10

Word Focus
Modern Living
page 122 10.14 gather (v) /ˈgæðə/
collect ● I gathered together my hiking
10.1 galley (n) /ˈgæli/
boots, bag and map for the walk in the
a ship’s kitchen ● The ship’s cook prepared lunch
hills.
for the crew in the galley.
10.15 in good shape (expr) /ɪn gʊd ʃeɪp/
10.2 tagged (adj) /tægd/
fit and healthy ● He’s in good shape
labelled ● Make sure your luggage is tagged
because he works out at the gym three
with your name and phone number. ➣ tag (v, n)
times a week.
10.3 realm (n) /relm/ 10.16 make for (phr v) /meɪk fə/
an area of activity ● New discoveries in the realm go towards a place ● After a busy day at work,
of astronomy are very exciting. Dad made for home.
10.4 hippodrome (n) /ˈhɪpədrəʊm/ 10.17 a bite to eat (expr) /ə baɪt tʊ iːt/
a place where horse races took place in a snack; a meal ● I had a bite to eat in the
ancient Greece and Rome ● Spectators would canteen at lunch time.
cheer the horses on at the hippodrome.
10.18 head (for) (v) /hed (fə)/
10.5 fortification (n) /fɔːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ go in a particular direction ● It’s a sunny day
a tower or wall built to protect an area from and they’re heading for the beach.
enemy attacks ● The thick castle walls were a
strong fortification which the enemy could not 10.19 anchor (v) /ˈæŋkə/
breach. ➣ fortify (v) drop an anchor in the sea to keep a boat in
one place ● We anchored the yacht in a pretty

Reading
cove for the afternoon. ➣ anchor (n)
pages 122-123 10.20 brief (v) /briːf/
give sb information about sth ● The principal
10.6 juggle (v) /ˈʤʌgl/ briefed the staff about the changes to the
give your attention to many things ● Susan timetable. ➣ brief (n)
juggles a full-time job and voluntary work at a
charity shop. 10.21 on board (expr) /ɒn bɔːd/
on a plane, ship or train ● When all the
10.7 born and bred (expr) /bɔːn ænd bred/ passengers were on board, the ship was able
born and having grown up in a particular place to leave port.
● You can tell he was born and bred in Texas
10.22 gear (n) /gɪə/
from his accent.
equipment ● The camping gear he bought
10.8 chop and change (expr) /ʧɒp ænd ʧeɪnʤ/ included a tent, a torch and a sleeping bag.
change your mind many times ● He chopped
10.23 aboard (adv) /əˈbɔːd/
and changed about which course to do before
on or onto a plane, ship, bus or train
finally deciding on biochemistry. ● There are three hundred passengers
10.9 marine (adj) /mæˈriːn/ aboard this ship.
of the sea ● He studies marine life in the 10.24 carry out (phr v) /ˈkæri aʊt/
Pacific Ocean. do a task ● The scientist carried out an
10.10 arrowhead (n) /ˈærəʊˌhed/ experiment in the lab.
the sharp end of an arrow ● Early humans 10.25 excavation (n) /ekskəˈveɪʃn/
made arrowheads out of stone which they digging to find ancient objects, bones, etc.
used to hunt with. ● In 2013, an excavation in Leicester

10.11 submarine (n) /ˌsʌbmæˈriːn/ successfully revealed the skeleton of King

a ship that can travel underwater Richard III of England. ➣ excavate (v)
● The submarine dived deep into the sea.
10.26 field notes (pl n) /fiːld nəʊtz/
10.12 formative years (n) /ˈfɔːmətɪv jɪəz/ notes taken by a scientist to record their
years which influence the way sb develops work in progress ● The marine biologist went
● He was taught to love the sea during the through her field notes and prepared her
formative years of his childhood. report.
10.13 field work (n) /fiːld wɜːk/ 10.27 safekeeping (n) /ˈseɪfˈkiːpɪŋ/
research done in the real world and not in a being in a safe place where it will not be
laboratory ● The geologist collected soil from damaged or lost ● I locked my jewellery in a
the mountain as part of his field work. drawer for safekeeping.

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 10.28 undergo (v) /ʌndəˈgəʊ/ 10.43 sheltered (adj) /ˈʃeltəd/
If sb/sth undergoes a test, an experience, protected ● He had a sheltered childhood
etc., it happens to them. ● The skeleton must because his family never socialised with
undergo DNA tests to see if it really is King anyone outside the neighbourhood.
Richard III. ➣ shelter (v, n)
10.29 rigorous (adj) /ˈrɪgərəs/ 10.44 tie up loose ends (expr) /taɪ ʌp luːs endz/
thorough ● The athletes followed a rigorous complete unfinished tasks ● Before starting her
training routine. ➣ rigour (n), rigorously (adv) new job, Liz had to tie up some loose ends.
10.30 dedicated (adj) /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/ 10.45 in working order (expr) /ɪn ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈɔːdə/
devoted ● She is dedicated to her job and always working well ● The lift isn’t in working order,
works hard. ➣ dedicate (v), dedication (n) so you’ll have to use the stairs.
10.31 lend a hand (expr) /lend ə hænd/ ✎ Opp: out of order
help ● Can you lend me a hand with my heavy 10.46 trawler (n) /ˈtrɔːlə/
suitcase? a fishing boat that drags nets behind it to
10.32 snail (n) /ˈsneɪl/ catch fish ● The trawler got caught in a storm
a small soft animal with a shell that moves at sea. ➣ trawl (v)
slowly ● A snail crawled along the wet path. 10.47 devastation (n) /ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn/
10.33 rinse (v) /rɪns/ great damage ● The earthquake caused utter
wash with clean water ● He rinsed the washing devastation in the area. ➣ devastate (v)
powder out of his shirt and then hung it up to
dry. ➣ rinse (n)
10.34 eager (adj) /ˈiːgə/
Vocabulary pages 124-125
keen; willing ● Eager to help, I offered to wash 10.48 hectic (adj) /ˈhektɪk/
the dishes. ➣ eagerness (n), eagerly (adv) very busy ● The teacher had a hectic Saturday
morning cleaning, shopping, cooking and
10.35 day-care (n) /deɪ-keə/
marking.
when young children are looked after during
the day because their parents are at work 10.49 provincial (adj) /prəˈvɪnʃl/
● When Shirley goes back to work, she’ll take in/of the country ● The couple moved
her toddler to day-care. to a provincial town far from the
busy capital. ➣ province (n)
10.36 commute (v) /kəˈmjuːt/
travel to work ● He commutes to work because 10.50 sedentary (adj) /ˈsedəntri/
he lives in the suburbs but works in the city spending a lot of time sitting down and not
centre. ➣ commuter (n) moving very much ● Sitting all day on the sofa
or in front of a laptop is too sedentary a lifestyle
10.37 crusader (n) /kruːˈseɪdə/
for me.
a European Christian who fought against
the Muslims in one of the wars in Palestine 10.51 solitary (adj) /ˈsɒlɪtri/
in the Middle Ages ● The crusaders were alone ● She leads a solitary existence living on
finally driven out of the Holy Land. her own on an island.
➣ crusade (n, v) 10.52 unsophisticated (adj) /ʌnsəˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/
10.38 fragile (adj) /ˈfræʤaɪl/ simple ● An unsophisticated lifestyle keeps
delicate; easily damaged ● The fragile costs down as you only need basic things.
ecosystem of the coral reef was damaged by ➣ sophistication (n) ✎ Opp: sophisticated
pollution. ➣ fragility (n) 10.53 cosmopolitan (adj) /kɒzməˈpɒlɪtən/
10.39 make up one’s mind (expr) with many people from different places and of
/meɪk ʌp wʌnz maɪnd/ different cultures ● London is a cosmopolitan
decide ● He made up his mind about what to city with people of many nationalities living there.
study at university in his last year at school. 10.54 reasonable (adj) /ˈriːzənəbl/
10.40 occupation (n) /ɒkjʊˈpeɪʃn/ fairly priced; not expensive ● Five pounds
a job ● People in professional occupations have is a reasonable price for a pizza in London.
to dress very smartly. ➣ reason (n) ✎ Opp: unreasonable
10.41 reflect (v) /rɪˈflekt/ 10.55 metropolitan (adj) /metrəˈpɒlɪtən/
think about sth ● I need some time to reflect on of the city ● Living in a metropolitan area,
the problem. ➣ reflection (n) I can enjoy everything a city offers.
10.42 uneventful (adj) /ʌnɪˈventfəl/ 10.56 sociable (adj) /ˈsəʊʃəbl/
with nothing interesting or unusual happening enjoying spending time with other people
● It was an uneventful day and nothing ● Being sociable, he got to know many people

unusual happened. at the party. ➣ socialise (v) ✎ Opp: unsociable

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10.57 devoid (of) (adj) /dɪˈvɔɪd (ɒv)/ 10.71 colleague (n) /ˈkɒliːg/
lacking; without ● Living in the middle of sb you work with ● My colleagues
nowhere, she feels her life is devoid of organised an office party for Christmas.
excitement. 10.72 ruin (v) /ˈruːɪn/
10.58 newcomer (n) /ˈnjuːkʌmə/ destroy ● The injury ruined the athlete’s
sb who has just come to a place to live or work chances of competing at the Olympics.
● Friendly neighbours welcomed the ➣ ruin (n)
newcomers to the street with an apple pie. 10.73 spoil (v) /spɔɪl/
10.59 pedestrianise (v) /pəˈdestriənaɪz/ give a child everything it wants ● Charlie is
make a street into an area that is used only by difficult and rude because his mother spoils
people who are walking ● They pedestrianised him. ➣ spoilt (adj)
the high street and it’s a pleasure to walk there 10.74 fledgling (adj) /ˈfleʤlɪŋ/
now. ➣ pedestrianisation (n), pedestrian (n) new and inexperienced ● The fledgling online
10.60 graduate (v) /ˈgræʤʊeɪt/ store gradually started to receive orders.
get a university degree ● Bob graduated from ✎ NB a fledgling is a baby bird
Harvard with a law degree. ➣ graduate (n), 10.75 susceptible (adj) /sʌˈseptɪbl/
graduation (n) easily influenced or harmed ● I'm susceptible
10.61 live out of a suitcase (expr) to colds so I stay indoors when it's
/lɪv aʊt əv ə ˈsuːtkeɪs/ snowing. ➣ susceptibility (n)
stay somewhere temporarily with only a few of 10.76 siren’s call (expr) /ˈsaɪrənz kɔːl/
your belongings in your suitcase because the temptation to do sth that seems attractive
you are travelling ● I travel as part of my but that will have bad consequences ● You must
job, but I hate living out of a suitcase. turn your back on the siren’s call of an easy life.
10.62 crime rate (n) /kraɪm reɪt/ 10.77 culprit (n) /ˈkʌlprɪt/
the amount of crime in an area ● Crime rates sb/sth blamed for sth ● I returned to the car
increased during the financial crisis. park to find that my car had been damaged
and the culprit had fled.
10.63 recovery (n) /rɪˈkɒvəri/
becoming well after an illness or injury 10.78 to a lesser extent (expr) /tʊ ə ˈlesə ɪkˈstent/
● We were happy to hear of your quick to a smaller degree ● They were eager to visit
recovery from the flu. ➣ recover (v) Paris and, to a lesser extent, London.
10.64 hit the road (expr) /hɪt ðə rəʊd/ 10.79 couch-bound (adj) /ˈkaʊʧ-bəʊnd/
start out on a journey ● We should hit the sitting on a sofa for a long time ● We were
road early tomorrow before the rush hour. couch-bound in front of the TV all day as it
was too wet to go out.
10.65 income (n) /ˈɪnkʌm/
the money you earn from work ● The family 10.80 obsess (v) /ɒbˈses/
struggle to survive on a low income. think about only one thing ● The model
obsessed so much about her weight that
10.66 hardship (n) /ˈhɑːdʃɪp/
she became anorexic. ➣ obsession (n),
difficulties ● They are facing hardship in
obsessive (adj)
the cold winter because they cannot afford
heating. 10.81 browse (v) /ˈbraʊz/
search for information on the Internet
10.67 get by (phr v) /get baɪ/
● Browsing online can be fun as you surf from
have just enough money to live on
● The elderly couple try to get by on
one website to another. ➣ browser (n)
500 euros a month. 10.82 irritable (adj) /ˈɪrɪtəbl/
bad-tempered ● The irritable teacher shouted
10.68 excel (v) /ɪkˈsel/
at the pupils. ➣ irritability (n)
do very well ● He excels at maths and
won an award in the school maths competition. 10.83 mood-altering (adj) /muːd-ˈɔːltərɪŋ/
➣ excellence (n), excellent (adj) a drug capable of causing changes of mood
● This is a highly-addictive, mood-altering drug.
10.69 outdo (v) /ˌaʊtˈduː/
perform better than sb ● He tried to outdo his 10.84 bounce back (phr v) /baʊns bæk/
classmates by getting the highest mark. recover from a bad situation ● The company
10.70 climb the corporate ladder (expr) bounced back in the second quarter and made
/klaɪm ðə ˈkɔːpərət ˈlædə/ a profit.
get promotion within a company 10.85 do without (phr v) /duː wɪðˈaʊt/
● The young employee climbed the cope well despite not having sth ● We must
corporate ladder and was promoted to learn to do without a car since we can’t afford
personal assistant to the boss. to run it.

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 10.86 pull together (phr v) /pʊl təˈgeðə/ 10.100 initiative (n) /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/
work as a team to achieve sth the ability to act without being told what to do
● The employees pulled together to make ● The student showed initiative when he did some

the company more successful. research alone in the library.

10.87 wear sb down (phr v) /weə ˈsʌmbədi daʊn/ 10.101 assess (v) /əˈses/
make sb weaker ● The long commute to work make a judgement ● The teacher assessed the
every day really wears me down. students’ progress by setting a test.
10.88 strain (n) /streɪn/ ➣ assessment (n)
pressure ● The stress and strain of the new job 10.102 pursue (v) /pəˈsjuː/
is too much for him to cope with. follow ● The employer decided to pursue two
10.89 burn the candle at both ends (expr) candidates and called them in for a second
/bɜːn də ˈkændl æt bəʊθ endz/ interview. ➣ pursuit (n)
live a hectic life ● Diana is burning the candle 10.103 brand new (adj) /brænd njuː/
at both ends by going out every night after completely new ● These shoes are brand new,
work. so don’t dirty them.
10.90 hit rock bottom (expr) /hɪt rɒk ˈbɒtəm/ 10.104 tonsils (pl n) /ˈtɒnsəlz/
become as unsuccessful or unhappy as it is glands at the back of the throat ● The doctor
possible to be ● He hit rock bottom when he says I’ve got swollen tonsils. ➣ tonsilitis (n)
ended up homeless. 10.105 satellite dish (n) /ˈsætəlaɪt dɪʃ/
10.91 keep your head above water (expr) equipment that receives signals from a
/kiːp jɔː hed əˈbʌv ˈwɔːtə/ satellite and enables people to watch satellite
survive financially ● She got a second job to keep television ● We have just installed a satellite
her head above water. dish on our roof.
10.92 run yourself into the ground (expr) 10.106 rail (n) /reɪlz/
/rʌn jəˈself ˈɪntʊ ðə graʊnd/ metal bar that is part of a fence
become extremely tired because you work too ● I chained my bicycle to the rails at the front

hard ● Geena ran herself into the ground working of the station.
day and night on her project.
10.93 throw in the towel (expr) /θrəʊ ɪn ðə ˈtaʊəl/
realise you must give up ● The athlete threw in Work-related words
the towel when he came last in the semi-final. Verbs Nouns Adjectives
10.94 pace (n) /peɪs/ brief colleague dedicated
speed ● You must work at a faster pace to commute occupation eager
finish the task. ➣ pace (v) juggle promotion hectic
retire
10.95 admit defeat (expr) /ædˈmɪt dɪˈfiːt/
realise you cannot win or do sth ● The football
team admitted defeat when they were
down 5-0. Listening page 128

Grammar pages 126-127

10.107 slog it out (expr) /slɒg ɪt aʊt/
work hard ● He slogged it out all week
preparing the sales figures.
10.96 promotion (n) /prəˈməʊʃn/
a move to a more important job in a company 10.108 land a part (expr) /lænd ə pɑːt/
or organisation ● His promotion from get a role ● The actress was very pleased to
assistant manager to manager was expected. land a part in a BBC series.
➣ promote (v) 10.109 climb up the career ladder (expr)
10.97 shopping district (n) /ˈʃɒpɪŋ ˈdɪstrɪkt/ /klaɪm ʌp ðə kəˈrɪə ˈlædə/
a part of a city or town where there are get promoted ● You’ll be climbing up the
lots of shops ● The main shopping district in career ladder if you get the post of department
Athens is around Ermou Street. supervisor.
10.98 hard to come by (expr) /hɑːd tə kʌm baɪ/ 10.110 agricultural (adj) /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/
difficult to find ● Well-paid jobs are hard to connected with farming ● Greece is an
come by these days. agricultural country and produces olives,
grapes and lot of other crops. ➣ agriculture (n)
10.99 think outside the box (expr)
/θɪŋk aʊtˈsaɪd ðə bɒks/ 10.111 fulfil (v) /fʊlˈfɪl/
think of different or unusual ways of doing sth manage to do sth you hoped for ● I fulfilled the
● In order to innovate, you need to think ambition of a lifetime when I visited New York.
outside the box. ➣ fulfilment (n)
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10.112 disinterest (n) /dɪsˈɪntrəst/
lack of interest ● Fred showed complete Writing: an
article (2)
disinterest in music, even though his dad was
a musician. ➣ disinterested (adj) pages 130-131
10.113 prospect (n) /ˈprɒspekt/
the possibility that sth will happen ● The prospect 10.125 convenience (n) /kənˈviːnɪəns/
of another war is frightening. ➣ prospective (adj) sth useful and suitable ● The convenience of
being able to phone somebody wherever you
10.114 rat race (expr) /ræt reɪs/ are is what a mobile phone provides.
the stressful way of life in a large city, ➣ convenient (adj) ✎ Opp: inconvenience
competing to be successful, earn money, etc.
● The pressure of the rat race exhausted him
10.126 impact (n) /ˈɪmpækt/
so he quit his job. an effect; a result ● Being fired had a terrible
impact on her life.
10.115 live in the fast lane (expr) /lɪv ɪn ðə fɑːst leɪn/
have a hectic and pressured lifestyle ● She 10.127 privilege (n) /ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ/
lives in the fast lane and is always travelling a special advantage ● In the past, education
abroad for business meetings. was a privilege for the rich only.
➣ privileged (adj)
10.116 rural (adj) /ˈrʊərəl/
of or in the countryside ● We stayed in an old 10.128 walk of life (expr) /wɔːk əv laɪf/
farmhouse on our holiday in rural France. sb’s job or position in society ● People from all
walks of life attended the meeting.

Speaking page 129

10.129 slash (v) /slæʃ/
cut violently ● As we slash away at the
rainforests, do we realise how the loss of the
10.117 strict (adj) /strɪkt/ trees will affect our planet?
demanding that rules concerning behaviour
are obeyed ● The strict teacher demanded that 10.130 bleak (adj) /bliːk/
all assignments be handed in on time without anything to make you feel hopeful
● The future looks bleak for a whole generation
10.118 mother tongue (n) /ˈmʌðə tʌŋ/ of unemployed graduates.
language you learn from your parents
● My mother tongue is English but I also speak

German because I learnt it at school. Phrasal verbs

10.119 interactive whiteboard (n) carry out make for
/ˌɪntərˈæktɪv ˈwaɪtbɔːd/ do without pull together
a classroom board which is connected to get by wear sb down
a computer ● The teacher displayed some
photos from his computer on the interactive
whiteboard.
-ible or –able?
10.120 retire (v) /rɪˈtaɪə/
stop working and become a pensioner inevitable sociable
● John retired at 65 but feels bored staying at
irritable susceptible
home instead of working. ➣ retirement (n), reasonable
retired (adj)
10.121 MA (abbr) /ˌem ˈeɪ/
a second university degree in an arts subject
● She has an MA in French from the University
Video 10:
of Newcastle. ✎ MA = Master of Arts
10.122 incorporate (v) /ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪt/
Zoo Dentists page 132
include more than one thing ● This 10.131 filling (n) /ˈfɪlɪŋ/
course incorporates lectures and field metal that a dentist puts into a tooth to cover a
work. ➣ incorporation (n) hole ● The dentist gave him a filling in a tooth
that had decayed. ➣ fill (v)
10.123 discipline (n) /ˈdɪsəplɪn/
obeying rules and being punished if you do 10.132 molar (n) /ˈməʊlə/
not ● My school has a reputation for strict a large tooth at the back of the mouth
discipline. ➣ discipline (v), disciplined (adj), ● The molar at the back of my mouth was

disciplinary (adj) painful, so I went to the dentist.

10.124 high-powered (adj) /haɪ-ˈpaʊəd/ 10.133 anaesthetise (v) /əˈniːsθətaɪz/
important and having a lot of responsibility give someone a drug so that they do not feel
● The president of the USA has a high- pain ● The surgery began as soon as the
powered position. patient was anaesthetised. ➣ anaesthetic (n)
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 10.134 tusk (n) /tʌsk/ 10.136 sea lion (n) /siː ˈlaɪən/
one of the two pointed teeth that come out of a large seal (sea animal) ● The sea lion moved
the mouth of some animals like an elephant awkwardly on land, but swam effortlessly once
● The elephant’s large tusks were what the it was in the water.
hunters were after. 10.137 root canal (n) /ruːt kəˈnæl/
10.135 life expectancy (n) /laɪf ɪksˈpektənsi/ removal of the nerve of a tooth ● Your tooth
the length of time that a person is likely to live has decayed badly and I’m afraid you need a
● The life expectancy of Cretans is higher than root canal.
average.

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