Production-ready classical AI search algorithms for Python. No machine learning. Pure search.

Documentation · PyPI · Examples

Define your problem, not your algorithm. PATHOS inspects the capabilities you declare and selects the best algorithm automatically.

from pathos import Space

space = Space().initial("Madrid")

@space.successors
def neighbors(city):
    for next_city, km in roads[city]:
        yield next_city, next_city

@space.goal
def reached(city): return city == "Lisboa"

@space.heuristic
def h(city): return straight_line_km(city, "Lisboa")

result = space.solver().solve()
# → Uses A* automatically (has successors + goal + heuristic)
print(result.path, result.cost, result.algorithm)

pip install pathos-ai

from pathos import GraphSpace, CSPSpace, TourSpace, GameSpace

# Graph search (auto-provides successors from adjacency)
space = GraphSpace(graph=city_graph).initial("A")

# Constraint satisfaction (auto-provides successors + goal)
csp = CSPSpace(variables=["X", "Y", "Z"])

# Tour optimization (TSP — auto-provides 2-opt neighborhood)
tour = TourSpace(nodes=cities, distances=dist_matrix)

# Adversarial games (auto-sets adversarial mode)
game = GameSpace().initial(board)

The solver() factory selects an algorithm based on the space's declared capabilities and the mode you ask for. Three modes:

# Default: anytime cascade. Always-ready, gives best incumbent under
# the budget (1h if you don't set one). Optimal if it finishes.
space.solver().solve()
space.solver(timeout=60).solve()

# Single-shot admissible algorithm. No timeout default; runs to
# completion or until you cut it off.
space.solver(mode="exact").solve()

# Single-shot bounded-suboptimal algorithm. Faster than exact.
space.solver(mode="approximate").solve()

Under mode="auto" (default), AnytimeAStar wins selection on A*-family spaces and runs a cascade [Greedy, WAStar(5,3,2,1.5), AStar], keeping the best incumbent across phases. On a generous budget the final A* phase returns the proven-optimal answer; on a tight budget you get the best incumbent so far instead of not_found.

On CSP-shaped spaces (CSPSpace or any space whose initial state is a partial-assignment dict), AnytimeCSP wins selection under mode="auto" and runs a cascade [MinConflicts, Backtracking] — MinConflicts is only included when @evaluate is declared (it greedily picks the lowest- violation child). The first phase that returns a consistent complete assignment wins; if MinConflicts gives up, Backtracking takes over.

On pure-optimization spaces (@successors + @evaluate, no @goal), AnytimeLocal wins selection under mode="auto" and runs a cascade [HillClimbing, SimulatedAnnealing, TabuSearch] — a fast-probe followed by two escape phases. The best (lowest-cost) incumbent across all phases is returned; cancellation mid-cascade keeps whichever incumbent was already planted. AnytimeLocal does not declare @goal, so on goal-bearing spaces the selector keeps AnytimeAStar (with @heuristic) or the uninformed goal algorithms in charge.

On adversarial spaces (.adversarial() + @terminal + @utility), AnytimeAdversarial wins selection under mode="auto" and iteratively deepens from depth 1 to max_depth over AlphaBeta (2-player) or Negamax (3+ player), threading the previous depth's principal variation as pv_hint into the next phase for move ordering — α-β pruning becomes substantially more effective with a good first move. Cancellation mid-deepening keeps the best move from the deepest completed depth.

SearchResult.epsilon tells you the quality bound: 1.0 is proven optimal, >1.0 is ε-bounded (cost ≤ ε × optimal), inf is unbounded (greedy), None means the algorithm doesn't report a bound (e.g. metaheuristics).

result = space.solver(timeout=10).solve()
if result.optimal:
    print(f"Optimal: cost {result.cost}")
else:
    print(f"ε-bounded ({result.epsilon}): cost {result.cost}")

Every metaheuristic is naturally anytime regardless of mode — set a timeout and the algorithm returns its best individual seen so far when the budget runs out (cooperative CancelToken protocol).

Population-based algorithms (GA, DE, LocalBeamSearch) support multiprocessing via .parallel(n):

# Evaluate all candidates in parallel across 4 processes
space = Space().initial(lambda: random_genome()).parallel(4)

# evaluate fn must be a module-level function (picklable)
def fitness(genome): return -sum(genome)
space.evaluate(fitness)

result = GeneticAlgorithm(space, pop_size=200, generations=500).solve()

Pass n=1 (default) for serial execution. Falls back automatically when population size is 1.

from pathos.algorithms import AStar, GeneticAlgorithm, AlphaBeta

result = AStar(space).solve()  # bypass auto-selection

Every algorithm returns a uniform SearchResult:

result.solution      # final state
result.path          # list of (action, state) steps
result.cost          # total cost
result.algorithm     # algorithm name
result.nodes_expanded
result.elapsed       # seconds
result.found         # bool

Reference numbers from python -m benchmarks.bench --repeat 3 on an Intel i7-6820HQ @ 2.70 GHz, Python 3.13. Algorithms are the ones auto-selected by space.solver(). Reproduce with the same command; raw records dumped via --json.

N-Queens (Backtracking, CSPSpace)

TSP (TabuSearch, TourSpace, 100 iters)

8-Puzzle (A* + Manhattan)

Solution length plateaus around 22–26 because the 8-puzzle state-space diameter is ~31 — deeper scrambles don't make harder instances.

• Route Planning (A*)
• TSP (SA + GA)
• N-Queens (CSP)
• Tic-tac-toe (Alpha-Beta)
• 8-Puzzle (A*)

MIT — gia-uh