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'''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''' or '''A.I.''') is largely about a [[computer program]] or a [[machine]], being able to do ''[[machine learning]]''.<ref name="RunningThruCodeButNotThinking" /> When one talks about artificial intelligence, then often it is about deep [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]] or [[deep learning]].<ref name=SNL>https://snl.no/kunstig_intelligens. Retrieved 2024-05-05. "Det arbeides spesielt mye med kunstig intelligens innen språkteknologi, talegjenkjenning, bildegjenkjenning, brukerinteraksjon og styring av fysiske prosesser. Når det snakkes om kunstig intelligens, refereres det som regel til såkalt dype nevrale nettverk eller dyp læring."</ref>
'''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''' or '''A.I.''') is a [[computer program]] or a [[machine]] that is able to [[machine learning|learn]] and [[mimicry|mimic]] human [[cognition]].<ref name=RN/><ref name=RunningThruCodeButNotThinking>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Artificial-Intelligence-Business-and-Civilization-Our-Fate-Made-in-Machines/Kaplan/p/book/9781032155319|title=Andreas Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence, Business and Civilization: Our Fate Made in Machines, Routledge, 2022}}</ref> Sometimes, AI is used to talk about [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]] or [[deep learning]].


Artificial intelligence is a system's ability to correctly interpret [[external data]], to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and [[task]]s through [[adaptation]]; the adaptation has to be [[flexibility|flexible]]. [[Andreas Kaplan]] and Michael Haenlein wrote that [[definition]].<ref name="Science Direct">{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393|title=Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence|journal=Business Horizons|date=January 2019 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 |last1=Kaplan |first1=Andreas |last2=Haenlein |first2=Michael |s2cid=158433736 }}</ref>
Artificial intelligence is a system's ability to understand [[external data]], to learn from that data, and to use what it has learned to achieve specific goals or [[task]]s through [[adaptation]].<ref name="Science Direct">{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393|title=Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence|journal=Business Horizons|date=January 2019 |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=15–25 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 |last1=Kaplan |first1=Andreas |last2=Haenlein |first2=Michael |s2cid=158433736 | issn=0007-6813}}</ref>


Artificial intelligence is used a lot in [[language technology]], [[speech recognition]], [[image recognition]], [[user interaction]], and steering of [[physical process]]es, according to [[SNL.no|an encyclopedia]].<ref name=SNL/>
Artificial intelligence is used a lot in [[language technology]], [[speech recognition]], [[image recognition]], [[user interaction]], and steering [[physical process]]es.


== Origin of name ==
== Origin of name ==
Line 9: Line 9:


== Laws ==
== Laws ==
The [[European Union]] made a law (2024's second quarter) about ''artificial intelligence''; It has been called the first law, of that kind (in the world).
The [[European Union]] made a law (2024's second quarter) about ''artificial intelligence''. It is the world's first law that [[regulation|regulates]] AI.<ref>https://sciencebusiness.net/news/worlds-first-artificial-intelligence-law-moves-closer-passage-european-parliament</ref>


[[Connecticut]] and [[Colorado]] are known for trying to pass laws (in 2024) regarding use of AI.<ref>https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/15/ai-tech-regulations-lobbying-00157676. Retrieved 2024-05-15</ref>
[[Connecticut]] and [[Colorado]] tried to pass laws (in 2024) regarding use of AI.<ref>{{cite web|https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/15/ai-tech-regulations-lobbying-00157676}}</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
AI research started with a conference at [[Dartmouth College]] in 1956. It was a month-long [[brainstorming]] session attended by many people with interests in AI. At the conference they wrote programs that were amazing at the time, beating people at checkers or solving word problems. The [[Department of Defense]] started giving a lot of money to AI research, and labs were created all over the world.
AI research started with a conference at [[Dartmouth College]] in 1956. It was a month-long [[brainstorming]] session many people who like AI came to. At the conference, they wrote programs which were able to beat humans at checkers or solving word problems. The [[Department of Defense]] started giving a lot of money to AI research, and labs were created all over the world.


In a paper on AI, mathematician [[James Lighthill]] stated that "no aspect of the discipline has so far seen discoveries generated the huge influence that was previously anticipated." The governments of the US and UK desired to support more profitable initiatives. An "AI winter" in which little research was conducted was brought on by cuts.
In a paper on AI, mathematician [[James Lighthill]] wrote "no aspect of the discipline has so far seen discoveries generated the huge influence that was previously anticipated." The governments of the US and UK decided to spend money on other projects which caused little new research to be done. This was known as an "AI winter."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bolat |first1=Sarkan |title=AI Course |url=https://www.gemrain.net/generative-ai-course |accessdate=16 November 2021}}</ref>
⚫
In the 90s and early 2000s, AI became important again in [[data mining]] and medical diagnosis. This was possible because of faster computers and focusing on solving more specific problems. In 1997, the chess computer [[Deep Blue]] became the first computer program to beat [[chess]] world champion [[Garry Kasparov]]. In 2011, [[Watson (computer)|IBM Watson]] beat the top two [[Jeopardy!]] players [[Brad Rutter]] and [[Ken Jennings]]. In 2016, Google's [[AlphaGo]] beat top [[Go]] player [[Lee Sedol]] 4 out of 5 times.
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bolat |first1=Sarkan |title=AI Course |url=https://www.gemrain.net/generative-ai-course |accessdate=16 November 2021}}</ref>
⚫
AI revived again in the 90s and early 2000s with its use in [[data mining]] and medical diagnosis. This was possible because of faster computers and focusing on solving more specific problems. In 1997, the chess computer [[Deep Blue]] became the first computer program to beat [[chess]] world champion [[Garry Kasparov]]. Faster computers, advances in deep learning, and access to more data have made AI popular throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681319301260|title=Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence|year=2020 |journal=Business Horizons|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.003 |last1=Kaplan |first1=Andreas |last2=Haenlein |first2=Michael |volume=63 |pages=37–50 |s2cid=211456730 }}</ref> In 2011 [[Watson (computer)|IBM Watson]] beat the top two [[Jeopardy!]] players [[Brad Rutter]] and [[Ken Jennings]], and in 2016 Google's [[AlphaGo]] beat top [[Go]] player [[Lee Sedol]] 4 out of 5 times.


The idea is perhaps much older. [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]] (1709-1751) was a [[Materialism|materialist]] thinker of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. In his work of 1748, L'Homme Machine, he had the idea that both matter and life organized themselves.<ref>La Mettrie: ''Réflexions philosophiques sur l’origine des animaux'', 1749 (anonym)</ref> He is seen as one of the precursors of Darwin's theory of [[evolution]].<ref>Michel Bottolier: ''Hommage : De La Mettrie à Darwin'' [https://www.libre-penseur-adlpf.com/liberte-de-conscience/democratie/article-35958812/ Volltext], 11. September 2009 auf ''Libres Penseurs de France''</ref> Today, one field of artificial intelligence, called 'strong artificial intelligence' wants to build a machine that mimics human thought.<ref name="Nilsson-2009">Nils J. Nilsson: ''The Quest for Artificial Intelligence. A History of Ideas and Achievements''. Cambridge University Press, New York 2009.</ref> In contrast to this, weak artificial intelligence is about building a system that can support a human when taking certain decisions. One of the key problems is to make systems that can model uncertainity; most of the time, this is done with [[Probability theory|probability theory]] and [[statistics]].
The idea is perhaps much older. [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]] (1709-1751) was a [[Materialism|materialist]] thinker of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. In his work of 1748, L'Homme Machine, he had the idea that both matter and life organized themselves.<ref>La Mettrie: ''Réflexions philosophiques sur l’origine des animaux'', 1749 (anonym)</ref> He is seen as one of the precursors of Darwin's theory of [[evolution]].<ref>Michel Bottolier: ''Hommage : De La Mettrie à Darwin'' [https://www.libre-penseur-adlpf.com/liberte-de-conscience/democratie/article-35958812/ Volltext], 11. September 2009 auf ''Libres Penseurs de France''</ref> Today, one field of artificial intelligence, called ''strong artificial intelligence'' wants to build a machine that can think like a person.<ref name="Nilsson-2009">Nils J. Nilsson: ''The Quest for Artificial Intelligence. A History of Ideas and Achievements''. Cambridge University Press, New York 2009.</ref> However, ''weak artificial intelligence'' is about building a system that can support a human. One of the key problems is to make systems that can model [[wikt:uncertain]]ity. Most of the time, this is done with [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]].


== Uses of artificial intelligence ==
== Uses of artificial intelligence ==
Artificial intelligence is used in many different areas today. Some examples include:
Artificial intelligence is used in many different areas today.


* '''Healthcare''': AI helps doctors diagnose diseases and find treatments for patients.
* '''Healthcare''' (see [[Artificial intelligence in healthcare]]) AI helps doctors [[diagnosis|diagnose]] diseases and find treatments for patients.
*Industry-specific tasks; AI [[application]]s are used to solve problems in a [[workplace]], industry, or [[institution]]s.
* '''Finance''': Banks use AI to detect fraud and make trading decisions.
* '''Customer service''': Many companies use AI chatbots to answer customer questions and provide support.
** '''Finance''': Banks use AI to find fraud and make trading decisions.
* '''Customer service''': Many companies use AI [[chatbot]]s to answer customer questions and provide support.
* '''Personal assistants''': AI assistants like Siri and Alexa help people manage their daily tasks.
* '''Personal assistants''': AI assistants like [[Siri]] and [[Alexa]] help people manage their daily tasks.
* '''Entertainment''': AI is used in video games to create smart, responsive characters and stories that change in fun ways based on what the player does
* '''Entertainment''': AI is used in video games to create smart, responsive characters and stories that change in fun ways based on what the player does. Those subjects are part of ''[[Game artificial intelligence]]''.


*Military ([[Military artificial intelligence]])
One interesting use of AI is in helping people with their personal relationships. For example, [[ChatGPT]], developed by [[OpenAI]], is a powerful AI tool that can generate human-like text and assist in various communication tasks. Similarly, [https://wingman.live Wingman], acts as an AI that is specially made to be an AI dating helper. It helps people by analyzing their communication and giving advice on how to improve their online dating profiles and conversations, and helps them figure out how to get more dates and have better love lives.
*[[Generative AI]] (or ''[[Generative artificial intelligence]]'')

Some [[software]] has become well-known, such as [[ChatGPT]] (a [[chatbot]] and [[virtual assistant]]).


== Domains of artificial intelligence ==
== Domains of artificial intelligence ==
There are different [[domain]]s of artificial intelligence. Most of these are independent, and research in one domain rarely influences the other domains. Common domains are:
There are different [[domain]]s of artificial intelligence.


* [[Pattern recognition]]: This includes recognizing [[Speech recognition|speech]], writing, and [[Handwriting recgnition|handwriting]]
* [[Pattern recognition]] like [[Speech recognition|speech]], writing, and [[Handwriting recognition|handwriting]]
* [[Knowledge engineering]], including [[logic programming]], and [[Inference engine|inference engines]]
* [[Knowledge engineering]] like [[logic programming]] and [[Inference engine|inference engines]]
* [[Expert system|Expert systems]], including systems for [[question answering]], and [[Chatbot|Chatbots]]
* [[Expert system]]s for [[question answering]] and [[Chatbot|Chatbots]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Machine learning]]
* [[Artificial neural network|Artificial neural networks]], and [[deep learning]]
* [[Artificial neural network]]s and [[deep learning]]
* [[Computer vision]]
* [[Computer vision]]
* [[Robotics]]
* [[Robotics]]
* [[General game playing]]
* [[General game playing]]
* [[Artificial life]]
There is a domain of study called [[artificial life]], which also influences artificial intelligence.


==Types (and classes) of artificial intelligence==
==Types (and classes) of artificial intelligence==
Borrowing from the [[management]] literature, [[Andreas Kaplan|Kaplan]] and Haenlein classify artificial intelligence into three different types of AI systems,<!--analytical, human-inspired, and humanized artificial intelligence-->.<ref name="Science Direct" />
Researchers [[Andreas Kaplan|Kaplan]] and [[Michael Haenlein|Haenlein]] say there are three types of AI system: analytical, human-inspired, and humanized artificial intelligence.<ref name="Science Direct" />
⚫
*''Analytical A.I.'' has only characteristics consistent with [[cognition|cognitive intelligence]] generating cognitive representation of the world and using learning based on past experience to inform future decisions.
*''Human-inspired A.I.'' has elements from cognitive as well as [[emotional intelligence]], understanding, in addition to cognitive elements, also human emotions considering them in their [[decision making]].
⚫
*''Humanized A.I.'' shows characteristics of all types of competencies (i.e., cognitive, emotional, and social intelligence), able to be self-conscious and self-aware in interactions with others.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@shankardeyautomation/artificial-intelligence-more-than-a-natural-intelligence-9a2389d748ba | title=Artificial Intelligence: More Than a Natural Intelligence? | date=16 November 2019 }}</ref>


⚫
*''Analytical A.I.'' has similarities with [[cognition|cognitive intelligence]] which tries to understand the world and make decisions based on that.
[[Artificial general intelligence]] (or [[AGI]]), is (a idea or) [[hypothetical]] technology.
*''Human-inspired A.I.'' which tries to be more "human" with cognitive intelligence with [[emotional intelligence]].
⚫
*''Humanized A.I.'' is able to understand human social activity and is able to be [[Self awareness|self aware]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@shankardeyautomation/artificial-intelligence-more-than-a-natural-intelligence-9a2389d748ba | title=Artificial Intelligence: More Than a Natural Intelligence? | date=16 November 2019 }}</ref>


==Other information==
==Other information==
{{trivia}}
<!--Unfortunately, -->Researchers seriously undervalued how challenging several issues were. They still couldn't offer computers things like [[Emotion|emotions]] or [[common sense]] using the techniques they had employed.
Researchers didn't know how difficult several issues were. They still couldn't offer computers things like [[Emotion|emotions]] or [[common sense]].


Faster computers, deep learning, and more data have made AI popular throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681319301260|title=Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence|year=2020 |journal=Business Horizons|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.003 |last1=Kaplan |first1=Andreas |last2=Haenlein |first2=Michael |volume=63 |pages=37–50 |s2cid=211456730 }}</ref>
<!--Another-->A [[definition]] is that artificial intelligence is a programme which [[mimicry|mimics]] human [[cognition]].<ref name=RN/>


An ideal (perfect) intelligent machine is a flexible agent which [[perception|perceives]] its environment and takes actions to maximize its chance of success at some goal or objective.<ref>Hutter, Marcus 2005. ''Universal artificial intelligence''. Berlin: Springer. {{ISBN|978-3-540-22139-5}}</ref><!-- As machines become increasingly capable, mental faculties once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition.--><!-- For example, [[optical character recognition]] is no longer regarded as an example of "artificial intelligence": it is just a routine technology.-->
An great intelligent machine is flexible and [[perception|perceives]] what is around it. It would use what it learns to make its chance of success at some goal better.<ref>Hutter, Marcus 2005. ''Universal artificial intelligence''. Berlin: Springer. {{ISBN|978-3-540-22139-5}}</ref>


At present we use the term AI for successfully [[natural language processing|decoding human speech]],<ref name=RN/> competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as [[chess]] and [[Go (game)|Go]]), [[self-driving cars]], and interpreting complex data.<ref>Nilsson, Nils 1998. ''Artificial intelligence: a new synthesis''. Morgan Kaufmann. {{ISBN|978-1-55860-467-4}}</ref>
AI has been successful with [[natural language processing|decoding human speech]],<ref name=RN/> playing games (like [[chess]] and [[Go (game)|Go]]), [[self-driving cars]], and understanding [[complexity|complex]] data.<ref>Nilsson, Nils 1998. ''Artificial intelligence: a new synthesis''. Morgan Kaufmann. {{ISBN|978-1-55860-467-4}}</ref>


An extreme goal of AI research is to create computer programs that can learn, solve problems, and think logically.<ref>Kurzweil, Ray 1999. ''The age of spiritual machines''. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-670-88217-8}}.</ref><ref>Kurzweil, Ray 2005. ''The singularity is near''. Viking Press</ref> In practice, however, most applications have picked on problems which computers can do well. Searching [[Database|databases]] and doing calculations are things computers do better than people. On the other hand, "perceiving its environment" in any real sense is way beyond present-day computing.
Someday, AI researchers hope to create computer programs that can learn, solve problems, and think logically.<ref>Kurzweil, Ray 1999. ''The age of spiritual machines''. Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-670-88217-8}}.</ref><ref>Kurzweil, Ray 2005. ''The singularity is near''. Viking Press</ref> So far, most AI programs only do what computers can do well like searching [[Database|databases]] or doing calculations. AI is not able to sense and understand what is happening around itself because of problems with what computers can do.


AI involves many different fields like [[computer science]], [[mathematics]], [[linguistics]], [[psychology]], [[neuroscience]], and [[philosophy]]. Eventually researchers hope to create a "general artificial intelligence" which can solve many problems instead of focusing on just one. Researchers are also trying to create creative and emotional AI which can possibly empathize or create art. Many approaches and tools have been tried.<!--[[John McCarthy]] came up with the name, "Artificial Intelligence" in 1955. [[Intelligence]] allows an [[organism]] to act in a meaningful way in its environment. It includes the ability to get sensory inputs, and to react to these. [https://aiubdates24.com/ Artificial intelligence] is also about processing information and about storing knowledge. One of the goals of "artificial intelligence" is to make a machine that behaves in a similar way.-->The term ''intelligence'' is misleading, here. [[Alan Turing]] wrote in 1950 "I propose to consider the question 'can machines think'?"{{sfnp|Turing|1950|p=1}} He proposed the question should be changed, from whether a machine "thinks", to "whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behaviour".{{sfnp|Turing|1950|p=1}} Alain Turing also created the [[Turing test]]. This is a very general test. If a human cannot tell if at the other end of the line, there is a machine or a human answering questions, the machine is intelligent.
AI involves many different fields like [[computer science]], [[mathematics]], [[linguistics]], [[psychology]], [[neuroscience]], and [[philosophy]]. Researchers hope to make a "general artificial intelligence" which can solve many problems instead of focusing on just one. Researchers are also trying to make creative and emotional AI which could create art. [[Alan Turing]] wrote in 1950 "I propose to consider the question 'can machines think'?"{{sfnp|Turing|1950|p=1}} He said the question should be changed from if a machine "thinks" to "whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behavior".{{sfnp|Turing|1950|p=1}} Alain Turing also created the [[Turing test]]. This is a very general test. If a human cannot tell if at the other end of the line, there is a machine or a human answering questions, the machine is intelligent.


The authors of ''[[Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]]'' agree with Turing that AI must be defined in terms of "acting" and not "thinking".{{sfnp|Russell|Norvig|2021|loc=chpt. 2}} However, they are critical that the test compares machines to ''people''. "[[Aeronautics|Aeronautical engineering]] texts," they wrote, "do not define the goal of their field as making 'machines that fly so exactly like [[Pigeon|pigeons]] that they can fool other pigeons.{{' "}}{{sfnp|Russell|Norvig|2021|p=3}} AI founder [[John McCarthy]] agreed, writing that "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence".{{sfnp|Maker|2006}}
The authors of ''[[Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]]'' agree with Turing that AI must be defined by "acting" and not "thinking".{{sfnp|Russell|Norvig|2021|loc=chpt. 2}} But they don't think the test compares machines to ''people''. "[[Aeronautics|Aeronautical engineering]] texts do not define the goal of their field as making 'machines that fly so exactly like [[Pigeon|pigeons]] that they can fool other pigeons.{{' "}}{{sfnp|Russell|Norvig|2021|p=3}} AI founder [[John McCarthy]] agreed, writing that "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence".{{sfnp|Maker|2006}}


⚫
Computers can do some things like learning and [[problem solving]], but not in the same way as people do.<ref name=RN>Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter 2003. ''Artificial intelligence: a modern approach''. 2nd ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-790395-2}}</ref>


⚫
Artificial intelligence programs create questions or gather questions from other places. If the program does not gather or create answers for questions, then the program is not artificial intelligence.
⚫
At least some of the things we associate with other minds, such as learning and [[problem solving]] can be done by computers, though not in the same way as we do.<ref name=RN>Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter 2003. ''Artificial intelligence: a modern approach''. 2nd ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-790395-2}}</ref>


⚫
Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://betanews.com/2016/10/21/artificial-intelligence-stephen-hawking/|title=Stephen Hawking believes AI could be mankind's last accomplishment|website=BetaNews|date=21 October 2016 }}</ref>
Artificial intelligence is the ability of a [[computer program]] or a [[machine]] to think and [[Machine learning|learn]].<ref name=RunningThruCodeButNotThinking>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Artificial-Intelligence-Business-and-Civilization-Our-Fate-Made-in-Machines/Kaplan/p/book/9781032155319|title=Andreas Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence, Business and Civilization: Our Fate Made in Machines, Routledge, 2022}}</ref>


AI and [[machine learning]] technology is used in [[application]]s including: [[search engine]]s, [[recommendation system]]s, [[virtual assistant]]s, [[autonomous vehicle]]s, [[automatic language translation]], [[facial recognition]], [[image labeling]], advertising, and driving [[internet traffic]].
Artificial intelligence is also about processing information and about storing knowledge. One of the goals of "artificial intelligence" is to make a machine that behaves in a similar way.


One interesting use of AI is in helping people with their personal relationships. For example, [[ChatGPT]] is a powerful AI tool that can create human-like text and assist in many communication tasks.
⚫
Artificial intelligence programs create questions or gather questions (from outside the program). If the program does not gather (or create) answers for questions, then the program is not artificial intelligence.

[[Optical character recognition]] is no longer thought of as an example of "artificial intelligence" since it's now commonly used.


⚫
Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity if it continues to progress at its current pace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://betanews.com/2016/10/21/artificial-intelligence-stephen-hawking/|title=Stephen Hawking believes AI could be mankind's last accomplishment|website=BetaNews|date=21 October 2016 }}</ref>
==Related pages==
==Related pages==
* [[ChatGPT]]
*[[Data mining]]
*[[Data mining]]
*[[Computer data storage|Information storage systems]] (or ''Computer data storage'')
*[[Computer data storage|Information storage systems]] (or ''Computer data storage'')
*[[OpenAI|OpenAI (a company)]]


== Books ==
== Books ==
The two most widely used textbooks in 2023. (See the [https://explorer.opensyllabus.org/result/field?id=Computer+Science Open Syllabus]).

* {{Cite book|title=[[Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]]|last1=Russell|first1=Stuart J.|last2=Norvig|first2=Peter.|publisher=Pearson|year=2021|isbn=978-0134610993|edition=4th|location=Hoboken|lccn=20190474|author1-link=Stuart J. Russell|author2-link=Peter Norvig}} [https://immishhub.com/janitor-ai-your-partner-in-cleanliness-and-efficiency/ Artificial Intelligence]
* {{Cite book|title=[[Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]]|last1=Russell|first1=Stuart J.|last2=Norvig|first2=Peter.|publisher=Pearson|year=2021|isbn=978-0134610993|edition=4th|location=Hoboken|lccn=20190474|author1-link=Stuart J. Russell|author2-link=Peter Norvig}} [https://immishhub.com/janitor-ai-your-partner-in-cleanliness-and-efficiency/ Artificial Intelligence]
* {{Cite book|title=Artificial Intelligence|last1=Rich|first1=Elaine|last2=Knight|first2=Kevin|last3=Nair|first3=Shivashankar B|date=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill India|isbn=978-0070087705|edition=3rd|location=New Delhi|language=en|author1-link=Elaine Rich}}
* {{Cite book|title=Artificial Intelligence|url=https://archive.org/details/artificialintell0000kevi|last1=Rich|first1=Elaine|last2=Knight|first2=Kevin|last3=Nair|first3=Shivashankar B|date=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill India|isbn=978-0070087705|edition=3rd|location=New Delhi|language=en|author1-link=Elaine Rich}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:09, 26 August 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI or A.I.) is a computer program or a machine that is able to learn and mimic human cognition.[1][2] Sometimes, AI is used to talk about neural networks or deep learning.

Artificial intelligence is a system's ability to understand external data, to learn from that data, and to use what it has learned to achieve specific goals or tasks through adaptation.[3]

Artificial intelligence is used a lot in language technology, speech recognition, image recognition, user interaction, and steering physical processes.

Origin of name

John McCarthy came up with the name, "artificial intelligence", in 1955. Intelligence allows an organism to act in a meaningful way in its environment. It includes the ability to get sensory inputs, and to react to these.

Laws

The European Union made a law (2024's second quarter) about artificial intelligence. It is the world's first law that regulates AI.[4]

Connecticut and Colorado tried to pass laws (in 2024) regarding use of AI.[5]

History

AI research started with a conference at Dartmouth College in 1956. It was a month-long brainstorming session many people who like AI came to. At the conference, they wrote programs which were able to beat humans at checkers or solving word problems. The Department of Defense started giving a lot of money to AI research, and labs were created all over the world.

In a paper on AI, mathematician James Lighthill wrote "no aspect of the discipline has so far seen discoveries generated the huge influence that was previously anticipated." The governments of the US and UK decided to spend money on other projects which caused little new research to be done. This was known as an "AI winter."[6] In the 90s and early 2000s, AI became important again in data mining and medical diagnosis. This was possible because of faster computers and focusing on solving more specific problems. In 1997, the chess computer Deep Blue became the first computer program to beat chess world champion Garry Kasparov. In 2011, IBM Watson beat the top two Jeopardy! players Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings. In 2016, Google's AlphaGo beat top Go player Lee Sedol 4 out of 5 times.

The idea is perhaps much older. Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751) was a materialist thinker of the Enlightenment. In his work of 1748, L'Homme Machine, he had the idea that both matter and life organized themselves.[7] He is seen as one of the precursors of Darwin's theory of evolution.[8] Today, one field of artificial intelligence, called strong artificial intelligence wants to build a machine that can think like a person.[9] However, weak artificial intelligence is about building a system that can support a human. One of the key problems is to make systems that can model wikt:uncertainity. Most of the time, this is done with probability theory and statistics.

Uses of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is used in many different areas today.

  • Healthcare (see Artificial intelligence in healthcare) AI helps doctors diagnose diseases and find treatments for patients.
  • Industry-specific tasks; AI applications are used to solve problems in a workplace, industry, or institutions.
    • Finance: Banks use AI to find fraud and make trading decisions.
  • Customer service: Many companies use AI chatbots to answer customer questions and provide support.
  • Personal assistants: AI assistants like Siri and Alexa help people manage their daily tasks.
  • Entertainment: AI is used in video games to create smart, responsive characters and stories that change in fun ways based on what the player does. Those subjects are part of Game artificial intelligence.

Some software has become well-known, such as ChatGPT (a chatbot and virtual assistant).

Domains of artificial intelligence

There are different domains of artificial intelligence.

Types (and classes) of artificial intelligence

Researchers Kaplan and Haenlein say there are three types of AI system: analytical, human-inspired, and humanized artificial intelligence.[3]

  • Analytical A.I. has similarities with cognitive intelligence which tries to understand the world and make decisions based on that.
  • Human-inspired A.I. which tries to be more "human" with cognitive intelligence with emotional intelligence.
  • Humanized A.I. is able to understand human social activity and is able to be self aware[10]

Other information

Researchers didn't know how difficult several issues were. They still couldn't offer computers things like emotions or common sense.

Faster computers, deep learning, and more data have made AI popular throughout the world.[11]

An great intelligent machine is flexible and perceives what is around it. It would use what it learns to make its chance of success at some goal better.[12]

AI has been successful with decoding human speech,[1] playing games (like chess and Go), self-driving cars, and understanding complex data.[13]

Someday, AI researchers hope to create computer programs that can learn, solve problems, and think logically.[14][15] So far, most AI programs only do what computers can do well like searching databases or doing calculations. AI is not able to sense and understand what is happening around itself because of problems with what computers can do.

AI involves many different fields like computer science, mathematics, linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy. Researchers hope to make a "general artificial intelligence" which can solve many problems instead of focusing on just one. Researchers are also trying to make creative and emotional AI which could create art. Alan Turing wrote in 1950 "I propose to consider the question 'can machines think'?"[16] He said the question should be changed from if a machine "thinks" to "whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behavior".[16] Alain Turing also created the Turing test. This is a very general test. If a human cannot tell if at the other end of the line, there is a machine or a human answering questions, the machine is intelligent.

The authors of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach agree with Turing that AI must be defined by "acting" and not "thinking".[17] But they don't think the test compares machines to people. "Aeronautical engineering texts do not define the goal of their field as making 'machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that they can fool other pigeons.'"[18] AI founder John McCarthy agreed, writing that "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence".[19]

Computers can do some things like learning and problem solving, but not in the same way as people do.[1]

Artificial intelligence programs create questions or gather questions from other places. If the program does not gather or create answers for questions, then the program is not artificial intelligence.

Some people also consider AI a danger to humanity.[20]

AI and machine learning technology is used in applications including: search engines, recommendation systems, virtual assistants, autonomous vehicles, automatic language translation, facial recognition, image labeling, advertising, and driving internet traffic.

One interesting use of AI is in helping people with their personal relationships. For example, ChatGPT is a powerful AI tool that can create human-like text and assist in many communication tasks.

Optical character recognition is no longer thought of as an example of "artificial intelligence" since it's now commonly used.

Books

  • Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0134610993. LCCN 20190474. Artificial Intelligence
  • Rich, Elaine; Knight, Kevin; Nair, Shivashankar B (2010). Artificial Intelligence (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill India. ISBN 978-0070087705.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter 2003. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. 2nd ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-790395-2
  2. ↑ "Andreas Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence, Business and Civilization: Our Fate Made in Machines, Routledge, 2022".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (January 2019). "Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence". Business Horizons. 62 (1): 15–25. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004. ISSN 0007-6813. S2CID 158433736.
  4. ↑ https://sciencebusiness.net/news/worlds-first-artificial-intelligence-law-moves-closer-passage-european-parliament
  5. ↑ {{cite web}}: Empty citation (help)
  6. ↑ Bolat, Sarkan. "AI Course". Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  7. ↑ La Mettrie: Réflexions philosophiques sur l’origine des animaux, 1749 (anonym)
  8. ↑ Michel Bottolier: Hommage : De La Mettrie à Darwin Volltext, 11. September 2009 auf Libres Penseurs de France
  9. ↑ Nils J. Nilsson: The Quest for Artificial Intelligence. A History of Ideas and Achievements. Cambridge University Press, New York 2009.
  10. ↑ "Artificial Intelligence: More Than a Natural Intelligence?". 16 November 2019.
  11. ↑ Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2020). "Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence". Business Horizons. 63: 37–50. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.003. S2CID 211456730.
  12. ↑ Hutter, Marcus 2005. Universal artificial intelligence. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-22139-5
  13. ↑ Nilsson, Nils 1998. Artificial intelligence: a new synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-467-4
  14. ↑ Kurzweil, Ray 1999. The age of spiritual machines. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-88217-8.
  15. ↑ Kurzweil, Ray 2005. The singularity is near. Viking Press
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Turing (1950), p. 1.
  17. ↑ Russell & Norvig (2021), chpt. 2.
  18. ↑ Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 3.
  19. ↑ Maker (2006).
  20. ↑ "Stephen Hawking believes AI could be mankind's last accomplishment". BetaNews. 21 October 2016.
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