Support for Arrow Extension types #9112

Problem description

(Creating this as a stub after closing #4014)

Now that the Array data type has been implemented, there may be interest in supporting Arrow extension types, which allow storing other pieces of metadata on the column. Some examples:

• arrow.fixed_shape_tensor which store shape and array order
• Geospatial array types, where the extension metadata stores the geometry type and coordinate reference system of the contained data.