Parts of speech

First form is used in simple present tense. E.g,he says wrong.

Second form is used in past and past indefinite tense, E.g he said ture.
Third form is used in perfect tenses. E.g, he said right
Fourth form is used in continuous tense E.g,he is saying wrong.
Preposition:
Link the noun or pronoun to other parts of the sentence.e,g; I am in the class. I is the pronoun and the
class is a noun or other part of the sentence.in the preposition who link the sentence.
Preposition gives us direction,time,place
ON
On is always use for surface,Time,Machine,body parts,state
E.g; Book os on the table.
I was born on 24 sep,1999
He is on the phone or She has been on the computer or he is solving the sum on calculator
The Ice Cream fell on my leg
He has been on bedrest for past two days or mango juice is on demand
ONTO
Onto is used when something is moving and sitting on the surface.
E.g:
Move the books onto the shelf or she climbed onto the roof
UPON
Immediately after doing something or something happens
E.g; He got married immediately upon passing out the ISSB.
Eid is almost upon us or our exams will be soon upon us
Note:
There are some conditions where we use upon instead of on.
When we use the following words,and when we use two nouns and preference for the 2nd noun
is high.
Depend,congratulate,experience,happen,insist
E.g;
My whole future depends upon your decision.
He congratulated me upon my success.
E.g;
He has worked hard year upon year.
He crossed further mile upon mile
Adjective:
A word telling you something about nouns. E.g in rainy day, day is a noun and rainy is an adjective that
tells you that day is rainy or sunny.
Adverb:
We are adding some information to the verb which is an adverb.
E.g:walk brisk ly.here walk is a verb and briskly is an adverb. (briskly means fastly)
Mostly,the word ending with ly are adverbs.e.g,fastly,slowly,
Conjunction:
Conjunctions are fanboys:
Fanboys:
For,And,Nor,But,Or,yet,so
Interjection:
Words or phrase use to express emotions
e.g;wow!,oh!,um,gee,hey!,ouch,well,oh,no!
Love and fear is not interjection
Tenses
Main 3 types:
Present,past,future
Further types of present , past and future:

Present Past Future

indefinite indefinite indefinite

continuous continuous continuous

perfect perfect perfect

Perfect continuous Perfect continuous Perfect continuous

Concept of Helping verb:

Present Past Future

 Do/Does Did will/shell

is/am/are was/were Will have/shell have

has /have Had

Whenever there is a first form of verb then this is indefinite tense

And when there is ing with first form then it is continuous.e.g; reading
Whenever there is a Third form of verb then it is Perfect tense
Present indefinite tense:
We use this tense to describe our habits,schedule and our routine
E.g; mai school jata hu, ami khana pakati hai,tum jhoot kiu bolty ho, hum english party
hain.
Affirmative Tense:
(subject+verb+object)
When we are talking about third person then we use s or es(sub+verb+s/es+obj)
E.g;
Mai school jata hu
I go to school.
Ali kam karta hy
Ali does work
Negative Tense:
(Subject+do/does+not+first form of verb+object)
Note:we use “does” with singular and “do” with plurals. But with “i” we always use do
Does is used with,"he,” “she,” “it,” “this,” “that,” or “John.
DO is used with i,we,they,you
E.g;
Mai jhoot nahi bolta.
I do not tell a lie
Tum dawai nahi lety ho.
You do not take medicine
wo koshish nahi karti hy.
she does make effort
Interrogative tense:
(Do/Does+Subject+verb 1st form+object)

E.g;
Kiya tum khailty ho?
Do you play?
Kiya tum waha rahty ho?
Do you live there?
Double Interrogative:
(Wh family+Do/Doe+subject+verb 1st+object)
WH family:
what,when ,why,where,which,whom
E.g;
Tum kiu roti ho?
Why do you cry?
Wo kiya kehta hy?
What does he say?
Present continuous tense:
Helping verb is/am are
Note: if continuous tense in present ,past and future then you will use ing with 1st form
of verb.
NOTE:Helping verbs does not come in the present indefinite tense and past
indefinite tense.it comes in all tense except above two. Helping verbs are
is/am/are
In urdu e.g;mai school ja raha hu. Wo daikh raha hy.wo kam kar rahy hain.wo kitab parh
rahi hy.(at the end raha hy, rahi hy and rahy hain)this is a continuous tense.
Affirmative:
(subject+is/am/are/verb 1st+ing+object)
E.g;
Mai lahore sy aa raha hu,.
I am coming from lahore.
Wo exam ki tayyari kr rahi hy
She is preparing for exam
Negative sentence:
(subject+is/am/are+not+verbs 1st+ing+object)
E.g;
Tumhara bhai tumhe nahi bula raha hy.
Your brother is not calling you.
Mai tumhary sath nahi aa raha hu.
I am not coming with you.
Interrogative sentence:
(is/am/are+subject+verb 1st+ing+object)
Kiya tum mujh sy baat kar rahy ho?
Are you talking to me?
Kiya wo apny ghar ja rahi hy?
Is she going to her house?
Double interrogative tense:
(wh family+is/am/are+subject+verb 1st+ing+object)
Wo mujh sy baat kiu nahi ka raha hy?
Why is he not talking to me?
Tum konsa phone use kr rahy ho?
Which mobile phone are you using?
Note:object immediately comes after which when you use which. In the above example,
the object is a mobile phone.
Present perfect tense:
Helping verb has/have
In urdu, ho chuka hy,chuki hy,chuky hain.
From has/have we will know that tense is present and with 3rd form of verb we will know
that tense is perfect so with(has/have+verb 3rd)we will identify that this is present
perfect tense.
Affirmative tense:
(subject+has/have+verb 3rd+object)
Has will be used with singular and have with plural.
Note:we use “has” with singular and “have” with plurals. But with “i” we always use have
has is used with,"he,” “she,” “it,” “this,” “that,” or “John.
have is used with i,we,they,you
E.g;
Mai khana kha chuka hu
I have eaten the meal.
Hum us sy mil chuky hain.
We have met him.
Negative tense:
(subject+has/have+not+verb 3rd form+object)
Us nay apna kam ni kiya
He has not done his task
Interrogative tense:
(has/have+subject+verb 3rd+object)
E.g;
Kia tum match jeet chuky ho?
Have you won the match?
Kiya tum nai kam kr lya hy?
Have you done the work?

Double interrogative:
(wh family+has/have+subject+verb 3rd+object)
E.g;
Tum kab match jeet chuky ho?
When have you won the match?
Tum nai kam kaisy kr lya?
How have you done the work?
Present perfect continuous tense:
Have been/Has been
This is continuous tense which is perfect
Continuity in a systematic way.
Or we know how long it has been running.
Affirmative tense:
(subject+has been/have been+verb 1st+ing+object+since/for+time)
Since is used for definite time. E.g; 24 sep 1999. Or morning,noon,evening
For is used for indefinite time. E,g; for 10 days, for 1 year.there is ny 1 year it may be
1990 or 2021 or 2013 not confirmed so that's why we use for.
E.g;
Mai subha sy apka intizar kr raha hu.
I have been waiting for you since morning.
Wo do din sy koshis kr raha hy.
He has been trying for two days.
Wo do din sy koshsis kr raha tha lakin usy asli mobile nahi mila.
He has been trying for two days but he could not found a genuine mobile.
Negative tense:
(subject+has/have+not+been+verb 1st+ing+object+since/for+time)
E.g;
Apka beta do din sy school ni aa ra.
Your son has not been coming to school for two days
Wo raat sy apna sabak nahi yaad kar rahi hy.
She has not been learning her lesson since evening
Interrogative tense:
(has/have+subject+been+verb 1st+ing+object+since/for)
E.g;
Kia tum das saal sy yaha kam kar rahy ho?
Have you been working here for 10 year?
Double interrogative tense:
(wh family+has/have+subject+been+verb 1st+ing+object+since/for)
Past indefinite tense:
In urdu:
aa ,ee ay o, ta tha, ti thy ,ty thy
Affirmative tense:
(subject+verb 2nd+object)
E.g;
Mery papa nai mujhe bulaya.
My father called me
Negative:
(subject+did+not+verb 1st+object)
E.g;
Mai nai jhoot nahi bola.
I did not tell a lie.
Interogative tense:
(did+subject+verb 1st+object)
Kia tum nai youtube par video daikhi?
Did you watch the video on youtube?
Double interogative:
(wh family+did+subject+verb 1st+object)
E.g;
Tum nai mujhy kiu bolaya?
Why did you call me?
Tum waha kiu gay?
Why did you go there?
Past continuous tense:

Was with singular and were with plural. was=i; were=you

Affirmative tense:
E.g;
Mai ja raha tha.
I was going
Wo ana chah rahi thi.
She was trying to come
Negative:
Mai jhoot nahi bol raha tha.
I was not telling a lie
Wo eid nahi mana raha tha
He was not celebrating the eid
Interrogative:
Kiya tum mujhe bola ray thy?
Were you calling me?
Kia tum bahr ja rahy thy?
Were you going outside?
Double interrogative:
Tum yaha kiu aa rahy thy?
Why were you coming here?
Tum kia parh rahy thy?
What were you studying?
Tum kia daikh rahy thy?
What were you watching?
Tum kis sy mil rahy thy?
Whom were you meeting?
Past perfect Tense:
In urdu chuka tha, cuki thi, cuky thy,liya tha,li thi,lety thy

Had with everyone.there is no problem like singular and plural

Affarmative:
Mai us sy mil chuka tha.
I had met him.
Mai nai kam kar liya tha.
I had completed the work
Mai nai film daikh li thi.
I had watched the movie.
Wo aa gya tha.
He had come
Negative:
Mai nai usy gali nahi di thi
I had not abused him.
Mai nai yai nahi kaha tha.
I had not said that.
Mai us sy nahi mila tha.
I had not met him.
Mai wha nahi gya tha.
I had not gone there.
Interrogative:
Kia tum waha gay thy?
Had you gone there?
Kiya tum us sy mily thy?
Had you met him?
Double interrogative:
Tum wha kiu ja cuky thy?
Why had you gone there?
Tum us sy kiu mily thy?
Why had you met him?
Tum wha kiu nai gay thy?
Why had you not gone there?

Past perfect continuous tense:

Affirmative tense:
Mai do ghanty sy apka intizar kr raha tha.
I had been waiting for you for two hours.
Hum 10 minute sy cricket khail rahy thy.
We had been playing cricket for 10minutes.
Tum 10 saal sy lahore mai rah rahy thy.
You had been living in lahore for 10 years.
Negative:
Mai 10 minute sy tv nahi daikh raha tha.
I had not been watching tv for 10 minutes
Interrogative tense:
Kiya tum 10 minute sy tv daikh rahy thy?
Had you been watching tv for 10 minutes?
Double interrogative:

Future indefinite tense:

In urdu;ga, gi gy.
shall= i & we;
will= except i & we;
Promise, determination,threat
Then
will=i & we
When you will do any task, then you will must apply “will” with i and you.
When you shall do that task,then you can apply shall with “i” and “you”
(subject+will/shell+verb 1st+object)
E.g;
.She said that she would help me.
When the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, we use a past tense in the
subordinate clause as well.
I will follow you wherever you go.
When the verb in the main clause is in the future tense, we use a present tense in the
subordinate clause to refer to the future.