MOTIVATION
B.A.-I
P.G.G.C.G-42 Chandigarh
By:
Ms. Amandeep
The term motivation literally means to move
or to energies or to activate. In the sense
anything that is responsible for internal or
external actively may be called motivation.
Definition: “Motivation refers to the driving
and pulling force which results in persistent
behavior directed to wards particular goad” –
Morgan and King
Relief Striving
a) Needs:
It refers to a lack or deficit within the individual
Physiological needs: Social needs:
Because of tissue needs Needs for affection,
of food, water, air etc. recognition & prestige.
b) Instrumental behaviour:
Any behaviour instrumental in
satisfying a need or drive or motive.
e.g. Crying child is instrumental in
getting food from his mother.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MOTIVATION
Motivation is :-
-An answer to the ‘why’ of behaviour.
The internal processes that can’t be directly observed.
-An energizer or activator, helps in arousing a person to
perform.
-Directs our behaviour.
-Always goal oriented.
-Occurs again and again.
-Regulates behaviour
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
Intrinsic Extrinsic
•It makes people to •It makes people to
participate in an activity for participate in an activity for
their own enjoyment not for a tangible reward.
reward.
•Behaviours which are •It guides behaviours to
interesting, self satisfying obtain same external
without external benefits. rewards.
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES
1. Physiological motives
2. Psychological motives
3. Social motives
PHYSIOLOGICAL MOTIVES:-
• These are basic, inborn, biological drives with
which every member of the species begins life.
• They are called primary needs.
• Vital to life.
• Necessary for survival.
• Referred as biological need also.
• With the help of these motives body preserved
Homeostasis.
Type of Physiological motives are:-
a) Hunger
b) Thirst
c) Sexual Motivation
d) Sleep and Rest
e) Regulation of temperature
f) Need to avoid pain
g) Maternal love
h) Need to Respirate
i) Need to exerete
PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES:-
• They are basically caused due to some
psychological need and are not based on physical
needs.
•They are caused because of the stimulus in
environment but gives the psychological reaction.
Type of Psychological motives are:-
a) Urge to escape
b) Humour
c) Need to fulfill one’s interest and potentials
d) Need to have a purpose
e) Force of habit
f) Need to maintain self-esteem
g) Curiosity and exploration
h) Effectance Motivation
SOCIAL MOTIVES:-
• These motives are called Social because they
are learned in social groups especially in the
family as children grow up and because they
usually involve other people.
•Social motives are general, pearisling
characteristics of a person.
Type of Social motives are:-
a) Achievement
b) Power
c) Gregariousness
d) Aggression
e) Imitation
f) Sympathy/Empathy
Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory: Deficiency needs
must be satisfied before higher levels of motivation can
emerge i.e. growth needs.
Self To live up to our’s potential
Growth need: Actualization
Motivation increases when To gain the approval of
Esteem
needs are met. others and achieve success.
Needs
To be loved by others
Needs to belong sense of belonging.
Deficiency need:
Motivation
Safety needs Security, Protection.
decreases when
needs are met.
Hunger, Thirst,
Physiological needs Oxygen
Mc Clelland Theory
Characteristic N N Affiliation N Power
Achievement
General Concern to do Concern for Concern with
better establishing, having
maintaining, reputation and
repairing, influence
friendly,
relations
Arousing A moderately Opportunity to Hierarchical or
situation challenging be with friends influence
task situation
Related Performs better Makes more Often tries to
activities at challenging local phone convince
tasks, prefers calls, visits, others, plays
personal better grades more sports,
responsibility from teacher drinks heavily
MURRAY THEORY OF NEEDS
According to this theory, unsatisfied needs motivate the
individual to act and sustain until satisfaction is realized.
He classified needs into two types:
(i) Viscerogenic:
These are essential for an organisms survival as food,
water, sex, etc. These are also called the Murrary needs.
(ii) Psychogenic:
These needs emerge from the primary needs. Need for
acquisition, achievement, abasement, affiliation,
aggression, autonomy, superiority, nurturance, succorance,
cognisance, etc. are included in this group. These needs
are also called the secondary needs.
