import foo # foo imported and bound locally

import foo.bar.baz # foo.bar.baz imported, foo bound locally

import foo.bar.baz as fbb # foo.bar.baz imported and bound as fbb

from foo.bar import baz # foo.bar.baz imported and bound as baz

from foo import attr # foo imported and foo.attr bound as attr

from foo import bar, baz

from foo import (bar, baz)

#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

# import other scripts

import sys

sys.path # any modules in these paths can be imported

# import from current dir

# another.py

def foo(): print('foo')

def bar(): print('bar')

# main.py

import another # all

from another import * # ...

from another import foo # some

another.reload() # refresh cache

# import from other dirs

import sys

sys.path.insert(0, './foo/') # or .append('./foo')

import foo

# or

new_path = './foo/'

if new_path not in sys.path:

sys.path.append(new_path)

import foo

#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

# detect module invocation type

if __name__ == '__main__':

print('module executed directly')

else:

print('module imported')

#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

# name with spaces (avoid)

foo_bar = __import__('foo bar')

exec(open('foo bar.py', 'r').read()) # from foo_bar import *

import importlib

foo_bar = importlib.import_module('foo bar') # wrapper around __import__()

#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

# package (a dir that contains multiple modules)

# dir treated as pkg if contains `__init__.py`

# https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#packages

# https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html#packages

# __init__.py

# can be empty

__all__ = ['x','y'] # modules names to import when `from package import *`

# example

'''

foo/

__init__.py: null

a.py: aa = lambda i: i*2

bar/

__init__.py: null

b.py: bb = lambda i: i*3

baz/

__init__.py: __all__ = ['c','d']

c.py: cc = lambda i: i*4

d.py: dd = lambda i: i*5

'''

from foo.a import aa

aa(2) # 4

from bar.b import bb

bb(2) # 6

from baz import *

c.cc(2) # 8

d.dd(2) # 10

# see which names a module defines

dir() # this module

import math

dir(math)

# intra-package References

# https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#intra-package-references

# https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html#package-relative-imports

from .moduleY import spam

from .moduleY import spam as ham

from . import moduleY

from ..subpackage1 import moduleY

from ..subpackage2.moduleZ import eggs

from ..moduleA import foo

#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

# namespace package

# https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/guides/packaging-namespace-packages/

# setup.py

from setuptools import find_packages, setup # pip install setuptools

setup(

name='mypkg',

packages=find_packages(),

version='0.0.1',

description='foo',

author='bar',

license='MIT',

)

# pip install -e .

# or using `setup.cfg` file instead of passing args to `setup()`

# setup.cfg

'''

[metadata]

name='mypkg'

version='0.0.1'

description='foo'

author='bar'

license='MIT'

python_requires = ~=3.6 https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/#version-specifiers

'''# https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/references/keywords.html

setup(

packages=find_packages()

)

#@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@