White, Montana Wildhack

1. Why does Campbell visit the 6. How does Billy react to the barbershop
American POWs? quartet? Why?
2. How does Derby respond to Campbell? 7. How does Billy describe Dresden after
the fire-bombing?
3. How does Billy meet Trout?
8. What do the American fighter planes
4. What does Trout’s story about robots
do after the fire-bombing?
say about the bombing of Dresden?
9. What do the Americans find in the
5. What two ‘lies’ does Trout tell
suburb of Dresden?
Maggie White?

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CHAPTER 9
While in the hospital in Vermont recovering from the plane crash, Billy discusses Dresden
with another patient. He then travels in time to Dresden and to Tralfamadore.
Identify vocabulary – epigraph
Identify characters – Bertram Copeland Rumfoord, Lily Rumfoord

1. How does Valencia die? 7. What is the only thing Billy cries about
in the war?
2. What justifications and critiques of
the fire-bombing of Dresden does 8. Why is the epigraph of the book
Rumfoord read? Away In A Manger?
3. What did the old man in Billy’s past 9. What is Professor Rumfoord’s opinion
think about old age? of the raid on Dresden?
4. How had the army improved Robert? 10. What two acquaintances does Billy
indirectly encounter in the “tawdry
5. What is Professor Rumfoord’s opinion
bookstore”? How?
of Billy?
11. What happens to Billy on the New York
6. What might Billy choose as his
radio show?
happiest moment? Why?

CHAPTER 10
Billy and the other POWs are used by the Germans to exhume corpses after the fire-bombing.

1. What does the author describe as 4. What new technique for disposing
one of his nicest moments? of the corpses is devised?
2. What does the author mean by 5. Why do the Germans leave?
the term corpse mine?
6. What does the bird say to Billy
3. How does the Maori POW die? Pilgrim? Why?

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 discussion
1. After reading the book, why do you 6. Discuss the major themes of
think that Vonnegut dedicated his Slaughterhouse-Five?
novel to Mary O’Hare and
7. How does Vonnegut use time to
Gerhard Muller?
communicate his themes?
2. Why does Vonnegut choose to write a
8. Discuss the use of irony in the novel.
“jumbled and jangled” war book?
9. Are we intended to believe Billy’s tales
3. What is the significance of the phrase
of Tralfamadore or are we, like Barbara,
“so it goes”?
supposed to assume that Tralfamadore is
4. What is the significance of the bird a figment of Billy’s post-brain-damaged
cry “poo-tee-weet”? imagination?
5. Explain the subtitle, The Children’s
Crusade or a Dirty Dance With Death.

class activities
1. Billy’s life is presented in a “jumbled and 5. Using Vonnegut’s descriptions, present
jangled” fashion. Have students construct character sketches (both visual and
a timeline of the important events in verbal) of the main characters. For
Billy’s life. Looking at the chronology, example, what does the fact that he is
are there cause and effect relationships a member of the John Birch Society
that explain Billy’s character? tell us about Billy’s father-in-law?
2. Research and report to the class on the 6. Research Vonnegut’s military career,
history of Dresden, Germany before and and use a plot map to compare it to
after World War II, during the Cold Billy Pilgrim’s.
War, and since the fall of communism
7. Produce visual representations of the
in Eastern Europe.
Tralfamadorians, their space ship, and
3. Draw a map of the city of Dresden in Billy’s home in the zoo on Tralfamadore.
1945 and indicate the areas targeted by
8. Play a recording of The Ballad of the
the Allied raid.
Green Beret by Barry Sadler. How does
4. Identify phrases, events, characters, etc. the image of the Green Beret portrayed
from the book that communicate in the song compare to the image
Vonnegut’s criticisms of post-World presented by Vonnegut in his
War II American society. descriptions of Robert?

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beyond the book
1. The themes of free will and fatalism 8. Read other works by Vonnegut. What
appear in Slaughterhouse-Five. Research themes, settings, and characters run
these concepts in other cultures and through his novels?
civilizations. What similarities and
9. Slaughterhouse-Five is among the most
differences do you find?
frequently banned works in American
2. Slaughterhouse-Five was written at the literature. Why do you think this is the
height of the Vietnam War. How did case? Research reactions to the book
Vonnegut’s experiences at Dresden and compare it to reactions to other
and America’s involvement in Vietnam controversial works of art.
contribute to the anti-war message of
10. Vonnegut closes his last book, A Man
the book?
Without a Country, with an original
3. Research opposing views of the poem called “Requiem” which ends
fire-bombing of Dresden. Was it with these lines:
militarily necessary?
When the last living thing
4. Research the arguments of the current has died on account of us,
movement against the war in Iraq. how poetical it would be
Are there similarities between these if Earth could say,
protesters’ position and the attitudes in a voice floating up
expressed by Vonnegut in
perhaps
Slaughterhouse-Five?
from the floor
5. Interview veterans of World War II and of the Grand Canyon,
other wars. How do their attitudes and “It is done.”
experiences compare to Vonnegut’s. People did not like it here.
What is universal in the experience of
war? What varies depending on the How does this poem communicate
specific conflict? and reinforce the themes of
6. Examine Vonnegut’s later publications Slaughterhouse-Five?
of graphic illustrations. How do his
illustrations promote the same themes
as his novels?
7. Read descriptions of other atrocities of
World War II such as Hiroshima by
John Hersey, Night by Elie Wiesel, Mila
18 by Leon Uris, and The Winds of War
and War and Remembrance by Herman
Wouk. Compare these events to the
fire-bombing of Dresden.

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 for further reading

Other works by Kurt Vonnegut:

Breakfast of Champions

Cat’s Cradle

God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater

The Sirens of Titan

Slapstick

Welcome to the Monkey House

Works with similar themes:

Hiroshima by John Heresy

The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank

Mila 18 by Leon Uris

Winds of War by Herman Wouk

War and Remembrance by Herman Wouk

All Quiet on the Western Front

by Erich Maria Remarque

Johnny Got His Gun by Dalton Trumbo

The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien

Fox Girl by Nara Okja Keller

Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

The Painted Bird by Jerzy Kosinski

The Man In the Gray Flannel Suit

by Sloan Wilson

Rabbit Run by John Updike

Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth

about this guide’s writer

SUSAN CORLEY teaches high school history in South Carolina. Her experience is with
many different levels of students in grades 9-12. She has also taught high school English and
served as an adjunct for local colleges.

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notes

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 other available guides
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