tun

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "tun"
Languages (28)
English
Aromanian • Bambara • Dalmatian • Danish • Fula • German • Hausa • Hlai • Inari Sami • Javanese • Kemi Sami • Mandarin • Mapudungun • Megleno-Romanian • Middle English • Norman • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old English • Old French • Romanian • Romansch • Spanish • Swedish • Tetum • Uzbek • Welsh • Yámana
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English

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

From Middle English tunne, tonne (“cask, barrel”), from Old English tunne (“tun, cask, barrel”), from Proto-Germanic *tunnǭ, *tunnō (“tun, barrel, cask”), from Latin tunna, probably of Gaulish origin.

Cognate with North Frisian tenn (“tun, barrel, cask”), Dutch ton (“tun, barrel, cask”), German Tonne (“tun, barrel, drum”), Danish tønde (“barrel”), Swedish tunna (“barrel, cask, tun”), Icelandic tunna (“barrel”). Compare also Old French tonne, French tonneau (“ton, barrel”), Medieval Latin tunna (“cask”), Middle Irish tunna (“cask”), Welsh tynell (“tun, barrel”). It is uncertain whether the Germanic or the Celtic forms are the original.

Pronunciation

Noun

tun (plural tuns)

  1. A large cask; an oblong vessel bulging in the middle, like a pipe or puncheon, and girt with hoops; a wine cask. (See a diagram comparing cask sizes.)
  2. (brewing) A fermenting vat.
  3. (historical) A traditional unit of liquid measure equal to 252 wine gallons or 2 pipes.
    • 1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, page 205:
      Again, by 28 Hen. VIII, cap. 14, it is re-enacted that the tun of wine should contain 252 gallons, a butt of Malmsey 126 gallons, a pipe 126 gallons, a tercian or puncheon 84 gallons, a hogshead 63 gallons, a tierce 41 gallons, a barrel 31.5 gallons, a rundlet 18.5 gallons.
  4. Synonym of long ton: a unit of mass equal to 2240 pounds, 20 hundredweights of 112 pounds avoirdupois each.
  5. (figurative) Synonym of ton: any extremely or excessively large amount.
    • 1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:
      He therefore sends you, meeter for your spirit, / This tun of treasure; and, in lieu of this, / Desires you let the dukedoms that you claim / Hear no more of you.
    • 1682, John Dryden, Mac Flecknoe, lines 195–196:
      A Tun of Man in thy Large bulk is writ, / But sure thou'rt but a Kilderkin of wit.
  6. (archaic, humorous or derogatory) Synonym of drunkard: a person who drinks excessively.
  7. Any shell belonging to Tonna and allied genera.
  8. The cryptobiotic state of a tardigrade, when its metabolism is temporarily suspended.
Derived terms
Translations

Verb

tun (third-person singular simple present tuns, present participle tunning, simple past and past participle tunned)

  1. (transitive) To put into tuns, or casks.
    • 1843, Mary Holland, The Complete Economical Cook, and Frugal Housewife‎[1], 14th edition, page 407:
      Strong beer that is brewed in small quantities, and ale, whatever the quantity may be, should be tunned the second day after brewing; and small beer should be tunned as soon as it has fairly taken the yeast

Etymology 2

From Mayan. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Noun

tun (plural tuns or tunob)

  1. A part of the ancient Maya Long Count Calendar system which corresponds to 18 winal cycles or 360 days.

See also

Anagrams

Aromanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Latin tonō. Compare Romanian tuna, tun.

Verb

tun first-singular present indicative (past participle tunatã)

  1. to thunder

Bambara

Adverb

tun

  1. again

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin tonus, from Ancient Greek τόνος (tónos). Compare Italian tuono, Friulian ton, Catalan tro, Romansch tun, tung, Romanian tun, tunet, Spanish trueno.

Noun

tun m

  1. thunderclap, thunder

Danish

Danish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia da

Etymology 1

A contraction of tunfisk, from German Thunfisch (“tuna”), from Latin thunnus, from Ancient Greek θύννος (thúnnos).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tuːn/, [tˢuːˀn]

Noun

tun c (singular definite tunen, plural indefinite tun)

  1. tuna
  2. tuna fish
  3. tun
Inflection
Declension of tun
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative tun tunen tun tunene
genitive tuns tunens tuns tunenes

Etymology 2

From Old Norse tún, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tuːn/, [tˢuːˀn]

Noun

tun n (singular definite tunet, plural indefinite tun)

  1. (dated) An enclosed piece of ground.
Inflection
Declension of tun
neuter
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative tun tunet tun tunene
genitive tuns tunets tuns tunenes

Etymology 3

See tune.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tuːn/, [tˢuːˀn]

Verb

tun

  1. imperative of tune

Fula

Alternative forms

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

tun

  1. (Pular) only

Usage notes

  • Other varieties of Fula use tan.

Adverb

tun

  1. (Pular) only

Usage notes

  • Other varieties of Fula use tan.

References

German

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle High German tuon, from Old High German tuon, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, set, place”). Cognate with English do.

Pronunciation

Verb

tun (irregular, third-person singular present tut, past tense tat, past participle getan, past subjunctive täte, auxiliary haben)

  1. To do (to perform or execute an action).
    Synonym: machen
    Tu es! ― Do it!
    Man tut, was man kann. ― One does what one can.
    Er tat das, was man ihm gesagt hat. ― He did as he was told.
    Das einzige, was er je tat, war arbeiten. ― The only thing he ever did was work.
  2. [with dative] To do something (positive or negative) to someone.
    Synonym: antun
    Der tut Ihnen nichts! ― He won't hurt you! (said for example about a dog)
    Mein Mann hat mir so viel Gutes getan. ― My husband has done me so much good.
  3. (reflexive, with an indefinite pronoun) To make a difference; to be different.
    Synonym: unterscheiden
    Tut sich das viel? ― Does that make much of a difference?
    Die beiden Kameras tun sich nichts. ― The two cameras are no different [i.e. neither better than the other].
  4. (somewhat informal, with “so” or “als ob”) To fake; to feign; to pretend.
    Synonyms: vortäuschen, täuschen, vorgeben
    Er hat nur so getan. ― He just faked it.
    Er tut, als ob er nichts wüsste. ― He pretends to know nothing.
  5. (chiefly colloquial) To put, to place, to add.
    Synonyms: setzen, legen, stellen, platzieren, hinzufügen
    Tu das hier rein. ― Put it in here.
    Ich würde noch was Salz an die Kartoffeln tun. ― I would add some more salt to the potatoes.
    • 2017, Simone Meier, Fleisch, Kein & Aber, page 27:
      » Ich finds eklig, wenn du die Butter am Morgen nicht direkt aufs Brot streichst, sondern immer zuerst auf einen Teller tust. «
      I find it disgusting when you don't spread your butter straight on to your bread in the morning, but always put it on the plate first.
  6. (chiefly colloquial, with “es”) To work, to function.
    Synonym: funktionieren
    Die Uhr tut’s nicht mehr. ― The clock doesn’t work anymore.
  7. (chiefly colloquial, but acceptable in writing) Used with the preceding infinitive of another verb to emphasise this verb
    Er singt immer noch gern, aber tanzen tut er gar nicht mehr.
    He still loves singing, but as to dancing, he doesn't do that anymore at all.
  8. (colloquial, nonstandard) Used with the following infinitive of another verb, often to emphasise the statement
    Ich tu doch zuhören! ― I am listening! (as a response to the reproach that one is not)
    Ich tu das jetzt mal aufräumen. ― I’m cleaning this up now.
  9. (colloquial, nonstandard) Used in the past subjunctive with the infinitive of another verb to form the conditional tense (instead of standard würde)
    Ich tät mir das noch mal überlegen. ― I would think about that again.

Usage notes

  • The verb tun in the sense of “to perform” is not used in combination with nouns. This function is covered by the verb machen: ich mache Sport, wir machen ein Spiel, er macht die Wäsche (“I do sport, we do a game, he does the laundry”). The same is true with pronouns that represent such nouns: Wer macht die Wäsche? – Ich mache sie. (“Who does the laundry? – I do it.”) It is usually ungrammatical to use tun in sentences like these.
Tun is only used with pronouns that represent actions as a whole: Was tust du? (“What are you doing?”) Ich tue viel für die Umwelt. (“I do a lot for the environment.”) Er tut alles, was sie sagt. (“He does everything she says.”)
  • (colloquial, nonstandard): The use of do-support is a feature of several dialects and minority languages in Germany. In the standard language, it is most established along the Rhine. It is somewhat more acceptable when used for emphasis (as in the example with zuhören above), but is otherwise often regarded as illiterate (as in the example with aufräumen). This latter usage is generally associated with lower socio-economic status.

Conjugation

Conjugation of tun (irregular, auxiliary haben)
infinitive tun
present participle tuend
past participle getan
auxiliary haben
indicative subjunctive
singular plural singular plural
present ich tue wir tun i ich tue wir tuen
du tust ihr tut du tuest ihr tuet
er tut sie tun er tue sie tuen
preterite ich tat wir taten ii ich täte wir täten
du tatest
du tatst 		ihr tatet du tätest ihr tätet
er tat sie taten er täte sie täten
imperative tu (du)
tue (du) 		tut (ihr)
Composed forms of tun (irregular, auxiliary haben)
perfect
singular plural singular plural
indicative ich habe getan wir haben getan subjunctive ich habe getan wir haben getan
du hast getan ihr habt getan du habest getan ihr habet getan
er hat getan sie haben getan er habe getan sie haben getan
pluperfect
indicative ich hatte getan wir hatten getan subjunctive ich hätte getan wir hätten getan
du hattest getan ihr hattet getan du hättest getan ihr hättet getan
er hatte getan sie hatten getan er hätte getan sie hätten getan
future i
infinitive tun werden subjunctive i ich werde tun wir werden tun
du werdest tun ihr werdet tun
er werde tun sie werden tun
indicative ich werde tun wir werden tun subjunctive ii ich würde tun wir würden tun
du wirst tun ihr werdet tun du würdest tun ihr würdet tun
er wird tun sie werden tun er würde tun sie würden tun
future ii
infinitive getan haben werden subjunctive i ich werde getan haben wir werden getan haben
du werdest getan haben ihr werdet getan haben
er werde getan haben sie werden getan haben
indicative ich werde getan haben wir werden getan haben subjunctive ii ich würde getan haben wir würden getan haben
du wirst getan haben ihr werdet getan haben du würdest getan haben ihr würdet getan haben
er wird getan haben sie werden getan haben er würde getan haben sie würden getan haben
  • The 1st person singular present indicative may also be (ich) tu.

Derived terms

Further reading

  • “tun” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
  • “tun” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
  • “tun” in OpenThesaurus.de
  • “tun” in Duden online
  • “tun” in Duden online

Hausa

Pronunciation

Preposition

tun

  1. since, ever since

Hlai

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hlai *tʰun (“language”), from Pre-Hlai *tun (Norquest, 2015).

Noun

tun

  1. speech; words; language
  2. folk song
  3. dispute; controversy

Etymology 2

From Proto-Hlai *tʰu[n/ɲ] (“to reap”), from Pre-Hlai *tu[n/ɲ] (Norquest, 2015).

Verb

tun

  1. To reap.

Inari Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *tonë.

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Pronoun

tun (genitive tuu)

  1. you (singular)

See also

Inari Sami personal pronouns
singular dual plural
1st person mun muoi mij
2nd person tun tuoi tij
3rd person sun suoi sij

Further reading

  • tun in Marja-Liisa Olthuis, Taarna Valtonen, Miina Seurujärvi and Trond Trosterud (2015–2022) Nettidigisäänih Anarâškiela-suomakielâ-anarâškielâ sänikirje‎[2], Tromsø: UiT
  • Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎[3], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Javanese

Alternative forms

Javanese writing system
Carakan ꦠꦸꦤ꧀
Pegon
Roman tun (standard), toen (outdated)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Javanese tun (“desire, love, attach”).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tʊn/
  • Hyphenation: tun

Noun

tun

  1. desire

Kemi Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *tonë.

Compare Inari Sami tun and Skolt Sami ton.

Pronoun

tun (genitive tu)

  1. thou, you
    • 1889, A. Genetz, Journal de la Société finno-ougrienne (VII), Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Kirjapainossa, page 116:
      Kulnaſaſz, niraſam, kätze, åinakåſz tun ſu salm.
      Kulnasasz, my reindeer, look: do you see her eyes?

Mandarin

Romanization

tun

  1. Nonstandard spelling of tūn.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of tún.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of tǔn.
  4. Nonstandard spelling of tùn.

Usage notes

  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Mapudungun

Verb

tun (Raguileo spelling)

  1. To catch.

Conjugation

Positive conjugation of tun (see also Appendix:Mapudungun verbs)
Infinitive1 tuael
Root tu-
Tense particles
(See particles) 		-a- (future tense)
-pe- (past tense)
-fu- (distant past tense)
person singular dual plural
first second third first second third first second third
Realis mood iñce eymi fey iñciw eymu feygu iñciñ eymvn feygvn
present tun tuymi tuy tuyu tuymu tuygu tuyiñ tuymvn tuygvn
past tupen tupeymi tupe tupeyu tupeymu tupeygu tupeyiñ tupeymvn tupeygvn
distant past tufun tufuymi tufu tufuyu tufuymu tufuygu tufuyiñ tufuymvn tufuygvn
future tuan tuaymi tuay tuayu tuaymu tuaygu tuayiñ tuaymvn tuaygvn
Conditional mood iñce eymi fey iñciw eymu feygu iñciñ eymvn feygvn
present tuli tulimi tule tuliyu tulimu tule egu tuliyiñ tulimvn tule egvn
Volitive mood iñce eymi fey iñciw eymu feygu iñciñ eymvn feygvn
present tuci tuge tupe tuyu tumu tupe egu tuyiñ tumvn tupe egvn
Negative conjugation of tun
Infinitive1 tunoael
Tense particles
(See particles) 		-a- (future tense)
-pe- (past tense)
-fu- (distant past tense)
person singular dual plural
first second third first second third first second third
Realis mood iñce eymi fey iñciw eymu feygu iñciñ eymvn feygvn
present tulan tulaymi tulay tulayu tulaymu tulaygu tulayiñ tulaymvn tulaygvn
past tulapen tulapeymi tulapey tulapeyu tulapeymu tulapeygu tulapeyiñ tulapeymvn tulapeygvn
distant past tulafun tulafuymi tulafuy tulafuyu tulafuymu tulafuygu tulafuyiñ tulafuymvn tulafuygvn
future tulayan tulayaymi tulayay tulayayu tulayaymu tulayaygu tulayayiñ tulayaymvn tulayaygvn
Conditional mood iñce eymi fey iñciw eymu feygu iñciñ eymvn feygvn
present tunoli tunolimi tunole tunoliyu tunolimu tunole egu tunoliyiñ tunolimvn tunole egvn
Volitive mood iñce eymi fey iñciw eymu feygu iñciñ eymvn feygvn
present tukilci tukilge tukilpe tukilyu tukilmu tukilpe egu tukilyiñ tukilmvn tukilpe egvn
1Only usable with free personal pronouns.

Megleno-Romanian

Etymology

From Latin tonō.[1] Compare Romanian tuna, tun.

Verb

tun

  1. thunder

References

  • Atasanov, Petar (1990) Le mégléno-roumain de nos jours: Une approche linguistique, Hamburg: Buske
  1. ^ https://www.dex.ro/tuna

Middle English

Noun

tun

  1. Alternative form of toun

Norman

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

tun m (plural tuns)

  1. (Jersey) tuft

Synonyms

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse tún. Akin to English town.

Pronunciation

Noun

tun n (definite singular tunet, indefinite plural tun, definite plural tuna)

  1. courtyard, front yard (the area in front of, around or between houses, particularly on a farm)
    • 1996, Jon Fosse, Nokon kjem til å komme:
      I tunet framfor eit gammalt ganske forfallent hus […]
      In the front yard in front of an old, rather dilapidated house […]
  2. farmstead (a collection of buildings and the area between them on a farm)

References

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną (“enclosure”).

Pronunciation

Noun

tūn m

  1. an enclosed piece of ground, an enclosure or garden
  2. the enclosed ground belonging to an individual dwelling
  3. the group of houses on an area of enclosed land, a homestead
  4. a village or town

Declension

Declension of tūn (strong a-stem)
Case Singular Plural
nominative tūn tūnas
accusative tūn tūnas
genitive tūnes tūna
dative tūne tūnum

Derived terms

  • dūn (“hill, mountain”)

Descendants

Old French

Pronoun

tun m (feminine ta)

  1. (Anglo-Norman) your (second-person singular possessive pronoun)

Synonyms

  • vostre (second-person plural form)

Romanian

Etymology

Inherited from Latin tonus (the original meaning being "thunderclap", as with the Romance cognates). See also the doublet ton (“tone”), borrowed through French.

Pronunciation

Noun

tun n (plural tunuri)

  1. cannon
  2. (archaic, popular) thunderclap

Romansch

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Latin tonus.

Noun

tun m

  1. sound
  2. thunder

Spanish

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

tun m (plural tunes)

  1. a Pre-Hispanic percussion instrument from Guatemala, consisting of a hollow wooden block with slits in the sides

Further reading

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse tún, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”). Cognate with Danish tun (“enclosed area”), Icelandic tún (“hayfield”), Norwegian Nynorsk tun (“farmstead; courtyard”), English town, German Zaun (“fence”), German Low German Tuun (“fence”), Dutch tuin (“garden”).

Noun

tun n

  1. (archaic, dialectal) courtyard (an area surrounded by buildings)

Declension

Declension of tun
nominative genitive
singular indefinite tun tuns
definite tunet tunets
plural indefinite tun tuns
definite tunen tunens

Noun

tun c

  1. (Gotland) fence

Declension

Declension of tun
nominative genitive
singular indefinite tun tuns
definite tunen tunens
plural indefinite tunar tunars
definite tunarna tunarnas

Derived terms

Tetum

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuRun, compare Malay turun.

Verb

tun

  1. To descend.

Uzbek

Other scripts
Yangi Imlo تۇن
Cyrillic тун‍
Latin tun‍
Perso-Arabic
(Afghanistan) 		تون

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /tʊn/, [t̪ʰʊn]
  • Hyphenation: tun

Noun

tun (plural tunlar)

  1. night

Declension

Declension of tun
singular plural
nominative tun tunlar
genitive tunning tunlarning
dative tunga tunlarga
definite accusative tunni tunlarni
locative tunda tunlarda
ablative tundan tunlardan
similative tundek tunlardek
Possessive forms of tun
my singular plural
nominative tunim tunlarim
genitive tunimning tunlarimning
dative tunimga tunlarimga
definite accusative tunimni tunlarimni
locative tunimda tunlarimda
ablative tunimdan tunlarimdan
similative tunimdek tunlarimdek
your singular plural
nominative tuning tunlaring
genitive tuningning tunlaringning
dative tuningga tunlaringga
definite accusative tuningni tunlaringni
locative tuningda tunlaringda
ablative tuningdan tunlaringdan
similative tuningdek tunlaringdek
her/his/its singular plural
nominative tuni tunlari
genitive tunining tunlarining
dative tuniga tunlariga
definite accusative tunini tunlarini
locative tunida tunlarida
ablative tunidan tunlaridan
similative tunidek tunlaridek
our singular plural
nominative tunimiz tunlarimiz
genitive tunimizning tunlarimizning
dative tunimizga tunlarimizga
definite accusative tunimizni tunlarimizni
locative tunimizda tunlarimizda
ablative tunimizdan tunlarimizdan
similative tunimizdek tunlarimizdek
your singular plural
nominative tuningiz tunlaringiz
genitive tuningizning tunlaringizning
dative tuningizga tunlaringizga
definite accusative tuningizni tunlaringizni
locative tuningizda tunlaringizda
ablative tuningizdan tunlaringizdan
similative tuningizdek tunlaringizdek
their singular plural
nominative tuni tunlari
genitive tunining tunlarining
dative tuniga tunlariga
definite accusative tunini tunlarini
locative tunida tunlarida
ablative tunidan tunlaridan similative tunidek tunlaridek

Derived terms

Welsh

Chemical element
Sn
Previous: indiwm (In)
Next: antimoni (Sb)
Welsh Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia cy
Defnyn o dun tawdd
Tun gwag

Alternative forms

Etymology

From English tin, from Middle English tin, from Old English tin, from Proto-West Germanic *tin, from Proto-Germanic *tiną.

Pronunciation

Usage notes

Despite being a single syllable word ending in un, the vowel in this borrowed word is short due as in the donor language. This stands in contrast to native words and earlier borrowings which are spelt the same vowel-consonant combination but contain long vowels, such as bun, clun, hun and llun.

Noun

tun m (plural tuniau or tunnau)

  1. tin (metal)
    Synonyms: alcam, ystaen
  2. tin (metal container), tin can
    Synonym: can

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of tun
radical soft nasal aspirate
tun dun nhun thun

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “tun”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yámana

Noun

tun

  1. tooth
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