Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

BDwbU- 11
wkÿv DcKiY

Awa‡ekb- 1 : wk¶v DcKiY

Awa‡ekb- 2 : wk¶Km„ó DcKiY- msMÖnKiY, ˆZwiKiY, msMVb
Awa‡ekb- 3 : wk¶v_x©m„ó DcKiY- wk¶v_x©‡`i DcKiY ˆZwi I
Ae¯’vb †ei Kivi Dcvq

200
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

201
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

BDwbU- 11 Awa‡ekb- 1

wk¶v DcKiY

f~wgKv
wkLb wk¶‡Y DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©‡`i wbKU mnR I
AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g wkLb‡K `xN©¯’vqx I djcÖm~ K‡i †Zvjvi j‡¶¨B wk¶v
DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nq| wk¶v DcKiY wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ welqe¯‘i
Dci wfwË K‡i wk¶K wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib †Kvb cv‡V †Kvb DcKiY e¨eüZ n‡e| ZvB
wk¶K‡K wel‡qi wfwˇZ DcKiY wbe©vPb, DcKiY ‰Zwi I msMÖn, mwVK mg‡q †m¸‡jvi
mwVK e¨envi Ges †m¸‡jvi msi¶Y wel‡q AZ¨šÍ weP¶Y n‡Z nq| DcKiY wel‡qi
mv‡_ mswkøó bv n‡j A_ev DcKiY mwVK mg‡q mwVKfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z bv n‡j wk¶‡Yi †¶‡Î
Zv BwZevPK cÖfv‡ei cwie‡Z© †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| Av‡jvP¨ Awa‡ek‡b 4wU †mKk‡b
h_vµ‡g wk¶v DcK‡Yi msÁv, DcKi‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`, wk¶v DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I
DcKiY e¨env‡ii Av`k©vqb ixwZ-bxwZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 wk¶v DcKi‡Yi msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v DcKiYmg~‡ni †kªYxKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 D`vniYmn cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi DcKi‡Yi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v DcKi‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 DcKiY e¨env‡ii Av`k©vqb ixwZ-bxwZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©- K: wk¶v DcKiY (Teaching Aids)

a cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avmyb GKRb wk¶K cvV`v‡bi mgq Kx Kx `ªe¨-mvgMÖx e¨envi K‡ib †m
wel‡q GKvMÖ wP‡Ë 2 wgwbU wPšÍv Kwi Ges LvZvq wjwL| Zvi c~‡e© Avgiv wb‡Pi Wvb cv‡ki
e·wU KvMR w`‡q †X‡K ivwL Ges †jLv †k‡l KvMRwU mwi‡q †jLvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`wL
DcKiY¸‡jv wVK Av‡Q wK bv|

--------------------------------------------------------- PK, PK‡evW©, Wv÷vi, †nvqvBU

--------------------------------------------------------- †evW©, gvK©vi, g‡Wj, Qwe, PvU©,
wd¬c PvU©, Rvb©vj, cvV¨cy¯—K,
--------------------------------------------------------- wewfbœ †idv‡iÝ eB, cÎ-
--------------------------------------------------------- cwÎKv, g¨vMvwRb, †Møve, gvbwPÎ
BZ¨vw`|

202
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

cªwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avgiv A‡bK¸‡jv `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi bvg wjLjvg| GK K_vq G¸‡jv‡K Avgiv
? wK ej‡Z cvwi?

eÜziv, G¸‡jv wk¶v DcKiY| AvaywbK wk¶v e¨e¯’vq wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi f~wgKvi cwieZ©b
 mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q QvÎ-wk¶K m¤ú‡K©i| ¸iy-wk‡l¨i †mB cÖ_vMZ m¤úK©
Qvwc‡q AvR wk¶‡Ki Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q wk¶v_©xi mnvqZvKvix eÜz wn‡m‡e| wkLb wk¶Y
cÖwµqvq wk¶K Pvj‡Ki Avmb †_‡K AvR mnvqZv`vbKvix wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Qb|
wk¶K welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_©xi Kv‡Q †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖvYcY †Póv Pvjvb| GRb¨
wewfbœ c×wZ I †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi cvkvcvwk e¨envi K‡ib wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶v DcKiY|
wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi Kivi gva¨‡g †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_x©‡`i wbKU cv‡Vi welqe¯‘‡K mnR
I AvKl©Yxq Kiv hvq Ges wkLb‡K ¯’vqx I Kvh©Ki Kiv Kiv hvq|
Pxb †`‡k GKwU cÖev` cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q, `k nvRvi kã e¨envi K‡i hv †evSv‡bv hvq bv,
“” GKwU gvÎ fv‡jv Qwei mvnv‡h¨ Zv †evSv‡bv hvq (One picture is worth more than
10,000 words.)|

g‡šÍmix (Montessori) Zvui wk¶Y c×wZ‡Z we‡klfv‡e Bw›`ªq cÖwk¶Y (Sense-

Training) Gi Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui wk¶vbxwZi g~j e³e¨ nj, wk¶Yxq
welqe¯‘‡K Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| AvaywbKKv‡j g‡bvwe`ivI Zvui GB wk¶bxwZ‡K
mg_©b K‡ib| Zvuiv g‡b K‡ib, e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Ávb Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZi gva¨‡g n‡q
_v‡K| myZivs, Áv‡bi e¯‘‡K hw` Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ K‡i †Zvjv hvq, Z‡eB wkLb m¤¢e n‡e|
GKwU D`vniY D‡jøL Kiv hvK| wkï cÖ_‡g Kgjv m¤ú‡K© AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| †m hw`
ïay †Pv‡L †`‡L Kgjv wPb‡Z †k‡L, Zvn‡j H e¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Zvi cwic~Y© Ávb nqbv|
wRwbmwU nv‡Z ¯úk© Kivi, MÜ †bIqvi Ges ¯^v` wePvi KiviI cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| GBfv‡e
KgjvwU‡K hw` †PvL, nvZ, Z¡K, bvK, wRnŸv BZ¨vw` Bw›`ª‡qi ms¯ú‡k© Avbv hvq Z‡eB Zvi
m¤ú‡K© c~Y©Ávb cvIqv hv‡e| wk¶v †¶‡ÎI GB hyw³ cÖ‡hvR¨| wk¶Yxq welqe¯‘ Mªn‡Yi
Rb¨ GKK Bw›`ªqvbyf~wZ h‡_ó bq; GKB mv‡_ wewfbœ Bw›`ªq‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡j wkLb
¯’vqx nq| g‡bvwe`¨vi GB bxwZ AvaywbK wk¶vweÁvb‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q Ges
GB cÖfv‡ei dj¯^iƒc wk¶‡Yi †¶‡Î wk¶vg~jK DcKi‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ Acwinvh© n‡q D‡V‡Q|

203
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

GLb cÖkœ Av‡m wk¶v DcKiY Kx?

? mvaviYZ wkLb wk¶Y cÖwµqvq e¨eüZ `ªe¨ mvgMÖx‡KB wk¶v DcKiY ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e
ejv hvq, †hme e¯‘ ev `ªe¨-mvgMÖx DËgiƒ‡c e¨envi K‡i welqe¯‘‡K mnR, AvvKl©Yxq I
 cÖvÄjfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq, cv‡Vi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv hvq Ges
wk¶v`vb Kvh©Ki I ¯’vqx Kiv m¤¢e nq Zv‡`i‡K wk¶v DcKiY ejv nq|
Trudy K. Stewart e‡jb, Teaching Aids are helpful tools for teaching in a
“” classroom or with individual learners. Teachers can use them to-

 help learners improve reading and other skills

 illustrate or reinforce a skill, fact or idea, and
 relieve anxiety, fears, or boredom, since many teaching aids are likely
games.

 KvR- 1
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, ce©-K Gi Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv wb‡Ri gZ K‡i wk¶v DcKi‡Yi
GKwU msÁv wjwL|

a KvR- 2
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avmyb Avgiv ce©-K Gi Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K wk¶v DcKi‡Yi PviwU KvR
mbv³ Kwi|
1.

2.

3.

204
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

4.

205
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

ce©- L: wk¶v DcKi‡Yi †kªYxwefvM

 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, wk¶vi ¯Íi I †kªYx‡f‡` cvV`v‡bi welqe¯—yi Pvwn`vi Av‡jv‡K wfbœ wfbœ
DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| wk¶vwe`MY wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wk¶v
DcKiY‡K †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| msMÖ‡ni Drm wn‡m‡e DcKiY `yÕai‡bi| h_v:

1. evwYwR¨K DcKiY (wkí KviLvbvq ˆZwi Ges †`vKvb †_‡K †Kbv)

2. mnRjf¨ evwYwR¨K DcKiY (cwi‡ek †_‡K msM„nxZ, wk¶K/wk¶v_©Š KZ…©K
msM„nxZ ev Aí Li‡P ¯’vbxqfv‡e ˆZwi)

Kvh©KvwiZvi aib Abyhvqx wk¶v DcKiY `yÕai‡bi| h_v:

1. cÖ‡¶cK DcKiY (me ai‡bi Av‡jvKhš¿ hvi mvnv‡h¨ †`qvj ev c`©vq †h †Kvb
ai‡bi Qwe, g¨vc †jLv, ¯øvBW BZ¨vw` cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó Kiv hvq)
2. cÖ‡¶cnxb DcKiY (†hme DcKiY Øviv †Kvb cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó Kiv hvq bv)

wk¶v_©x‡`i ev wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi aib Abyhvqx wk¶v DcKiY wZb cÖKvi| h_v:

1. ew³MZ/GKK wk¶v_©xi Rb¨ DcKiY

2. `jMZ/†kªYx wk¶vi Rb¨ DcKiY
3. mgwóMZ/MYwk¶vi Rb¨ DcKiY

gvbe wkïi wk¶vjv‡fi Drmmg~‡ni aib Abyhvqx wk¶v DcKiY wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i

1. mivmwi Bw›`ªq ms‡hvRK e¯‘

2. NUbvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix wPÎ ev Abyiƒc `ªe¨
3. †gŠwLK ev gyw`ªZ kãvewj

Dc‡i wewfbœ w`K †_‡K wk¶v DcKi‡Yi †kªYxKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gevi Avgiv ¸Y‡f‡`
wk¶v DcKi‡Yi †kªYxKiY Kie Ges GB kªYxKiYB n‡e Avgv‡`i g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq|
¸Y‡f‡` †_‡K wk¶v DcKiY‡K cuvP fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. kªeYwfwËK DcKiY (Auditory Teaching Aids)
2. `k©bwfwËK DcKiY (Visual Teaching Aids)
3. kªeY-`k©bwfwËK DcKiY (Audio-Visual Teaching Aids)
4. AbymÜvbg~jK DcKiY (Investigatory Teaching Aids)
5. Kg© m¤úv`bg~jK DcKiY (Work Oriented Teaching Aids)

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 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

1. kªeYwfwËK DcKiY (Auditory Teaching Aids):

wkLb wk¶Y cÖwµqvq †hme DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nq Zb¥‡a¨ kªeYwfwËK DcKiY Ab¨Zg|
†hme DcKiY wk¶v_©x‡`i kªeY Bw›`ªq‡K mwµq K‡i welqe¯‘‡K mn‡R †evaMg¨ K‡i
†Zv‡j †mme DcKiY‡K kªeYwfwËK DcKiY ejv nq| †kªYxK‡¶ kªeYwfwËK DcKiY
e¨envi Kivi d‡j wk¶v_x©iv cvV MÖn‡Y †Kej kªeY Bw›`ªq e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cvq Ges
Zv‡`i †kvbvi `¶Zv e„w× cvq| kªeYwfwËK DcKiYMy‡jv wbgœiƒc:
 †iwWI
 †Uc †iKW©vi
 gvB‡µv‡dvb BZ¨vw`|

2. `k©bwfwËK DcKiY: (Visual Teaching Aids)

†kªYx cvV`v‡b †hme DcKiY e¨envi Kivi d‡j wk¶v_x©iv †Kej
Zv‡`i `k©b Bw›`ªq e¨envi K‡i cVb-cvV‡b mwµq nq †mme
DcKiY‡K `k©bwfwËK DcKiY e‡j| `k©bwfwËK DcKiY
wk¶v_x©‡`i ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv e„w× K‡i| †h †Kvb ¯—‡ii †kªYx
cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g `k©bwfwËK DcKiY e¨envi Acwinvh©| A_©vr
`k©bwfwËK DcKiY e¨envi GZB MyiyZ¡c~Y© †h, `k©bwfwËK DcKiY
e¨ZxZ †kªYx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv cÖvq Am¤¢e| `k©bwfwËK DcKiY wk¶v_x©‡`i †jLv I
†`Lvi `¶Zv weKv‡ki cvkvcvwk Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj weKv‡ki my‡hvM K‡i †`q| wb‡P
KwZcq `k©bwfwËK DcKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jv:
 cvV¨cy¯‘K
 wewfbœ †idv‡iÝ eB
 cÎ-cwÎKv
 g¨vMvwRb, Rvb©vj
 cvV mswkøó e¯Íy ev `ªe¨
 wewfbœ g‡Wj
 PvU©
 PK‡evW© I PK
 †nvqvBU †evW© I †nvqvBU †evW© gvK©vi
 wd¬c PvU©
 ey‡jwUb †evW©
 d¬v‡bj †evW© ev †dë †evW©
 Ifvi‡nW cÖ‡R±i (OHP)
 ¯øvBW cÖ‡R±i (Slide Projector)

207
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

 g¨vc
 wewfbœ Qwe
 †Møve
 †cv÷vi †ccvi BZ¨vw`|

3. kªeY-`k©b DcKiY (Audio-Aisual Teaching Aids):

†hme DcKiY wk¶v_©xi GKB mv‡_ kªeY I `k©b Bw›`ªq‡K

mwµq K‡i welqe¯‘ Abyave‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i †mme DcKiY‡K
kªeY-`k©b DcKiY ejv nq|

wk¶vweÁv‡b DcKi‡Yi msÁvq ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAudio-visual aids are intended to

“” present an experience or a unit of knowledge through audio or visual
stimuli or through both to ensure quick and effective learning”|

†kªYxK‡¶ kªeY-`k©b DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡j wk¶v_x©iv kªeY Bw›`ª‡qi cvkvcvwk `k©b Bw›`ªq
e¨envi K‡i cv‡V mwµq nq| G ai‡bi DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cv‡Vi g~j e³e¨,
welqe¯—yi cÖavb As‡ki wk‡ivbvg, ce© wk‡ivbvg BZ¨vw` †kªYx‡Z Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
kªeY-`k©bwfwËK DcKiYMy‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:

 †Uwjwfkb
 wWwfwW †cøqvi
 gwbUi
 Kw¤úDUvi
 Pjw”PÎ|

4. AbymÜvbg~jK DcKiY (Investigatory Teaching Aids):

AbymÜvbg~jK DcKiY ej‡Z †kªYx cvV`v‡b e¨eüZ Ggb KwZcq
DcKiY‡K †evSvq †h¸‡jv e¨env‡ii d‡j wk¶v_x©iv ˆeÁvwbK
AbymÜvb, ivmvqwbK cix¶v-wbix¶v m¤úv`b BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z cv‡i| AbymÜvbg~jK DcKiY mvaviYZ weÁvb I weÁvbwfwËK
wel‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq| Gme DcKiY e¨env‡ii d‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i
wewfbœ AbymÜvbg~jK Kg©ZrciZv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zvi weKvk N‡U|
AbymÜvbg~jK DcKiYMy‡jv wbgœiƒc:

 cix¶vMv‡i e¨eüZ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨-mvgMÖx

 cwigvcK hš¿vw`
 wewfbœ cix¶Y hš¿ BZ¨vw`|

208
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

5. Kg© m¤úv`bg~jK DcKiY (Work Oriented Teaching Aids):

†kªYxK‡¶i wkLb-†kLv‡b Kvh©µg‡K ev¯—ewfwËK I h_v_© Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K KvR

Kivi gva¨‡g Ggb wKQy DcKiY e¨env‡ii my‡hvM K‡i †`Iqv hvq †h¸‡jv‡K Kg©
m¤úv`bg~jK DcKiY wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme DcKiY e¨envi Kivi d‡j
wk¶v_x©iv †kªYxK‡¶i evB‡i ev¯Íe cwi‡e‡k Ônv‡Z-Kj‡gÕ KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvq| d‡j
cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i aviYv h_v_© nq| Kg© m¤úv`bg~jK K‡qKwU DcKi‡Yi bvg
wb‡P D‡j- L Kiv n‡jv:

 Lvgvi
 `k©bxq e¯‘
 `k©bxq ¯’vb
 wgDwRqvg
 cwi‡ek-cÖK…wZ BZ¨vw`|

Avcbv‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ DcKi‡Yi GKwU c~Y©v½ QK †`Iqv n‡jv|

209
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

wk¶v DcKiY

`k©b wfwËK kªeY wfwËK kªeb-`k©b wfwËK Kg©m¤úv`bg~jK

AbymÜvbg~jK

e¯‘ †iwWI †Uwjwfkb mvgvwRK Drm cÖwZôvb

wÎgvwÎK g‡Wj †iKW© wfwmwc
†c- qvi Pjw”PÎ
bgybv †Uc †iKW©vi Lvgvi
Kw¤úDUvi cÖwZôvb
e¨w³
wgDwRqvg
cvV¨cy¯ÍK `k©bxq e¯‘
cwi‡ek-cÖK…wZ
gyw`ªZ e¯‘ Kg©cy¯ÍK `k©bxq ¯’vb
Kg© wb‡`©kcÎ
Kg©cÎ

PK †evW©

ey‡jwUb †evW©

c‡KU PvU© cwigvcK hš¿mg~n

d¬v‡bj †evW© ev †dë †evW© cix¶Y hš¿mg~n

d‡UvMÖvd Kg©m¤úv`bx hš¿mg~n

cÖ‡¶cYnxb ivmvqwbK `ªe¨mvgMÖx
Aw¼Z wPÎ
w¯’i wPÎ
wdj¥ w÷ªc cÖ‡R±i
cÖ‡¶cY‡hvM¨ Ifvi †nW cÖ‡R±i

I‡cK cÖ‡R±i
PvU© ¯øvBW cÖ‡R±i
g¨vc
b·v
†cv÷vi
Qwe / wPÎ
MÖvd
MÖvwd· d¬vk KvW©
cÖevn wPÎ
aviYv MV‡bi gvbwPÎ
11.1: wk¶v DcKi‡Yi mvaviY †kªYx web¨vmK…Z QK

210
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

KvR- 1
 eÜyiv Pjyb, Avgiv wk¶v DcKi‡Yi †kªYxwefvM Gi GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Kwi|

KvR- 2
 cªwk¶Yv_©x eÜyiv, Avgiv Gevi KZ¸‡jv wk¶v DcKiY Gi bvg LvZvq wjLe Ges †KvbwU
†Kvb †kªYxi DcKiY Zv QK AvKv‡i mvRve|

wWwfwW †c- qvi, cvV¨cy¯ÍK, †iwWI, wewfbœ †idv‡iÝ eB, mvDÛ e·, cÎ-cwÎKv,
g¨vMvwRb, Rvb©vj, cwi‡ek-cÖK…wZ, cvV mswkøó e¯‘ ev `ªe¨, gwbUi, g‡Wj, PvU©, PK‡evW©,
PK, †nvqvBU †evW,© Pjw”PÎ, †nvqvBU †evW© gvK©vi, gvB‡µv‡dvb, wd¬cPvU©, ey‡jwUb †evW©,
Kw¤úDUvi, d¬v‡bj †evW© ev †dë †evW©, †Uc †iKW©vi, Ifvi‡nW cÖ‡R±i, ¯øvBW cÖ‡R±i,
g¨vc, Qwe, †Møve, cwigvcK hš¿, †cv÷vi †ccvi, †Uwjwfkb, cix¶Y hš¿, ivmvqwbK `ªe¨-
mvgMÖx, wgDwRqvg

11.2: DcKiY †kªYxKiY QK

kªeYwfwËK `k©bwfwËK kªeY-`k©bwfwËK AbymÜvbg~jK Kg© m¤úv`bg~jK
DcKiY DcKiY DcKiY DcKiY DcKiY

KvR- 3
cªwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avmyb gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii †h‡Kvb wel‡q cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cvV wbe©vPb Kwi
Ges D³ wel‡qi Dchy³ GKwU wk¶v DcKiY wbR nv‡Z cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|

211
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

KvR- 4
a wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Pjyb Avgiv gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi evwl©K cvV cwiKíbv AbymiY K‡i
†h‡Kvb GKwU wel‡q AvMvgx wZb gv‡mi cvV`vb Dc‡hvMx welqe¯‘i Rb¨ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx
DcKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|

ce©- M: wk¶v DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, ce©-K Ges ce©-LÕ‡Z Avgiv h_vµ‡g wk¶v DcKi‡Yi msÁv Ges
DcKi‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| G c‡e© Avgiv wk¶v DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kie|

welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_©xi mvg‡b mnR I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjvi gva¨‡g wkLb ¯’vqx I Kvh©Ki
Kivi j‡¶¨ wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nq| DcKiY cvV`v‡b ˆewPΨ Avbqb K‡i Ges
wk¶v_©x‡`i GK‡N‡qgx `~i K‡i cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i| DcKiYwenxb cvV`vb
Kvh©µg hvwš¿K I GKgyLx cÖwµqvq ch©‡ewkZ nq| wk¶v Kvh©µg‡K mwµqZvwfwËK I g~Z©
Kivi Rb¨ DcKiY e¨envi Acwinvh©|

AvaywbK cvV`vb c×wZi g~j K_v n‡”Q cvV`v‡bi welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_x©‡`i wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨,
mnR I ev¯—ewfwËK K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv| Avi †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K mwµq ivLvi Rb¨
Ges cv‡Vi RwUj welqe¯Íy‡K mnR Kivi Rb¨ DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q|
DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †kªYx‡Z welqe¯‘‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j welqe¯‘ mn‡RB
wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡b Qvc †d‡j Ges wk¶v_x©iv Zv g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i|

GKRb wk¶vwe` e‡jb, “Teaching aids can make oral presentation glow with
“ ” new meaning and more understanding.”

GLv‡b we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h, DcKiY e¨envi K‡i cvV`vb Ki‡j cvV`v‡bi
AvaywbK c×wZ I †KŠkjMy‡jvI mn‡RB †kªYxK‡¶ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| †kªYxK‡¶ k„•Ljv
eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Ges cv‡Vi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡`i `„wó AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨ DcKiY e¨envi
Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡`i m„Rbxkw³, Kíbvkw³ I

212
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wPšÍvkw³i weKvk nq| wb‡P wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii AviI wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Zz‡j aiv
n‡jv:
1. wk¶v_©xi †cÖlYv RvMÖZ K‡i Ges mswkøó wel‡qi wkL‡b DÏxß K‡i|
2. cvV MÖn‡Y AskMÖnYKvixMY mwµq _v‡K|
3. wk¶v DcKiY weg~Z© aviYv‡K g~Z© K‡i †Zv‡j|
4. AskMÖnYKvix wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb mnR I ¯^Z:ù~Z© nq|
5. Poor Reader I Slow Learner I mn‡R welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv jvf K‡i|
6. AwaK g‡b ivLv wbwðZ K‡i Ges wkLb `xN©¯’vqx nq|
7. ¯^í mg‡q Kvh©Ki wkLb m¤¢e nq|
8. Áv‡bi wewfbœ welqe¯‘i g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
9. ev¯—e Rxe‡bi m‡½ wk¶vi †hvMm~Î ¯’vwcZ nq|
10. †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_x©‡`i GK‡N‡qwg `~i nq Ges cvV`vb AvKl©Yxq nq|
11. wk¶v_x©‡`i m„Rbxkw³, Kíbvkw³ I wPšÍvkw³i weKvk jv‡fi my‡hvM N‡U|
12. wk¶v_x©MY Ônv‡Z-Kj‡gÕ †kLvi my‡hvM jvf K‡i|
13. mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Ges mwVKfv‡e KvR Kivi Af¨vm m„wó nq; d‡j ˆeÁvwbK `„wófw½
MwVZ nq|
14. mn‡R AwaK msL¨K wk¶v_©x wk¶v`vb m¤¢e nq|
15. wk¶K-wk¶v_©x m¤úK© eÜzZ¡c~Y© nq; d‡j wk¶v MÖnY Avb›``vqK I AvKl©Yxq nq|

KvR- 1
a wcÖq cªwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avmyb Avgiv wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii myweav¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|

213
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

a KvR- 2
cªwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, Pjyb Avgiv gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î †hme
cÖwZeÜKZv †`Lv †`q †m¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i †cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjwL|

ce©- N: djcÖm~ wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii Av`k©vqb I ch©v‡jvPbv

 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, cvV`v‡b wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †hgb i‡q‡Q, DcKiY¸‡jv
wbe©vPb Ges e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î wKQzUv mZK©ZviI cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| A‡bK mgq wk¶KMY
AwZ Drmv‡ni mv‡_ DcKi‡Yi AvwaK¨ m„wó K‡ib| wKš‘ GUv g‡b ivLv `iKvi, DcKiY
ch©vß Ges `vgx n‡jB wkLb djcÖm~ n‡e GgbwU Avkv Kiv hvq bv| eis AwaK DcKi‡Yi
mgv‡ek wkLb cÖwµqv‡K wewNœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| DcKi‡Yi evû‡j¨ A‡bK mgq Avmj
welqe¯‘ Pvcv c‡o hvq| Avgv‡`i AviI g‡b ivLv `iKvi, ïay DcKi‡Yi ¸‡YB wkLb
Kvh©Ki nq bv, eis Zv e¨env‡ii ¸‡YB A‡bKvs‡k Kvh©Ki I‡V| wk¶‡Ki e¨enviB Zv‡`i
cÖvYeš— K‡i †Zv‡j| myZivs wk¶K wk¶g~jK KvwiMix we`¨vi `vm bb, wZwb cÖfy|
wk¶vg~jK KvwiMix we`¨v Zvu‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨B M‡o D‡V‡Q| ZvB wk¶v DcKi‡Yi
Ávb wk¶K‡K Zuvi Kg©KzkjZv e„w× Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e wVKB, wKš‘ †Kvb DcKi‡Yi
Kvq©KvwiZv wbf©i Ki‡e wk¶‡Ki e¨w³MZ wm×v‡š—i Dci|

ZvB ejv n‡q‡Q- “The more tools the teacher learns how to use and the more
“ ” materials she/he gathers for his classes, the better chance is of being able
to make use of the right strategy or tactics for a particular teaching
situation.”

ZvB DcKiY wbe©vPb I e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K wb‡gœv³ welqvejxi cÖwZ `„wó ivLv
cÖ‡qvRb|
1. †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ wK wK DcKiY e¨envi Kiv n‡e Ges Zv cvV`v‡bi †Kvb mg‡q
Kxfv‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© c~e© cwiKíbv _vK‡Z n‡e|
2. DcKiY wel‡qi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡Z n‡e|

214
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

3. wk¶v_©x‡`i AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. DcKiY †kªYx I wk¶v_x© Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|
5. wk¶v_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †h e¨w³MZ ˆelg¨ Av‡Q Zv we‡ePbvq †i‡L wk¶v DcKiY wbev©Pb
I e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e¨eüZ DcKiYwU †kªYxi mKj wk¶v_©xi Dc‡hvMx nq|
6. welqe¯‘ I DcKiY mgš^q K‡i mnR I †evaMg¨ fvlvq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. Ggb DcKiY wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e hv wk¶v_x©‡`i mwµq K‡i Ges wPšÍvi D‡`ªK K‡i|
8. DcKi‡Y e¨eüZ fvlv I †jLv mnR Ges ¯úó n‡Z n‡e|
9. DcKiY e¨env‡ii c~‡e© wk¶K‡K Zvi e¨envi †KŠkj iß Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. cv‡Vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L DcKi‡Yi avivevwnK e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
11. DcKiY e¨envi †kl n‡j Zv wk¶v_x©‡`i `„wói evB‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
12. DcKiY h_vm¤¢e ev¯Íe I ÎywUnxb n‡Z n‡e|
13. DcKiY h_v m¤¢e ¯^íg~‡j¨i A_ev webvg~‡j¨i nIqv evÃbxq|
14. AwZwi³ AvKl©Yxq DcKiY wk¶v_©x‡K cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q †`q| ZvB
DcKiY †hb †ewk AvKl©Yxq Ges Mvp i‡Oi bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
15. †kªYxi mKj wk¶v_x©i DcKiY †`Lvi my‡hvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
16. e¨eüZ DcKi‡Yi h_v_©Zv I Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡i wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Dfq‡KB AvMÖnx I Kzkjx n‡Z n‡e| †Kej
DcKiY e¨env‡ii ixwZ-bxwZ Rvb‡jB Pj‡e bv G¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e Abykxjb I cÖ‡qvM
Kivi ga¨ w`‡qB cvV`vb‡K mv_©K I mdj Kiv m¤¢e| KviY †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v DcKi‡Yi
Dchy³ I h_v_© e¨env‡ii Dci wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi cÖwµqv RwoZ| Av`k©
wk¶‡Ki mwVK Ávb, `¶Zv I Kg©ZrciZvi gva¨‡gB wk¶v DcKi‡Yi djcÖm~ I Kvh©Ki
e¨envi m¤¢e| GRb¨ wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Dfq‡KB Avš—wiK I D‡`¨vMx n‡Z n‡e|

KvR- 1
a
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Gevi Avcbviv DcKiY wbe©vPb I e¨env‡i GKRb wk¶K‡K †hme wel‡qi
cÖwZ mZK© _vK‡Z nq †mm‡ei GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|

215
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

†hme mydj cvIqv hvq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiyb|

KvR- 2
a cªwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, DcKiY e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î mvaviYZ wk¶KMY †hme wel‡qi cÖwZ AmZK©
_v‡Kb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ‰Zwi Kiyb|

KvR- 3
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q DcKiY mieiv‡n miKvix mvnv‡h¨i GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i G‡Z
†hme DcKiY mieivn Kiv AZxe cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv mbv³ K‡ib|

216
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

g~j wkLbxq welq

†hme e¯‘ ev `ªe¨-mvgMÖx DËgiƒ‡c e¨envi K‡i welqe¯‘‡K mnR, AvKl©Yxq I cÖvÄjfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq, cv‡Vi cÖwZ wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv hvq Ges wk¶v`vb Kvh©Ki I
¯’vqx Kiv m¤¢e nq Zv‡`i‡K wk¶v DcKiY ejv nq| ¸Y‡f‡` †_‡K wk¶v DcKiY‡K cuvP
fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v:

1. kªeYwfwËK DcKiY (Auditory Teaching Aids)

2. `k©bwfwËK DcKiY (Visual Teaching Aids)
3. kªeY-`k©bwfwËK DcKiY (Audio-Visual Teaching Aids)
4. AbymÜvbg~jK DcKiY (Investigatory Teaching Aids)
5. Kg© m¤úv`bg~jK DcKiY (Work Oriented Teaching Aids)

welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_©xi mvg‡b mnR I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjvi gva¨‡g wkLb ¯’vqx I Kvh©Ki Kivi
j‡¶¨ wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nq| DcKiY cvV`v‡b ˆewPΨ Avbqb K‡i Ges wk¶v_©x‡`i
GK‡N‡qgx `~i K‡i cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i| DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©‡`i
m„Rbxkw³, Kíbvkw³ I wPšÍvkw³i weKvk nq| DcKiYwenxb cvV`vb Kvh©µg hvwš¿K I
GKgyLx cÖwµqvq ch©ewmZ nq| wk¶v Kvh©µg‡K mwµqZvwfwËK I g~Z© Kivi Rb¨ DcKiY
e¨envi Acwinvh©| Z‡e †Kvb wel‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb DcKiY e¨eüZ n‡e, KLb Ges Kxfv‡e
e¨envi Kiv n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© wk¶K‡K c~‡e©B cwiKíbv K‡i wb‡Z nq| ZvQvov DcKiY wel‡qi
mv‡_ mswkøó wKbv Ges Zv wk¶v_©xi kvixwiK I gvbwmK mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx n‡q‡Q wKbv, DcKiY
wk¶v_x©‡`i mwµq †i‡L Zv‡`i wPšÍv kw³i weKvk mva‡b m¶g n‡e wKbv BZ¨vw` welq m¤ú‡K©
wk¶K‡K m‡PZb _vK‡Z nq|

g~j¨vqb
 1| AbymÜvbg~jK I Kg© m¤úv`bg~jK DcKi‡Yi cv_©K¨ mbv³ Kiyb|
2| Av‡jvwPZ Awa‡ekb †_‡K †hme c`/Uvg© Avcbvi Kv‡Q bZzb g‡b n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi
GKwU ZwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiyb| Gevi cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ZvwjKvq Avcbvi A¯úó c`/Uvg©¸‡jv‡K
gvK©vi w`‡q mbv³ Kiyb| cieZ©x‡Z wUD‡Uvwiqvj †mk‡b mbv³K…Z c`/Uvg© m¤ú‡K©
wR‡Ám K‡i cwi®‹vi aviYv wb‡q wbb|
bZzb c`/Uvg© Gi ZvwjKv

217
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

g~j¨vqb

1. wk¶v DcKi‡Yi msÁv w`b Ges Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
2. wk¶v DcKi‡Yi †kªYxwefvM D‡jøL Kiyb Ges D`vniYmn cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi DcKi‡Yi
weeiY w`b|
3. wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii Av`k©vqb ixwZ-bxwZ we‡kølY Kiyb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K
KvR- 1
wk¶v DcKiY: wk¶v DcKiY ej‡Z wkLb mnvqK †mme miÄvg, mvgMÖx, hš¿cvwZ ev
wRwbmc·K †evSvq †hMy‡jv e¨envi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq; wk¶Yxq
welqe¯‘ wk¶v_x©‡`i wbKU mnR, AvKl©Yxq, †evaMg¨, `xN©¯’vqx, djcÖm~ I Kvh©Ki K‡i
†Zvjv hvq|

KvR- 2

1| wk¶v DcKiY GK‡N‡qwg `~i K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j|
2| wk¶v DcKiY cvV‡K mnR I AvKl©Yxq K‡i|
3| wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii d‡j ev¯Íeag©x Ávb AwR©Z nq Ges wkLb ¯’vqx nq|
4| wk¶v DcKiY wk¶v_©x‡`i m„Rbxkw³, Kíbvkw³ I wPšÍvkw³i weKvk NUvq|

ce©- L
KvR- 1

wb‡R Kiyb|

218
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

KvR- 2
kªeYwfwËK `k©bwfwËK DcKiY kªeY-`k©bwfwËK AbymÜvbg~jK Kg©
DcKiY DcKiY DcKiY m¤úv`bg~jK
DcKiY
†iwWI cvV¨cy¯KÍ †Uwjwfkb ivmvqwbK Lvgvi
†Uc wewfbœ †idv‡iÝ eB wWwfwW †cøqvi `ªe¨-mvgMÖx wgDwRqvg
†iKW©vi cÎ-cwÎKv gwbUi cwigvcK hš¿ cwi‡ek-cÖK…wZ
gvB‡µv‡dvb g¨vMvwRb Kw¤úDUvi cix¶Y hš¿
mvDÛ e· Rvb©vj Pjw”PÎ
cvV mswkøó e¯‘ ev
`ªe¨
g‡Wj
PvU©
PK
PK‡evW©
†nvqvBU †evW©
†nvqvBU †evW© gvK©vi
wd¬c PvU©
ey‡jwUb †evW©
d¬v‡bj †evW© ev †dë
†evW©
Ifvi‡nW cÖ‡R±i
¯øvBW cÖ‡R±i
g¨vc
Qwe
†Møve
†cv÷vi †ccvi
KvR- 3
wb‡R Kiyb
KvR- 4
wb‡R Kiyb

219
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

BDwbU- 11 Awa‡ekb- 2

wk¶Km„ó DcKiY- msMÖnKiY, ˆZwiKiY, msMVb

f~wgKv
cvV`v‡b ˆewPΨ G‡b wkLb‡K Kvh©Ki I ¯’vqx Kivi j‡¶¨ wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nq|
DcKiY `vgx Ges weL¨vZ ¯’vb †_‡K msM„nxZ n‡Z n‡e GgbwU bq; eis welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K©
¯úó aviYv w`‡Z m¶g ¯^í Li‡P wk¶K m„ó wKsev ¯’vbxqfv‡e msM„nxZ DcKiY e¨envi
KivB DËg| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wk¶‡Ki Avš—wiKZv| wk¶K Avš—wiK n‡j ¯^í Li‡P wk¶v
DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖn K‡i †m¸‡jv cvV`v‡b e¨envi K‡i mydj †c‡Z c‡ib Ges
fwel¨‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †m¸‡jv msi¶‡YiI e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Av‡jvP¨ Awa‡ek‡b
wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY, wk¶‡Ki ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY msMÖ‡ni c×wZ, ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M
wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Kjv-‡KŠkj, wk¶v DcKiY msMV‡bi Dcvq BZ¨vw` welq wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY Kx Zv ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶‡Ki ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY msMÖ‡ni c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Kjv-‡KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v DcKiY msMV‡bi Dcvq wba©viY I Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii mydj¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, cvV`vb‡K Kvq©Ki I cÖvYeš— Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi
a Kwi| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mvaviYZ †h DcKiY¸‡jv wb‡R ˆZwi K‡i †kªYx‡Z e¨envi Kwi-
†m¸‡jv LvZvq wjLyb| Zvi c~‡e© wb‡Pi Wvb cv‡ki e·wU KvMR w`‡q †X‡K ivLyb Ges
†jLv †k‡l KvMRwU mwi‡q †jLvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lyb DcKiY¸‡jv wVK Av‡Q wK bv|
-------------------------------------------------------------
g‡Wj, Qwe, PvU©, wd¬c
PvU©, gvbwPÎ, cÖ‡R±i,
j¨vcUc, Abyex¶Y hš¿
BZ¨vw`|

220
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avgiv wk¶‡Ki wbR nv‡Z ˆZwi A‡bK¸‡jv DcKi‡Yi bvg wjLjvg|
GKRb wk¶K wbR cÖ‡Póvq ¯^íg~‡j¨ KvuPvgvj msMÖn K‡i Gme DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| wk¶‡Ki ˆZwi Gme DcKiY‡K wk¶Km„ó DcKiY ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq,
 wk¶K wbR D‡`¨v‡M Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K webvg~‡j¨, ¯^íg~‡j¨ wewfbœ mvgMÖx ev
Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i welqe¯‘ mswkøó †hme DcKiY ˆZwi K‡ib †m¸‡jv‡K wk¶Km„ó
DcKiY ejv nq|

cvV`v‡b cÖwZw`b bZzb bZzb DcKiY µq K‡i e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvQvov wkLb-
†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †Kej `vgx DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kvb K_v †bB| Kv‡RB
wk¶K‡K ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M Av‡kcv‡k mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ggb Dcv`vb, e¯‘, mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i
DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| wk¶K D™¢vebxg~jK ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡j
mn‡RB wbgœewY©Z DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
 Kv‡Vi UzKiv, KvMR, nvW©‡evW©, †c‡iK, myZv BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i †kªYxK¶, evmM„n,
AvmevecÎ, cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vw`i g‡Wj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 cÖK…wZ ch©‡e¶Y K‡i evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM, e„wócv‡Zi c~e©vfvm, m~‡h©i FZzwfwËK Ae¯’vb
BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z PvU©, weeiYx ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 Zvgvi cvZ, ˆe`¨ywZK Zv‡ii †Quov UzKiv, cyivZb e¨vUvwi BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ
ˆeÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 K…wl Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Ggb Z_¨ m¤^wjZ PvU©, wb‡`©kbv ZvwjKv BZ¨vw`|
 euvk, Kv‡Vi UzKiv, wU‡bi LwÛZ Ask BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ nvwZqv‡ii g‡Wj
BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ- 11.2.1: wk¶K KZ…©K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z K‡qKwU wk¶v DcKiY

221
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

KvR- 1
 cªwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, wb‡Ri gZ K‡i wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKi‡Yi msÁv wjLyb:

KvR- 2
a wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avcbviv cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ mvaviYZ †hme DcKiY nv‡Z ˆZwi Kwi
†m¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiyb|

KvR- 3
a cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, Gevi Avcbviv wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii mydj¸‡jv mbv³ K‡i
†cv÷vi †ccv‡i wjLyb|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

222
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- L: wk¶‡Ki ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY msMÖ‡ni c×wZ


wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, †kªYx cvV`v‡b bvbv iK‡gi DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q|
cv‡Vi welqe¯‘i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L †kªYxK‡¶ DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| welqe¯‘i
ˆewP‡Î¨i Kvi‡Y DcKiYI ˆewPΨgq nIqv DwPZ| cvV`v‡b cÖwZwbqZ bZzb bZzb DcKiY
µq K‡i e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avi ZvQvov †kªYxK‡¶ me mgq `vgx DcKiY e¨envi
Kiv m¤¢e bq Ges Zv hyw³hy³I bq| †mRb¨ mnRjf¨ I nv‡Z ˆZwi DcKiY e¨env‡i
wk¶K‡K AwaK hZœevb I g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| KL‡bv KL‡bv wk¶v_x©‡`i w`‡q
Avkcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ggb mvgMÖx w`‡qI DcKiY ˆZwi I e¨envi
Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwi Kivi †¶‡Î wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Dfq‡K
D™¢vebxg~jK `¶Zvi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| msM„nxZ DcKiY h_vh_fv‡e msi¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU DcKiY AZ¨šÍ h‡Zœi mv‡_ wbw`©ó K‡¶ msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| DcKiY
msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ welqwfwËK c„_K c„_K K‡¶i e¨e¯’v Kiv DwPZ| DcKi‡Yi wnmve
h_vh_fv‡e ivLvi Rb¨ welqwfwËK ÷K †iwR÷vi Pvjy Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| DcKiY e¨envi
†k‡l cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ K‡i h_vh_ ¯’v‡b †m¸‡jv mvwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| wk¶K I wk¶v_x©
mK‡ji AvšÍwiK mn‡hvwMZvq DcKiY msMÖn, msi¶Y I e¨env‡i hZœevb n‡Z n‡e|

KvR- 1
a cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, wbR wbR wel‡q cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ (†h †Kvb GKwU welq) †hme DcKiY
msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|

KvR- 2
 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, †kªYx cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ msM„nxZ DcKiY¸‡jv Kxfv‡e msMÖn K‡i‡Qb Zvi
GKwU weeiY ˆZwi Kwi|

223
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

ce©- M: ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Kjv-‡KŠkj

 cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, wk¶K ¯^-cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q welq mswkøó wk¶v DcKiY ‰Zwi I msMÖn
Ki‡eb| wk¶K ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c×wZMy‡jv
AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
 welq mswkøó wK DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv|
 ZvwjKvq ewY©Z DcKiY ev Gi Dcv`vb Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq
wKbv A_©vr mnRjf¨ wKbv Zv we‡ePbv Kiv|
 webvg~‡j¨ DcKiY msMÖn Kivi welqwU Myiy‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 msM„nxZ DcKiYwU `xN©w`b e¨envi Kiv hvq wKbv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶v_x©i eqm, AvMÖn, mvg_¨© I iywPi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwi
Kivi cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 m¤¢ve¨ DcKiYwU wk¶v_x©i cvV MÖn‡Y AvMÖn m„wói Rb¨ h‡_ó mnvqK wK bv Zv
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖ‡qvR‡b GKB DcKiY wewfbœ wel‡q e¨envi Kiv hvq wK bv Zv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶v DcKi‡Yi KvVv‡gv †kªYx Dc‡hvMx wK bv Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ- 11.2.1: wk¶K KZ…©K wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwii GKwU `„k¨

KvR- 1
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Kjv-†KŠkj Gi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z
a Kiyb|

224
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

KvR- 2
 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›` Avmyb, Òwk¶v_x©i eqm, AvMÖn, mvg_©¨ I iywPi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L wk¶v
DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRbÓ-Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Kwi|

KvR- 3
 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, Avmyb Gevi Avgiv gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii †h‡Kvb †kªYxi Dc‡hvMx GKwU wk¶v
DcKiY wbR nv‡Z cÖ¯‘Z Kwi|

ce©- N: wk¶v DcKiY msMV‡bi Dcvq

 cÖwk¶Yv_©x eÜziv, G c‡e© Avgiv wk¶v DcKiY msMV‡bi Dcvq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwi n‡q †M‡j G¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e msi¶Y I msMVb Kiv AZ¨šÍ
MyiyZ¡c~Y©| KviY mwVKfv‡e wk¶v DcKiY msMwVZ bv Ki‡j Ges G¸‡jvi h_vh_
msi¶‡Yi Afv‡e DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwi Kivi cy‡iv cÖ‡PóvB e¨_© n‡e| Kv‡RB wk¶v
DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwi n‡q †M‡j Gm‡ei h_vh_ msi¶Y Kiv Riyix| wk¶v DcKiY
msMVb I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ AbymiY Kiv hvq Ggb wKQz Dcvq wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:

 DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó K¶ wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|

 ivmvqwbK miÄvg I wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆeÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUwi K‡¶i
wbðqZvi weavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wk¶v DcKiY msMV‡bi Rb¨ K¶wU Aek¨B RxevYygy³ I KxU cZ½gy³ n‡Z n‡e|
 `vgx I `yj©f DcKi‡Yi †¶‡Î wbivcËvi welqwU Myiy‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 welqwfwËK DcKiY Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e|
 DcKiY e¨envi n‡q †M‡j Zv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cuPbkxj DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wbw`©ó cwigvY cvwb, digvwjb BZ¨vw` wgwk‡q ivL‡Z
n‡e|

225
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

 ˆeÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ †kªYxK‡¶ e¨envi Kivi c~‡e©B Zv cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AwZ
mveavbZvi mv‡_ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖwZwU wk¶v DcKi‡Yi bvg, msMÖ‡ni ZvwiL, ¯’vb, msMÖnKvixi bvg BZ¨vw`i GKwU
msw¶ß weeiYhy³ †j‡ej jvwM‡q ivL‡j fv‡jv nq|
 DcKi‡Yi wnmve msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU ÷K †iwR÷vi Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
†iwR÷viwU wbqwgZ †PK Ki‡Z n‡e|
 DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ K‡¶i `vwqZ¡ mswkøó welq wk¶K‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡j
fv‡jv nq|
 †hme DcKiY †kªYxK‡¶ Nb Nb e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq †mme DcKiY GKwU wbw`©ó
¯’v‡b Ges †hme DcKiY Nb Nb e¨envi nq bv †mme DcKiY c„_K ¯’v‡b ivLvi
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

wk¶K KZ©„K wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi I Gi h_vh_ e¨envi wk¶‡Ki AvšÍwiK mw`”Qv I
D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| wk¶K wb‡R D‡`¨vMx n‡j AwZ mn‡RB wk¶v
DcKiY ˆZwi I e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡`i mnvqZvq wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gme DcKi‡Yi `xN©w`b e¨env‡ii Rb¨ mwVKfv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
KviY DcKiY msi¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j DcKiY hZB ¯^íg~j¨, g~j¨evb ev AcÖZzj †nvK
bv †K‡bv Zv mn‡RB bó n‡q hv‡e| Kv‡RB DcKiY e¨envi I msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î wk¶K‡K
`vwqZ¡kxj n‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡klfv‡e DcKiY msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi mnvqZv
wb‡Z n‡e|

KvR- 1
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, wk¶v DcKiY msMVb I msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ AbymiYxq Kv‡Ri GKwU ZvwjKv
a cÖ¯‘Z Kiyb|

KvR- 2
 wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, wk¶v DcKiY msMVb I msi¶‡Yi †¶‡Î Avcbviv mvaviYZ †hme
mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb †m¸‡jv mbv³ Kiyb|

226
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

g~j wkLbxq welq

wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY ej‡Z wkLb mnvqK Hme miÄvg, mvgMÖx, hš¿cvwZ ev wRwbmc·K
†evSvq †h¸‡jv wk¶K ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn I ˆZwi K‡i †kªYxK‡¶
e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gme DcKiY A‡bK mgq webvg~‡j¨ wKsev ¯^í g~‡j¨ wk¶K msMÖn
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶‡Ki e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvq msM„nxZ Gme DcKiY wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKi‡Yi
Aš—f©y³|

wk¶K AvšÍwiK I D™¢vebxg~jK ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡j Kv‡Vi UzKiv, KvMR, nvW©‡evW©, †c‡iK,
myZv BZ¨vw`i mvnv‡h¨ bvbv iK‡gi mvaviY DcKiY ‰Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| DcKiY ‰Zwi I
msMÖ‡ni Av‡M Zv cv‡Vi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wKbv, mnR jf¨ wKbv, wk¶v_x©i eqm, AvMÖn, mvg_¨© I
iywPi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© wKbv, wk¶v_x©i cvV MÖn‡Y AvMÖn m„wói Rb¨ h‡_ó mnvqK wKbv Ges Zv
`xN© w`b e¨envi Kiv hvq wK bv BZ¨vw` welq we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖ‡ni ci †m¸‡jv `xN©w`b e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ msi¶Y Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
DcKi‡Yi wnmve msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU ÷K †iwR÷vi Pvjy Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| DcKiY
msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó K¶ wba©viY Ges ivmvqwbK miÄvg I wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆeÁvwbK
hš¿cvwZ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUwi K‡¶i wbðqZvi weavb Ki‡Z n‡e| cuPbkxj DcKiY
msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wbw`©ó cwigvY cvwb, digvwjb BZ¨vw` wgwk‡q ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov †hme
DcKiY †kªYxK‡¶ Nb Nb e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq †mme DcKiY GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Ges †hme
Kg cÖ‡qvRb nq †mme DcKiY c„_K ¯’v‡b ivLvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

g~j¨vqb
 1| wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY Kv‡K e‡j? wk¶K ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M Kxfv‡e wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvi weeiY w`b|
2| ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwii †KŠkj¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiyb|
3| wk¶v DcKiY msMV‡bi Dcvqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

m¤¢ve¨ DËi

ce©- K
KvR- 1
wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKiY ej‡Z wkLb mnvqK Hme miÄvg, mvgMÖx, hš¿cvwZ ev
wRwbmc·K †evSvq †hMy‡jv wk¶K ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn I ˆZwi
K‡i †kªYxK‡¶ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gme DcKiY A‡bK mgq webvg~‡j¨ wKsev ¯^í
g~‡j¨ wk¶K msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶‡Ki e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póvq msM„nxZ Gme DcKiY
wk¶Km„ó wk¶v DcKi‡Yi AšÍf©y³|

227
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

KvR- 2
wb‡R Kwi|
KvR- 3
1| Aí Li‡P wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi K‡i cvV`v‡b e¨envi Kiv hvq|
2| ¯^í mg‡q mn‡RB cvV`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx DcKiY e¨envi Kiv hvq|
3| wk¶‡Ki D™¢vebxg~jK ¶gZv e„w× cvq Ges wk¶v_©xivI m„wóag©x KvR Ki‡Z Drmvn
cvq|
4| welqe¯‘i mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i wk¶v DcKiY ‰Zwi Ki‡Z wM‡q D³ welq m¤ú‡K©
wk¶‡Ki aviYv AviI ¯úó nq| d‡j cvV`vb djcÖm~ nq|
5| wbR nv‡Z ˆZwi DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g mdj cvV`vb †k‡l wk¶K AvZ¥-Z…wß Lyu‡R
cvb hv Zvi †ckvMZ Dbœqb NUvq|

ce©- L
KvR- 1
wb‡R Kiyb, cÖ‡qvR‡b cv‡Vi mswkøó GKvwaKevi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i c‡o wbb|
KvR- 2
wb‡R Kiyb

ce©- M
KvR- 1
wb‡R Kiyb|

KvR- 2
wb‡R Kiyb|

ce©- N
KvR- 1
wb‡R Kiyb|
KvR- 2
wb‡R Kiyb|

228
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

BDwbU- 11 Awa‡ekb- 3

wk¶v_x©m„ó DcKiY- wk¶v_x©‡`i DcKiY ˆZwi I Ae¯’vb †ei

Kivi Dcvq

f~wgKv
wk¶v_x©i Bw›`ªq‡K DÏxß K‡i g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q wk¶v_x©‡K cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i
†Zvjv I cvV MÖnY m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ DÏxcbv I †cÖlYv m„wó Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v DcKiY
e¨envi Kiv MyiyZ¡c~Y©| GQvovI wk¶v_x©‡`i AvZ¥cÖZ¨q I AvZ¥wbf©iZv e„w× Kiv I wewfbœ
†gavm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©‡K mgvbfv‡e cv‡V m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ wkLb-wk¶‡Y wk¶v DcKiY
e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ Gme DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ wk¶K
wk¶v_©x DfqB KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_©x‡`i mvg_©¨ we‡ePbvq †i‡L wk¶K wk¶v_©x‡`i
DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖ‡ni `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_©xiv DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖ‡ni `vwqZ¡
†c‡j beiƒ‡c D¾xweZ nq Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve M‡o I‡V hv
Zv‡`i wkLb‡K AwaKZi djcÖm~ K‡i| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b Avgiv wk¶v_x©m„ó wk¶v
DcKiY, wk¶v_x©m„ó wk¶v DcKiY wPwýZKiY cÖwµqv, wk¶v DcKiY msMÖ‡ni †KŠkj
Ges ˆZwi cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie|

D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 wk¶v_©xm„ó wk¶v DcKiY Kx Zv ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v_©xm„ó wk¶v DcKiY wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v_©x KZ©„K wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn Kivi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v_x©iv Kxfv‡e wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡e Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ce©mg~n
ce©- K: wk¶v_x©m„ó wk¶v DcKiY
cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, c~e©eZ©x Awa‡ek‡b wUDUi Avcbv‡`i mv‡_ wk¶Km„ó DcKiY wb‡q
a Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GLb Avcbviv wk¶v_©xm„ó DcKiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiyb| eÜziv,
Avcbviv `jMZfv‡e gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v Rxeb m¤ú‡K© ¯§„wZ PviY Kiyb| we‡kl K‡i cvV
mnvqK Kx Kx wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e I G hverKvj Avcwb wK msMÖn K‡i‡Qb Zv
¯§iY Kiyb Ges LvZvq wjLyb|

229
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

eÜ~iv, wbðqB ˆkk‡ei ¯§„wZ †ivgš’b Ki‡Z fvj jvM‡Q; fvj jvM‡Q DcKiY msMÖn I
 ˆZwii bvbv AwfÁZv ¯§iY Ki‡Z| n¨vu eÜziv, GKRb wk¶K AvšÍwiK n‡j wk¶v_©x‡`i
wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn I ˆZwii `vwqZ¡ w`‡q Zv‡`i mwµq I m„Rbkxj wn‡m‡e M‡o Zyj‡Z
cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K wk¶v mswkøó wewfbœ Kv‡R mwµq ivLvi `vwqZ¡ wk¶‡Ki| wk¶K
wk¶v_x‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv w`‡q wkL‡bi m‡½ RwoZ DcKiY msMÖ‡ni `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z
cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©‡`i DcKiY ˆZwi I Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Kv‡R m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cvi‡j
wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve M‡o D‡V| Avi wk¶K hw`
wk¶v_x©‡`i Drmvn †`b Z‡e DcKiY msMÖ‡ni †¶‡Î wk¶v_x©‡`i AvMÖn, DÏxcbv AviI
e„w× cv‡e| wk¶K wk¶v_x©‡`i GB gb-gvbwmKZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q welqe¯‘ mswkøó DcKiY
msMÖn I ˆZwi Kivi c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©iv wb‡R‡`i D‡`¨v‡M wk¶v
DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| wk¶v_x©iv cvV¨ welqe¯‘i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wbR D‡`¨v‡M
Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K cvV MÖn‡Y mnvqK †hme Dcv`vb, e¯—y, mvgMÖx, miÄvg BZ¨vw`
msMÖn K‡i †hme DcKiY ˆZwi K‡i †mme DcKiY‡K wk¶v_x©m„ó wk¶v DcKiY e‡j|

KvR
 wk¶v_©xm„ó wk¶v DcKiY Kx- Zv wb‡Ri fvlvq wjLyb|

ce©- L: wk¶v_x©m„ó wk¶v DcKiY wPwýZKiY

 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡`i AvMÖn I mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx wewfbœ wk¶v
DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ G ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_©xiv wb‡gœv³ DcKiY¸‡jv
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i:
 wewfbœ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ cvV¨ welq mswkøó Qwe, gvbwPÎ, msev`wPÎ|
 welqe¯‘ mswkøó e¨eüZ K¨v‡jÛv‡ii Qwe|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi Mv‡Qi Pviv, dzj, dj, cvZv BZ¨vw`|
 e¨eüZ Lvwj ev·, Kv‡Vi UzKiv, wUb, Zvi, †jvnvi †c‡iK, KvU©yb BZ¨vw`|
 cyivZb ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ †hgb- evj¦, †iwWI, Nwo, Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Ask, K¨v‡mU
†cøqvi BZ¨vw`|

230
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

 wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi mf¨Zv, ms¯‹…wZi wb`k©b ¯^iƒc †cvkvK, AvmevecÎ, Qwe, wPÎ
BZ¨vw`|
 euvk I †e‡Zi ˆZwi g‡Wj|
 gvwUi ˆZwi wewfbœ g‡Wj|

KvR
 gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i Avcbvi cvV`v‡bi welq D‡jøL Kiyb (†h †Kvb GKwU) Ges D³ wel‡q
wk¶v_©xiv Kx Kx DcKiY ˆZwi I msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi GKwU m¤¢ve¨ ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z
Kiyb|

 ce©- M: wk¶v_x© KZ©„K wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn Kivi †KŠkj I cÖwµqv

wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, wk¶v_©x‡`i w`‡q hw` wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi ev msMÖn Kiv hvq Zvn‡j
Zviv GKw`‡K †hgb cv‡Vi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx I mwµq nq †Zgwb Zv‡`i D™¢vebx kw³I e„w×
cvq| ZvQvov wk¶KMY mgq e¨q bv K‡i AwZ mn‡RB cvV mswkøó DcKiY †c‡Z cv‡ib
hv Kvh©Ki cvV`v‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GKRb Av`k© wk¶K wewfbœ †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM
K‡i wk¶v_©x‡`i Øviv wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi ev msMÖn Kiv‡Z cv‡ib| c‡ii Aby‡”Q`؇q G
wel‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

wk¶v_x©iv wbR D‡`¨v‡M Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i welhe¯‘
mswkøó wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ wk¶v_x©‡`i‡K D‡`¨vMx I AbymwÜrmy
g‡bvfv‡ei AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| wk¶v_x©iv wbR D‡`¨v‡M DcKiY msMÖn Kivi Rb¨
wbgœewY©Z †KŠkj AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib:

 Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq Ggb `ªe¨ mvgMÖx, e¯‘ wPwýZ Kiv|

231
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

 webvg~‡j¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq Ggb DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv|

 Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K nv‡Z ˆZwi Kiv I mnRjf¨ DcKiY msMÖn Kivi †Póv
Kiv|
 cyivZb mvgMÖx, e¨eüZ I cwiZ¨³ `ªe¨vw` BZ¨vw` msMÖ‡ni †Póv Kiv|
 cyivZb cÎ-cwÎKv msMÖn Kiv|

DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi wewfbœ mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i wk¶v_x©iv wbgœewY©Z Dcv‡q welqe¯—y mswkøó
wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
1| cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ mswkøó †Kvb ai‡bi DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb Zv mbv³ Kiv|
2| mswkøó DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †hme mvgMÖx cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb Kiv|
3| cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx Kxfv‡e msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e Ges m¤¢ve¨ Kx cwigvY A_© cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z
cv‡i Ges A‡_©i Drm Kx Zvi GKwU cwiKíbv Kiv| cÖ_‡g fve‡Z n‡e Gme mvgMÖx
Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq wK bv|
4| cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx msMÖn n‡q †M‡j DcKi‡Yi cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ Abyhvqx DcKiY ˆZwi
Kiv|

KvR
 cuvPwU wk¶v_©xm„ó DcKi‡Yi bvg wjLyb Ges Gme DcKiY ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb
wbe©vPb c~e©K ˆZwi cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiyb|

µwgK bs DcKi‡Yi bvg cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb ˆZwi cÖwµqv

1

232
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

ce©- N: wkLb-wk¶‡Y wk¶v DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

 cÖwk¶Yv_©xe„›`, wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cvV`v‡bi welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_x©‡`i wbKU
n„`qMÖvnx I AvKl©Yxq K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Avevi Gi d‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb mnR I
`xN©¯’vqx nq| wk¶v`vb cÖwµqvi cÖavb j¶¨ n‡jv Áv‡bi ¯’vbvš—i‡K mnR, †evaMg¨,
Kvh©Ki, A_©en I Dc‡fvM¨ Kiv| GB D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨B wkLb-wk¶‡Y
wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| wk¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cv‡V
wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn e„w× Kiv hvq| wk¶v_x©i Bw›`ªq‡K DÏxß K‡i
g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q wk¶v_x©‡K cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv I cvV MÖnY m¤ú‡K©
wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ DÏxcbv I †cÖlYv m„wó Kivi Rb¨ DcKiY e¨envi Kiv MyiyZ¡c~Y©| GQvovI
wk¶v_x©‡`i AvZ¥cÖZ¨q I AvZ¥wbf©iZv e„w× Kiv I wewfbœ †gavm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©‡K mgvbfv‡e
cv‡V m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ wkLb-wk¶‡Y wk¶v DcKiY e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wk¶v DcKiY
e¨env‡ii AviI wKQz MyiyZ¡c~Y© w`K wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
 DcKiY ev¯Í‡ei mv‡_ wk¶vi welqe¯‘i ms‡hvM mvab K‡i| d‡j wkLb ev¯ÍegyLx
nq|
 wk¶v DcKi‡Yi A_©en e¨env‡ii d‡j wkLb-wk¶‡Y ms‡hvM ¯’vcb nq, d‡j wkLb
djcÖm~ I Kvh©Ki nq|
 cv‡V wk¶v_x©i mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi Kvi‡Y Zviv AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡q D‡V|
 wk¶v_x©‡K wkL‡b DÏxß Kivi d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †cÖlYvi m„wó nq|
 wk¶v_x© AwaK msL¨K Bw›`ªq e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cvq| d‡j wkLb g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z nq|
 mgm¨v mgvav‡b I mwVKfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó nq, d‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i ˆeÁvwbK
`„wófw½ MwVZ nq|
 wk¶K-wk¶v_x©, wk¶v_x©-wk¶v_x©i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© eÜzZ¡c~Y© nq, d‡j wkLb Dc‡fvM¨
nq|
 cv‡Vi KwVb I RwUj welqe¯‘ mnR I †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
 †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLv hvq|
 mg‡qi Dchy³ I Kvh©Ki e¨envi wbwðZ K‡i|
 wewfbœ †gavm¤úbœ wk¶v_x©MY cv‡V mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi mgvb my‡hvM jvf K‡i|
 cv‡Vi welqe¯Í `xN© mgq g‡b ivLv mnR nq I wkLb `xN©¯’vqx nq|

Kv‡RB wk¶v DcKi‡Yi e¨envi m¤ú‡K© ejv hvq †h, wkLb-wk¶Y Kvh©µ‡g cv‡Vi
welqe¯‘ mswkøó DcKiY e¨envi Kivi d‡j wk¶v_x©MY cvV Mªn‡Y AvMÖnx nq| wk¶v_x©MY
wb‡Riv Ônv‡Z-Kj‡gÕ KvR Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| d‡j wk¶v_x©‡`i wkLb Kvh©Ki, A_©en

233
 Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmgn~ - 2

I djcÖm~ nq| wk¶v_x©MY †kªYx‡Z mwµq _v‡K|

234
 gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW

g~j wkLbxq welq

wk¶v_x©iv cvV¨ welqe¯‘i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wbR D‡`¨v‡M Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K cvV
MÖn‡Y mnvqK wKQz Dcv`vb, e¯‘, mvgMÖx, miÄvg BZ¨vw` msMÖn K‡i †hme DcKiY ˆZwi
K‡i †mme DcKiY‡K wk¶v_x©m„ó wk¶v DcKiY e‡j| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶v_©xiv wewfbœ
cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ cvV¨ welq mswkøó Qwe, gvbwPÎ, msev`wPÎ, Qwe, g‡Wj, Pviv, dzj,
dj, cvZv, cyivZb ˆe`¨ywZK hš¿cvwZ †hgb- evj¦, †iwWI, Nwo, Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ
Ask, K¨v‡mU †cøqvi BZ¨vw` DcKiY ˆZwi ev msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_x©iv wbR
D‡`¨v‡M DcKiY msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ wbgœewY©Z †KŠkj AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i:

 Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq Ggb `ªe¨ mvgMÖx, e¯‘ wPwýZ Kiv|
 webvg~‡j¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq Ggb DcKi‡Yi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv|
 Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K nv‡Z ˆZwi Kiv I mnRjf¨ DcKiY msMÖn Kivi †Póv
Kiv|
 cyivZb mvgMÖx, e¨eüZ I cwiZ¨³ `ªe¨vw` BZ¨vw` msMÖ‡ni †Póv Kiv|
 cyivZb cÎ-cwÎKv msMÖn Kiv|

DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i wk¶v_x©iv wbgœewY©Z Dcv‡q welqe¯‘
mswkøó wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i:

 cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ mswkøó †Kvb ai‡bi DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb Zv mbv³ Kiv|

 mswkøó DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †hme mvgMÖx cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb
Kiv|
 cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx Kxfv‡e msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e Ges m¤¢ve¨ Kx cwigvY A_© cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z
cv‡i Ges A‡_©i Drm Kx Zvi GKwU cwiKíbv Kiv| cÖ_‡g fve‡Z n‡e Gme mvgMÖx
Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq wK bv|

g~j¨vqb

1| wk¶v_x©m„ó wk¶v DcKiY Kv‡K e‡j?
2| wk¶v_x© KZ©„K wk¶v DcKiY msMÖn Kivi †KŠkjMy‡jv Kx Kx?
3| wk¶v_x© KZ©„K wk¶v DcKiY ˆZwii cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiyb|

235