siyul-park · siyul-park · May 25, 2026 · May 25, 2026 · May 25, 2026
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ coverage:
 
 benchmark:
 	@go test -run="-" -bench=".*" -benchmem $(test-options) ./...
+	@(cd benchmarks && go test -run="-" -bench=".*" -benchmem $(test-options) ./...)
 
 lint: fmt vet
 

diff --git a/benchmarks/fib_test.go b/benchmarks/fib_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+package bench
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	tengo "github.com/d5/tengo/v2"
+	"github.com/dop251/goja"
+	lua "github.com/yuin/gopher-lua"
+
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero"
+	"github.com/tetratelabs/wazero/api"
+
+	"github.com/siyul-park/minivm/interp"
+)
+
+// fibN is the input for the cross-runtime comparison.
+// fib(35) = 9_227_465; ~29.8 M recursive calls; no memoisation.
+const fibN int32 = 35
+
+// fibWasm is a precomputed WASM binary for the recursive fib function:
+//
+//	(module (func $fib (export "fib") (param i32) (result i32)
+//	  local.get 0  i32.const 2  i32.lt_s
+//	  if (result i32)  local.get 0
+//	  else
+//	    local.get 0  i32.const 1  i32.sub  call $fib
+//	    local.get 0  i32.const 2  i32.sub  call $fib  i32.add
+//	  end))
+var fibWasm = []byte{
+	// magic + version
+	0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6d, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+	// type section: (i32) -> i32
+	0x01, 0x06, 0x01, 0x60, 0x01, 0x7f, 0x01, 0x7f,
+	// function section: 1 function of type 0
+	0x03, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00,
+	// export section: "fib" as function 0
+	0x07, 0x07, 0x01, 0x03, 0x66, 0x69, 0x62, 0x00, 0x00,
+	// code section: 1 function body (28 bytes, 0 locals)
+	0x0a, 0x1e, 0x01, 0x1c, 0x00,
+	// body
+	0x20, 0x00, // local.get 0
+	0x41, 0x02, // i32.const 2
+	0x48,       // i32.lt_s
+	0x04, 0x7f, // if (result i32)
+	0x20, 0x00, // local.get 0            — then branch
+	0x05,       // else
+	0x20, 0x00, // local.get 0
+	0x41, 0x01, // i32.const 1
+	0x6b,       // i32.sub
+	0x10, 0x00, // call 0
+	0x20, 0x00, // local.get 0
+	0x41, 0x02, // i32.const 2
+	0x6b,       // i32.sub
+	0x10, 0x00, // call 0
+	0x6a,       // i32.add               — else branch end
+	0x0b,       // end (if/else)
+	0x0b,       // end (function)
+}
+
+// fibGo is a pure-Go recursive fib used as the native baseline.
+func fibGo(n int32) int32 {
+	if n < 2 {
+		return n
+	}
+	return fibGo(n-1) + fibGo(n-2)
+}
+
+// BenchmarkFib35 compares recursive fib(35) across six runtimes.
+// Each sub-benchmark creates its runtime and compiles its program once
+// outside the timed loop, then calls fib(35) b.N times.
+func BenchmarkFib35(b *testing.B) {
+	b.Run("native", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			fibGo(fibN)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("minivm", func(b *testing.B) {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		defer cancel()
+
+		prog := Fib(fibN)
+		i := interp.New(prog)
+		defer i.Close()
+
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			_ = i.Run(ctx)
+			i.Reset()
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("wazero", func(b *testing.B) {
+		ctx := context.Background()
+
+		r := wazero.NewRuntime(ctx)
+		defer r.Close(ctx)
+
+		mod, err := r.Instantiate(ctx, fibWasm)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		fib := mod.ExportedFunction("fib")
+
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			if _, err := fib.Call(ctx, api.EncodeI32(fibN)); err != nil {
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("tengo", func(b *testing.B) {
+		src := `
+fib := func(n) {
+    if n < 2 { return n }
+    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+}
+result := fib(35)
+`
+		s := tengo.NewScript([]byte(src))
+		compiled, err := s.Compile()
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			cloned := compiled.Clone()
+			if err := cloned.Run(); err != nil {
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("gopher_lua", func(b *testing.B) {
+		L := lua.NewState()
+		defer L.Close()
+
+		// Define fib as a global so it can call itself by name.
+		if err := L.DoString(`
+fib = function(n)
+    if n < 2 then return n end
+    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+end
+`); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		fibFn := L.GetGlobal("fib")
+
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			if err := L.CallByParam(lua.P{
+				Fn:      fibFn,
+				NRet:    1,
+				Protect: true,
+			}, lua.LNumber(fibN)); err != nil {
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			L.Pop(1)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("goja", func(b *testing.B) {
+		vm := goja.New()
+		p, err := goja.Compile("fib", strings.TrimSpace(`
+function fib(n) {
+    if (n < 2) return n;
+    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
+}
+`), true)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if _, err := vm.RunProgram(p); err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		fibFn, _ := goja.AssertFunction(vm.Get("fib"))
+
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			if _, err := fibFn(goja.Undefined(), vm.ToValue(fibN)); err != nil {
+				b.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/go.mod b/benchmarks/go.mod
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+module github.com/siyul-park/minivm/benchmarks
+
+go 1.26.2
+
+require (
+	github.com/d5/tengo/v2 v2.17.0
+	github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20260311135729-065cd970411c
+	github.com/siyul-park/minivm v0.0.0
+	github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.11.0
+	github.com/yuin/gopher-lua v1.1.2
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sourcemap/sourcemap v2.1.3+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.3.8 // indirect
+)
+
+replace github.com/siyul-park/minivm => ../
diff --git a/benchmarks/go.sum b/benchmarks/go.sum
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1 h1:RN9w6+7QoMeJVGyfmbcgs28Br8cvmnucEXnY0rYXWg0=
+github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1/go.mod h1:qvl/7zhW3nngYb5+80sSMF+FG2BjYrf8m9wsX0PNOMQ=
+github.com/d5/tengo/v2 v2.17.0 h1:BWUN9NoJzw48jZKiYDXDIF3QrIVZRm1uV1gTzeZ2lqM=
+github.com/d5/tengo/v2 v2.17.0/go.mod h1:XRGjEs5I9jYIKTxly6HCF8oiiilk5E/RYXOZ5b0DZC8=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4 h1:rPYF9/LECdNymJufQKmri9gV604RvvABwgOA8un7yAo=
+github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4/go.mod h1:DHkYz0B9wPfa6wondMfaivmHpzrQ3v9q8cnmRbL6yW8=
+github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20260311135729-065cd970411c h1:OcLmPfx1T1RmZVHHFwWMPaZDdRf0DBMZOFMVWJa7Pdk=
+github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20260311135729-065cd970411c/go.mod h1:MxLav0peU43GgvwVgNbLAj1s/bSGboKkhuULvq/7hx4=
+github.com/go-sourcemap/sourcemap v2.1.3+incompatible h1:W1iEw64niKVGogNgBN3ePyLFfuisuzeidWPMPWmECqU=
+github.com/go-sourcemap/sourcemap v2.1.3+incompatible/go.mod h1:F8jJfvm2KbVjc5NqelyYJmf/v5J0dwNLS2mL4sNA1Jg=
+github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 h1:4/hN5RUoecvl+RmJRE2YxKWtnnQls6rQjjW5oV7qg2U=
+github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904/go.mod h1:uglQLonpP8qtYCYyzA+8c/9qtqgA3qsXGYqCPKARAFg=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.11.0 h1:+gKemEuKCTevU4d7ZTzlsvgd1uaToIDtlQlmNbwqYhA=
+github.com/tetratelabs/wazero v1.11.0/go.mod h1:eV28rsN8Q+xwjogd7f4/Pp4xFxO7uOGbLcD/LzB1wiU=
+github.com/yuin/gopher-lua v1.1.2 h1:yF/FjE3hD65tBbt0VXLE13HWS9h34fdzJmrWRXwobGA=
+github.com/yuin/gopher-lua v1.1.2/go.mod h1:7aRmXIWl37SqRf0koeyylBEzJ+aPt8A+mmkQ4f1ntR8=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 h1:3yZWxaJjBmCWXqhN1qh02AkOnCQ1poK6oF+a7xWL6Gc=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.8 h1:nAL+RVCQ9uMn3vJZbV+MRnydTJFPf8qqY42YiA6MrqY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.8/go.mod h1:E6s5w1FMmriuDzIBO73fBruAKo1PCIq6d2Q6DHfQ8WQ=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
diff --git a/benchmarks/programs.go b/benchmarks/programs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Package bench provides reusable benchmark programs for minivm.
+//
+// This package is a separate Go module so that the main minivm packages carry
+// no dependency on benchmark infrastructure.
+package bench
+
+import (
+	"github.com/siyul-park/minivm/instr"
+	"github.com/siyul-park/minivm/program"
+	"github.com/siyul-park/minivm/types"
+)
+
+// Fib returns a program that computes fibonacci(n) via recursive descent.
+// The function is self-referential: it pushes itself via CONST_GET and calls
+// recursively.  fib(35) = 9_227_465 with ~29.8 M recursive calls.
+//
+// BR_IF operands are byte offsets from the branch instruction start, matching
+// the threaded compiler's encoding (see interp/threaded.go).
+func Fib(n int32) *program.Program {
+	fibFn := types.NewFunctionBuilder(&types.FunctionType{
+		Params:  []types.Type{types.TypeI32},
+		Returns: []types.Type{types.TypeI32},
+	}).Emit(
+		// if n < 2 { return n }
+		instr.New(instr.LOCAL_GET, 0),
+		instr.New(instr.I32_CONST, 2),
+		instr.New(instr.I32_LT_S),
+		instr.New(instr.BR_IF, 26), // jump forward 26 bytes to base-case LOCAL_GET
+		// return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+		instr.New(instr.LOCAL_GET, 0),
+		instr.New(instr.I32_CONST, 1),
+		instr.New(instr.I32_SUB),
+		instr.New(instr.CONST_GET, 0),
+		instr.New(instr.CALL),
+		instr.New(instr.LOCAL_GET, 0),
+		instr.New(instr.I32_CONST, 2),
+		instr.New(instr.I32_SUB),
+		instr.New(instr.CONST_GET, 0),
+		instr.New(instr.CALL),
+		instr.New(instr.I32_ADD),
+		instr.New(instr.RETURN),
+		// base case: return n
+		instr.New(instr.LOCAL_GET, 0),
+		instr.New(instr.RETURN),
+	).Build()
+
+	return program.New(
+		[]instr.Instruction{
+			instr.New(instr.I32_CONST, uint64(n)),
+			instr.New(instr.CONST_GET, 0),
+			instr.New(instr.CALL),
+		},
+		program.WithConstants(fibFn),
+	)
+}