WOOD and
WOOD PRODUCTS
Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez,
uap
Class Instructor
WOOD
a natural organic material that has
been used for many centuries for the
construction of buildings, bridges and
a variety of other structures
WOOD
Still
the most common materials for
small to medium-scale project in other
countries
WOOD
WOOD
WOOD
In the Phils, wood was widely used
during the Spanish period and until
1960s
WOOD
WOOD
My recent
project,
WOOD
WOOD
WOOD
Traditional
building material
Easy to work with
Durable
Beautiful
Lightweight
Rust and corrosion free
Has varied uses
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
Endogenous
-
Trees grows
endwards
Example are
bamboo & palm
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
Exogenous
-
Trees grows
outwards
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES
(based on broad botanical distinction)
Softwood
s
Generally needleleaved coniferous
trees that bear
their seed in
cones
Example are pine
& cedar
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES
(based on broad botanical distinction)
Hardwood
s
Generally broadleaved deciduous
trees
Example are oak,
narra, molave,
maple, etc
PROPERTIES OF SOFTWOOD:
Contract with heat & moisture
Have lower density than hardwoods
(good for acoustic & thermal
insulation
Good for interior finishes & for
furniture
Solid but soft
Flexible & strong
Not water resistant
Cost : low
PROPERTIES OF HARDWOOD:
Contract with heat & moisture
Stronger, denser, & homogenous than
hardwoods (good for framing system)
Good for interior finishes & for
furniture
Resist fire better than softwood
Nearly impervious to water (some
varieties)
Cost : high
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
WOOD STRUCTURE
Bark
Bast
Sapwood
Heartwoo
d
Pith
WOOD STRUCTURE
WOOD STRUCTURE
WOOD & TIMBER
WOOD is the hard, fibrous material that
makes up the tree under the bark
TIMBER is a wood which retains its
natural physical structure and chemical
composition and is suitable for various
construction works
GOOD LUMBERING PRACTICE
Lumbering- term applied to the operations
performed in preparing wood for
commercial purposes
Logging
Felling
Storing
Sawing
Drying
FELLING
Timber
felled during summer is more
readily susceptible to mold. During this
period, the quantity of sap is at its greatest
& the state of swelling, acidity, etc. are very
much unfavorable
Coniferous trees is ideal to be felled during
full moon because the resins were well
drawn out of the roots & into the trunk
STORAGE
Timber
stored in water after felling reduces
the risks of molds & insect damage
SPLITTING/SAWING
Should
take place while the
trees is still very damp
DRYING
70-90%
of the original moisture must be
removed from the timber before this could
be used for construction..a reason why
routine drying is important
METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER
Natural
Air-drying
Artificial
Forced air drying used of fans to
booster the circulation of air
Kiln-drying drying in a large airtight
structure, heated by steam pipes
Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying
using radio frequency dielectric
heat
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER
DEFECTS IN WOOD
DEFECTS IN WOOD
Caused
by Abnormal Growth
Heart shake-radial cracks originating at the
heart of the trees
Wind/Cup Shake- cracks/breaks across
annual rings of timber
Star Shake- series of heart shakes thus
forming a star-like manner
Knots- occur at the branch of the wood
DEFECTS IN WOOD
Due
to Deterioration
Dry Rot the presence of moisture
caused by fungi in seasoned wood
Wet Dry takes place sometimes in the
growth of the tree caused by water
saturation
CAUSES OF DECAY
Alternate
moisture & dryness
Fungi & molds
Insects & worms
Heat & confined air
GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTIONS &
DISTORTIONS IN TIMBER
METHODS OF PRESERVATION
External application of preservative
coating
Internal lumber is subjected to pressure &
injected with chemical such as zinc
chloride solution/salt
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Flooring
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Toog (Phil. Oak)
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Doors
& Windows
Narra
Tanguile
Apitong
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Outdoor
Deck
Yacal
Molave
Guijo
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Ceiling
Panel & Joists
Molave
Pine Benguet
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Railing
& Balustrade
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Exposed
Structural Member
Molave
Pine Benguet
Yacal
Lauan
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Paneling
Narra
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Dao
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Furniture
& Cabinets
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Kamagong
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Structural Members
& Framing
Molave
Yacal
Guijo
Pine Benguet
Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
First
Group
Narra
most expensive, for floors, doors,
furniture, panelings, veneers
Molave for posts & girders, trusses,
framings,
floors, jambs, furniture, &
other purpose
esp. those exposed to
weather
Yacal & Guijo for posts & girders, jambs,
wooden
decks & railings exposed to
weather
Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
First
Group
Pine
Benguet for flooring, panelings,
sidings &
furniture. Also for framings,
trusses
Tanguile & Apitong the most common
lumber in
the market. Used for
framings, joists,
trusses, nailers, etc.
Lauan (white & red) for framings, furnitures
Kamagong for furnitures
Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
First
Group
Dao
for panelings & veneers
Almaciga for panelings & veneers
Mahogany
Ipil
Kalantas
Kalamansanai
TAKE-HOME QUIZ:
Research on the following Wood
Connections:
1. Using an 8x8 wood post, illustrate the
wood post connection to a 12x12
concrete pedestal.
2. Illustrate the connection of an 8x8 wood
post into a 2-2x6x12 wood beam.
3. Illustrate the roof framing layout (using
wood rafters) for a 5.00m x 6.00m
