List of appointed United States senators
This article lists all appointed United States senators since the 1913 ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which established the direct election of senators, as well as means of filling vacant Senate seats.[1]
Text of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
[edit]The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.[1]
Gubernatorial appointment governing Senate vacancies
[edit] Filled by gubernatorial appointment until next statewide election
Filled by gubernatorial appointment until next statewide election, requires appointee from same party as the previous incumbent
Filled by gubernatorial appointment, followed by proximate special election
No gubernatorial appointments, filled by proximate special election
Filling vacancies by special election
[edit]The following states require Senate vacancies to be filled only by elections and do not allow state governors to fill them through appointments.[2]
Filling vacancies by gubernatorial appointment followed by a proximate special election
[edit]The following 8 states allow state governors to fill Senate vacancies through appointments. However, a special election must be held within a few months of the vacancy.[2]
Filling vacancies by gubernatorial appointment through the next election
[edit]The following 38 states allow state governors to fill Senate vacancies through appointments. An appointed senator may serve out the balance of the term or until after the next statewide general election.[2]
- Alabama
- Arizona[note 1]
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii[note 2]
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky[note 1]
- Maine
- Maryland[note 1]
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Missouri
- Montana[note 2]
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina[note 1]
- Ohio
- Oklahoma[note 1]
- Pennsylvania
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Utah[note 1]
- Virginia
- West Virginia[note 2]
- Wyoming[note 1]
Appointments of senators-elect to the Senate
[edit]In the past, retiring or defeated senators often resigned after the general election but before the expiration of their term due to various reasons.
One of the common reason was to allow state governors to appoint their successors to the vacated seat. This enabled their successors to gain extra seniority over other freshmen senators for the purposes of obtaining choice committee assignments. This practice ended in 1980 after both parties established new party rules that no longer gave seniority to senators who entered Congress early by being appointed to fill the vacancy just before the end of a Congress. Seniority still counted in obtaining choice of office and parking space assignments.[3][4]
In the election years of 1966, 1974 and 1978, changes to pension laws made it advantageous for senators to resign before December 31, rather than wait until their term expired in early January, contributing to the increase in the number of appointed senators.[5]
In addition, 3 senators died after the election of their successors, allowing their successors to be appointed and take office early.[6]
- Joseph M. McCormick (Illinois)
- James J. Couzens (Michigan)
- Philip Hart (Michigan)
Number of appointed senators since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment
[edit]There have been a total of 242 senators appointed to the United States Senate since the 1913 ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, including 200 appointments made before the next scheduled or special election and 42 appointments made of senators-elect who have already been elected to the seat.
| State | Appointment made | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before election | After election | ||
| 6 | 1 | 7 | |
| 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 3 | 0 | 3 | |
| 7 | 4 | 11 | |
| 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| 3 | 0 | 3 | |
| 3 | 1 | 4 | |
| 4 | 2 | 6 | |
| 6 | 0 | 6 | |
| 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 6 | 1 | 7 | |
| 3 | 0 | 3 | |
| 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| 2 | 0 | 2 | |
| 4 | 1 | 5 | |
| 8 | 2 | 10 | |
| 4 | 1 | 5 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5 | 1 | 6 | |
| 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| 7 | 1 | 8 | |
| 3 | 1 | 4 | |
| 5 | 3 | 8 | |
| 3 | 1 | 4 | |
| 7 | 2 | 9 | |
| 5 | 1 | 6 | |
| 5 | 2 | 7 | |
| 9 | 1 | 10 | |
| 5 | 0 | 5 | |
| 3 | 0 | 3 | |
| 7 | 0 | 7 | |
| 4 | 1 | 5 | |
| 5 | 3 | 8 | |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 4 | 1 | 5 | |
| 5 | 0 | 5 | |
| 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| 8 | 1 | 9 | |
| 3 | 1 | 4 | |
| 5 | 0 | 5 | |
| 4 | 1 | 5 | |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5 | 0 | 5 | |
| 4 | 2 | 6 | |
| 3 | 3 | 6 | |
| 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 5 | 1 | 6 | |
| Total | 199 | 42 | 241 |
List of individuals appointed to the Senate
[edit]The following is a list of individuals appointed to the Senate preceding an election. Only appointments made after the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, which established the direct election of senators, are included. The Senate Historical Office does not maintain records of senators who were appointed before the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment.[7]
For a list of senators-elect appointed to the Senate after being elected, see List of senators-elect appointed to the Senate.
Key
| Currently serving |
| State (Class) | Appointee[7] | Tenure of appointee serving within the unexpired term[note 1] | Electoral history of appointee | Appointed by | Original senator | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Term start[note 2] | Term end | Tenure | Immediate election following appointment | Elections won | |||||
| Georgia (Class 2) |
William Stanley West (D) | March 2, 1914 | November 3, 1914 | 246 days | Did not seek election. | – | John M. Slaton (D) | Augustus Octavius Bacon (D) | [8] |
| Kentucky (Class 3) |
Johnson N. Camden Jr. (D) | June 16, 1914 | March 4, 1915 | 261 days | Elected in the 1914 special election. | 1914 (Special) | James B. McCreary (D) | William O'Connell Bradley (R) | [9] |
| Indiana (Class 3) |
Thomas Taggart (D) | March 20, 1916 | November 7, 1916 | 232 days | Defeated in the 1916 special election. | – | Samuel M. Ralston (D) | Benjamin F. Shively (D) | [10] |
| Oregon (Class 2) |
Charles L. McNary (R) | May 29, 1917 | November 5, 1918 | 1 year, 160 days | Did not run in the 1918 special election but was elected in the 1918 election held on the same day. |
1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 |
James Withycombe (R) | Harry Lane (D) | [11] |
| Nevada (Class 3) |
Charles Henderson (D) | January 12, 1918 | March 4, 1921 | 3 years, 51 days | Elected in the 1918 special election. | 1918 (Special) | Emmet D. Boyle (D) | Francis G. Newlands (D) | [12] |
| Idaho (Class 3) |
John F. Nugent (D) | January 22, 1918 | January 14, 1921 | 2 years, 358 days | Elected in the 1918 special election. | 1918 (Special) | Moses Alexander (D) | James H. Brady (R) | [13] |
| New Jersey (Class 2) |
David Baird Sr. (R) | February 23, 1918 | March 4, 1919 | 1 year, 9 days | Elected in the 1918 special election. | 1918 (Special) | Walter Evans Edge (R) | William Hughes (D) | [14] |
| Louisiana (Class 3) |
Walter Guion (D) | April 22, 1918 | November 5, 1918 | 197 days | Did not seek election. | – | Ruffin Pleasant (D) | Robert F. Broussard (D) | [15] |
| Missouri (Class 3) |
Xenophon P. Wilfley (D) | April 30, 1918 | November 5, 1918 | 189 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1918 special election. | – | Frederick D. Gardner (D) | William J. Stone (D) | [16] |
| South Carolina (Class 2) |
Christie Benet (D) | July 6, 1918 | November 5, 1918 | 122 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1918 special election. | – | Richard Irvine Manning III (D) | Benjamin Tillman (D) | [17] |
| New Hampshire (Class 3) |
Irving W. Drew (R) | September 2, 1918 | November 5, 1918 | 64 days | Did not seek election. | – | Henry W. Keyes (R) | Jacob Harold Gallinger (R) | [18] |
| Kentucky (Class 2) |
George B. Martin (D) | September 7, 1918 | March 4, 1919 | 178 days | Did not seek election. | – | Augustus Owsley Stanley (D) | Ollie Murray James (D) | [19] |
| Virginia (Class 2) |
Carter Glass (D) | February 2, 1920 | March 4, 1925 | 5 years, 30 days | Elected in the 1920 special election. | 1920 (Special) 1924 1930 1936 1942 |
Westmoreland Davis (D) | Thomas S. Martin (D) | [20] |
| Alabama (Class 2) |
B. B. Comer (D) | March 5, 1920 | November 2, 1920 | 242 days | Did not seek election. | – | Thomas Kilby (D) | John H. Bankhead (D) | [21] |
| New Mexico (Class 2) |
Holm O. Bursum (R) | March 11, 1921 | March 4, 1925 | 3 years, 358 days | Elected in the 1921 special election. | 1921 (Special) | Merritt C. Mechem (R) | Albert B. Fall (R) | [22] |
| Delaware (Class 1) |
T. Coleman du Pont (R) | July 7, 1921 | November 7, 1922 | 1 year, 123 days | Defeated in the 1922 special election. | 1924 | William D. Denney (R) | Josiah O. Wolcott (D) | [23] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) |
William E. Crow (R) | October 24, 1921 | August 2, 1922 | 282 days | Died in office. | – | William Cameron Sproul (R) | Philander C. Knox (R) | [24] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 3) |
George W. Pepper (R) | January 9, 1922 | March 4, 1927 | 5 years, 54 days | Elected in the 1922 special election. | 1922 (Special) | William Cameron Sproul (R) | Boies Penrose (R) | [25] |
| Iowa (Class 2) |
Charles A. Rawson (R) | February 24, 1922 | November 7, 1922 | 256 days | Did not seek election. | – | Nathan E. Kendall (R) | William S. Kenyon (R) | [26] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) |
David A. Reed (R) | August 8, 1922 | March 4, 1923 | 208 days | Elected in the 1922 special election. | 1922 (Special) 1922 1928 |
William Cameron Sproul (R) | William E. Crow (R)[note 3] | [27] |
| Georgia (Class 3) |
Rebecca Latimer Felton (D) | October 3, 1922 | November 22, 1922 | 50 days | Did not seek election. | – | Thomas W. Hardwick (D) | Thomas E. Watson (D) | [28] |
| Michigan (Class 2) |
James J. Couzens (R) | November 29, 1922 | March 4, 1925 | 2 years, 95 days | Elected in the 1924 election. | 1924 1930 |
Alex J. Groesbeck (R) | Truman Handy Newberry (R) | [29] |
| Colorado (Class 3) |
Alva B. Adams (D) | May 17, 1923 | November 30, 1924 | 1 year, 197 days | Did not run in the 1924 special election and was defeated in the 1924 election. |
1932 1938 |
William Ellery Sweet (D) | Samuel D. Nicholson (R) | [30] |
| Massachusetts (Class 1) |
William M. Butler (R) | November 13, 1924 | December 6, 1926 | 2 years, 23 days | Defeated in the 1926 special election. | – | Channing H. Cox (R) | Henry Cabot Lodge (R) | [31] |
| Missouri (Class 3) |
George Howard Williams (R) | May 25, 1925 | December 5, 1926 | 1 year, 194 days | Defeated in the 1926 special election. | – | Sam Aaron Baker (R) | Selden P. Spencer (R) | [32] |
| Indiana (Class 1) |
Arthur Raymond Robinson (R) | October 20, 1925 | March 4, 1929 | 3 years, 135 days | Elected in the 1926 special election. | 1926 (Special) 1928 |
Edward L. Jackson (R) | Samuel M. Ralston (D) | [33] |
| North Dakota (Class 3) |
Gerald Nye (R) | November 14, 1925 | March 4, 1927 | 1 year, 110 days | Elected in the 1926 special election. | 1926 (Special) 1926 1932 1938 |
Arthur G. Sorlie (NPL) | Edwin F. Ladd (R) | [34] |
| Iowa (Class 3) |
David W. Stewart (R) | August 7, 1926 | March 4, 1927 | 209 days | Elected in the 1926 special election. | 1926 (Special) | John Hammill (R) | Albert B. Cummins (R) | [35] |
| New Mexico (Class 1) |
Bronson M. Cutting (R) | December 29, 1927 | December 6, 1928 | 343 days | Did not run in the 1928 special election but was elected in the 1928 election held on the same day. |
1928 1934 |
Richard C. Dillon (R) | Andrieus A. Jones (D) | [36] |
| Michigan (Class 1) |
Arthur Vandenberg (R) | March 31, 1928 | March 4, 1929 | 338 days | Elected in the 1928 special election. | 1928 (Special) 1928 1934 1940 1946 |
Fred W. Green (R) | Woodbridge N. Ferris (D) | [37] |
| Ohio (Class 3) |
Cyrus Locher (D) | April 4, 1928 | December 14, 1928 | 254 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1928 special election. | – | A. Victor Donahey (D) | Frank B. Willis (R) | [38] |
| Idaho (Class 3) |
John Thomas (R) | June 30, 1928 | March 4, 1933 | 4 years, 247 days | Elected in the 1928 special election. | 1928 (Special) 1940 (Special) 1942 |
H. C. Baldridge (R) | Frank R. Gooding (R) | [39] |
| Delaware (Class 2) |
Daniel O. Hastings (R) | December 10, 1928 | March 4, 1931 | 2 years, 84 days | Elected in the 1930 special election. | 1930 (Special) 1930 |
Robert P. Robinson (R) | T. Coleman du Pont (R) | [40] |
| Kansas (Class 3) |
Henry Justin Allen (R) | April 1, 1929 | November 30, 1930 | 1 year, 243 days | Defeated in the 1930 special election. | – | Clyde M. Reed (R) | Charles Curtis (R) | [41] |
| Tennessee (Class 2) |
William Emerson Brock (D) | September 2, 1929 | March 4, 1931 | 1 year, 183 days | Did not seek election. | – | Henry Hollis Horton (D) | Lawrence Tyson (D) | [42] |
| Ohio (Class 3) |
Roscoe C. McCulloch (R) | November 5, 1929 | November 30, 1930 | 1 year, 25 days | Defeated in the 1930 special election. | – | Myers Y. Cooper (R) | Theodore E. Burton (R) | [43] |
| New Jersey (Class 2) |
David Baird Jr. (R) | November 30, 1929 | December 2, 1930 | 1 year, 2 days | Did not seek election. | – | Morgan Foster Larson (R) | Walter Evans Edge (R) | [44] |
| Wyoming (Class 2) |
Patrick Joseph Sullivan (R) | December 5, 1929 | November 20, 1930 | 350 days | Did not seek election. | – | Frank Emerson (R) | Francis E. Warren (R) | [45] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 3) |
Joseph R. Grundy (R) | December 11, 1929 | December 1, 1930 | 355 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1930 special election. | – | John Stuchell Fisher (R) | William Scott Vare (R)[note 4] | [46] |
| Kentucky (Class 2) |
John M. Robsion (R) | January 11, 1930 | November 30, 1930 | 323 days | Defeated in the 1930 special election. | – | Flem D. Sampson (R) | Frederic M. Sackett (R) | [47] |
| North Carolina (Class 3) |
Cameron A. Morrison (D) | December 13, 1930 | December 4, 1932 | 1 year, 357 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1932 special election. | – | Oliver Max Gardner (D) | Lee Slater Overman (D) | [48] |
| Vermont (Class 1) |
Frank C. Partridge (R) | December 23, 1930 | March 31, 1931 | 98 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1931 special election. | – | John E. Weeks (R) | Frank L. Greene (R) | [49] |
| Arkansas (Class 3) |
Hattie Wyatt Caraway (D) | November 13, 1931 | March 4, 1933 | 1 year, 111 days | Elected in the 1932 special election. | 1932 (Special) 1932 1938 |
Harvey Parnell (D) | Thaddeus H. Caraway (D) | [50] |
| New Jersey (Class 2) |
William Warren Barbour (R) | December 1, 1931 | March 4, 1933 | 1 year, 93 days | Elected in the 1932 special election. | 1932 (Special) 1938 (Special) 1940 |
Morgan Foster Larson (R) | Dwight Morrow (R) | [51] |
| Georgia (Class 2) |
John S. Cohen (D) | April 25, 1932 | January 11, 1933 | 261 days | Did not seek election. | – | Richard Russell Jr. (D) | William J. Harris (D) | [52] |
| Colorado (Class 3) |
Walter Walker (D) | September 26, 1932 | December 6, 1932 | 71 days | Defeated in the 1932 special election. | – | Billy Adams (D) | Charles W. Waterman (R) | [53] |
| Washington (Class 3) |
Elijah S. Grammer (R) | November 22, 1932 | March 4, 1933 | 102 days | Did not seek election. | – | Roland H. Hartley (R) | Wesley Livsey Jones (R) | [54] |
| Tennessee (Class 2) |
Nathan L. Bachman (D) | February 28, 1933 | January 3, 1937 | 3 years, 310 days | Elected in the 1934 special election. | 1934 (Special) 1936 |
Hill McAlister (D) | Cordell Hull (D) | [55] |
| Virginia (Class 1) |
Harry F. Byrd (D) | March 4, 1933 | January 3, 1935 | 1 year, 305 days | Elected in the 1933 special election. | 1933 (Special) 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 |
John Garland Pollard (D) | Claude A. Swanson (D) | [56] |
| Montana (Class 2) |
John E. Erickson (D) | March 13, 1933 | November 6, 1934 | 1 year, 238 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1934 special election. | – | Frank Henry Cooney (D) | Thomas J. Walsh (D) | [57] |
| Nebraska (Class 1) |
William Henry Thompson (D) | May 24, 1933 | November 6, 1934 | 1 year, 166 days | Did not seek election. | – | Charles W. Bryan (D) | Robert B. Howell (R) | [58] |
| New Mexico (Class 2) |
Carl Hatch (D) | October 10, 1933 | January 3, 1937 | 3 years, 85 days | Elected in the 1934 special election. | 1934 (Special) 1936 1942 |
Andrew W. Hockenhull (D) | Sam G. Bratton (D) | [59] |
| Vermont (Class 3) |
Ernest Willard Gibson (R) | November 21, 1933 | January 3, 1939 | 5 years, 43 days | Elected in the 1934 special election. | 1934 (Special) 1938 |
Stanley C. Wilson (R) | Porter H. Dale (R) | [60] |
| Wyoming (Class 1) |
Joseph C. O'Mahoney (D) | January 1, 1934 | January 3, 1935 | 1 year, 2 days | Elected in the 1934 special election. | 1934 (Special) 1934 1940 1946 1954 (Special) 1954 |
Leslie A. Miller (D) | John B. Kendrick (D) | [61] |
| New Mexico (Class 1) |
Dennis Chávez (D) | May 11, 1935 | January 3, 1941 | 5 years, 237 days | Elected in the 1936 special election. | 1936 (Special) 1940 1946 1952 1958 |
Clyde Tingley (D) | Bronson M. Cutting (R) | [62] |
| Minnesota (Class 2) |
Elmer Austin Benson (FL) | December 27, 1935 | November 3, 1936 | 312 days | Did not seek election. | – | Floyd B. Olson (FL) | Thomas D. Schall (R) | [63] |
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
Rose McConnell Long (D) | January 31, 1936 | January 3, 1937 | 338 days | Elected in the 1936 special election. | 1936 (Special) | James A. Noe (D) | Huey Long (D) | [64] |
| Florida (Class 1) |
Scott Loftin (D) | May 26, 1936 | November 3, 1936 | 161 days | Did not seek election. | – | David Sholtz (D) | Park Trammell (D) | [65] |
| Florida (Class 3) |
William Luther Hill (D) | July 1, 1936 | November 3, 1936 | 125 days | Did not seek election. | – | David Sholtz (D) | Duncan U. Fletcher (D) | [66] |
| South Dakota (Class 3) |
Herbert E. Hitchcock (D) | December 29, 1936 | November 8, 1938 | 1 year, 314 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1938 special election. | – | Tom Berry (D) | Peter Norbeck (R) | [67] |
| Tennessee (Class 2) |
George L. Berry (D) | May 6, 1937 | November 8, 1938 | 1 year, 186 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1938 special election. | – | Gordon Browning (D) | Nathan L. Bachman (D) | [68] |
| Alabama (Class 3) |
Dixie Bibb Graves (D) | August 20, 1937 | January 10, 1938 | 143 days | Did not seek election. | – | Bibb Graves (D) | Hugo Black (D) | [69] |
| Alabama (Class 3) |
J. Lister Hill (D) | January 11, 1938 | January 3, 1939 | 357 days | Elected in the 1938 special election. | 1938 (Special) 1938 1944 1950 1956 1962 |
Bibb Graves (D) | Dixie Bibb Graves (D)[note 5] | [70] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
John Gerald Milton (D) | January 18, 1938 | November 8, 1938 | 294 days | Did not seek election. | – | A. Harry Moore (D) | A. Harry Moore (D) | [71] |
| Oregon (Class 3) |
Alfred E. Reames (D) | February 1, 1938 | November 8, 1938 | 280 days | Did not seek election. | – | Charles Martin (D) | Frederick Steiwer (R) | [72] |
| California (Class 3) |
Thomas M. Storke (D) | November 9, 1938 | January 3, 1939 | 55 days | Did not seek election. | – | Frank Merriam (R) | William Gibbs McAdoo (D) | [73] |
| Illinois (Class 2) |
James M. Slattery (D) | April 14, 1939 | November 21, 1940 | 1 year, 221 days | Defeated in the 1940 special election. | – | Henry Horner (D) | J. Hamilton Lewis (D) | [74] |
| Kentucky (Class 2) |
Happy Chandler (D) | October 10, 1939 | January 3, 1943 | 3 years, 85 days | Elected in the 1940 special election. | 1940 (Special) 1942 |
Keen Johnson (D) | M. M. Logan (D) | [75] |
| Idaho (Class 2) |
John Thomas (R) | January 27, 1940 | January 3, 1943 | 2 years, 341 days | Elected in the 1940 special election. | 1940 (Special) 1942 |
C. A. Bottolfsen (R) | William Borah (R) | [39] |
| Vermont (Class 3) |
Ernest W. Gibson Jr. (R) | June 24, 1940 | January 3, 1941 | 342 days | Did not seek election. | – | George Aiken (R) | Ernest Willard Gibson (R) | [76] |
| Minnesota (Class 2) |
Joseph H. Ball (R) | October 14, 1940 | November 17, 1942 | 2 years, 34 days | Did not run in the 1942 special election but was elected in the 1942 election held on the same day. |
1942 | Harold Stassen (R) | Ernest Lundeen (FL) | [77] |
| Nevada (Class 1) |
Berkeley L. Bunker (D) | November 27, 1940 | December 6, 1942 | 2 years, 9 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1942 special election. | – | Edward P. Carville (D) | Key Pittman (D) | [78] |
| West Virginia (Class 2) |
Joseph Rosier (D) | January 13, 1941 | November 17, 1942 | 1 year, 308 days | Defeated in the 1942 special election. | – | Matthew M. Neely (D) | Matthew M. Neely (D) | [79] |
| Arkansas (Class 2) |
G. Lloyd Spencer (D) | April 1, 1941 | January 3, 1943 | 1 year, 277 days | Did not seek election. | – | Homer Martin Adkins (D) | John E. Miller (D) | [80] |
| Texas (Class 2) |
Andrew Jackson Houston (D) | April 21, 1941 | June 26, 1941 | 66 days | Died in office. | – | W. Lee O'Daniel (D) | Morris Sheppard (D) | [81] |
| Mississippi (Class 2) |
James Eastland (D) | June 30, 1941 | September 28, 1941 | 90 days | Did not run in the 1941 special election but was elected in the 1942 election held in the following year. |
1942 1948 1954 1960 1966 1972 |
Paul B. Johnson Sr. (D) | Pat Harrison (D) | [82] |
| South Carolina (Class 2) |
Alva M. Lumpkin (D) | July 22, 1941 | August 1, 1941 | 10 days | Died in office. | – | Burnet R. Maybank (D) | James F. Byrnes (D) | [83] |
| South Carolina (Class 2) |
Roger C. Peace (D) | August 5, 1941 | November 4, 1941 | 91 days | Did not seek election. | – | Burnet R. Maybank (D) | Alva M. Lumpkin (D)[note 6] | [84] |
| Colorado (Class 3) |
Eugene Millikin (R) | December 20, 1941 | January 3, 1945 | 3 years, 14 days | Elected in the 1942 special election. | 1942 (Special) 1944 1950 |
Ralph Lawrence Carr (R) | Alva B. Adams (D) | [85] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
Arthur Walsh (D) | November 26, 1943 | December 7, 1944 | 1 year, 11 days | Did not seek election. | – | Charles Edison (D) | William Warren Barbour (R) | [86] |
| Indiana (Class 3) |
Samuel D. Jackson (D) | January 28, 1944 | November 13, 1944 | 290 days | Did not seek election. | – | Henry F. Schricker (D) | Frederick Van Nuys (D) | [87] |
| Massachusetts (Class 2) |
Sinclair Weeks (R) | February 8, 1944 | December 19, 1944 | 315 days | Did not seek election. | – | Leverett Saltonstall (R) | Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R) | [88] |
| Oregon (Class 2) |
Guy Cordon (R) | March 4, 1944 | January 3, 1949 | 4 years, 305 days | Elected in the 1944 special election. | 1944 (Special) 1948 |
Earl Snell (R) | Charles L. McNary (R) | [89] |
| South Carolina (Class 3) |
Wilton E. Hall (D) | November 20, 1944 | January 3, 1945 | 44 days | Did not seek election. | – | Olin D. Johnston (D) | Ellison D. Smith (D) | [90] |
| Washington (Class 1) |
Hugh Mitchell (D) | January 10, 1945 | December 25, 1946 | 1 year, 349 days | Defeated in the 1946 election. | – | Monrad Wallgren (D) | Monrad Wallgren (D) | [91] |
| Missouri (Class 1) |
Frank P. Briggs (D) | January 18, 1945 | January 3, 1947 | 1 year, 350 days | Defeated in the 1946 election. | – | Phil M. Donnelly (D) | Harry S. Truman (D) | [92] |
| Connecticut (Class 1) |
Thomas C. Hart (R) | February 15, 1945 | November 5, 1946 | 1 year, 263 days | Did not seek election. | – | Raymond E. Baldwin (R) | Francis T. Maloney (D) | [93] |
| North Dakota (Class 3) |
Milton Young (R) | March 12, 1945 | January 3, 1951 | 5 years, 297 days | Elected in the 1946 special election. | 1946 (Special) 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Fred G. Aandahl (R) | John Moses (D) | [94] |
| Nevada (Class 1) |
Edward P. Carville (D) | July 25, 1945 | January 3, 1947 | 1 year, 162 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1946 election. | – | Vail M. Pittman (D) | James G. Scrugham (D) | [95] |
| California (Class 1) |
William Knowland (R) | August 26, 1945 | January 3, 1947 | 1 year, 130 days | Elected in the 1946 special election. | 1946 (Special) 1946 1952 |
Earl Warren (R) | Hiram Johnson (R) | [96] |
| Ohio (Class 1) |
James W. Huffman (D) | October 8, 1945 | November 5, 1946 | 1 year, 28 days | Did not run in the 1946 special election and was defeated in the 1946 election. |
– | Frank Lausche (D) | Harold Hitz Burton (R) | [97] |
| Idaho (Class 2) |
Charles C. Gossett (D) | November 17, 1945 | November 6, 1946 | 354 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1946 special election. | – | Arnold Williams (D) | John Thomas (R) | [98] |
| Kentucky (Class 2) |
William A. Stanfill (R) | November 19, 1945 | November 5, 1946 | 351 days | Did not seek election. | – | Simeon Willis (R) | Happy Chandler (D) | [99] |
| Virginia (Class 2) |
Thomas G. Burch (D) | May 31, 1946 | November 5, 1946 | 158 days | Did not seek election. | – | William M. Tuck (D) | Carter Glass (D) | [100] |
| Alabama (Class 2) |
George R. Swift (D) | June 15, 1946 | November 5, 1946 | 143 days | Did not seek election. | – | Chauncey Sparks (D) | John H. Bankhead II (D) | [101] |
| Florida (Class 1) |
Spessard Holland (D) | September 25, 1946 | January 3, 1947 | 100 days | Elected in the 1946 election. | 1946 1952 1958 1964 |
Millard Caldwell (D) | Charles O. Andrews (D) | [102] |
| Vermont (Class 1) |
Ralph Flanders (R) | November 1, 1946 | January 3, 1947 | 63 days | Elected in the 1946 election. | 1946 1952 |
Mortimer R. Proctor (R) | Warren Austin (R) | [103] |
| North Carolina (Class 2) |
William B. Umstead (D) | December 18, 1946 | December 30, 1948 | 2 years, 12 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1948 special election. | – | R. Gregg Cherry (D) | Josiah Bailey (D) | [104] |
| Louisiana (Class 3) |
William C. Feazel (D) | May 18, 1948 | December 30, 1948 | 226 days | Did not seek election. | – | Earl Long (D) | John H. Overton (D) | [105] |
| South Dakota (Class 2) |
Vera C. Bushfield (R) | October 6, 1948 | December 26, 1948 | 81 days | Did not seek election. | – | George Theodore Mickelson (R) | Harlan J. Bushfield (R) | [106] |
| Kentucky (Class 3) |
Garrett Withers (D) | January 20, 1949 | November 26, 1950 | 1 year, 310 days | Did not seek election. | – | Earle Clements (D) | Alben W. Barkley (D) | [107] |
| North Carolina (Class 2) |
Frank Porter Graham (D) | March 29, 1949 | November 26, 1950 | 1 year, 242 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1950 special election. | – | W. Kerr Scott (D) | J. Melville Broughton (D) | [108] |
| New York (Class 3) |
John Foster Dulles (R) | July 7, 1949 | November 8, 1949 | 124 days | Defeated in the 1949 special election. | – | Thomas E. Dewey (R) | Robert F. Wagner (D) | [109] |
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
Edward L. Leahy (D) | August 24, 1949 | December 18, 1950 | 1 year, 116 days | Did not seek election. | – | John Pastore (D) | J. Howard McGrath (D) | [110] |
| Idaho (Class 2) |
Henry Dworshak (R) | October 14, 1949 | January 3, 1955 | 5 years, 81 days | Elected in the 1950 special election. | 1946 (Special) 1950 (Special) 1954 1960 |
C. A. Robins (R) | Bert H. Miller (D) | [111] |
| Kansas (Class 3) |
Harry Darby (R) | December 2, 1949 | November 28, 1950 | 361 days | Did not seek election. | – | Frank Carlson (R) | Clyde M. Reed (R) | [112] |
| Connecticut (Class 1) |
William Benton (D) | December 17, 1949 | January 3, 1953 | 3 years, 17 days | Elected in the 1950 special election. | 1950 (Special) | Chester Bowles (D) | Raymond E. Baldwin (R) | [113] |
| Kentucky (Class 2) |
Thomas R. Underwood (D) | March 19, 1951 | November 4, 1952 | 1 year, 230 days | Defeated in the 1952 special election. | – | Lawrence Wetherby (D) | Virgil Chapman (D) | [114] |
| Michigan (Class 1) |
Blair Moody (D) | April 23, 1951 | November 4, 1952 | 1 year, 195 days | Defeated in the 1952 special election. | – | G. Mennen Williams (D) | Arthur Vandenberg (R) | [115] |
| Nebraska (Class 2) |
Fred A. Seaton (R) | December 10, 1951 | November 4, 1952 | 330 days | Did not seek election. | – | Val Peterson (R) | Kenneth S. Wherry (R) | [116] |
| Connecticut (Class 3) |
William A. Purtell (R) | August 29, 1952 | November 4, 1952 | 67 days | Did not seek election. | 1952. | John Davis Lodge (R) | Brien McMahon (D) | [117] |
| California (Class 3) |
Thomas Kuchel (R) | January 2, 1953 | January 3, 1957 | 4 years, 1 day | Elected in the 1954 special election. | 1954 (Special) 1956 1962 |
Earl Warren (R) | Richard Nixon (R) | [118] |
| North Carolina (Class 2) |
Alton Lennon (D) | July 10, 1953 | November 28, 1954 | 1 year, 141 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1954 special election. | – | William B. Umstead (D) | Willis Smith (D) | [119] |
| New Hampshire (Class 2) |
Robert W. Upton (R) | August 14, 1953 | November 7, 1954 | 1 year, 85 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1954 special election. | – | Hugh Gregg (R) | Charles W. Tobey (R) | [120] |
| Ohio (Class 3) |
Thomas A. Burke (D) | November 10, 1953 | December 2, 1954 | 1 year, 22 days | Defeated in the 1954 special election. | – | Frank Lausche (D) | Robert A. Taft (R) | [121] |
| Nebraska (Class 2) |
Eva Bowring (R) | April 16, 1954 | November 7, 1954 | 205 days | Did not seek election. | – | Robert B. Crosby (R) | Dwight Griswold (R) | [122] |
| North Carolina (Class 3) |
Sam Ervin (D) | June 5, 1954 | January 3, 1957 | 2 years, 212 days | Elected in the 1954 special election. | 1954 (Special) 1956 1962 1968 |
William B. Umstead (D) | Clyde R. Hoey (D) | [123] |
| Wyoming (Class 2) |
Edward D. Crippa (R) | June 24, 1954 | November 28, 1954 | 157 days | Did not seek election. | – | Clifford Joy Rogers (R) | Lester C. Hunt (D) | [124] |
| Nebraska (Class 1) |
Samuel W. Reynolds (R) | July 3, 1954 | November 7, 1954 | 127 days | Did not seek election. | – | Robert B. Crosby (R) | Hugh A. Butler (R) | [125] |
| South Carolina (Class 2) |
Charles E. Daniel (D) | September 6, 1954 | December 23, 1954 | 108 days | Did not seek election. | – | James F. Byrnes (D) | Burnet R. Maybank (D) | [126] |
| Nevada (Class 3) |
Ernest S. Brown (R) | October 1, 1954 | December 1, 1954 | 61 days | Defeated in the 1954 special election. | – | Charles H. Russell (R) | Pat McCarran (D) | [127] |
| West Virginia (Class 1) |
William Laird III (D) | March 13, 1956 | November 6, 1956 | 238 days | Did not seek election. | – | William C. Marland (D) | Harley M. Kilgore (D) | [128] |
| South Carolina (Class 2) |
Thomas A. Wofford (D) | April 5, 1956 | November 6, 1956 | 215 days | Did not seek election. | – | George Bell Timmerman Jr. (D) | Strom Thurmond (D) | [129] |
| Kentucky (Class 2) |
Robert Humphreys (D) | June 21, 1956 | November 6, 1956 | 138 days | Did not seek election. | – | Happy Chandler (D) | Alben W. Barkley (D) | [130] |
| Texas (Class 1) |
William A. Blakley (D) | January 15, 1957 | April 28, 1957 | 103 days | Did not seek election. | – | Price Daniel (D) | Price Daniel (D) | [131] |
| West Virginia (Class 2) |
John D. Hoblitzell Jr. (R) | January 25, 1958 | November 4, 1958 | 283 days | Defeated in the 1958 special election. | – | Cecil H. Underwood (R) | Matthew M. Neely (D) | [132] |
| North Carolina (Class 2) |
B. Everett Jordan (D) | April 19, 1958 | January 3, 1961 | 2 years, 259 days | Elected in the 1958 special election. | 1958 (Special) 1960 1966 |
Luther H. Hodges (D) | W. Kerr Scott (D) | [133] |
| North Dakota (Class 1) |
Norman Brunsdale (R) | November 19, 1959 | August 7, 1960 | 262 days | Did not seek election. | – | John E. Davis (R) | William Langer (R) | [134] |
| Oregon (Class 2) |
Hall S. Lusk (D) | March 16, 1960 | November 8, 1960 | 237 days | Did not seek election. | – | Mark Hatfield (R) | Richard L. Neuberger (D) | [135] |
| Missouri (Class 3) |
Edward V. Long (D) | September 23, 1960 | January 3, 1963 | 2 years, 102 days | Elected in the 1960 special election. | 1960 (Special) 1962 |
James T. Blair Jr. (D) | Thomas C. Hennings Jr. (D) | [136] |
| Massachusetts (Class 1) |
Benjamin A. Smith II (D) | December 27, 1960 | November 6, 1962 | 1 year, 314 days | Did not seek election. | – | Foster Furcolo (D) | John F. Kennedy (D) | [137] |
| Texas (Class 2) |
William A. Blakley (D) | January 3, 1961 | June 14, 1961 | 162 days | Defeated in the 1961 special election. | – | Price Daniel (D) | Lyndon B. Johnson (D) | [131] |
| Wyoming (Class 2) |
John J. Hickey (D) | January 3, 1961 | November 6, 1962 | 1 year, 307 days | Defeated in the 1962 special election. | – | Jack R. Gage (D) | Edwin Keith Thomson (R)[note 4] | [138] |
| New Hampshire (Class 2) |
Maurice J. Murphy Jr. (R) | December 7, 1961 | November 6, 1962 | 334 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1962 special election. | – | Wesley Powell (R) | Styles Bridges (R) | [139] |
| Kansas (Class 2) |
James B. Pearson (R) | January 31, 1962 | January 3, 1967 | 4 years, 337 days | Elected in the 1962 special election. | 1962 (Special) 1966 1972 |
John Anderson Jr. (R) | Andrew Frank Schoeppel (R) | [140] |
| South Dakota (Class 3) |
Joseph H. Bottum (R) | July 9, 1962 | January 3, 1963 | 178 days | Lost election to the next term. | – | Archie M. Gubbrud (R) | Francis H. Case (R) | [141] |
| Idaho (Class 2) |
Leonard B. Jordan (R) | August 6, 1962 | January 3, 1967 | 4 years, 150 days | Elected in the 1962 special election. | 1962 (Special) 1966 |
Robert E. Smylie (R) | Henry Dworshak (R) | [142] |
| New Mexico (Class 1) |
Edwin L. Mechem (R) | November 30, 1962 | November 3, 1964 | 1 year, 339 days | Defeated in the 1964 special election. | – | Tom Bolack (R) | Dennis Chávez (D) | [143] |
| Oklahoma (Class 2) |
J. Howard Edmondson (D) | January 7, 1963 | November 3, 1964 | 1 year, 301 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1964 special election. | – | George Nigh (D) | Robert S. Kerr (D) | [144] |
| Tennessee (Class 2) |
Herbert S. Walters (D) | August 20, 1963 | November 3, 1964 | 1 year, 75 days | Did not seek election. | – | Frank G. Clement (D) | Estes Kefauver (D) | [145] |
| California (Class 1) |
Pierre Salinger (D) | August 4, 1964 | December 31, 1964 | 149 days | Defeated in the 1964 election. | – | Pat Brown (D) | Clair Engle (D) | [146] |
| Minnesota (Class 2) |
Walter Mondale (DFL) | December 30, 1964 | December 30, 1966 | 2 years, 0 days | Elected in the 1966 election. | 1966 1972 |
Karl Rolvaag (DFL) | Hubert Humphrey (DFL) | [147] |
| South Carolina (Class 3) |
Donald S. Russell (D) | April 22, 1965 | November 8, 1966 | 1 year, 200 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1966 special election. | – | Robert Evander McNair (D) | Olin D. Johnston (D) | [148] |
| Virginia (Class 1) |
Harry F. Byrd Jr. (D) | November 12, 1965 | January 3, 1971 | 5 years, 52 days | Elected in the 1966 special election. | 1966 (Special) 1970 1976 |
Albertis Harrison (D) | Harry F. Byrd (D) | [149] |
| Michigan (Class 2) |
Robert P. Griffin (R) | May 11, 1966 | January 3, 1967 | 237 days | Elected in the 1966 election. | 1966 1972 |
George W. Romney (R) | Patrick V. McNamara (D) | [150] |
| New York (Class 1) |
Charles Goodell (R) | September 10, 1968 | January 3, 1971 | 2 years, 115 days | Lost election to the next term. | – | Nelson Rockefeller (R) | Robert F. Kennedy (D) | [151] |
| Alaska (Class 2) |
Ted Stevens (R) | December 24, 1968 | January 3, 1973 | 4 years, 10 days | Elected in the 1970 special election. | 1970 (Special) 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 |
Wally Hickel (R) | Bob Bartlett (D) | [152] |
| Illinois (Class 3) |
Ralph T. Smith (R) | September 17, 1969 | November 16, 1970 | 1 year, 60 days | Defeated in the 1970 special election. | – | Richard B. Ogilvie (R) | Everett Dirksen (R) | [153] |
| Georgia (Class 2) |
David H. Gambrell (D) | February 1, 1971 | November 7, 1972 | 1 year, 280 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1972 elections. | – | Jimmy Carter (D) | Richard Russell Jr. (D) | [154] |
| Vermont (Class 1) |
Robert Stafford (R) | September 16, 1971 | January 3, 1977 | 5 years, 109 days | Elected in the 1972 special election. | 1972 (Special) 1976 1982 |
Deane C. Davis (R) | Winston L. Prouty (R) | [155] |
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
Elaine Edwards (D) | August 1, 1972 | November 13, 1972 | 104 days | Did not seek election. | – | Edwin Edwards (D) | Allen J. Ellender (D) | [156] |
| Ohio (Class 3) |
Howard Metzenbaum (D) | January 4, 1974 | December 23, 1974 | 353 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1974 election. | 1976 1982 1988 |
John J. Gilligan (D) | William B. Saxbe (R) | [157] |
| New Hampshire (Class 3) |
Louis C. Wyman (R) | December 31, 1974 | January 3, 1975 | 3 days | Defeated in the 1975 special election. | – | Meldrim Thomson Jr. (R) | Norris Cotton (R) | [158] |
| New Hampshire (Class 3) |
Norris Cotton (R) | August 8, 1975 | September 18, 1975 | 41 days | Did not seek election. | 1954 (Special) 1956 1962 1968 |
Meldrim Thomson Jr. (R) | Louis C. Wyman (R) | [159] |
| Minnesota (Class 2) |
Wendell R. Anderson (DFL) | December 30, 1976 | December 29, 1978 | 1 year, 364 days | Defeated in the 1978 election. | – | Rudy Perpich (DFL) | Walter Mondale (DFL) | [160] |
| Arkansas (Class 2) |
Kaneaster Hodges Jr. (D) | December 10, 1977 | January 3, 1979 | 1 year, 24 days | Did not seek election. | – | David Pryor (D) | John Little McClellan (D) | [161] |
| Montana (Class 2) |
Paul G. Hatfield (D) | January 22, 1978 | December 14, 1978 | 326 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1978 election. | – | Thomas Lee Judge (D) | Lee Metcalf (D) | [162] |
| Minnesota (Class 1) |
Muriel Humphrey Brown (DFL) | January 25, 1978 | November 7, 1978 | 286 days | Did not seek election. | – | Rudy Perpich (DFL) | Hubert Humphrey (DFL) | [163] |
| Alabama (Class 3) |
Maryon Pittman Allen (D) | June 8, 1978 | November 7, 1978 | 152 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1978 special election. | – | George Wallace (D) | James Allen (D) | [164] |
| Maine (Class 1) |
George J. Mitchell (D) | May 17, 1980 | January 3, 1983 | 2 years, 231 days | Elected in the 1982 election. | 1982 1988 |
Joseph E. Brennan (D) | Edmund Muskie (D) | [165] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
Nicholas F. Brady (R) | April 12, 1982 | December 27, 1982 | 259 days | Did not seek election. | – | Thomas Kean (R) | Harrison A. Williams (D) | [166] |
| Washington (Class 1) |
Daniel J. Evans (R) | September 8, 1983 | January 3, 1989 | 5 years, 117 days | Elected in the 1983 special election. | 1983 (Special) | John Spellman (R) | Henry M. Jackson (D) | [167] |
| North Carolina (Class 3) |
Jim Broyhill (R) | July 14, 1986 | November 4, 1986 | 113 days | Defeated in the 1986 elections. | – | James G. Martin (R) | John Porter East (R) | [168] |
| Nebraska (Class 1) |
David Karnes (R) | March 11, 1987 | January 3, 1989 | 1 year, 298 days | Defeated in the 1988 election. | – | Kay A. Orr (R) | Edward Zorinsky (D) | [169] |
| Indiana (Class 3) |
Dan Coats (R) | January 3, 1989 | January 3, 1993 | 4 years, 0 days | Elected in the 1990 special election. | 1990 (Special) 1992 2010 |
Robert D. Orr (R) | Dan Quayle (R) | [170] |
| Hawaii (Class 1) |
Daniel Akaka (D) | May 16, 1990 | January 3, 1995 | 4 years, 232 days | Elected in the 1990 special election. | 1990 (Special) 1994 2000 2006 |
John D. Waiheʻe III (D) | Spark Matsunaga (D) | [171] |
| California (Class 1) |
John Seymour (R) | January 7, 1991 | November 10, 1992 | 1 year, 308 days | Defeated in the 1992 special election. | – | Pete Wilson (R) | Pete Wilson (R) | [172] |
| Pennsylvania (Class 1) |
Harris Wofford (D) | May 8, 1991 | January 3, 1995 | 3 years, 240 days | Elected in the 1991 special election. | 1991 (Special) | Bob Casey Sr. (D) | John Heinz (R) | [173] |
| North Dakota (Class 1) |
Jocelyn Burdick (D-NPL) | September 12, 1992 | December 14, 1992 | 93 days | Did not seek election. | – | George A. Sinner (D-NPL) | Quentin Burdick (D-NPL) | [174] |
| Tennessee (Class 2) |
Harlan Mathews (D) | January 2, 1993 | December 1, 1994 | 1 year, 333 days | Did not seek election. | – | Ned McWherter (D) | Al Gore (D) | [175] |
| Texas (Class 1) |
Bob Krueger (D) | January 21, 1993 | June 14, 1993 | 144 days | Defeated in the 1993 special election. | – | Ann Richards (D) | Lloyd Bentsen (D) | [176] |
| Kansas (Class 3) |
Sheila Frahm (R) | June 11, 1996 | November 5, 1996 | 147 days | Lost nomination to run in the 1996 special election. | – | Bill Graves (R) | Bob Dole (R) | [177] |
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
Lincoln Chafee (R) | November 2, 1999 | January 3, 2001 | 1 year, 62 days | Elected in the 2000 election. | 2000 | Lincoln Almond (R) | John Chafee (R) | [178] |
| Georgia (Class 3) |
Zell Miller (D) | July 24, 2000 | January 3, 2005 | 4 years, 163 days | Elected in the 2000 special election. | 2000 (Special) | Roy Barnes (D) | Paul Coverdell (R) | [179] |
| Missouri (Class 1) |
Jean Carnahan (D) | January 3, 2001 | November 25, 2002 | 1 year, 326 days | Defeated in the 2002 special election. | – | Roger B. Wilson (D) | Mel Carnahan (D)[note 4] | [180] |
| Minnesota (Class 2) |
Dean Barkley (IPM) | November 4, 2002 | January 3, 2003 | 60 days | Did not seek election, successor was elected to the next full term. | – | Jesse Ventura (IPM) | Paul Wellstone (DFL) | [181] |
| Alaska (Class 3) |
Lisa Murkowski (R) | December 20, 2002 | January 3, 2005 | 2 years, 14 days | Elected in the 2004 election. | 2004 2010 2016 2022 |
Frank Murkowski (R) | Frank Murkowski (R) | [182] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
Bob Menendez (D) | January 17, 2006 | January 3, 2007 | 351 days | Elected in the 2006 election. | 2006 2012 2018 |
Jon Corzine (D) | Jon Corzine (D) | [183] |
| Wyoming (Class 1) |
John Barrasso (R) | June 22, 2007 | January 3, 2013 | 5 years, 195 days | Elected in the 2008 special election. | 2008 (Special) 2012 2018 |
Dave Freudenthal (D) | Craig L. Thomas (R) | [184] |
| Mississippi (Class 1) |
Roger Wicker (R) | December 31, 2007 | January 3, 2013 | 5 years, 3 days | Elected in the 2008 special election. | 2008 (Special) 2012 2018 |
Haley Barbour (R) | Trent Lott (R) | [185] |
| Illinois (Class 3) |
Roland Burris (D) | January 12, 2009 | November 29, 2010 | 1 year, 321 days | Did not seek election. | – | Rod Blagojevich (D) | Barack Obama (D) | [186] |
| Delaware (Class 2) |
Ted Kaufman (D) | January 15, 2009 | November 15, 2010 | 1 year, 304 days | Did not seek election. | – | Ruth Ann Minner (D) | Joe Biden (D) | [187] |
| Colorado (Class 3) |
Michael Bennet (D) | January 21, 2009 | January 3, 2011 | 1 year, 347 days | Elected in the 2010 election. | 2010 2016 2022 |
Bill Ritter (D) | Ken Salazar (D) | [188] |
| New York (Class 1) |
Kirsten Gillibrand (D) | January 26, 2009 | January 3, 2013 | 3 years, 343 days | Elected in the 2010 special election. | 2010 (Special) 2012 2018 |
David Paterson (D) | Hillary Clinton (D) | [189] |
| Florida (Class 3) |
George LeMieux (R) | September 9, 2009 | January 3, 2011 | 1 year, 116 days | Did not seek election. | – | Charlie Crist (R) | Mel Martínez (R) | [190] |
| Massachusetts (Class 1) |
Paul G. Kirk (D) | September 24, 2009 | February 4, 2010 | 133 days | Did not seek election. | – | Deval Patrick (D) | Ted Kennedy (D) | [191] |
| West Virginia (Class 1) |
Carte Goodwin (D) | July 16, 2010 | November 15, 2010 | 122 days | Did not seek election. | – | Joe Manchin (D) | Robert Byrd (D) | [192] |
| Nevada (Class 1) |
Dean Heller (R) | May 9, 2011 | January 3, 2013 | 1 year, 239 days | Elected in the 2012 election. | 2012 | Brian Sandoval (R) | John Ensign (R) | [193] |
| Hawaii (Class 3) |
Brian Schatz (D) | December 26, 2012 | January 3, 2017 | 4 years, 8 days | Elected in the 2014 special election. | 2014 (Special) 2016 2022 |
Neil Abercrombie (D) | Daniel Inouye (D) | [194] |
| South Carolina (Class 3) |
Tim Scott (R) | January 2, 2013 | January 3, 2017 | 4 years, 1 day | Elected in the 2014 special election. | 2014 (Special) 2016 2022 |
Nikki Haley (R) | Jim DeMint (R) | [195] |
| Massachusetts (Class 2) |
Mo Cowan (D) | February 1, 2013 | July 15, 2013 | 164 days | Did not seek election. | – | Deval Patrick (D) | John Kerry (D) | [196] |
| New Jersey (Class 2) |
Jeffrey Chiesa (R) | June 6, 2013 | October 30, 2013 | 146 days | Did not seek election. | – | Chris Christie (R) | Frank Lautenberg (D) | [197] |
| Montana (Class 2) |
John Walsh (D) | February 9, 2014 | January 3, 2015 | 328 days | Was originally to seek election in 2014 but withdrew. | – | Steve Bullock (D) | Max Baucus (D) | [198] |
| Alabama (Class 2) |
Luther Strange (R) | February 9, 2017 | January 3, 2018 | 328 days | Lost nomination to run in the 2017 special election. | – | Robert J. Bentley (R) | Jeff Sessions (R) | [199] |
| Minnesota (Class 2) |
Tina Smith (DFL) | January 3, 2018 | January 3, 2021 | 3 years, 0 days | Elected in the 2018 special election. | 2018 (Special) 2020 |
Mark Dayton (DFL) | Al Franken (DFL) | [200] |
| Mississippi (Class 2) |
Cindy Hyde-Smith (R) | April 2, 2018 | January 3, 2021 | 2 years, 276 days | Elected in the 2018 special election. | 2018 (Special) 2020 |
Phil Bryant (R) | Thad Cochran (R) | [201] |
| Arizona (Class 3) |
Jon Kyl (R) | September 4, 2018 | December 31, 2018 | 118 days | Did not seek election. | 1994 2000 2006 |
Doug Ducey (R) | John McCain (R) | [202] |
| Arizona (Class 3) |
Martha McSally (R) | January 3, 2019 | December 2, 2020 | 1 year, 334 days | Defeated in the 2020 special election. | – | Doug Ducey (R) | Jon Kyl (R)[note 7] | [203] |
| Georgia (Class 3) |
Kelly Loeffler (R) | January 6, 2020 | January 20, 2021 | 1 year, 14 days | Defeated in the 2020–21 special election. | – | Brian Kemp (R) | Johnny Isakson (R) | [204] |
| California (Class 3) |
Alex Padilla (D) | January 20, 2021 | January 3, 2023 | 1 year, 348 days | Elected in the 2022 special and regular elections. | 2022 | Gavin Newsom (D) | Kamala Harris (D) | [205] |
| Nebraska (Class 2) |
Pete Ricketts (R) | January 12, 2023 | – | – | Elected in the 2024 special election. | 2024 (Special) | Jim Pillen (R) | Ben Sasse (R) | [206] |
| California (Class 1) |
Laphonza Butler (D) | October 1, 2023 | – | – | Did not seek election. | – | Gavin Newsom (D) | Dianne Feinstein (D) | [207] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
George Helmy (D) | August 23, 2024 | November 27, 2024 | 96 days | Did not seek election. | – | Phil Murphy (D) | Bob Menendez (D) | [208] |
| Ohio (Class 3) |
TBA (R) | December 2024 | – | – | May run in the 2026 special election. | – | Mike DeWine (R) | JD Vance (R) | |
| State (Class) | Appointee[7] | Term started[note 2] | Term ended | Tenure | Immediate election following appointment | Elections won | Appointed by | Original senator | Ref. |
| Tenure of appointee serving within the unexpired term[note 1] | Electoral history | ||||||||
List of senators-elect appointed to the Senate
[edit]The following is a list of senators-elect appointed to the Senate after being elected. Only appointments made after the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, which established the direct election of senators, are included.
Key
| Current serving |
| State (Class) | Senator-elect[209] | Tenure of appointee serving within the unexpired term[note 1] | Electoral history of appointee | Appointed by | Original senator | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Term start[note 2] | Term end | Tenure | Immediate election preceding appointment | Elections won | |||||
| Oregon (Class 2) |
Charles L. McNary (R) | December 18, 1918 | March 4, 1919 | 76 days | Elected in the 1918 election. | 1918 1924 1930 1936 1942 |
James Withycombe (R) | Frederick W. Mulkey (R) | [11] |
| Ohio (Class 3) |
Frank B. Willis (R) | January 14, 1921 | March 4, 1921 | 49 days | Elected in the 1920 election. | 1920 1926 |
Harry L. Davis (R) | Warren G. Harding (R) | [210] |
| Idaho (Class 3) |
Frank R. Gooding (R) | January 15, 1921 | March 4, 1921 | 48 days | Elected in the 1920 election. | 1920 1926 |
D. W. Davis (R) | John F. Nugent (D) | [211] |
| Illinois (Class 2) |
Charles S. Deneen (R) | February 26, 1925 | March 4, 1925 | 6 days | Elected in the 1924 election. | 1924 | Len Small (R) | Joseph M. McCormick (R) | [212] |
| Missouri (Class 3) |
Bennett Champ Clark (D) | February 4, 1933 | March 4, 1933 | 28 days | Elected in the 1932 election. | 1932 1938 |
Guy Brasfield Park (D) | Harry B. Hawes (D) | [213] |
| Michigan (Class 2) |
Prentiss M. Brown (D) | November 19, 1936 | January 3, 1937 | 45 days | Elected in the 1936 election. | 1936 | Frank Fitzgerald (R) | James J. Couzens (R) | [214] |
| Washington (Class 1) |
Monrad Wallgren (D) | December 19, 1940 | January 3, 1941 | 15 days | Elected in the 1940 election. | 1940 | Clarence D. Martin (D) | Lewis B. Schwellenbach (D) | [215] |
| Washington (Class 3) |
Warren Magnuson (D) | December 14, 1944 | January 3, 1945 | 20 days | Elected in the 1944 election. | 1944 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 |
Arthur B. Langlie (R) | Homer Bone (D) | [216] |
| Washington (Class 1) |
Harry P. Cain (R) | December 26, 1946 | January 3, 1947 | 8 days | Elected in the 1946 election. | 1946 | Monrad Wallgren (D) | Hugh Mitchell (D)[note 8] | [217] |
| South Dakota (Class 2) |
Karl E. Mundt (R) | December 31, 1948 | January 3, 1949 | 3 days | Elected in the 1948 election. | 1948 1954 1960 1966 |
George Theodore Mickelson (R) | Vera C. Bushfield (R) | [218] |
| California (Class 3) |
Richard Nixon (R) | December 1, 1950 | January 3, 1951 | 33 days | Elected in the 1950 election. | 1950 | Earl Warren (R) | Sheridan Downey (D) | [219] |
| South Carolina (Class 2) |
Strom Thurmond (D) | December 24, 1954 | January 3, 1955 | 10 days | Elected in the 1954 election. | 1954 (write-in)[note 9] 1956 (special) 1960 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 |
James F. Byrnes (D) | Charles E. Daniel (D)[note 10] | [220] |
| Nebraska (Class 2) |
Carl Curtis (R) | January 1, 1955 | January 3, 1955 | 2 days | Elected in the 1954 election. | 1954 1960 1966 1972 |
Robert B. Crosby (R) | Hazel Abel (R)[note 11] | [221] |
| California (Class 1) |
George Murphy (R) | January 1, 1965 | January 3, 1965 | 2 days | Elected in the 1964 election. | 1964 | Pat Brown (D) | Pierre Salinger (D)[note 12] | [222] |
| Virginia (Class 2) |
William B. Spong Jr. (D) | December 31, 1966 | January 3, 1967 | 3 days | Elected in the 1966 election. | 1966 | Mills Godwin (D) | Absalom Willis Robertson (D) | [223] |
| Kentucky (Class 3) |
Marlow Cook (R) | December 17, 1968 | January 3, 1969 | 17 days | Elected in the 1968 election. | 1968 | Louie Nunn (R) | Thruston Ballard Morton (R) | [224] |
| Missouri (Class 3) |
Thomas Eagleton (D) | December 28, 1968 | January 3, 1969 | 6 days | Elected in the 1968 election. | 1968 1974 1980 |
Warren E. Hearnes (D) | Edward V. Long (D) | [225] |
| Delaware (Class 1) |
William Roth (R) | January 1, 1971 | January 3, 1971 | 2 days | Elected in the 1970 election. | 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 |
Russell W. Peterson (R) | John J. Williams (R) | [226] |
| California (Class 1) |
John V. Tunney (D) | January 2, 1971 | January 3, 1971 | 1 day | Elected in the 1970 election. | 1970 | Ronald Reagan (R) | George Murphy (R) | [227] |
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
J. Bennett Johnston (D) | November 14, 1972 | January 3, 1973 | 50 days | Elected in the 1972 election. | 1972 1978 1984 1990 |
Edwin Edwards (D) | Elaine Edwards (D)[note 13] | [228] |
| Nevada (Class 3) |
Paul Laxalt (R) | December 18, 1974 | January 3, 1975 | 16 days | Elected in the 1974 election. | 1974 1980 |
Mike O'Callaghan (D) | Alan Bible (D) | [229] |
| Utah (Class 3) |
Jake Garn (R) | December 21, 1974 | January 3, 1975 | 13 days | Elected in the 1974 election. | 1974 1980 1986 |
Cal Rampton (D) | Wallace F. Bennett (R) | [230] |
| Ohio (Class 3) |
John Glenn (D) | December 24, 1974 | January 3, 1975 | 10 days | Elected in the 1974 election. | 1974 1980 1986 1992 |
John J. Gilligan (D) | Howard Metzenbaum (D)[note 14] | [231] |
| Kentucky (Class 3) |
Wendell Ford (D) | December 28, 1974 | January 3, 1975 | 6 days | Elected in the 1974 election. | 1974 1980 1986 1992 |
Julian Carroll (D) | Marlow Cook (R) | [232] |
| Florida (Class 3) |
Richard Stone (D) | January 1, 1975 | January 3, 1975 | 2 days | Elected in the 1974 election. | 1974 | Reubin Askew (D) | Edward Gurney (R) | [233] |
| Michigan (Class 1) |
Donald Riegle (D) | December 30, 1976 | January 3, 1977 | 4 days | Elected in the 1976 election. | 1976 1982 1988 |
William Milliken (R) | Philip Hart (D) | [234] |
| Missouri (Class 1) |
John Danforth (R) | December 27, 1976 | January 3, 1977 | 7 days | Elected in the 1976 election. | 1976 1982 1988 |
Kit Bond (R) | Stuart Symington (D) | [235] |
| Nebraska (Class 1) |
Edward Zorinsky (D) | December 28, 1976 | January 3, 1977 | 6 days | Elected in the 1976 election. | 1976 1982 |
J. James Exon (D) | Roman Hruska (R) | [236] |
| Rhode Island (Class 1) |
John Chafee (R) | December 29, 1976 | January 3, 1977 | 5 days | Elected in the 1976 election. | 1976 1982 1988 1994 |
Philip W. Noel (D) | John Pastore (D) | [237] |
| Ohio (Class 1) |
Howard Metzenbaum (D) | December 29, 1976 | January 3, 1977 | 5 days | Elected in the 1976 election. | 1976 1982 1988 |
Jim Rhodes (R) | Robert Taft Jr. (R) | [157] |
| California (Class 1) |
S. I. Hayakawa (R) | January 2, 1977 | January 3, 1977 | 1 day | Elected in the 1976 election. | 1976 | Jerry Brown (D) | John V. Tunney (D) | [238] |
| Montana (Class 2) |
Max Baucus (D) | December 15, 1978 | January 3, 1979 | 19 days | Elected in the 1978 election. | 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 |
Thomas Lee Judge (D) | Paul G. Hatfield (D)[note 15] | [239] |
| Kansas (Class 2) |
Nancy Kassebaum (R) | December 23, 1978 | January 3, 1979 | 11 days | Elected in the 1978 election. | 1978 1984 1990 |
Robert Frederick Bennett (R) | James B. Pearson (R) | [240] |
| Mississippi (Class 2) |
Thad Cochran (R) | December 27, 1978 | January 3, 1979 | 7 days | Elected in the 1978 election. | 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 |
Cliff Finch (D) | James Eastland (D) | [241] |
| Minnesota (Class 2) |
Rudy Boschwitz (R) | December 30, 1978 | January 3, 1979 | 4 days | Elected in the 1978 election. | 1978 1984 |
Rudy Perpich (DFL) | Wendell R. Anderson (DFL)[note 16] | [242] |
| Wyoming (Class 2) |
Alan Simpson (R) | January 1, 1979 | January 3, 1979 | 2 days | Elected in the 1978 election. | 1978 1984 1990 |
Edgar Herschler (D) | Clifford Hansen (R) | [243] |
| Virginia (Class 2) |
John Warner (R) | January 2, 1979 | January 3, 1979 | 1 day | Elected in the 1978 election. | 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 |
John Dalton (R) | William L. Scott (R) | [244] |
| New Hampshire (Class 3) |
Warren Rudman (R) | December 30, 1980 | January 3, 1981 | 4 days | Elected in the 1980 election. | 1980 1986 |
Hugh Gallen (D) | John A. Durkin (D) | [245] |
| Florida (Class 3) |
Paula Hawkins (R) | January 1, 1981 | January 3, 1981 | 2 days | Elected in the 1980 election. | 1980 | Bob Graham (D) | Richard Stone (D) | [246] |
| Alabama (Class 3) |
Jeremiah Denton (R) | January 2, 1981 | January 3, 1981 | 1 day | Elected in the 1980 election. | 1980 | Fob James (D) | Donald Stewart (D) | [247] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
Frank Lautenberg (D) | December 27, 1982 | January 3, 1983 | 7 days | Elected in the 1982 election. | 1982 1988 1994 2002 2008 |
Thomas Kean (R) | Nicholas F. Brady (R) | [248] |
| Massachusetts (Class 2) |
John Kerry (D) | January 2, 1985 | January 3, 1985 | 1 day | Elected in the 1984 election. | 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 |
Michael Dukakis (D) | Paul Tsongas (D) | [249] |
| New Hampshire (Class 2) |
Bob Smith (R) | December 7, 1990 | January 3, 1991 | 27 days | Elected in the 1990 election. | 1990 1996 |
Judd Gregg (R) | Gordon J. Humphrey (R) | [250] |
| North Dakota (Class 3) |
Byron Dorgan (D-NPL) | December 14, 1992 | January 3, 1993 | 20 days | Elected in the 1992 election. | 1992 1998 2004 |
George A. Sinner (D-NPL) | Kent Conrad (D-NPL) | [251] |
| Texas (Class 2) |
John Cornyn (R) | December 2, 2002 | January 3, 2003 | 32 days | Elected in the 2002 election. | 2002 2008 2014 2020 |
Rick Perry (R) | Phil Gramm (R) | [252] |
| New Jersey (Class 1) |
Andy Kim (D) | November 27, 2024 | January 3, 2025 | 37 days | Elected in the 2024 election. | 2024 | Phil Murphy (D) | George Helmy (D)[note 17] | |
| State (Class) | Senator-elect[209] | Term start[note 2] | Term end | Tenure | Immediate election preceding appointment | Elections won | Appointed by | Original senator | Ref. |
| Tenure of appointee serving within the unexpired term[note 1] | Electoral history | ||||||||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Unexpired terms occur when there is a vacancy due to death or resignation and a senator is either appointed or elected for the term remaining." – The Term of Senator: When Does It Begin and End? Archived December 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Terms of senators who are reelected in subsequent scheduled elections are not reflected in the tenure listed in this table. - ^ a b c d Determined by the commencement of the Senate term, as according to the chronological list of Senators Archived December 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by William E. Crow. David A. Reed was appointed to the seat after the previous interim appointee, Philander C. Knox, died.
- ^ a b c Senator-elect
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Hugo Black. J. Lister Hill was appointed to the seat after the previous interim appointee, Dixie Bibb Graves, resigned.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by James F. Byrnes. Roger C. Peace was appointed to the seat after the previous interim appointee, Alva M. Lumpkin, died.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by John McCain. Martha McSally was appointed to the seat after the previous interim appointee, Jon Kyl, resigned.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Monrad Wallgren. Harry P. Cain was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Hugh Mitchell, lost election to a full term.
- ^ Senator Strom Thurmond was originally elected as a Democrat in 1954, but as a write-in candidate, then resigned, and then won a special election in 1956 and 1960 before switching to a Republican in 1964. Thurmond won re-election as a Republican in 1966, 1972, 1978, 1984, 1990 and 1996.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Burnet R. Maybank. Strom Thurmond was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Charles E. Daniel, resigned.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Dwight Griswold. Carl Curtis was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Eva Bowring, retired.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Clair Engle. George Murphy was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Pierre Salinger, lost election to a full term.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Allen J. Ellender. J. Bennett Johnston was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Elaine Edwards, retired.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by William B. Saxbe. John Glenn was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Howard Metzenbaum, lost nomination to a full term.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Lee Metcalf. Max Baucus was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Paul G. Hatfield, lost nomination to a full term.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Walter Mondale. Rudy Boschwitz was appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, Wendell R. Anderson, lost election to a full term.
- ^ The Senate seat was first vacated by Bob Menendez. Andy Kim will be appointed to the seat early after the previous interim appointee, George Helmy, resigns.
References
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- ^ a b c "U.S. Senate Vacancies: Contemporary Developments and Perspectives".
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External links
[edit]- Appointed Senators, United States Senate
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. Senate Vacancies: Contemporary Developments and Perspectives, a report produced by the Congressional Research Service