Forte is a low-overhead parallel & async work scheduler. It can be used as a lower-overhead, lower-latency alternative to rayon_core, or as an async executor (like tokio).

Thread pools are const-constructed, and intended to be defined as static variables within a binary crate. Adding a new thread-pool to your project is as simple as:

static THREAD_POOL: ThreadPool = ThreadPool::new();

Thread pools are empty when created, and can be resized on demand. Up to 32 threads can participate in a pool at a time (including worker threads and non-worker threads making blocking calls to the pool).

// Add as many workers to the thread pool as you have cores in your computer.
THREAD_POOL.resize_to_available();

// Resize the thread-pool to have exactly five workers
THREAD_POOL.resize_to(5);

// Remove all workers from the pool and shut it down.
THREAD_POOL.depopulate();

Forte provides an extremely low-overhead parallelization primitive for blocking compute, similar to rayon::join or chili::Scope::join. At any point, it may run the two closures in parallel.

fn sum(node: &Node, worker: &Worker) -> u64 {
    let (left, right) = worker.join(
        |w| node.left.as_deref().map(|n| sum(n, w)).unwrap_or_default(),
        |w| node.right.as_deref().map(|n| sum(n, w)).unwrap_or_default(),
    );
    
    node.val + left + right
}

This is optimized for depth-first traversal and hierarchical work-splitting, where each of the closures passed to join potentially contains another call to join.

Forte also provides tools for load-balancing ultra-low-latency non-blocking compute (like polling Futures), similar to rayon::spawn or tokio::task::spawn.

async fn serve() {
    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8080").await?;
    let mut incoming = listener.incoming();

    while let Some(stream) = incoming.next().await {
        // A new task is spawned for each inbound tcp stream. The stream is
        // moved to the new task and processed there.
        let task = THREAD_POOL.spawn(async move {
            process(stream).await;
        });
        // Spawning a future gives us back a task handle we can use to await
        // its completion, but we don't care about that here. `detach` lets
        // drop the handle without canceling the stream-processing task.
        task.detach();
    }
}

For scheduling with non-static work, forte provides tools akin to std::thread::scope, tokio_scoped::scope or rayon::scope.

let mut v = String::from("Hello");
forte::scope(|scope| {
    scope.spawn(|_: &Worker| {
        v.push('!');
    });
});
// The scope doesn't exit until all spawned work is complete.
assert_eq!(v.as_str(), "Hello!");

Forte uses a combination of heartbeat scheduling and lazy scheduling to achieve ultra-low overhead and minimize cpu-utilization.

The vast majority of operations are local and serial. Most jobs are stored in simple double-ended queues, and adding new jobs to a worker has a zero-overhead path without any shared data-structures.

Every worker also has a small fixed-capacity work-stealing queue (currently each has space for 32 jobs). Approximately every 5us (gated by the CPU's instruction counter) if there's space available, each worker pushes a small number of jobs into this queue. When a worker runs out of jobs to execute, it briefly tries to steal from its coworkers, then goes to sleep.

This approach has several benefits over more brute-force applications of work-stealing:

• For any particular time-slice, there is an upper-bound on the overhead due to synchronization. Since workers only touch shared data-structures every so often, it can only slow them down so much. This reduces runtime variance and lowers overhead.

• There is a cap on frequency at which local-work is made available for sharing. This reduces the probability that new work will become available at any given instant, which means (unlike many work-stealing implementations) it doesn't make sense to spin while trying to steal work. This can also reduce over-sharing at the tail-end of a parallel operation.

• The occupancy of the work-stealing queue represents an estimate of system load. When a worker's shared-queue is empty, that's a sign that some workers may be starved, and more tasks should be shared. By contrast, when a worker's shared-queue is full to capacity, that's a sign that the thread-pool may have reached full resource-utilization, and should avoid the costs of synchronization for a bit.

Jobs created by join are executed in LIFO order. When it comes time to share work, the oldest join job is promoted into the shared work-stealing queue. In the case of a binary tree, this means that execution progresses depth-first, but sharing progresses breadth-first.

Jobs created by spawn are executed in FIFO order, to minimize latency. When it comes time to share work, the newest spawn jobs are grouped into small batches (16 jobs each) and those batches are promoted into the shared work-stealing queue. This means that spawns generally stay on the thread that spawned them, unless the thread is overwhelmed by an influx of new tasks.

Forte is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0). See LICENSE-APACHE and LICENSE-MIT for details.

Opening a pull request is assumed to signal agreement with these licensing terms.