PO CH-20 AToraic SPECTRA Notes by: Prof. Se yfcbba, Khabid . .C. OKARA- Spectvoscopy:- ' eee The branch. of Physics which. deals with The investiqation oe wavtlenats andl mtensctces of oleetrema metic yodialians I HE) emctted or adsorbed by atoms > called Spectroscepy. ‘ Dees of SPECTRA. ' I- Contenudus Spectrum. £4. Black body yackia ion Spectrum 2- Bank Speetmr. eg. Molecular Spectrum. = 3 - Line S pectwm pa OR ,Dtscve e Spectvum, : eg. Abonic Spectrum suchas Jydngen Spectrum. 20.1 ArTomic Spectra When an atomic qs oo exaked b pessrng an cdectrece current Hirogt Yat bas pressure, the emitted yadiation Ras . Spectrum. Thin contains ic. Wavete Ss Spey Omg OG te cuatal avangemat for observing such atomic Spectra HO sham in Fig 1. Actual spectrometer user deff vact ion grating, instead of prisms for better yeoults. covlain,Une specrum of hysrogen Line Spectrum:- TE the sbet vnfrontof sauce is Narrow rectangle, the bm pressiongi a) on tie plate do in the form af liner. Ths fia specteule i called Line pee 7 ' Spectral Sevtes:- ! The spectrum o eboment corltains wavelengths that show mee ky Creqularclres). IE was used bo (elem bey ckeffertnt elements in the 2°°-Halp of 14 Century. 1- Bumer Series:- Shubpawer Ibs im the cage Sgutpemaed a visible yeaven of The electromagnetic Spectrum. Sg , ' In_1885 Balmer en biped thir series In lhe spectwon of Mydyog en. Se ibs cable Balmer Series. Fig. Balmer Series Tt & sham in Fe’ In 1896, IR. Rydberg, exprenea | | the reoubls somos 9 Tie Balmer Rta in the mathematical fovm « tet dnt wal Ry= dbergs Cons tant ” Other speckral Server of Hydrogen. alon are as follrws,cH=a0 PQ crt ean Lyman Serves: - Fe co m me Uleva-Vaked vegeor. Te area Dy PRY Serves ape eo Marla, by Re o— Paschen Series:- TE & m tke Infrarect regime. 1 Fa Re CRA BY] ret gos — Brackett Serves: Tt a jn the infrared sg Oe 4 = RnR) We GH Rew RE BWM Los, plinaspaceum catenin toe Seawethe Baines bacon been Oe Wabereonaf te wceemagoets o— Pfuret Sevvesi- Iku in the infrared region - ' yp j \ x 7 he d-k) nz 68, Joes General Formulas Palys heres DE Poly Pe2, PeSyrrree |Chae 0) 20.2 Bour’s Move. Or Hyoroqen Aro: ————— SEN ATOM, SO In 1413 Nels Boke gave ki mibdol of Hyer agen atom . Thin teary oa mixture of Classical icleas and modern teem of Plancks Quantum theory. So, aa semi ~ classical Theory. Ib & based on fotlncng posbslaten, Postulates:— eh S Lam An election can revolve sin Hose fixed or allased orbits fey uchiche ik, mom enantt W integral mubkiple of S, tere Rs plaseses constant 7 £ MVT Mag | n= Pineal Qusatum, Number, T neh ayet.. Allnsed oybits are also called Stationary States. ' 2 The total Of am electron vn Es alleved orbit remains constant, cs an ik Yemans th the same orbit. doer not vaatote energy 3 Whe an ebickrn jumps from a hagher energy state E, bo a energy stale © it vie, energy in the fam of a Solon of crore hf En- Ep= hf Quuanti zen Raor. eco aol Consider a Hy drogen atom in oshich an electron of charge (-e) ancl mbss m vs reveling in a crv euler tae The ruckus (proton) Charge cre), Y= Rodis of Baby Orbit nh ve Velocity of eectyen. i Necassery centripetal face E= I 15 prided by eBelraslabic rete genet fess € = aCH-20 PO ak &. ae = Kce)ce h ~ Om =k rt oO the 1° postulate he myrs ne von nk . lores GEEKS ap metrcanm aes ! n>h> Rove ell Taekavend nso, repeat, T= Racivs of ni orbit. Tha shass that roolvi ave suanties (eeaee = eae) yeh Ae oo t (oo : anim Ke axtm Ke™ , " Brey | a. ae Sys) : ; Ye nem GCN) KCI x1 kg) Canis Meh xoasio} | tecrs PO Speed of Electron, By The 1% postulate myy = ne nw = OR put the value. wk =r [ eee t% * Grin KE nh 1 Ve = EE 2Am. Hin ke) Vo, A MWh Re “Fe Ve Ie al [a= a] 4 ™ For hither orbits (n= 1, 43,6, Ne_inereasesy 50,Vy._decyeases Quuantize pyENERGIE S:- The botal ener. E. of an ebectvem jn the Bokys Orbit ty the sum of ‘its KE and PE. E, = KE+ PE: + bye PesU= Suh Rte = Keene _ "ke % Pat the vale” gq Ke an PEineyd, )a ee en ily eat axtamnjalante ky)land BY Guxie't) 663 x15" Fes 12. 22. 1 Ee= lex TP ey. tea 7 a ge = Rte Legere lt pon Se-Enevgies ame partiged.cH Hypeogen Emission SpecrRumi- , PO. ———— Suppose am electron jumps item high ener State E, bo a bm energy state Ep. The difference of ener. emitted as a tm of fre ji Tog hf. . i weg t hf = En - Ep As En =" } é: E (fs B= pe he =~ aR © pi) 5 sw ae met pL : Eo E. 3 = “pe He 088 = t I 41 eae? ae pa) a2 As £026 : fee Rex yasdys fF > ae m) ‘Series Ut des Ee Gb » ne Ope I The abort formula reduces to on gears zydbergs Formula for Bakmoy Seyien ‘nmr we pul - Say NEBY TS ee EEcure P@ De~Broglies Interpretation of Bohrs Orbit. At the tine 4 frrmubabion of Bekys Teeory , ere Ges no julification feythe first Tse pastulabes, «shale potubte Ti Rad Some roots jn Plancks Hy pottase s, Laley on (ors) with lhe clevebapment of de Broghres Mpotherin, Sams. justification cdibol pestilbte I ax caplained bebas. ‘ ‘ be seen jp’ oe ree () Stationary wave for a=3 fon a string Explanation :- 1 Cauider 4 sty of emgte L as Shen in Feg. Tf thes string put inte Sete Carary we must have SnA shhere nr an inte er, Suppese That the String in bent sate creke Of radius |p for n=3 an nN=6 a Shaun im Fg band AaAr=andr » = 2ar Standing de Cross wares of dectont srcund the ckcumterence of Bhd vibyatrongcu-20P @ Grounct State: Nermatt The eltctvan in The Hyclrugen atom tm yn The Lowest ad. slate corr eaponclin to red, Wes slate cartel Ground. State or Normal State. Exceted State. When Me eltelyonr isin fhe first Bohr Orbil, il is ihewel to be in The qroma state. WRen ub 6 rn the higher orbit, ik in sald > be in the exerted ctate, Exctlatver Potentual:~ ' The adem may be exctteck by Collision wilh extern acceltvaled electyor. “The potentral Tiveugh hich an eleckyon. sheukel be accelerated 50 Wat am cobhision ct con Lif the ehectyen in The alan from Vs unt state bo some hagher state » called excr'tatlon pottnti'al . Tonization Energy:- aoe Energy completely Ke, onerag i oa to yemevetan electron fron the first Baby "Obit 4 cabled vongation sneca. SH o cpl bo 13.6 eV. The Conjration one to The 2lectron mey be provieteal hy collision” with an “lexternal electra. Yorization Potemtral:- ‘ eS Te minimum potentyal thr hice The external election sheulsl be accebevabeel so that i can § phy the reqwivedl conta ton ones called Conjfabion potential. For Idyocen ot. od a ae Oe pe Jy nae ss vaQueCH-20 dD 20:3 Lnner Shbl THansitions anol. —————— Characteristic Regs. Sita — The: transition. of electrons i, . cn the: Mydvegen. or other Light olemencts causes “The emission ¥ Spectral Ones, rn the imfraract, vesthle or ultrovisfet yegeon af elec tyamag nadie, Spectrum due ba small eneys ane, olifreremce sin oneway Levels. seeron pe Heavy Atoms the elebrons are awanged tn concentyee shodls called KLMNO ete. K~shell 5 the closest bo the nucleus, the L-shele ruxt and so m- See Peg. The. miner Shelk ebectvns are Lightly beundiand Cargo amount of energy to Yeyured : for theory chisplacement “fram tery nevmol Luels, ] J Einy et ai f qd | After excitation shen an atem (of heav element) relwens to its normal state, photons of Larger energy are emitted. S u 7 ace Reesutt: The transition of mner shell electrons pr heavy adams eves puse bo the emussiim F hgh energy pAotons or X-Rays, | Characterestre Axes: sr rgs couscrt of wavelenatis or freprenciies and eth cant Charactere's bre Xora. Note :— Study sf Chometerithe X-ray Spectra prove tnfomatind hone ee ray pede and the peredic babhe of elements.ce RD (a) Pao puction OF X-Rays: Stoel | Fig. 208 Ar Rags. : When hy eneory electrons stuke a metal suctace, Witty Toned yeh yaclia bing celhkad xX-¥. are emitted, . These. were “de'scoverent by Rontgen tm 1895. Constwetcon of xX-r Ta be: oO fA Vacuum tube celled rong tebe. Un A Source of eleven cathocte phate! c, Gil) A system te 5 my ba potential cliffevence bs accelerate Yel L borg wm A lavget T of Ling hin oy Cadmium . of Sev oS Anode. Operations. ol The cathode plate © i> heated the filament Fy bemits lecty. Shi ave aettira bd haa We dete Oe Vi he Petentrat Lfference het Cotede © and Ta T, the KE vipa eset, electrons strike the at target us ati Bo gtbte ty se sere. eo ange of ab the fest moving elect Ve Strike a ale made i hatin oy Ti tee, heav element, Seppe se. ome K~ shel eff a, Pemsvrerl , t : froll the aon Meey hele 4 producect Th th K~shell,i) CH-2» PD The ceckron from L~ shell gumps bo occupy He hele im K- shell. A platen of eneray hi, ' Clked Ky = emitted Kp x~¥ St abso pesei'ble That an ts. fren M~ Sheol magie jump bo a; hole jn K- shell. The phsters omitbed ape Ke Xmyegs with emerges Nhey Kha = 5a Characteres tee Anvagsee The. phstms emittest 1 Th the nner shell Cvansitins ane callecl Characteyiste xor , because Mist emerges ctpind spon Ts type of be material, The chavaeteni bic eves Pes as dderete Clue) ines mo eortinuas Spectrum as sham sn Fey. CO) Continuous X-Ray Ss PecTRUM: The cotinuiors 'Shectrum 3 dia bo’ an effect celled Bremsstrahbung or Breaking’ Radiatim. : When Ihe fast moving electrans bambecol The - bay are suddl Pot set mt cee aoe barget’. These cotbiding olectrong emit racliationg a4 thay S$ are Strenpby ecehoyite by the larget. era fhe vete oleceteyat im vy So Ouro, The emitted yadiatios have shat wanel Hh (hae Fe so ie Bremsstrah bang B® in the a io fev) Tn the case Shen Vthe chetrons Lose | Pes kinetic eneeay in the first collition, the betl KE i ppeas tq “4 Xorg phitor hfhae E=h [KE = Rad 2 oe se [Ami =e a Ve if ASa-2eP The ssavelengH, min in the fig. Cerrespmds bo Frequency che ‘ : Other dheetrers ho not bne all, thus mm the font cthision . Th. buffer a. number of cothisiin s befere coming bo Ltd Thes wll. procluce photons g smaller energy of eres hanset-wral Lars, Se, Ke continras spectvum is ohtais dus to olecebeya tion $ colin cectreng. : © Froperties Ano Uses of X-Rayey- Propertres SS. Aovegs ant dhtebromeanetic racuations of freqrenaes greater than whe UlbraViobet Light, J free an They travel wifh tir Speed, bye Mc . 3- Aave no cheege , so Thy ere net effected 4 electric Vand m ro frel. ~The are sitrested iy crystals s- Xorgs prduce phitocketne process - ir incident ma metal Surface. ' 6- he produce imgation ingases and. tas property uted” bo find at the ontensiby rags. Ae 7- Xr ane hy penetrating jaddetios, They con“ fonsliale Kase materi which ape opagne te odin byhe. Thay on pas ae fash. B- } Can dai Living ties . expact b them fe haga ene tue "y Uses of kotgsi~ 1- x*vre if fraction B used ty s| the crystal Struc: . “ad e1 i éuea0, POs) a- Koved com envily pass thr flesh (oe$) bewuse Es. ahmet ane of fmall oclomte number, gu Thay absarh heat K-ras ant appear davke an the phate grap hee frbmv, awe es hanes absivh mare x=vans becaupe, Tey atoms ave y grater atamile number anol Abnce Hey appear igh boy ame Ma. p Reto tra pce, film, Surgems user This phatverrapsh lo oltagnege fhe ol’ Sense. fe pabient Uy examina. Hei, fracture In bone. cancer Sa X-rays me used bo oltsbroyp cells, 4- In “trduustyy , Xovays one use bo revert | huidlelan wd a flaws in mola coating and welling fords, s- Xovats ere wel fer security chee lng at the air port sanddan kes, efe, ; CAT - Scanners dk oan impel Xray meth, CAT | stants for “Computerized axist tepegeaphy” The instrummt 5 calleol CATH Scanner, The x-vay Source pyuduces Thur Aon-shaped bean whith 4 dutected on (he pee cede of te subject by an vray of Fever ham oh dalectors nla ne. “Each detec ter measures obser ptiniyric) of XK athin Qing thre je ene TG eg ngs The eutin a paradus rotated avsunct fhe. subjeck in Mt. plana. of Ihe beam curing a aa The hea peaction of Ke pial pes yecordad digitally.“ A computer processes thi Difor machon amd pe lend ructs a puclon. of Héfferent olen fies over an enlire cretsec tion of tha Subject. Donecly olf Ferenc gf Ha uretoy f me per cent Cam bethao P @ dstected with CAT- Scans. Tinta anc Phy anamalies much ter small to be gem sitth oColey vee: Can be doberted. \ Ros a = (9,75, oie At eat an ete eee Beolvarcad Effects of X-vayss- Da Xr com conte damage to Divig bias, Am Molecuter bonds rh btsrues may “bveak up clue to 2 A So ee ice hr ere Be Nn and Ya pul rast cells anc. 4 b 4- “Teac tet fe Selechine eae f can hanc a cole may be dama Fadiation but SurViVe, combine deviating and Pcl ati of defective. cells, S= Exarsie - X-Yars rocltetion ex aire Can cause chai In Sheag ro be 5 That rel effec the oy, enn Tafiongs 9 sys FiCH=20 POD 20-4 Uncertainty Within THe Atom SNCERTAINT YY NEHA ——— v Due bo the ctuat nolune of matter (Particle nabere “amd Waveinalure), There atone am uncertanity sn The measurement af position Knol mementum of a particle at Ki same Lime( simullon By teeta? Uneertaintby Prin cc ple “y) AP ax rz of Apanah 1- Electron present inside the nuchewss- seen presen’ msicle the nucleus “4% Se of a nucleus AX =/O m Ap ax aii As P=mv Ap = te apzmav kh AV = spaec of whee ven, mV = hu Av =—— mar bbaxie SS = Zed me! vie 3x10" ms = iS gixte Ky x 13x10 m/s a 2x10 ™/s ‘ AV> © Ik means that the spead of election in greater than the spead af Diht, whith to rot possible. Results An_ehetvm cam never be funcl imsiole Me nucleus 2— Electron can esucle unsicle The Atem:— Radius of Sy degen atom iy A= SxI8! me. h 663 ate Ts 7 ANE nam He asain = MME RIS /S 10010, enim! av 1,) Neo & » cory te stwt Laser Ackiem, The atoms tn The metastable slate E, are bombarded b4 phstons of Exhp=G&- 61, resulting in [he stimudated (induced )emrssror, atving am Unbense, and coherent beam in the direc buon of The uncident photon. The emitted prstmns must be confined Pius?) in am onsen bly of atoms Levy enh bo stimulete they photens. I Serence >| They Hy done by using mivrers —conpiety at tke tos Suns nue, CLP, t Be BE z tad c ond e's made. Le gute, i ote cling and [he other end iy parti vans ba to Ed Fen te es - P a) lata As Ke photms mee back. Si forth betunen Hie reflecting mervers cortinwe bo stimulate other excited atoms bo emit Phatoms. Dn thet way he resting vadiations become mare and more a intense» and coherent ax compared bo aidinevs visthhe, Dag -cu-20 P Qi) Heuum- Neon Laser: Hetiom Neon Metastable Metastable 10, | (ton 2061 2066 1870 a Ground Ground ate late Tt Ite mest commen b Caeser used sn Physces Dabsrabertes, Tt na dschor tube which covbaing BS % “Helium and 1S 27, Neon gas Neon v» the Lesing matercal or ‘active medium? j'n Tha bube- Hebiium amd Nem Rave nearby dentical metastable states. ' ook For FHebium ub % 20.61 eV. Fv New ifs 20-66 ev., A hight voblege eclectic dirchorgh excite, tr olectyms in oe ke ne atamg to ne 20.6leVstate. In thes Laser. cpubati'on taverston In New vy acht'eved hy olerect col Lisions with same onary electrons x helium Lboms. Thus excited helium alads collide with neon atens, each Eran fering smn 20.61 eV of bo an electron in tke nem “abom along with 00S eV _KE from fhe. moving alan. Ay «result this electvons in nem a Lanes Binge tae ratsect to 20.66eV/ stale. So, popebestion Unversion 4 Susrtainad jn Ike Neon gas yelstive bo an oneray Level 18.70eV Sportarecus emussion vo. Neen’ bones initcate Lase, action and stimulate enussim causes ehatyorg rn fhe Neon to yep * from 20.66 eV be the 19.70eV Louse and red bi af wawe feng ta 632.8nm Correa ponding be 186 eV “emerges in qansrated.' cune PGB Uses of Laser in Medreine, Oe Vm Langer beams ane ued a4 sun gua book for telling” detached retina, = The nayers intense beam of baser cin be usec to der bray bessme iv a Poca biz ool aren. ' “aTing ovganettes with a Living . 060 hau beer destreyeol by using Laser bo st how te absence Tat Cpr ng pect tke betailn of fhe at 3. A foodat beam “of Laser has been used ts cleat Camceyousy and pre- Can cevous cells, 4 The heat of the Laser seats off capellaries and Lombh vessels bo prevent spread of Ihe Absease. Uses of Laser en Industry. ' 1— The intense heat Precucd in Small anda by a Laser beam 4 alt wed welding and machi nin matals ome for dyilbing by Bint, eles in hardy 2- Te preese sbraightnoss of a baser beam is also sed fev oP sun or Livin eg jth menk pect In enecontle Misra che teocet) 3- Ikoa jor Source of enoy. em ioe frsion rela # oa frm na Ge LE Can be used foy belkconmunccate on along pliok fibres, = Laser beam can be used bo brecuce hres Mimen srorok imeug en 7 ehjects in a process oked hoograpiy Tha: imagen are collect holograms,: cu-ro PO Bob's theory of iydrogan atom s based upon several assumptions. Do any of these assumptions contrcictclaslcaphiysas? \Whdtjo mannt by a tine apectrun? Explin, how in spectrum ean be used for he ‘dontification of elements? ' ‘Cai tha elactron In the ground stato of hydtogen absorb a photon of, eneray 13,6 eV and greater than 13.6 6V? How can the spectrum af hydroyjon contain so many tines when hydrogen contains | ‘eno loctron? Ig eviorgy conserved hen an.atom emits a photon of ight? Explain why a glowing gas glvos only cortain wavelengths oflight and why thatgas is apable of absorbing the same wavelengths? Give a reason why Its transparent to othorwavelengths? What do we mean whan we say thatthe atqm|s excited? Gan X-rays be reftected, retracted, difracted and polarized just the, any other waves? Explain. What are the advantages oftasers over ordinary ight? 0 Explain winy lasor action could net occur without popuation inversion belwéen : [ atomicievels | Ex-2ros : : Find the speed of eleclym in the first Bokr Orbit . Solr . ani Vi. 28 Ke~ ; : oe fr first Boke orbit. vy 2x Ken call hk oe a1 : | pa ave x ante exe Ey bbs 18" Tas eo Ni = UIT xKIo ms | Defference between ordinary ane Cohevent layne. = een =—— = Aaset pro eam ot gt woe alos at have na same tasuany manecomana iain aise wih one acinar coh : (BEER SE et ores wae nen ae SOC ences x i a ann POO i 4 Ineshorent ght cone | \ O Nor mab 26 ‘ ho 1@ Ppulabic Sy Z ie tation eoceoe_ | Papubablow, Kili bnaay, Naas Mitr ontrgg M Ree een Rigen Urseeenmay NNR DN, & tow % | ty | 1 Leste emteay | acu» PGD Answers of Questions Q-2o.1 According te tke Behis prablate., electron doco re “ed shin Ub revolves jn 4 foxed evbit : But according & lta. Cairiont Physres rem baing lectins Bon accelejatest charge wshich mast ragliatel ensray. So beth are opposcte be each ether, Q=20.2 When an eltebrn Gumps fre a Seer eae: ier orbit a set of particubay frepincies is emilted. Mb sever Line, 50 procluced. ww elhd a hie Spectrum. 7 P Line Spectrum vr produced for dn vrolatecl atom. Each elemmt Aes its om characters ties Line spectrum, Which Con yusecl be entify the eloment, ' Q- 20.3 Lonig ation omy Tha eheckvon i'n He qiamd slate “f Vfyetrag en atom = 13.6 eV, A phéton of be onl oni A phéton, 4 fhe ee abserbed. ater thon 13 FeV onl else comtye He atom and bE. sae ong wil afer ba the KE of the ebpotvm. adj Jt Oe = 20-4 ae Hy aregen atom contains 9 sla snp nate te, fore ee different dink preluce afferent till spectrum. Se Hy droge, Spectrim. con baimy men hse, Q=zes Yes % consermed, It 5 accereing bs the dew af Cmservaton ef erocay The ctf Srince Im Umbiay between Liss enere, Qevels & emitted ar Ihe onl $ “ad” ener Phiston, Cle es AE Cphstm)‘ cur = PED Q-206 A ives cortain clio Toe cm, Clomink Hore, Tesi ane oe en The bvansitions between SH ty es prduce dincrete of certain When atte Ravi ving fhe Same wavele 8 persed ig ke ge. thage want beng ape euehet anal, wind are, excited. ilar Savctony cannot excites The atons because mite energy states. So my oP poss threge the ee oe “5 tronspasent bo the wavebena th. d Ye ee Q- 207 baa © priper amount of energy vs red. bo Hie electver of an atom, iE om Lifted up is ane of the higher snerey states - Nas, we That fit atom in exccted . ' Q- 203 20:8 rey ope na trerad metic waves of smell, snvebong votes frepen ca. Se they Can be reflect, i pottel olifferent ant pola riged. : jist bhe othey vanes, ey Cendibins mag be diferent. For eaample, visible Leght vs 4 diffracted from a adftraction avating. But X~vays are diffracted ee crystals. me Q20.4 Advantages 0 fase Lat ove evdinary Light ares Gy Lb ‘mencchromatic “(ii Tt has tntensé Giiy Tt unitirectioal wiv, Tt phase coherent: Qa PONG Fepubation Loverscon aren ia pn Hee Noo afore in The exes Reastete > pa, Jranct state, enLaser Lyte 6 produced dee “tmny 2ntsSOr ea For stimulated emussion mast q Ma elechrons Should be rn lke excited state. pepelsbion inversiin & necessang betwen the utonce Levels ‘20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 206 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.10 cH-20 PAO : , [Anhydrogen atoms is In its ground state (a = 1). Using Bones theory, care {G) the actus ofthe orbit, () the linear momentum of ta slegtron (6) Pe angular eyenentum of the electron (q) the Kinellc energy, (2) the potential eneray- ‘and (Hithe total energy. . Ans: (2) 0.529 x 10"*m (b) 1.99 10% kg ms" (c) 1.05% 10" Kg ms (0) 13.6 eV (e)- 27.2 eV (9-19.82 ‘What are the energies in eV of quanta of wavelength? (Ani ‘An electron jumps from a level E,=-3.5 x 10" J 0 E,= 1.20 x 40° J. What ‘wavelength of the emittedtight? (Ans: 224 fromn=6stateton=3state? Compute the shortest wavelength radiation in the Balmer series? Yines Ye mustbe used? (Ans: 364.553 Calculate the longest wavelength ofradiation for the Paschen series, ‘ (Ans: 1675 nm) ‘atcelerated through @ potential diference & Seer these electrons were slowed down in 2 target, what will be tre wavelength of X-rays produce: (ans: ‘The wavelength of K X-ray from copper is 1.377 x 10% m. What is the eneray diference between the two levels from which this transition resuits? a (Ans: 8.03 424) _xtungstentargetistruckby electrons thathave been accelerated rom restive J0'RY potential diference. Find the shortest wavelength of the bremsstahirg radiation emitted? (Ans:0.31x1078E “The orbital electron of a.hydrogen atom moves with a speed of 5.455 x 10" ms- (ind the value of the quantum number n associated with this elects: (G)cateulate the rhcius ofthis orbit, and (c)the energy ofthe elactronintnis ors? (Ans: 0.846 O85 0¥) Electrons in an X-ray tube are x =7 Ep 2-35 x10 5 Ee _ 4.2016 8F 2 <9 -18 —3.Sxlo —(-}:20xl0 ) 18. ane pugiateg.s xa? E = ge asx” E= At ea Erhse Coe a Amer ciee welts sxe, a ee asx1o 4 A= 234x168 cs = 34x10 'm : A= 234 R71 fos 3, = 400, 500 and 700 mis 3.40 eV, 2.49 eV, 1.77 20). te Find the wavelength ofthe spectral line corresponding tote transtion in hydroaesPRofrems —=—- P-ao1 N=l (fer roma State) cCH-20 ?@ ok nh mvt = 2K h mv, + hn my jah 2A Y, ' A f ~ AY, Finest bbs x1 TS 2 (34K) @ 053 x (2m) ay 7 eh Roz 14axie m/s, 1 gn ee L : 4 7; balers ( re (G6rxte” 7x5) | oO riwns nh. Seonscansielgy(andele y(1exi8") h gd T= 63K m Ans, Foc tena ~10 =10 h v, = 0-83 ie hie ani m Ly = ER” T, = 0.0S3x0'M oy Te ssxioln A Ge bdae Hs 1, = cogs nm. We pm Ol = SSS -3 D) Veen Ke Lye pol Xie Txs nh 2a Ker y= oe nel a) ke. £ Kee =z x by m both scles pate uM mv, = 2zxm Ke Ke aide Ke " 4 p, 2 aamKer Ke 2 bh. (de meyers) 14, it Coat A cy} ey P= Re eMurcstxio peru EIN be og ye! 643 KI Tus Le -24 KE = al#xte Py = Lannie” Kym), coer 6 Seearenre are ere aTaaeeea a Kee /3-6 eV Note: P = onck Une mv yu oie wu EEhe a nz) BS ae pe - - Ke a * bene xt Soo x07 a = = (neem Cagle Co.eS3 x18 Im) PE <~ daar ®y Ee Bae oy Pe x 4suxt” 1 ae a eV= E= 249 eV bexis!s PE =-27.2 ev f> Tatel EnevaryaEy _ Ae E, = Kiels Re ee Bees sane? E, = 13:6 ev-a72ev ee E, =-/3-6 eV. : P- 20-2 Poe Eah¢e fase E -he fos En S68 Ny aay ' Gov xis EF = wane IT ' -l leverexio4 “* Ry = 1 0974x10 ns! ! oe WV Rw C3e 7 A) eRe Cpr = Ru ( 1) 36 a CB) Ru l(t) = ke » Ga) seed as IR 2 Ru > Leataxid yy u Tr +e 1293 x}o om »> in 1093x107 m = 1093 nm. eee aeeenaee Sea Se a P~20.5 Fer Balmor Sertes x Fah - RB) Ngan A=? (Shortest Wavelerat ve, ret th) der Staten Bie fois nee ' pan whe Ce) 1 deeteo yee fp) arte Le ke i= Ra bea yd nt 7 a 64S x10 ™ 5364.5 x10 sy = 364.5 nm erin, P@D P~ 20-6 Az? longer) Fey faschen Sey'es © pyar xi z -6 = 1874 x10 Mm -4 = 1974 x10'm a x A Vet, x axle a » = 1876 nm, se P2093 2 Cminimune) Frejrimey E=-Af£ = Max vec a ie itis es A ~te. Ve. a A = (ens Sas) (ng) dow Vx hex IF 1] As 41 eis! im,P- 20.8 te LY YIM LYE vEPyy DE = hae gy ely 1 v lee MxtOT i =y BE = LHW oy hex = Qear xe eV = G03KeV AEz 9027 eV dons, P-~20-9 V=4oK V Ve Geox V N=? Cskortart) e= he Ve =he Ve she a he Ve = G30 Fs 4 Sarat m/s Shae Ss 4 dai mls Uoxte” Vix pox YW xis! m = O38) X10! yy PO P= 20.10 = SUSE RL MY 9) yr - 2RKe ays ne ee ces Yak Le Bee caxident yg rerie'ey ne oS STE RE Hy OEE Tes A n=4 b ne hy 0, Meee ee yxrm Ke » y wy k* — 4 utm Ke =a a fox Gere Fes) 1 Faye Cred kyon P22) eating) ce x gf Ys BUG LS pg HEREIN "ra ems Fe o.eue xt Tey YO Usd Ream (Gaiecen eal oben, Et 0.8m Op ra mK e nt wh nh neg g DaQtereiby conde yenenees : (ye (E68 ges)? =I . Ese sexo y =h ee (eee oy enett Tree eV. ok Eye BE HBL 2 ere, ne %