Water treatment

*Coagulation – the process of water supply purification which consists of applying certain chemicals in
particles too small to be removed by plain sedimentation.

*Flocculation – the physical process in which the sediment particles collide with each other and stick
together.

Floe – the jelly like substance being formed in the process of coagulation.

*Sedimentation – a method of purifying water wherein particles of matters that are suspend in the
water are allowed to stay in a container so that they will settle in the bottom then drawing the water
out, leaving these matters in the container.

– is the chief factor in clarification of still water since particles of solid materials will settle
more readily in still than flowing water.

The maximum percentage of the suspended solid of the sewage is removed largely by sedimentation to
form a semi–liquid substance is 70%.

*Aeration – the process of exposing water in their films to the oxygen of the atmosphere in order to
remove neutralize the taste, order and dissolved oxygen.

*Ozonation – this is less esthetic than aeration but more certain oxidation process. It is commonly used
in cooling treatment and in addition ozonation has very wide range of treatment application.

*Filtration – this process Is the removal of silt and dirt in the water.

Filter – a device or structure, above or below the ground used for removing soil or colloidal materials of
a type that cannot be remove by sedimentation.

*Chlorination – a water treatment processes designed to destroy disease–causing microorganisms. Is

*Reverse Osmosis – the stage in water purification, which removes mineral deposits, salts, heavy metal,
totally dissolve solids while some useful minerals are retained.
Others:

The used disinfections large public water supply is chlorine.

The important advantage of chlorine compared to other water supply treatment is to kill bacteria.

Algae – the cause of object taste and odor of water.

Electrolysis – it is added to water to reduce salinity.

Infiltration – the movement of water to the surface of a soil and into the soil below the surface.

The amount of waste discharged for a waste water treatment facility is 500 gpm.

Classification of Water

The classification of water when it contains dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium is Hard.

The water hardness is measured by Ounce of hardness.

The process of removing the hardness causing minerals from water is water softening.

What is the good reason why hardness in water is objectionable? Scaling of boilers

When heat is applied to water; molecular activity intensified and such particle expand in itself, followed
by the change in behavior. Increases the volume

Mineral that makes water hard is the water that diminishes the capacity of water to form lather with
soap.

Water supply system

* Water supply system – a system of a building or premises consists of the water service, water supply
line, water distributing pipe and the necessary branch pipe fittings, valves and all appurtenances
requires for the supply of potable water.

* Riser – a water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one full story or more to convey water into
pipe branches or plumbing fixtures.

*Water reservoir – install to be able to meet the water requirements during peak demands from a low
yielding water well.
What do you call the undesirable type of vegetation formed when water reservoir is exposed to light?
pond scum

*size or distance:

According to the code, when notching the ends of joists to install water piping, the depth of the notches
shall not exceed ¼ of the depth of the joists.

Sizes of water piping shall be based on the total water demand.

In sizing water supply system, velocities shall not exceed 3 m/s of the maximum values given in the
appropriate installation standard.

The minimum size building supply allowed by the code for water is ¾ inches.

Unions shall be installed in the water supply piping within 1ft away from regulating equipment, water
heater, conditioning tank and similar equipment.

Water pipes shall lay a minimum of 0.30m above the sewer or drainpipe.

*material:

In a water supply piping slip joints may be used only on the exposed fixture only.

A material not listed in the code for use in water piping. Asbestos cement

*pratical:

A pipe strap does not constitute part of a water supply system as defined by Code.

In a water supply piping, it shall not compress, distort cut or abrade the piping and shall allow free
movement of pipe. Hangers & straps

In water piping, it shall provide equivalent protection and application is restricted to those short pipe
lengths at point of connection with fittings necessarily stripped from threading and jointing. Field
bitumastic coating and wrapping

Where on the studs should you cut holes for water supply lines is center.

In water piping, the Code permits the use of slip joints if they are used on a lavatory supply.

Where on the studs should you cut holes for water supply lines? Center

Water pipes & fittings with a lead content that exceed 8% shall be prohibited & shall not be used in
potable piping systems.

The feature in water supply which is NOT advisable to plumbing fixtures, device and opportunities is
Bacterial quality.
One of the factors to consider when sizing the supply for a building is type of flush devices.

When winterizing a system, what is the first step in draining a water system? Close the main shutoff
valve.

Water Distribution Pipe

*Water distribution pipe – a pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the
water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.

– a pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the
plumbing fixtures and water outlets.

In water distribution system, it shall be installed on the water heating system in an approved location
based on its listing requirements and the manufacture’s instruction. CT & PRV

The normal operating pressure of a water distribution system is 40 to 75 psi.

How are the building water distribution branch lines normally installed? Horizontally, with a slight
grade toward the shutoff valve.

Acidity is one of the most problems in water distribution and water purification, which can cause
Corrosion of non– ferrous pipes and Rusting & clogging of steel pipes, which is the best solution for this
problem? Passing the water through a bed of crushed marble or limestone to achieve alkalinity, or
adding sodium silicate.

What device do you install in a building distribution system to correct a water hammer problem?
Vertical air chamber

* Distribution pipe – a pipe between the water meter to the fixtures.

Molecule – these are water like gases solid which composed of small individual parts.

Water Service Pipe

*Water service pipe – is the pipe from the water main or other source of water supply to the building
served.

– is a pipe extending from the corporation cock to the water supply distribution
system of the building.

The water service is a pipe that extends from water main to the water meter.

The Code requires that when a water service pipe it installed in the same trench with a building sewer,
there must be a minimum separation of 12 inches.
No building water service pipe shall be less than 19mm in diameter.

Water supply wells shall be located at least 15.2 m from building sewer.

The water service lines are the part of the water distribution system main that extends into the building.

According to Code, the water service pipe supplying water for a two-bedroom, one bath house must be
no less than the %-inch I.D. piping.

What element of a water meter translates the action of the water flow? Secondary

Water Main

*Water main – it is a pipe that conveys potable water for public and community use from the municipal
water supply source. The minimum burial depth for water mains under roads is 3 feet (0.9m).

The primary purpose of periodic testing of water mains of flow and pressure is to ensure that? The
water system can meet the public demands far water.

The proper length of time and velocity for flushing a main is 30 minutes/2.5 fps.

In which order is a water main disinfected flushing, dosing, flushing, testing.

The disinfection method preferred on new water mains is calcium hypochlorite tablet because of its
simplicity and ease of use.

The correct chlorine dosage and contact time for disinfecting a water main is 50 ppm/12 hrs.

The minimum water pressure in the main, after allowing friction and other pressure 103 kpa, before one
needs to provide a hydro –pneumatic pressure tank or elevated water tank and booster pump to
provide said pressure.

The minimum burial depth for water mains under roads is 3 feet (0.90 m).

Before a new water main is put into service it must be tested and disinfected.

Who must be notified anytime a water main is turned off? Fire Department

How many times are pipes in the water systems tested? Twice, after rough–in and after fixtures are
installed.

Potable Water System

Potable water – the code defines water that it safe for drinking purpose.
 – water satisfactory for drinking, culinary and domestic purposes and meets the
requirement of the Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water.

Purified water – water which undergoes treatment, either physical, biological or chemical means to
improve water quality.

Potable water supply piping is colored blue.

Potable water inlet to gravity tank shall be controlled by a float valve, float switch or electrode type of
level water level control to prevent the tank from overflow.

Plumbing pipe color coded in Aquia blue stripe or bar is identified as potable water pipe.

When potable water is discharge to the drainage system, it shall be by means of approved air gap of 2
pipe size diameter from the supply of the outlet and top surface of the drainage inlet, but in no case
shall be less than 25 mm.

Potable water outlet with hose attachments other than water heater drains and clothes washer
connections shall be protected by a listed non–removable hose bibb type backflow preventer or by a
listed atmospheric vacuum breaker.

No water filter, water softener, backflow prevention device or similar devices regulated by this Code
shall be installed in any potable water supply when the diameter of the inlet and/or outlet of any device
or its connecting piping are less than the diameter of the water supply distribution piping.

Contamination – is an impairment of the quality of potable water which creates a hazard to public
health through poisoning or the spread of disease.

Hot Water System

*Types of Hot water system:

Pump circuit system – it is a system where it is recommended for large building where difficulty of
providing natural circulation of hot water is encountered. A used of mechanical device (centrifugal
pump) used to circulate hot water to the plumbing fixtures.

– a mechanical device used to circulate hot water to the plumbing system.

Circulating pump – use this pump to boost the water pressure of hot water.

The most practical circulating pump for use in the hot water system is the centrifugal pump.

Overhead feed system – in hot water supply system, where the large pipe of the installation is installed
at the top of the riser, and the diminishing pipe sizes passes through the lower floors.
Up–feed system – in hot water supply system, where the large pipe is installed at the bottom of the
riser and the diminishing sizes passes through the upper floors of the building.

*Water heating system:

Hot water space heating system – type of water heating system where is confined within a system at
low temperature.

Hot water supply system – it is a type of water heating where is not in a closed system which operates
on much higher temperature.

For hot and cold-water distribution system, on what side should the hot water supply be placed in
combination fittings? Left

*Others:

How does the safety features of a service hot water system work? Automatically

Expansion loop is used in what kind of piping system is hot water supply.

A storage heater is used when the demand has large volume changes.

A water system containing a water heater will require Pressure relief valve.

Electric water heaters are manufactured based on the standard set by this organization U.L. or (United
Laboratories).

Hot water piping system over 110 degrees Fahrenheit shall be provided with backflow preventer
designed to operate without rendering any portion of the assembly inoperative.

A 1–inch horizontal hot water copper pipe which exceeds 100 feet in length must compensate for it
expansion by being: protected with swing joints

Every passage to an attic water heater shall have a solid continuous flooring not less than 24 inch wide.

The distance between a water heater and union on the water lines shall not be more than 12 inches.

The maximum distance away from a water heater you can install a shutoff valve is 5 feet (1.5m).

The distance from the top of water heater to relief valve is 6 inches.

Cold Water System

*Others:
The basic element of a cold-water supply on a building is riser run outs.

Where is the cold-water valve located? Right side

The temperature of cold water is 85 degrees Fahrenheit.

In a closed water system, is it applicable to install an expansion tank? Yes

Laws or Codes and Others

Civll Code of the Philippines RA 386.

Clean Water Act RA 9275.

Clean Air Act RA 8749.

Environment Code of the Philippines PD 1152.

The date when the Philippine Environment Code is signed June 6, 1977.

OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

DAO No. 34 Series of 1990 all about Revised Water Usage/Classification Water Quality Criteria.

DAO No. 35 Series of 1990 all about Revised Effluent Regulation of 1990.

DOH Administrative Order No. 2007–0012 all about Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water of
2007.

National Standards for Drinking Water – the code that prescribes criteria on the quality of drinking water
from meteoric, surface or underground sources.

– the one who set the criteria for the quality of drinking water
from meteoric, surface or underground sources.

Provincial Water Utilities Act PD 198.

The date when the Provincial Water Utilities Act is signed May 25, 1973.

Quality of drinking water from meteoric, surface and underground surfaces shall be in accordance by
NSDW.

The following are the methods of commonly used for bringing water from its source to the customer:
Gravity system, Distributing reservoir system, and Direct pressure system.

These are the water storage that was used during primitive period: Earthen jars, Wooden jars, and
Bamboo container.

Determining the water nature through acidity or alkalinity is Ph value.

“Zero Ph” means Acid.

Terms
Insanitary – a term used which is contrary to sanitary principle or injurious to health.

Pollution – an impairment of the quality of the water to a degree which creates hazard to the public
health and adversely affects the aesthetic and potable qualities of water for domestic use.

Nuisance – whenever any work regulated by this Code is dangerous to human life or detrimental to
health and property and inadequate or unsafe supply and or sewage disposal system.