Exposing the Psyche: Mental Health Representations in Telugu

Cinema through ‘Mahanati’

A dissertation submitted to the Central University of Karnataka in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Mass Communication &
Journalism

Submitted by
Ms. Suguna Pudu (22PGMCJ25)
Mr. B. R Vinay Kumar(22PGMCJ07)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Rupa Rani Sonowal

Department of Mass Communication & Journalism

Central University of Karnataka,
Kadaganchi, Kalaburagi, Karnataka. 585367
July 2024
I
 DECLARATION

We, Ms. Suguna Pudu (22PGMCJ25) & Mr. B R Vinay Kumar (22PJMCJ07), hereby declare
that this dissertation entitled, ‘Exposing the Psyche: Mental Health Representations in Telugu
Cinema through Mahanati’, submitted by us under the guidance and supervision of Dr Rupa
Rani Sonowal, Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication & Journalism, Central
University of Karnataka.
We also declare that this research project is original and has not been submitted previously in
part or in full to this University or any other University or Institution for the award of any degree
or diploma.

Date: July 2024 Ms. Suguna Pudu

Mr. B R Vinay Kumar

II
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research report entitled, ‘Exposing the Psyche: Mental Health
Representations in Telugu Cinema through Mahanati’, submitted by Ms. Suguna Pudu and
Mr. B. R Vinay Kumar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Master of
Arts in Mass Communication & Journalism at the Central University of Karnataka.
This work has been carried out under my supervision and guidance. This dissertation is not
submitted previously in part or in full to this or any other University or Institution for award of
any degree or diploma.

Date: July 2024 Name of the Supervisor: Dr. Rupa Rani Sonowal

Signature

III
 CONTENTS

DECLARATION................................................................................................................II
CERTIFICATE...................................................................................................................III
CONTENT………………………………………………………………………………..IV
LIST OF TABLES, MAPS AND CHARTS……………………………………………...VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...................................................................................................VII
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................VIII

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………2
1.1 New Paradigm in the Debate about Mental Health…………….……………………..2-4
1.2 Mental health in Cinema………………………………………………………………4-6
1.3 Characterization of mental health in Indian cinema………..…………………………6-7
1.4 Significance and scope of the study……………………..……..……………………..8-9
1.5 Objectives……………………………………………..…………................................9
1.6 Need of the study…………………………………………….…..................................10
1.7 Conceptual Definition……………………………………….………………………..10-11

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2. Review of Literature…………………………………………………………………..13-18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

3. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..20
3.1 Research Design………………………………………………………………………20
3.2 Local of the Study…………………………………………………………………….20-22

CHAPTER IV: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

4. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………..23
4.1 Psychoanalytical Theory…………………………………………………………….24
4.2 Defence Mechanisms………………………………………………………………...24-25
4.3 Social Cognitive Theory………………………………………….………………….25
4.4 Social Stigma…………………………………………….……………….………….25-26

IV
4.5 Semiotics Theory………………………………….………………………………...26
4.6 The model developed by Peirce on semiotics………………………………………26-28

CHAPTER V: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

5. Findings and Analysis………..…………………………..……….…………………..29
5.1 Telugu films and the mental health…………………..……………………..………...30
5.2 Telugu films representing mental health……………………………………………...31-33
5.3 Biopic ‘Mahanati’………...…………………………………………………………...33-34
5.4 Thematic Analysis…………………………………………………………………….35-35
5.5 Cinematic conventions and the Mental health………………………………………...36-39
5.6 Public Perception on films and Mental health………………………………………...40-45
5.7 Interview with the Experts…………………………………………………………….46

CHAPTER VI : DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..48-49
6.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….49-50
6.3 Limitations of the study……………………………………………………………….51

REFERENCE..……………………………………….…………………………………...52-55
SIMILARITY INDEX…………………….……………………………………………...56-62

V
LIST OF TABLES MAPS AND CHARTS PAGE NO.

Tables:
1. Factors contributing to mental health……………………………………………..3
2. Films that reflect mental health…………………………………………………...7
3. Telugu films that reflect mental health…………………….……………………...32-33

Map:
1. Political Map of Combined Andhra Pradesh and Telangana………......................21

Flowcharts:
1. Thematic analysis of biopic, ‘Mahanati’………………………………………….34
2. Cinematic convention and the mental health……………………………………...36

Pie Chart
1. Representation of Mental Health in Telugu Movies…………..………………….40
2. Portray of Social factors in Telugu Movies……………………….……………...41
3. Challenges against the stereotype concept of mental health……………………...42
4. Semiotics in ‘Mahanati’..........................................................................................43
5. Influence in Perception of Mental Health in Telugu Movie…………………...…44
6. Representation of Protagonist’s conflict in ‘Mahanati……………………………45

VI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. Rupa Rani Sonowal, Assistant Professor in the
Department of Mass Communication & Journalism at the Central University of Karnataka, who
served as both advisor and mentor throughout this research endeavor. Dr. Sonowal consistently
offered invaluable support, providing guidance whenever necessary while allowing us the
freedom to shape our paper independently.

Our heartfelt appreciation also goes to our peers for their stimulating discussions, collaborative
efforts during late hours preceding deadlines, and the enjoyable moments we have shared over
the past two years.

Lastly, we wish to express profound thanks to our family and friends for their unwavering
encouragement and support throughout this academic journey.

VII
 Abstract

In order to shed light on the shifting narrative within the framework of modern societal
developments, specifically the impact of social media, this research examines how mental
health is portrayed in Telugu films. In a time when internet platforms strongly influence public
opinions, it is vital to learn how mental health is portrayed in regional films. Through an
analysis of Telugu films, this study hopes to bridge the gap between historical portrayals and
the current situation. Through an examination of the complex ways in which mental health has
been portrayed in the biopic (Mahanati), the study aims to interpret changing societal
perspectives and the possible impact of social media on these representations. The research is
necessary to understand how cinematic stories might conflict with or reinforce common
assumptions of mental health, which will help to create more informed and empathic arguments
around this vital societal issue. The purpose of the study is to figure out if these pictures support
stigmas or progress a more complex knowledge of mental health issues. With social media's
increasing impact on public opinion, this study investigates whether biopic depict mental health
in a way that conflicts with or supports popular online narratives.in the Telugu-speaking
community by examining the interaction between cinematic and internet representations. The
Telugu-speaking community's filmmakers, mental health representatives, can all benefit from
this research's value in promoting a more positive public conversation about mental health.

Keywords: Film, Mental Health, Biopic, Cinematic, Conflict

VIII
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1
1. Introduction
A person's emotional, psychological, and social facets of life are all included in their mental
health, which is an essential component of their total well-being. It influences how people feel,
think, and act, which has an impact on their capacity to manage stress, interact with others, and
make decisions. The global mental health crisis in recent times, there has been a notable global
rise in discussion about mental health. The identification of mental health illnesses as a
widespread and urgent public health concern is the reason for this growing awareness. It is
critical to investigate the details of mental health and its broad impacts as societies struggle
with the complex connections of biological, psychological, and sociocultural elements affecting
mental well-being (World Health Organization, 2001)
Dealing with the challenging area of mental health in the context of healthcare, mental health
is a complex field with multiple levels of stigma, unequal treatment outcomes, and changing
clinical paradigms. Because of this sophistication, an in-depth study that explores the
complexities of mental health problems, their diagnostic standards, therapeutic options, and
societal conceptions is required. There is no such thing as mental health or general well-being;
they have no separation. It includes not just the absence of mental disease but also features like
coping strategies, toughness, and the capacity to successfully deal with life's obstacles. The
worth of treating mental health with the same attention as physical illnesses is highlighted by
the understanding of mental health as an essential part of overall wellness. There are still large
gaps in our knowledge and treatment for mental health complications, despite breakthroughs in
research and therapy. These difficulties become worse by things like the ongoing stigma
attached to mental illness, gaps in mental health literacy, and restricted access to care (Cannon,
2013).

1.1 New paradigm in the debate about mental health

The complexity of mental health is causing us to acknowledge that we need to change the way
we think about, talk about, and treat mental disease. This change is a move away from a
pathology-centric perspective and toward a broader appreciation of mental health. We can work
toward a future in which mental health is accepted as an essential component of adaptable,
vibrant communities rather than as a taboo subject by creating environments that encourage
truthful conversations, compassion, and support (Nelson, 2001).
India is not far behind the rest of humanity in acknowledging the seriousness of mental health
issues. The rate of development in the field of mental health seems to be poor. In 1954, Dr.
Brock Chisholm, the inaugural Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO),

2
made the foresighted statement that ‘true physical health can only exist in the absence of mental
health’. After more than 60 years, not much has changed in the situation. Neuropsychiatric
illnesses account for about 14% of the world's disease burden. Due to a lack of understanding
of the interactions between mental disease and other health disorders, the burden of mental
disorders might have been understated. There are still many problems with determining
priorities depending on the severity of health conditions and with addressing inequalities
regarding the causes and treatments of health issues. There are a number of hurdles to overcome,
such as the current public health priorities and their funding, the difficulty of providing mental
health care in primary-care settings, the lack of individuals with mental health care training,
and the shortage of a mental health perspective in public health leadership. Numerous calls have
been made for promoting political will, strengthening advocacy, and activating community
involvement, all of which have generated modest improvements in outcomes (Coughlan,2013).
Therefore, the time has come to investigate the paradigm of mental health awareness as a means
of overcoming stigma, improving prevention, guaranteeing early recognition. There are
opportunities today for applying new technologies, especially the internet, big data, and cell
phones, to boost simple field interventions that have been found successful in primary care and
other levels of healthcare, as well as to acknowledge mental disorders as significant targets of
global health action. Mental illnesses are disorders, ranging from mild to severe, that affect a
person’s thinking, mood, and/or behavior. According to the National Institute of Mental Health,
nearly one-in-five adults live with a mental illness (National Institute of Mental Health, 2021).

Factors contribute to mental health

Category Factors
Biological Factors Genes
Brain Chemistry
Life experiences Trauma
Abuse
Family History Family history of mental health problems

Table 1: Factors contribute to mental health

A Serious Mental Illness (SMI) is a mental illness that interferes with a person’s life and ability
to function. Despite common misperceptions, having an SMI is not a choice, a weakness, or a
character flaw. It is not something that just “passes” or can be “snapped out of” with will power.
The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that over 264 million people worldwide,
3
across all age groups, suffer from depression. Even though this figure reflects the entire world's
population, the causes of depression have a wide prevalence and range from biological
problems like bipolar affective disorder to anxiety and drug and alcohol use disorders.
Depression can have devastating consequences regardless of where it comes from. According
to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), mental health data from 2021, 14.7%
of teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17 faced serious impairment, while 20.1% of
adolescents had a major depressive episode (MDE). Suicide claims over 800,000 lives each
year as a result of depression. Even though mental health awareness is important, stigmas
around it still exist and frequently stop people from getting treatment (Kakuma & Ritsuko,
2010).

1.2 Mental health in cinema

Films that examine the intersections between mental health and other facets of identity,
including race, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic background, are becoming more
and more common. These representations illustrate the ways in which a variety of factors might
impact a person's experience with mental illness and ability to obtain care (Corrigan, 2002).
Indian films in particular have a history of judging or falsely portraying mental health issues
(Wahl, 1995). Extreme and made popular portrayals of characters who struggle with mental
health issues could strengthen stereotypes and biases about these diseases. Certain movies
might stress the value of understanding, learning, and de-stigmatization, which would raise
awareness and promote discussions about mental health issues. Over time, there has been a
change in how mental health is portrayed in movies. There's a rising awareness among viewers
and filmmakers about the importance of their portrayals, as well as the necessity for responsible
and truthful representations of mental health in movies. Over the years, mental health as
portrayed in the in films, has changed to reflect improvements in social attitudes, behavior and
awareness of mental health issues are as follows:

a. Misunderstanding and Discrimination:

These developmental stages range from the 1930s the mid1950s. Some works include
Freaks (1932), The Snake Pit (1948), where people with mental illnesses are portrayed
In diseases, the concept of dangerous or unpredictable was often used, the mistreatment.
Mental health facilities were described as evil places that people did not want to be
associated with, thus influencing regarding the culture associated with use of mental
health services.

4
b. Discovery and Uprising:
The war was during the sixties up to the seventies, Ideological perceptions emerged in,
because more films explored topics that are associated with mental health. There was a
seen an increasing tendency towards the simplification of the building. From
stereotyped elements of minorities to better development of characters fighting with
mental health issues. Psycho (1960), David and Lisa (1962), are some of the films that
started to threaten the established order of things step on the wrong side and fail to
conform to the norms of the society and the needs and health of people with mental
problems treated.

c. Humanization and Advocacy:

It has been observed to affect mainly populations of the 1980s–1990s. The portrayal of
characters with special needs, especially mental, was being called for, humanization
fears by emphasizing the difficulties and the impact that these issues caused patients
relationships and daily lives. The trend for the advocacy of mental health has been on
the increase health awareness. Motion pictures like Ordinary People (1980), Frances
(1982) among others aimed at reducing prejudice by providing more probable and
compassionate portrayals.

d. Aware and Sophisticated Representations: 2000s to 2010s

Cinematographers began analyzing a range of issues beyond the clear-cut acquainted
with the audience that men were represented by depression and schizophrenia, and they
began to provide black depiction of numerous kinds of psychological disorders.

e. Ongoing Development and Varieties of Storytelling: 2020s onwards

Diverse stories and experiences pertaining to mental health are becoming increasingly
important, diverse stories and experiences concerning mental health are becoming more
and more important, acknowledging that people with varied origins may encounter
particular difficulties. Globally, social media and technology have contributed to
conversations and awareness-building around mental health. Dear Zindagi (2017),
Taare Zameen Par (2007), Barfi! (2012), Goodachari (2018) are the few of the films
that the filmmakers want to eliminate stigma and promote open conversations by
showing mental health as an essential part of total wellbeing. The most commonly
depicted mental health conditions were addiction, mood disorders, and anxiety/PTSD.

5
In cinema, it’s common to stereotype mental health and categorize characters as "unstable" due
to their perceived or actual mental health condition(s). The problem with Hollywood telling
stories involving mental health conditions is the villainization of characters with these issues.
While the portrayals may not always be offensive, they can be inaccurate. Such inaccuracy can
lead to further stigmatization of the conditions the movies are depicting. For instance, movies
that are made around characters who are geniuses or movies that focus on sensationalized
aspects of a certain disability do not reflect the authentic situations people with actual diseases
or actual conditions. As a result, the news released through these films can be destructive.
However, it is tolerant to state that even the best film producers are capable of producing movies
with wrong perceptions on mental health.

1.3 Characterization of mental health in Indian cinema

Representation of Mental Health in Indian Movies Indian films, especially in the early years of
the movie industry, it was found that there was very little focus on accurate portrayals of mental
health and often what was portrayed was in a very black and white manner and thus largely
misconstrued. Characters with mental health issues were typically portrayed in one of two ways:
either as scaring people who could harm others or who others feared, or as mere jests. relief for
laughs. However, these early depictions did more ill than good and used for years in continuing
the myths of mental health. Eventually, filmmakers of the country came into the picture and
started More subtly and in a more sensitive manner address mental health with? In the 21st
century,
Currently, Bollywood can be seen gradually changing for the better in terms of representation
and depictions of mental health issues. These films did not shy away from dealing with such
issues as depression and anxiety changing the narrative of mental health to a direction that
encourages more people to get the help or support that they need. Over these years, the
Bollywood narrative has been waking up to public feeling and has changed the perception and
shifted the society’s perception towards the mentally ill individuals. These cinematic journeys
have enabled the viewers feel the relation between them and characters on screen and share
their issues and triumphs. This sense of misunderstanding has been changed for the better with
this newfound ability to empathize which has really helped in this goal to bring the social
prejudice, which is related to mental health issues, to a much minor level. As Bollywood closely
represents mental health issues, it has emerged as a very efficient entity for change, helping the
audiences develop understanding and unity (Bhatia, 2017) One of the most notable aspects of
this change has been the emergence of relatable characters. These characters are not just on-
screen characters, but reflect real people facing mental health issues. Witnessing their struggles,
6
hopes, and journeys to recovery allows viewers to better understand and support the lives of
those struggling with similar issues. This bridge of identity helped challenge stereotypes and
misconceptions about mental health. These great films sensitively portrayed the complexities
of mental illness and left a lasting impression (Wilson, 1999).

Films That Reflect Mental Health

Sl. Year of Movie Producer’s/Director’s Name
No. Release
1 1971 Anand Hrishikesh Mukherjee

2 1963 Tere Ghar Ke Samne Dev Anand

3 2016 Dear Zindagi Gauri Khan, Karan Johar, and

Gauri Shinde
4 2010 Karthik calling Karthik Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh
Sidhwani
5 2005 15 Park Avenue Bipasha Basu

6 2007 Taara Zameen Par Aamir Khan

Table 2: Films that reflect mental health

Likewise, many other Indian movies, Telugu films1.4 have portrayed mental health facilities as
disturbing, scary places. The negative view that getting professional care for mental health
concerns is a result of this portrayal. Telugu movies have a tendency to idealize mental health
problems by portraying characters who battle with it in a way that makes it seem glamorous or
attractive.
Telugu movies frequently ignore other similarly important mental health illnesses in favour of
focusing on a limited number of mental health problems, such as schizophrenia or depression.
In spite of these many years, there have been certain Telugu movies that address mental health
concerns in a more gentle and sensitive manner. Among them is the 2018 biopic "Mahanati,"
which tells the story of a real-life incident involving mental health challenges and is based on
the popular actress Savitri of the 1970s. As such, the current study examines how depressive
disorders, substance abuse, and isolation are portrayed in the Telegu film and in particular the
biopic, along with the way these factors affect the stigmatization and public awareness of mental
health issues.

7
1.4 Significance and scope of the study
Her biography proves ideal for the pursuit, as it high range stains her life story and paints a
vivid picture the nature of her character in search of fame, identity, and genuine affection based
on the author’s portrayal of the heroine’s subconscious. mental illness aspect of the story is
very significant, to the movie making industry as well as the society as a whole. Below, we can
explore various aspects of :

Cultural Representations: In ‘Mahanati’, mental health issues are depicted opposite to it

setting that explains the mid-20th century Telugu film industry Examining this representation
enables comprehend the relationship between cultural and social values of the given period to
mental health.

Historical Context: Mental health issues can be said to be depicted or depicted not by
evaluating how researchers portray them portrayed in the film try to get an understanding of the
kind of problems that people encountered for health care treatment and support towards mental
health complications at this stage. This can be obtained by using the film’s representation of
mental health problems with first-person memories of the time.

Stigma and Perception: India in specifically the States of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
has a relatively organised movie industry and ‘Mahanati’, the movie under discussion in this
paper presents a fairly good insight into the mental health issues that are usually not spoken
about but are quite prevalent might help explain past prejudices regarding mental health issues
and their causes differ from modern stigmas. As it was already mentioned, visual presentations
can also stress on achievements that were made in the process created in the culture of the
contemporary world related to the desire to work on the stigma and the increased role of the
community in understanding mental health issues.

Impact of Reputation and Stress: The movie, ‘Mahanati’, underlines the life history of an
eminent actress Savitri and focus on the effect of fame, pressure, and internal and external
conflicts on person’s well-being. This connects well with experiences of celebrities of the
modern world, thus giving readers a understanding of what specific problems they encounter
and how different people regard mental health disorders and relevant treatments in the
entertainment field.

8
Psychological Depth: First though, one needs to understand how psychological issues are
depicted in ‘Mahanati’, enables understanding of the processes taking place in the psyche and
the difficulties encountered of the characters. This is useful in explaining purposeful behavior
of human beings and their feelings in general deeper level that transcends time as well as
cultural differences.

Awareness and Advocacy: The further push they made to focus on mental health and It is
therefore possible to define the topic of advocacy by comparing the representation of mental
health problems in ‘Mahanati’. This also assists in comprehending how they are represented in
media and entertainment today. Besides, it can also reveal the gaps that require more attention
and expression.

1.5 Objectives:
The following objectives are formed by using the biopic ‘Mahanati’ as a catalyst to raise
awareness of mental health issues and lessen stigma among Telugu audience members and the
industry by showcasing the hardships and resiliency of well-known individuals.
1. To examine the portrayal of different mental health issues in Telugu films.
2. To explore how "Mahanati'' portrays Savitri's struggles with mental health.
3. To analyze the film Mahanti’s portrayal of depression, alcoholism, and loneliness.
4. To assess its impact on stigmatization and awareness of mental health issues.

1.6 Need of the study

In a democratic country like India, it is necessary to evaluate how mental health is portrayed in
Indian films where real-life struggles are being highlighted, where the contrasting characters
and mental health issues are being faced in the films. This study evaluates the social and cultural
norms and historical background of mental health awareness and treatment in the Telugu
cinema industry in the middle of the 20th century. Additionally, it highlights the opinions and
beliefs around mental health in the Telugu-speaking population and so helps to more broad
discussions about media portrayal, psychological research, and efforts that reduce stigma.
This study can be utilized to inform public health campaigns and actions aimed at enhancing
mental health and providing support. It directs efforts towards reducing stigma and improving
awareness. By identifying gaps in understanding or areas where support services may be
lacking, this research can inform the development of targeted interventions. Thus, for a better
comprehension of how mental health is depicted in movies and its impact on real life, it is

9
crucial to analyze the cause-and-effect connections between interpersonal relationships,
celebrity status, high ranks, and different psychological disorders and alcohol or drug
dependence, which can result in tragic consequences. This paper shall be the first to examine
the role of human relations on mental health levels and then examine the interaction of these
relations and alcoholism to cause death in the movie ‘Mahanati’ (2018). Subsequent authors
can employ this study as a reference to analyze and expound results in this field of study.

1.7 Conceptual definition

Relationship: Cooperation is a sentimental bond that exists between two people and relates to
social and personal interaction. These are necessary communication, reliance, and empathy
because these types of relations evoke a sense of inclusion. Social connections are important
for one’s well-being, self-fulfillment, and moral growth of an individual, and for development
of pro-social behavior.

Depression: Experiencing grief, pessimism and constantly losing interest in previously

enjoyable activities is a defining characteristic of depression; a common mental disorder that
affects a large population of people. It interferes with day-to-day activities, altering sleeping
patterns, appetite, and energy levels. Depression can severely lower a person's quality of life,
making assistance and intervention from professionals necessary.

Alcoholism: Also known as alcohol use disorder, alcoholism is a chronic illness that includes
an inability to restrict alcohol intake in spite of negative effects. It involves symptoms of
withdrawal, tolerance, and physical dependency. Alcohol abuse can result in Effective therapy
is necessary since alcoholism can result in serious health problems, relationship problems,
social, professional, and legal challenges.

Symbolism: It is the art of representing abstract ideas or concepts using symbols, such as
objects, letters, or colors, that have deeper meanings than their literal interpretation. By
introducing additional levels of interpretation, it enhances writing, art, and ordinary
communication through allowing viewers or readers to discover hidden meanings and establish
a deep connection with the content.

Mental Health: Emotional, psychological, and social well-being all have a role in one's
thoughts, actions, and relationships with other people. It has an impact on how people handle

10
stress, make decisions, and preserve relationships. Making mental health a priority is essential
for toughness, general functioning, and living a meaningful life.

Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of language that suggests there is a meaningful similarity

between two things by connecting them. It helps communicate difficult ideas by relating them
to widely discussed subjects and generates up eye-catching images. Metaphors improve
communication by providing feelings of connection and a deeper awareness.

Biopic: It is referred to as a biographical picture, is a genre of film that portrays the life of a
real person, frequently highlighting their hardships, achievements, and social effect. It
combines factual details with imagination storytelling to create a compelling story that aims to
inform, inspire, and delight viewers.

11
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

12
2. Literature Review
Cross-sectional study consistently dwelled on the news and entertainment media providing the
public with the stereotype image of mental ill persons as dangerous, criminal, and
unpredictable. They also define how people with mental disorders are avoided, rejected,
laughed at, and made fun of. Critics of the mass media assert that it worsens the facets of
prejudice and stigma of the mentally ill population. At the same time, however, the media may
also be a most useful adversary foe breaking the myths associated with mental health or sparks
a constructive debate on this matter and in telling positive, true-to-life stories about this
condition. Other than advocating for the patients with special needs to express their grievances
by themselves, the mental health professionals should also have the most effect role in media
advocacy as well as in interacting with the press in order to bring change through enhancing
public awareness and education (Aust,1999) In India, regional films have a significant impact
on how mental illness is portrayed as well as how society views those who suffer from mental
health issues. 50 million people in the South Indian state of Karnataka speak Kannada, which
has been used in film to depict a variety of diseases, from personality problems to psychosis, a
number of these films include confusing and frequently stigmatizing depictions of mental
illness. Psychiatrists have contributed to the production and direction of certain iconic films,
aiding with the plot as well, which has given the movies more merit. Treatment methods are
often magico-religious, as is the case in many parts of India; this is also reflected in Kannada
movies. (Chilla, 2009) It is usual to utilize movies to teach various aspects of psychiatry, and
we believe that Malayalam movies may also be used in a way that is appropriate and productive.
These films, which show how culture shapes psychopathology and how regional and cultural
factors shape views toward mental illness and stigma, can be an important tool in training
cultural competency. We also observe that the portrayal frequently departs from truth, yet this
does not prevent the films from being a useful substitute for conventional, didactic teaching
techniques (Gabbard,1999).
For many people in south India, Tamil cinema plays a dynamic role in their life. Due to its
violent past and explosive expansion, this media has a significant impact on viewers' social
lives as well as Tamil Nadu politics. This essay explores in-depth how Tamil films have
addressed mental health and gives a summary of the genre's development. The cinema has a
great deal of potential to raise awareness of mental health issues like Alcohol abuse, Amnesia,
Psychotic disorders, Suicide etc. Dr (R. Mangala &R. Thara, 2009). This article examines the
body of research on the scope, character, and effects of fictional portrayals of mental illness in
movies and television shows. The body of research indicates that unfavorable and frequent on-
screen representations of mental illness have a cumulative impact on how the public views those
13
who suffer from it and how likely it is that they will seek the right kind of treatment. In order
to fight misconceptions of mental illness and investigate the possibility of positive portrayals
serving as both educational and entertaining tools (Pirkis,R. Blood, Francis McCallum, 2006)
The impact that media portrayals of mental diseases may have and the common frames in which
they are portrayed are examined. The way media information is arranged, displayed, and
understood is known as framing. A study of the literature on media framing and coverage of
mental diseases is conducted. The public's negative perceptions of people with mental disorders
have developed and continued to exist in part because of the media's frequent use of negative
frames to depict mental illnesses. A thorough investigation of the framing functions, structures,
and features employed in the media to portray mental diseases would be a logical continuation
of our work. The trial understanding how media consumers respond specifically to frames of
mental diseases will be helped by the experimental alteration of mental illness frames and the
effects they have on media consumers. (Elaine, 2009).
In order to better understand how the mass media shapes, maintains, and reduces the stigma
related to mental illness, this article analyzes twenty years' worth of studies. It focuses on three
general topics that are covered by media studies: audiences, representation, and production. The
investigation shows that inaccurate, exaggerated, or misleading information affects portrayals
of mental disease and the mentally ill. In addition to being strange and unusual, the sick is also
portrayed as dangerous. Thus, stigma and false beliefs are spread by the media. The lack of
consensus criteria for "mental illness" and audience studies examining the connections between
media portrayals and social attitudes are especially notable. The report ends with
recommendations for additional study on the connections between mental illness and the media.
(Klin & Lemish,2008).
It has been argued that negative public opinions and impressions of those who suffer from
mental illnesses are reinforced by media representations of these individuals. Youngsters are
big media consumers, and it's possible that the way those disorders are portrayed in the media
is teaching them about mental health issues. Research on cartoons, movies, television shows,
and other media indicate that references to and representations of mental diseases in children's
media are not uncommon, and that these representations are typically negative rather than
positive. Although content studies do not prove impact, it seems likely that youngsters are
learning to react avoidantly and negatively to people with mental illnesses and that unfavorable
stereotypes are being reinforced. Efforts to combat stigma that exclude children and neglect to
address negative perceptions created by media portrayals of mental illnesses could allow
discrimination against those suffering from psychiatric disorders continue to exist (Otto,
2009).
14
A wealth of information about identity and stigma attributions commonly associated with
those having mental health difficulties can be found in popular films. However, there is still a
lack of research in this area concerning health identity representations, particularly when it
comes to how they interact with other social identities. The content of thirty years' worth of
the most well-known movies that focused on mental health was examined in order to provide
a modern evaluation of the excluding potential of representation patterns, which, curiously,
went beyond widely accepted links between mental illness and risk. These included risky
health behaviors (such as drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, or having eating disorders),
different types of aggression (such as physical, verbal, or sexual), and responses to adversity
(such as sobbing, trying to harm oneself, or having struggles diminished). (Riles, Miller, Funk
& Morrow, 2021). A commercial film concerning mental illness was viewed by a sample of
N = 137 participants. To find out if fiction or nonfiction affected social distancing behavior,
genre was changed. It was discovered that there was some sort of mediation between perceived
story relevance and social distancing behavior depending on how much participants identified
with the main character. The (National Institute of Mental Health, 2008), one in four adults in
the US will have one of the following diagnosable mental illnesses in a given year: depressive
disorder, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and gender identity disorder.
According to the World Health Organization, major depressive illness will overtake all other
causes of disability in the world for women and children by 2020 (Caputo & Rouner, 2011).
Filmmaking and narrative cinema are two creative disciplines that deal with the representation
of mental illness and have the potential to have a substantial societal value and relevance. Silver
Linings Playbook (2012) is a movie that has raised awareness of mental health issues. The story
is about a family dealing with their bipolar disorder-affected son's return. Regarding "how" to
approach accurately depicting mental illness in the dramatic structure of narrative film, there
aren't many resources available for filmmakers. Thus, the goal of this study is to investigate
how symptoms of mental illness are portrayed in movies by referencing relevant studies and
analyses of a selection of movies that have already been released, as well as by incorporating
particular filmic elements. The results demonstrate that there is a critical need for additional
investigation into how filmmakers could more authentically depict mental health symptoms in
mainstream films
This study looks at the representation of mental disorders in movies and the effect that such
representations will have on the attitudes towards mental disorders of the audience. Stigma in
relation to mental illness is reflected very richly in film and the manner this is portrayed strongly
influences how these populations what their fellow mates, with mental disorders consider.
Aligned with prior studies, the first hypothesis was formulated such that people who reportedly
15
watched more films featuring mental illness would have better factual and empathic
understanding of mental illness than people who watched fewer films portraying mental illness.
Another expectation on the component was that the social prejudice of mental illnesses would
be reflected in the knowledge that people had over mental illnesses than the knowledge that
was factual information about the mental disorders. Women were predicted to express more
sympathy than men. (Hanley, 2015).
We evaluate studies that discuss how often, accurately, and impactfully mental illness is
portrayed in the media. Clinical findings that mental illness is frequently and oftentimes
inaccurately depicted in the mass media, especially the entertainment media, are supported by
a plethora of studies on the frequency and content of media depictions. Studies investigating
the effects of media representations of mental illness, particularly that of entertainment form,
support the theory that these images can significantly influence public views about mental
disease and treatment.However, the number of these studies is small, and they have only shown
temporary consequences of particular representations. (Otto,2018) Mental diseases, according
to the American Psychiatric Association, are medical conditions that involve emotional,
cognitive, behavioural, or combinations of these changes and are linked to difficulties in an
individual's ability to function in social, personal, or professional contexts.The current project
examines how this causes negative emotions like dread, rejection, scorn, and mockery. Apart
from these imprecise portrayals of the clinical picture of mental diseases, there are several cases
when their management, treatment, and rehabilitation are misrepresented. Accordingly, Indian
cinema is thought to have lagged behind Hollywood by thirty to forty years when it comes to
depicting mental illnesses. There has been a growing inaccurate representation of the clinical
picture of mental illnesses occurring in several instances where its management, treatment and
rehabilitation are wrongly depicted. Indian cinema has thus been stated to be about 30-40 years
behind Hollywood’s standard of portraying mental disorders. There has been an increasing
incidence of mental health disorders over time. About one in seven people suffer from illnesses
of varying intensities in India, as per statistical reports of 2019. (A. K., Raj, A. J., Unni, G., &
Chandran, 2022).
Medical profession is also examined in a feminist perspective what the wrong approach to
handling mental health problems had on the female characters. So, there are a number of views
concerning the roles which cinematography can perform in approaching the formation of
knowledge concerning the social matters as mental illness. According to Gerbner, Gross,
Morgan, and Signorelli (1986), there is a media theory called Favour of a cultivation process
and they explain how. In other words, according to cultivation theorists, television affects a
person’s motive, overall expectation and him or her perceptive and behavioral expectation
16
towards a given topic (Vogel, 2008). According to Berger & Luckmann (1966), knowledge of
human reality is built or invalidated. The utilisation of symbolic referents like the language and
images to generate the concerns for occurrences in the subjective domain. This and more
implies that social meanings that are given to any social happening are strictly a function of
meanings socially and culturally . . For instance, created symbols of mental illness in movies
presuppose identical constructions in other interactions to be pertinent, thus arguing in favour
of the fact that cinematic representations are constructions of the perceived social reality.
Representation of mental illness: Although the study is commendable, its limitations include
‘‘a lack of controls for many population characteristics that might have influenced the results’’
according to Aroyan and Odukomaiya (2017).
Among all the types of media, movie has the ability to affect most of all the types of art forms.
Great movies and books first engage the audience and make them see what is happenning as if
they are part of the story. The audience can be interested in the plot of the story itself and the
feelings and emotions, which characters are faced with. A sort of news consumers per se
viewers or readers come to what they watch or read with their life story as well as perceptions
and interpret the information within the news thereby creating their own story. At times such
an encounter with what is seen or read, challenges or moves the audience and one can easily
identify with the characters in the film or novel. This paper seeks to explore the impact of media
on perception of mental illness and it can be deduced that media can play a positive or negative
role on this aspect. Since people rarely understand the nature of mental illnesses, any news
story, TV shows which includes, the ‘reality show’, any film and books are capable to set the
perception towards the mentally ill people. Although, there are few films portraying the
sympathetic attitude towards the mentally ill people or the mental health care professional as
seen in ‘ordinary people’, the ‘three faces of Eve’(Jackson, BCPP, 2017) Malayalam is the
analyzes the types of movies touching up on organic mental diseases, psychotic disorders, mood
disorders, and anxiety diseases, dissociative disorders, and personality disorders. Thus, it is
possible to state that Malayalam cinema is entertaining indeed constructed Cinema is a popular
form of entertainment in Kerala, and numerous films dealing with mental illness have been
created in Malayalam. This analysis examines the portrayal of mental problems in Malayalam
cinema archive of videos showing psychiatric diseases that can be employed for tutorship of
psychiatry to medical students. However, beware that the majority of such works contain
inaccurate and false representations of mental diseases ((Smith, 2020). When media content
was analyses in April 1993, it was discovered that two-thirds of the articles discussing mental
health concerns made the connection between mental illness and violence. A sample of the
audience's beliefs were examined using some of this content. One user group and six general
17
groups participated in the study. Two-fifths of the general sample cited the media as their source
and said there was a link between mental illness and violence. While the user group and some
other respondents with personal knowledge of mental illness rejected the prevailing media
narrative. The results show how crucial it is for working with the media in order to de-stigmatize
mental health issues.(Philo, Secker,1994). 49 suitable for children (G- and PG-rated) movies
were watched and scored based on how well they portrayed mental health conditions. Thirty-
three (67%) of these movies had content about mental health issues. Twelve films (24%) had
one or more characters who were classified as having a mental disease; 21 more films made
mention of mental illnesses. Rather than using official diagnoses, characters with mental
problems were typically male, adult, Caucasian, single, or not sure of their marital status. Of
the twelve films featuring mentally ill individuals, eight (67%) featured violent depictions of
those characters. The majority of the other characters interacted with the mentally ill characters
in a positive manner, working together, lending support, and showing trust. The characters may
react positively to mentally ill characters, mental disease representations are frequently seen in
children’s movies and that these characters are typically mocked and feared. (Wahl, Wood,
Zaveri, Drapalski, Mann, 2003). The state of being single or being married and having an
ongoing affectionate partnership is very significant when it comes to the condition of the mind.
A large number of works are devoted to marriage as a specific type of relationship; it has been
reported that people who are married have better mental health than those who do not (Bulloch,
2017; LaPierre, 2009; Wadsworth, 2016). Nonetheless, as some research has indicated,
cohabitation and intimate relationships seem to confer comparable advantage to well-being, as
in the case of marital status; although cohabitation is regarded less favorably different studies
have pointed towards relationship statuses that are associated with better mental health
relatively in exactly the same manner as has been indicated for marital status (Musick and
Bumpass, 2012; Rapp & Stauder, 2020 The improved psychosocial health, for the married or
those in close relationships, have been postulated to be attributed to the fact that such a status
offers better social support, financial support, and meaning in life (Soulsby and Bennett, 2015,
Umberson et al. , 2013). However, on average being in a married or intimate relationship may
enhance one’s Psychological functioning than when one is single (Proulx, Helms, & Buehler,
2007).

18
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

19
3. Methodology
Therefore, in the assessment of the present study, a mixed method research is used for data
collection as well as data analysis. In simple terms, while using qualitative stories of the
characters especially Savitri in ‘Mahanati’, supported by a number of quantitative facts as a
mixed approach to give the bigger picture of mental health problems and their impact on the
affected people. These approaches of study were conducted in an aim to know how mental
health aspects this stereotype ‘Mahanati’, and whether the real stigmatization of mental health
conditions is also depicted realistically in this film or not. For this reason, educational values
of the movie involve acquiring further understanding of how mental health is depicted in the
movie, its challenges and issues of modern society, and causes of mental illness in people.

3.1 Research Design

This study is carried out in three different parts for having a systematic analysis of the mental
health and representation of the narrative in the Telugu movies. Initially, content analysis of a
biopic ‘Mahanati’, is carried out by following the steps as under thematic analysis. Secondly,
for being able to analyze the audience’s view point about the role of mental health in movies of
real life such as ‘Mahanati’, survey research methodology is also followed. Thirdly, an
interview of an expert in mental health with the understanding of the modern world is deemed
suitable for the research.
Non-probability purposive sampling is selected for only those respondents who watched Telugu
movies. The majority of respondents are classified as working adults (18 years of age and older)
and members of the student community. The majority of Telugu speakers live in the city of
Hyderabad, which makes it the research area. For the study, the questionnaire was prepared in
google form by the researcher, which is distributed to the respondents via mail and WhatsApp
application. Two psychologists were interviewed over the phone by the researcher, who
recorded their responses on a mobile device.

3.2 Local of the study

United Andhra Pradesh, formed in 1956 by merging the Telugu-speaking regions of Andhra
State and the Telangana region of Hyderabad State, stood as a cultural and political entity until
its bifurcation in 2014. This diverse state, encompassing both the coastal Andhra and interior
Telangana regions, was a significant hub for the Telugu film industry, famously known as
Tollywood. Hyderabad, its capital, emerged as the epicenter of Tollywood, one of India's largest
film industries. The industry thrived in this vibrant cultural milieu, producing a substantial

20
number of films annually that reflected the region's social, political, and cultural dynamics
(Smith, 2022).

(Source : sanskriti magazine)

Map 1 : Andhra Pradesh and Telangana region

Telugu cinema, deeply rooted in the cultural fabric of United Andhra Pradesh, played a pivotal
role in promoting Telugu language and cultural identity. Films often explored themes such as
rural life, folklore, socio-economic disparities, and regional pride, resonating with audiences
across the state. Hyderabad's development into a major film production center provided (Smith,
2022). The Telugu film industry also engaged with socio-political narratives, influencing public
discourse on issues like governance, regional autonomy, and socio-economic development. It
contributed significantly to the cultural integration and assertion of Telugu-speaking people
within the Indian context, fostering a sense of regional pride and identity (Reddy, 2020)
However, the industry was not without its challenges and controversies. Criticism arose

21
regarding its portrayal of certain communities, perpetuation of stereotypes, and lack of diversity
in representation. Despite these criticisms, Tollywood continued to evolve, adapting to
changing socio-political landscapes and audience preferences (Ahmed, 2015) The bifurcation
of Andhra Pradesh in 2014, resulting in the formation of separate states of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana, marked a significant juncture for the Telugu film industry. It brought about changes
in regional film policies, distribution of infrastructure, and audience demographics, influencing
the industry's dynamics and narrative themes (Locksley, 2009).
Studying the Telugu film industry within the context of United Andhra Pradesh provides a
comprehensive insight into how regional identity, socio-political factors, economic
development, and cultural diversity have shaped and continue to influence one of India's most
prominent film industries. It offers a nuanced understanding of Tollywood's evolution, from its
origins in a united state to navigating the complexities and opportunities presented by political
division.

22
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

23
4. Theoretical Framework
This chapter’s major goal is to outline the study’s theoretical framework and explain the various
analytical techniques.

4.1 Psychoanalytic Theory:

The concept of personality structure and how personality develops especially in connection
with the psychoanalysis and the clinical treatment of psychopathology is referred to as
psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalysis hypothesis has been postulated by Sigmund Freud in the
second half of the 19th century, and since then, it has been replenished several times. The final
stage of growth of psychoanalysis as part of the critical discussion of the postscripts of
psychiatric operations that occurred after the beginning of the 1960s falls in the final third of
the 20th century. Before his psychological career, Freud had stopped providing the analysis of
the brain and engaging in physiological investigations and had started research on the psyche
and treatment through such methods as free association and transference. His study upheld the
challenge of identifying childhood incidences that may affect the mental operations of adults.
It is truly in this way, therefore, that his examination of the genetic and then the developmental
aspects provided – or constituted – the characteristics of psychoanalytic theory (Tyson, Phyllis,
2002). Frequented though he was, Freud did not become a well-known figure until the
beginning in 1899 of his publishing with the work of “The Interpretation of Dreams. ”Clínical
technique developed by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of certain mental diseases, based upon
its assumption that the set of ideas which constitute a person’s conscious mind interacts with
that person’s unconscious mind; disease being treated is located in the repressed psychological
complexes and Freud employs techniques such as dream analysis and word association.
Therefore, for this present study, Freudian psychoanalysis is applied to study about the
motivational, conflictual and infrastructural characteristics depicted in the movie ‘Mahanati’.
This could expand on the ways the protagonist’s mental illness is depicted and critiqued by
looking at symbols, characterization and the plotting of the movie.

4.2 Defence Mechanism

For there to be much intrapsychic conflict in a healthy state of consciousness, the ego must
strike a balance between the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. As a result, it reacts
by somewhat modifying either internal or outer reality to shield someone from pressures and
concerns. This keeps possibly harmful unconscious ideas and information out of the conscious
mind. Repression, regression, reaction construction, isolation of affect, undoing, projection,
24
introduce, turning against oneself, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation are the 10 distinct
defense systems that Anna Freud first listed. However, she also describes additional strategies
in the same article, like intellectual growth and identification with the opponent, which would
eventually be classified as independent defense mechanisms. Additionally, other
psychoanalysts have strongly built upon this list; a few authors claim to have included more
than a hundred defensive mechanisms. (Freud, 1937).

4.3 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

The 1931 essay "Animal Drive and the Learning Process" by Edwin B. Holt and Harold
Chapman Brown, which aspired for unconventional empirical thinking, serves as the basis for
social cognitive theory. According to this book, "feeling, emotion, and desire" are the
psychological demands that drive all animal behavior. This theory's primary tenet is that
imitation cannot be learned unless it is practiced (Blackwell, 1942). applied in psychology,
education, and communication, maintains that observing people in the context of social
interactions, experiences, and outside media coverage can directly contribute to some aspects
of an individual's knowledge acquisition. Albert Bandura developed this idea as a continuation
of his social learning theory. According to the hypothesis, when individuals watch a model
conducting a behavior and experiencing the results of that behavior, individuals retain the order
of instances and make use of this knowledge to direct their actions in the future. Seeing a model
in action might also encourage someone to use the behavior they have previously learnt. The
observer may decide to replicate the behavior that is being modeled based on the consequences
of the behavior as well as whether or not people receive rewards or punishment for it. Every
action that is observed has the power to alter someone's thinking. In a similar vein, culture can
have an impact on an individual's ongoing behaviors. For instance, the way an adult carer thinks
and feels affects the atmosphere in which their kids grow up.

4.5 Social Stigma:

Disapproval or discrimination against a person or group because of qualities that are considered
to set them against other members of the community is known as social stigma. Social stigmas
often have to do with aspects of culture, gender, race, age, sexual orientation, sexuality, physical
limitation, body image, intelligence (or lack thereof), and health. Certain stigmas are known as
concealable stigmas, which need to be released, while others could be readily apparent.
Additionally, stigma can be directed at an individual, originating from negative self-perceptions
that can lead to a "spoiled identity" (self-stigma). Social stigmas can take on a variety of shapes.

25
Some most prevalent themes cover topics including illness and disease, race, gender, and
religion. People who experience stigma typically feel distinct and undervalued by A label that
links an individual to a collection of undesirable characteristics which form a stereotype is
another way to characterize stigma. Additionally, Goffman, Erving (2009) attaches it. Once
someone defines and identifies their differences, others will take it for granted and the person
will continue to be criticized until the characteristic that causes the stigma is no longer visible.
Stigma may affect the behavior of those who are stigmatized. Those who are stereotyped often
start to act in ways that their stigmatized expect of them. It not only changes their behavior, but
it also shapes their emotions and beliefs. (Major; T. O'Brien ,2005). Stigma theory explores the
social processes through which individuals are labeled and marginalized based on certain
attributes, such as mental illness. Investigating how stigma is perpetuated or challenged in the
portrayal of mental health in Telugu cinema (Mahanati) can provide insights into the broader
societal attitudes and stereotypes surrounding mental illness. Social stigma is an important
aspect in determining how it plays out about mental health in the biopic, ‘Mahanati’, especially
as it relates to the iconic South Indian actress Savitri. Her struggles with fame, relationships,
and substance misuse are made worse by social expectations and criticisms, which is a reflection
of the larger problem of social stigma related to mental health in the modern world.

4.6 Semiotics theory

Semiotics theory gives explanation on how people use signs to find meaning in different
phenomena in the social world. Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce in 2014 can
be regarded as the main contributors to the formation of semiotics theory. One of the critical
premises that have been assumed by semiotic theory is that signs do not represent something
meant by the object. For instance, the word “chair” has no connection with the object’s actual
attributes; there is no objective rationale for why “chair” designates the object on which people
sit. However, as English language refers to the chair, meaning was iteratively given to the term
due to association with the concept of chair.

4. 7 The model developed by Peirce on semiotics

Since Peirce can be best defined as a member of pragmatic school of thought, he was much
concerned about how people employed the use of signs in making sense of things and events in
their day to day lives. He proposed that there are three subclasses in regard to the function that
signs perform in meaning-making.
a. Iconic Signs: Iconic signs are those that bear a direct resemblance to what they represent.
This resemblance can be visual, auditory, or any other sensory likeness. For example, a
26
 photograph of a tree resembles the actual tree it represents, and a drawing of a cat visually
mimics the appearance of a cat. Maps are another example; they graphically resemble the
geographical areas they depict. The key characteristic of iconic signs is their clear,
perceivable similarity to their referents, which makes them easily understandable across
different cultures and languages. This resemblance facilitates immediate recognition and
comprehension, as the signifier and the signified share perceptible characteristics.

b. Indexical Signs: Indexical signs have a direct causal or physical relationship to what they
represent. These signs point to their referents in a way that is inherently connected through
cause and effect or physical proximity. For example, smoke is an indexical sign of fire
because smoke is a direct result of combustion. Similarly, a film might use a close-up
image of the sun to represent heat because sunny days tend to feel hotter than cloudy days.
The connection between the sign and its referent is not based on resemblance but rather
on a factual, observable relationship. Indexical signs often rely on contextual or
situational knowledge for their interpretation.

c. Symbolic Signs: Symbolic signs have an arbitrary relationship to what they represent.
Unlike iconic and indexical signs, symbolic signs do not have an inherent connection to
their referents. Words are the most common examples of symbolic signs. For instance,
the word "tree" has no natural connection to the object it denotes; its meaning is
established through social convention and linguistic agreement. This arbitrary nature
means that symbolic signs must be learned and understood within a specific cultural or
linguistic context. Except for onomatopoeia, where words mimic sounds (such as "buzz"
or "clang"), most words in any language are symbolic. The understanding of symbolic
signs is dependent on the shared knowledge and conventions of the language users.

d. Symbolic interaction theory: Symbolic interaction perspective in sociology is a theory,

which is used as a way of understanding the relationship between humans and society by
paying attention to the symbols that are used by the individuals in making sense of the
experiences in their everyday life. Symbolic interactionism is viewed as the perspective
for creating theories out of which society is seen as a result of daily interactions. This
theory affords especial light into how human beings perceive things and relate with their
fellow human beings through interpretation of these relations. The central idea of the
symbolic Interactionist point of view revolves on the theory that individuals interpret their
social environments in a process through which they exchange meanings through symbols
27
 and words-communication. undefined The proponents of symbolic interaction theory
observed that the definition that people give to the objects between them depend with the
ways in which they impacts with people, knowledge and events. In other words, symbolic
interactionists suggest that human’s society is nurtured by the meanings that people
ascribe to social relations and occurrences. Another theory considered here is the
Symbolic Interaction Theory which explains the process through which persons create an
identity as well as self-images in an effort to interact with symbols or other people.
This notion is illustrated how the protagonist in the biopic ‘Mahanati’, narrates the struggles
with her concept of self in the face of pressure from her personal relationships, celebrity, and
society expectations. Her perception of herself is shaped by her contacts with directors, co-stars,
and the media, which in turn affects her mental health.

28
CHAPTER 5: FINDLINGS AND ANALYSIS

29
5. Telugu movies and the mental health
The Daily Diary of Cinema and Mental Health Tollywood or commonly called as Telugu
cinema has been a cultural force that had immensely influenced the Indian entity particularly
the Telugu speaking republics. The orders, which are clashing between Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana. Although it entertainment has been a feature of audience dispersal. In recent years
it also serve of a continuation of cultural practices and beliefs in the society challenges. To a
certain extent, Telugu cinema has slowly turned mental health into a major concern, which this
is seen through shifting cultural attitudes and people’s knowledge about mental illnesses.
Earlier, mental illnesses were mostly depicted in an uncontrolled manner in Tollywood movie
use of props or other elements in films to get what is desired, whether this turned out to be an
ironic twist, the suspense developed dramatizes the outcome of an event. However, there has
been progress with this factor albeit at a slow pace. They reign at the progressive shift which
has been evident in dating factor representations in the media in the recent years. A notable It
has especially highlighted the realistic and sensitive topics concerning the development of
mental health. such as Post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and clinical depression. Higher
chances of adverse outcomes include the movies such as Arjun Reddy (2017) and Manam.
Various authors such as those in the psycho article dated at 2014, have depicted the characters
going through some hard emotional struggles and the consequences for people, as well as
relationships that such issues produce. These stories make the audience think and feel. Further,
Tollywood has also dealt with the stereotypical outlook and taboos that are considered
nowadays about mental health. Movies like Anand (2004) and Gudachari that characters from
the series Gain (2018) received personal and social challenges to overcome prejudices and
shame to mental health issues. Such representation assists in changing people’s attitudes
towards this kind of illness, eradicating prejudice or stigma relating to mental health issues and
encourages people to speak more about it in the society support is also prominent as a concept
in the Telugu film uses storytelling to teach the audience about its importance friends and
professionals. What is especially highlighted in the movie is people attending therapy and
discovering comfort within social and friendship relationships, which literally gives emphasis
on social support to psychological well-being. Additionally, the department has played a part
in increasing the awareness of the people on health issues especially the mental illnesses
through promotions.

30
5.1 Telugu films representing mental health
‘Arjun Reddy’ is a Telugu-language film Directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga, the film is a
rollercoaster of emotions, navigating the complexities of love, heartbreak, and destruction and
how it leads to mental destruction, it is delivered into the darker aspects of human emotions and
relationships. The character development is thorough, showcasing Arjun's evolution from a
charismatic and rebellious youth. One of the film's strengths lies in its realistic portrayal of
relationships of present generations and the consequences of impulsive decisions. "Arjun
Reddy'' has its share of controversies, and content by portraying abuse. It's a bold exploration
of love and loss. ‘Size Zero’, also known as "Inji Iduppazhagi" in Tamil Directed by Prakash
Kovelamudi, this Telugu-Tamil bilingual film tackles societal standards of beauty and self-
acceptance,an overweight woman on a journey to find self-love and acceptance in a world that
often prioritises external appearance deliverd, its performance portraying the vulnerability,
strength, and resilience of her character with finesse.What sets "Size Zero'' apart is its ability to
blend humour with a strong message about body positivity. The film takes an approach to a
serious subject, using comedy to convey social commentary on the unrealistic beauty standards
perpetuated by society and the media.It encourages people to look beyond societal expectations
and appreciate individuals for who they are. While the film may have faced criticism for
oversimplifying complex issues, its overall positive message In conclusion. ‘Awe’ delves into
the intricacies of the human mind, weaving a compelling narrative that explores the various
facets of mental health. The story unfolds in the bustling city of Hyderabad, where six
individuals with diverse backgrounds find themselves interconnected through their struggles
with mental health. A young woman battling anxiety and depression, seeking solace in the city's
chaotic yet serene locales.. Arjun becomes an unexpected source of support for Meera as their
lives intertwine, software engineer grappling with obsessive-compulsive disorder Their stories
converge in unexpected ways, highlighting the pervasive impact of mental health on individuals
from diverse walks of life. As the narrative unfolds, the film takes an unconventional approach,
blending reality with elements of magical realism, symbolizing the subjective nature of mental
health experiences. ‘Chi La Sow’, in this film, Rohini brilliantly portrays the character of the
heroine's mother, who grapples with bipolar disorder. The film sensitively and beautifully
depicts the revelation of her condition, evoking empathy from the audience. One of the
significant strengths of the film is its refusal to romanticise the disorder; instead, it authentically
portrays the challenges faced by individuals dealing with it. In ‘Surya vs Surya’, nikhil's
character in the film suffers from a condition that makes prolonged exposure to sunlight life-
threatening. The film portrays the challenges and horrors of living with such a rare disease with
great sensitivity. In fact, this Telugu movie introduced the concept of this condition and played
31
a significant role in raising awareness about it. ‘1 Nenokkadine’, Through Sukumar's technical
expertise, this film employs non-linear narration and intercut dream sequences to introduce
schizophrenia to Telugu cinema. Mahesh Babu portrays this role with remarkable sensitivity,
emphasizing the challenges and difficulties faced by individuals living with this mental health
disorder.

Telugu Films That Reflect Mental Health

Sl. Year of
Movie Name Director Mental Issue/Theme
No. Release
promoting mental well-
1 Swathi Muthyam K. Viswanath 1985 being for individuals with
disabilities
K. Vijay Bhaskar,
2 Manmadhudu 2002 loneliness
Trivikram Srinivas
the impact of terminal
3 Anand Shekhar Kammula 2004 illness on individuals and
their relationships
the emotional struggles of
4 Aa Naluguru Chandra Siddhartha 2004 the elderly, shedding light
on mental well-being
the importance of
resilience, coping
mechanisms, and the
5 Gamyam Krish Jagarlamudi 2008
impact of personal growth
on one’s mental well-
being
the psychological
6 Prasthanam Deva Katta 2010 dimensions of power and
its effects on individuals.
hallucinations and a
7 1 Nenokkadine Sukumar 2014
traumatic past
Karthik
8 Surya vs Surya 2015 Medical condition
Ghattamaneni
body image and societal
9 Size Zero Prakash Kovelamudi 2015
expectations
10 Arjun Reddy Sandeep Reddy 2017 The film explores Arjun

32
 Vanga Reddy’s struggle with
anger, heartbreak, and
substance abuse after a
failed relationship
11 Awe Prasanth Varma 2018 Identity disorder
12 Mahanati Nag Ashwin 2018 the protagonist’s struggle

Table 3: Telugu films that reflect mental health

5.2 Biopic : ‘Mahanati’

A biographical film on the legendary South Indian actress Savitri titled ‘Nagarjuna – Perfect
Director’ was released in the year 2018. This film depicts various stages in the life of Savitri,
starting right from her young age up to the period she transformed into a remarkable figure now
considered to be one of the most popular and recognizable leading actresses of Indian cinema.
This concerns borrowing, repayment and lending that was set primarily based in the 1950 the
everlasting ornaments she created. Meeting to Landscape Painting also focused on the major
life events and accomplishments of the artist and the given, story is focalized through the
character of Madhuravani who is a young journalist including the writing of an article about
Savitri’s life and about goals that need to be achieved. Hence, Madhuravani further analyzes
the story of Savitri. telling the storyline of the eventful life of the actress. Starting from the
time when she came into lime light with the movie, Pelli Cheshi Chodu to her meteoric rise,
Savitri has become one of the sought after actresses in Tamil and Telugu cinema, keeping them
spellbound with none of her peers possessing her charm or the ability to turn in such
performances. But beyond all the fancy life and the glamour of being a celebrity there was
nothing happy and beautiful with Savitri’s life she has been through a lot of pain and suffering.
Her further personal drama of the actress is added by her complicated marital status with Gemini
Ganesan, a well-regarded at that time as a well-known actor. It is a pity that, although the two
had a love affair, they never managed to stay married, cheating and the involvement of money,
and the resultant dissolution of marriage. In the prime of her life the young women of early
Victorian was much more like that of her Tudor counterpart in her desire and ambition,
misfortunes, such as monetary issues, unemployment, poverty, ordeals like harrow, a realize,
and so on in Savitri’s career, relationship breakdowns and alcoholism. But she never resigns
herself to it and thus, never permits fail to meet the audience’s expectations in terms of passion
and unequalled acting prowess. The film ends with the death of Savitri after a spasmodic
deterioration of her health. The story reaches its high-pitched climax with Savitri death. But
33
even gone she has left a legacy behind her as one of the tertiary level cinema of Indian, an all-
rounder and one of the most revolutionary actresses of the industry.

5.3 Section I: Thematic Analysis

The current study employs Thematic Analysis as the form of analysis to be used in analysing
the gathered data, as recommended by the research guidelines. Including Chronicling the life
of Savitri, a legendary actress, a film is about theming a range of issues.

Flowchart 1: Thematic Analysis of Biopic, ‘Mahanati’

1. Challenges: In the film, the personal sphere of Savitri’s life is disclosed and her
problematic relations with alcohol or tobacco, men, and stardom are described.
Audience receives an insight of how personal issues and pressure of the celebrity life
affects the main character’s mental health. Especially, the aspects revealed draw
attention to the psychological challenges and illnesses that affect people in the
entertainment business, which resonates with the modern debates on mental health.
Savithri: "Naa jeevitham lo prathi oka nimisham, prathi oka kshanam naaku
anukuntune untundi... E roju evari kosam nenu jeevistunna?" (Every moment in
my life, every second I keep thinking... For whom am I living today?).
34
 This dialogue reflects her deep existential crisis and the emotional pain she is enduring.

2. Stigma: The film,‘Mahanati’, refers to the discreditation attached to mental health

problems by society. It is evident that Savitri, the main character of the novel, faces
many real life people, obviously having emotional issues that can efficiently make them
succumb to the pressure of society hue. It stresses on the imperative for better
acceptance and backing and positively helps the viewers contemplate the ongoing
prejudiced demandingness existing in the modern culture concerning mental health.

3. Relationships: The portrayal of how Savitri’s relations affect her mental state is done
perfectly in the course of the movie. Experiences of a traumatic marriage to Gemini
Ganesan and a storm in her mind that follows make it clear that interpersonal
relationships play a crucial role in the subject’s mental health. The centrality of social
support in warding off vulnerability and mental health issues is a message that can be
noted in discussions today.
Relative: "Aame ki saraina samayam lo sahayam ivvali. Illa bhayam lo nundi
aame ni theesuku raavali." (She needs help at the right time. We need to bring
her out of this fear).
This dialogue shows the family's recognition of her mental health issues and their
willingness to support her.

4. Substance Abuse: A fine depiction of the influence of alcoholism as an escape

mechanism from emotional suffering is depicted by Savitri in Virginia Woolf’s novel.
Her story shows that thinkers have to pay much attention to the interaction between
mental illness and substance use, so that pursuing a disease-oriented approach to
treatment in the modern discourse. Although ‘Mahanati’, is primarily devoted to
Savitri’s filmography, it raises most of the problems associated with the portrayal of
mental illness in present-day society.
In this manner, the presented mental health issues, social prejudices related to this topic and
intricacies of considering the importance of relationships and addiction allow explaining the
significance of the movie to modern spectators regarding tightening prejudices Meanwhile, it
also reveals the importance of providing proper support and knowledge to people who
experienced or face these troubles.

35
5.4 Cinematic conventions and the mental health
Cinematic conventions are used in mental health biopics to portray mental health issues
realistically. In order to generate emotional reactions, increase awareness, and cultivate
compassion, it is combined with narrative components, visual styles, and sound design, offering
an in-depth comprehension of mental health experiences. Based on cinematic conventions
which also include semiotic representation in the movie narratives of the biopic ‘Mahanati’, the
following themes are identified.

Flowchart 2: Cinematic Conventions of Biopic, ‘Mahanati’

1. Tragic Heroine Trope: Throughout the whole film, the researchers tracked the
protagonist's quick ascent to success in the South Indian film industry. Despite her
charm and talent drawing admirers, she struggles greatly off-screen. Due to her
36
 relationships and poor money management, Savitri's life starts to fall apart as her
profession reaches its highest point. She has a tragic heroine's journey throughout her
story. After her fast rise to significance, she experienced a number of personal and
professional setbacks, such as money problems, broken relationships. (Daly,1993).
Savitri's encounter with her husband regarding his dishonesty is an emotional portrayal
of the tragic heroine. She becomes extremely depressed as a result of the betrayal and
turns to alcohol to help her feel better. Savitri's failure to go past her personal problems.
Considering her great skill and accomplishment, Savitri finally collapses due to her
inability to resolve her inner challenges. Savitri became an empathetic tragic heroine
due to her rich character development. She is not only a victim of her circumstances;
her flaws and mistakes also contribute to her death. Despite her talent and personality,
she is unable to overcome the obstacles in her path.
Doctor: "Mee andariki teliyali... Savithri garu ippudu manasika samasya
to badhapaadu untundi. Aame ki aayudham ivvali." (You all need to
know... Savithri is currently suffering from mental health issues. She
needs support).
This dialogue by the doctor emphasizes the need for understanding and support for
Savithri's condition.

2. Recollections and Emotional Complexity: The flashbacks were used in the movie to
delve into Savitri's history and provide light on her emotional issues. These flashback
loops helped us picture Savitri’s innermost feelings, vulnerabilities, and wants, her
character gains psychological depth and overcomes superficial stigmas associated with
mental illness. The past and the occasions that created Savitri's personality are also
addressed through flashbacks. The movie includes a flashback chapter that depicts
Savitri's childhood and her desire to become an actor. She discusses the difficulties in
her work and the sacrifices she made for her family in another flashback. These
flashbacks give Savitri's character depth, giving the viewer to fully understand her
reasons and identify with her hardships These flashbacks add depth to Savitri's
character, allowing the audience to fully understand her motivations and empathize with
her hardships. This completes the picture of Savitri's past and present, helping us
understand who she was and how she became the iconic figure remembered by so many..
Essentially, Mahanati's flashbacks act as a door into Savitri's soul, offering a glimpse
into the events that ultimately made her the tragic figure she was.

37
 3. Symbolism and Visual Metaphors: To portray Savitri's inner conflict, the film uses
both symbolism and visual metaphors. For example, she expresses her inner conflict and
mental distress through common themes such as dark shadows, empty bottles, reflective
surfaces, etc. The use of these cinematic devices gave additional depth to the story and
encouraged the audience to view Savitri's suffering in a symbolic light. The following
are the few of the symbols and semiotics that are represented in the movie.
a. Mirror: The mirror is a key element in the film and acts as one of the main
symbols. In addition to external appearances, the mirror also reflects inner
conflicts and self-perception. Savitri's relationship with the mirror acts as a
metaphor for her identity and self-image conflicts, reflecting her deepest
conflicts and fears. As her mental health deteriorates, her self-esteem is shattered
and her insecurity grows, reflected in the distorted image she sees in the mirror.
b. Metaphors: Metaphors are also used cleverly to express Savitri's inner anguish.
The metaphor of a dark room represents the deepest part of her mind where
unpleasant memories and unresolved feelings are stored. Savitri's journey
through this dark space resembles her own inner journey where she faces her
demons and repressed emotions.
c. Color Change: Her successful professional life contrasts sharply with the dark
impact of her personal hardships, creating a visual balance between her
appearance and her inner conflict. The slow transition from bold colors to darker
tones reflects Savitri's downward spiral into mental distress.
d. Resilience: Another important aspect of Savitri's mental health issues is her
resilience. Savitri shows incredible resilience as she is able to persevere through
setbacks and carry on despite severe difficulties.
e. Persona: By combining themes of forgiveness and stubbornness, Mahanati
showcases Savithri's courage and determination in the face of adversity and
draws attention to the complexities of her mental health issues. The film
emphasizes these concepts by showing the importance of facing one's inner
demons and finding the strength to carry on even in the most difficult of
circumstances.
Through these themes, the film highlights the importance of facing one's inner conflicts and
finding the courage to persevere even in the darkest of times. In the larger context of Indian
cinema's contribution to the mental health narrative. The most iconic characters in South Indian
cinema, Savitri has led an eventful life, full of personal and professional setbacks. Her biopic
offers a glimpse into her innermost thoughts and focuses on mental health, love and celebrity
38
relationships. A key part of the story is the portrayal of her mental state, drawing attention to
the difficulties faced by people in the entertainment industry and society at large. The biopic
avoids sensationalism and trivialization to portray Savitri's mental health issues with a balanced
mix of empathy and realism. It tracks the progression of the disease from mild symptoms to
severe episodes, showing her gradual loss of stability under the demands of fame and
interpersonal relationships. Savitri's psychological distress is shown to the viewer through
careful character development and narrative that alternates between periods of careful character
formation and happiness, highlighting the cyclical nature of mental illness. Furthermore, the
biopic situates Savitri's story within the larger framework of gender dynamics and cultural
expectations. She struggles not only with mental illness, but also with the limitations of sexism
and the constant scrutiny of her personal life as a leading female protagonist in the male-
dominated film industry of the time. The result of their struggle adds a more complex layer to
the story, reflecting the structural obstacles women face in pursuing their goals while
conforming to cultural norms. There are connections between the portrayal of mental illness in
Indian cinema and larger conversations about identity, health, and representation. Debates
around stigma and access to care are driven by the rise of advocacy groups, mental health
initiatives, and celebrity endorsements. The film Savitri contributes to this dialogue by
amplifying the voices of those struggling with mental health issues and encouraging audiences
to feel empathy and compassion.
Savithri: "Naa jeevitham lo prathi oka nimisham bhayanga undi... naa
manasuku vedu ledu." (Every moment in my life is filled with fear... my mind
has no peace).
The film portrays her issues with sensitivity and nuance, portraying her inner turmoil and the
hardships she has had to endure due to her mental disorder. By portraying a well-known figure
like Savitri battling mental illness, ‘Mahanati’, humanizes the experience of those with a similar
illness. This fosters empathy and understanding in the audience. ‘Mahanati's story shows how
both personal conflicts and societal pressures exacerbate mental health disorders. She highlights
the importance of showing empathy and helping those battling these illnesses. The portrayal
aims to inspire viewers to have a more open and compassionate discussion about mental health
by challenging the widespread stigma against mental illness in Indian society. Mahanati
highlights the barriers that many face when trying to treat their mental health issues. The
presentation aims to highlight the importance of eliminating the stigma against mental illness
and creating a helping environment for those who need it.

39
5.5 Section II: Public perception on film and mental health
The purpose of gathering the opinions of the Telegu audience is to obtain a thorough
understanding of the public's perceptions regarding content related to mental health, as
exemplified by the biopic ‘Mahanati’.

1. Representation of Mental Health in Telegu Movies

Strongly
Disagree
6%

Agree
Strongly
51%
Agree
11%

Disagree
32%

Chart 1: Representation of Mental Health in Telegu Movies

From the data collected, 46% of the respondents appears to have a neutral opinion about the
veracity with which the Telugu entertainment industry depicts mental health issues. This
implies that there is a great deal of ambiguity or disagreement among the participants.
Nonetheless, 26% of the respondents suggest that a certain degree of contentment or
endorsement are involved with the way the sector presents mental health. On the other hand,
16% disagree and 6% strongly disagree, demonstrating disapproval or a categorical denial of
mental health representation. The majority of people fall into the neutral or moderate
acceptance/disagreement categories, despite the fact that some people have strong beliefs, as
evidenced by the comparatively low numbers of strong disagreement (3%) and strong
agreement (6%). This information emphasizes how crucial it is to look into and communicate
about how mental health is portrayed in Telugu movies.

40
2. Portray of Social factors in Telugu Movies

Neutral
24%

Agree
47%

Strongly
Disagree
6%

Strongly Agree
3%

Disagree
20%

Chart 2: Portray of Social factors in Telugu Movies

46% of respondents seem to agree that the Telugu film industry does an adequate task of
depicting how relationships, famous individuals, and drug usage affect mental health. This
means that the way the industry portrays these challenges is generally regarded constructively
or with satisfaction. On the other hand, 20% disagree and 6% strongly disagree, suggesting that
a significant proportion of participants believe the industry does not sufficiently portray the
influence of these social factors on mental health. It's interesting to note that while 23% are
impartial, just 3% strongly agree with how the business is portrayed, indicating that while many
people agree, fewer are extremely convinced. This evidence confirms a widely held belief that
although there is still opportunity for improvement, the Telugu movie industry is relatively
effective in addressing the impact of these social issues on mental health.

41
3. Challenges against the stereotype concept of mental health

Strongly
Disagree Agree
10% 27%

Strongly Agree
10%

Disagree
0%

Neutral
53%

Chart 3: Challenges against the stereotype concept of mental health

53% of those surveyed seem to be indifferent to the question of whether ‘Mahanati’ succeeds
in shattering societal myths and stereotypes about mental illness. This indicates that
respondents' opinions about the movie's influence in this area are quite conflicted or unclear.
Yet 26% of respondents agree, and 10% strongly agree, that the film successfully meets these
prejudices. This suggests that a significant number of respondents had a favourable opinion of
‘Mahanati’ depiction of mental illness. On the other hand, 10% of respondents strongly
disagree, indicating that some people believe the movie falls short in addressing or addressing
common beliefs. This information highlights how difficult and subjective it is to judge a movie's
capacity to challenge stereotypes, suggesting that more research and conversation are necessary
to fully comprehend the differing perspectives on ‘Mahanati’ portrayal of mental illness.

42
4. Semiotics in ‘Mahanati’

Moderately
effective
13% Effective
27%

Extremely
effective
10%

Ineffective
Somewhat 10%
effective
40%

Chart 4 : Semiotics in ‘Mahanati’

40% of the respondents believe that Savitri's internal conflicts and feelings regarding her
mental health are adequately portrayed through the use of semiotics. This shows that while most
respondents accept the film's attempt to use certain cinematic devices, their pleasure with how
well they executed them could be different. Additionally, 26% think that the approach is
effective, showing that a significant number of people value the movie's strategy. On the other
hand, 10% say it's very effective, and 13% say it's moderately successful. It's interesting to note
that 10% of respondents think the strategy is useless, highlighting a minority that believes
symbolism or the semiotics in cinematography fell lacking in capturing Savitri's inner conflicts.
Study indicates mixed reactions for appreciating its efforts and areas for growth in terms of
describing mental health issues through cinematic techniques.

43
5. Influence in Perception of Mental Health in Telugu Movie

Greatly
influenced
Not influenced
17%
17%

Slightly
influenced
40% Moderately
influenced
26%

Chart 5: Influence in Perception of Mental Health in Telugu Movie

In analyzing the influence of Telugu films on perceptions of mental health, the data reveals a
significant impact, with 16% reporting a great influence, 26% indicating moderate influence,
and 40% suggesting a slight influence. This demonstrates a collective recognition of the
portrayal's effect on real-life perceptions. One of the respondents is of the opinion that Telugu
cinema often romanticizes or dramatizes mental health issues, potentially shaping societal
understanding and responses. The substantial proportion experiencing at least slight influence
suggests a pervasive impact on attitudes and beliefs surrounding mental health. However, 16%
reporting no influence implies a degree of resilience or critical thinking among audiences,
recognizing the distinction between cinematic representation and reality. Overall, the findings
underscore the need for responsible and accurate depictions of mental health in media to
promote understanding and support in society.

44
6. Representation of Protagonist’s conflict in ‘Mahanati’

Ineffectively
3%

Exceptionally
well
Adequately 54%
43%

Chart 6: Representation of Protagonist’s conflict in ‘Mahanati’

Majority of the respondent express "Exceptionally well" about ‘Mahanati’ does an adequate
effort of capturing Savitri's inner tensions and difficulties with her mental health. The plot of
the movie certainly goes further inside Savitri's mind to show her mental struggle and the
difficulties she encountered. Viewers may experience Savitri's highs and lows via sophisticated
storytelling, identifying with her challenges and understanding every aspect of her mental
health journey. The film may successfully depict Savitri's inner world through a variety of
cinematic devices, such as speech, images, and time, which will let the viewer relate to and
connect with her experiences. The high proportion suggests that ‘Mahanati’ effectively conveys
the essence of Savitri's inner issues and concerns about her mental health overall, which adds
to the movie praise for being a moving and powerful portrayal of the recognizable protagonist's
life.

45
5.5 Section III : Interview with the Experts
Interview I: Dr. Verrendra, a psychology counselor, mentioned that mental health issues can
affect people of any age. He emphasized that maintaining good mental health is essential for
overall physical health. He also noted that movies can be a powerful medium for raising
awareness and normalizing mental health issues.
“We should start working with more filmmakers for better awareness in the society”.
For better impact and stronger message, the filmmakers and mental health counselors should
collaborate closely to create effective awareness campaigns through their films.

Interview II: Dr. Srinivas Rao, a psychology professor, shared his views on the importance of
the current generation talking about and raising awareness regarding mental health. He noted
that many relationship issues are arising, and people should be aware that if something
emotionally pulls them down, they should reach out to someone they feel safe and non-
judgmental with.

“There is this common believe in the general public and specially in the teenagers of
consuming substance material in which more consumption of alcohol is being noticed’.

He mentioned there is a common misconception among the public that turning to substances
like drugs and alcohol can alleviate pain and mental health issues if something goes wrong in
their career or personal life. He emphasized that this belief needs to change.

46
CHAPTER VI: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

47
6.nDiscussion
Because she fears being judged and rejected, she does not seek support or speak honestly about
her issues. Their mental health is weakened and their levels of suffering are amplified due to
their silence. The biopic reflects the modern world, where the stigma surrounding mental illness
remains a major barrier to support and treatment. Despite progress in public education and
advocacy efforts, many people still experience stigma and discrimination due to their mental
health issues. This stigma perpetuates the cycle of pain and isolation, and also makes it difficult
to access proper treatment. ‘Mahanati’, highlights the importance of changing society's
perspective on mental health and creating a more encouraging and understanding atmosphere.
The film urges audiences to reckon with the harmful effects of stigma and to advocate for
greater empathy and understanding for those who have experienced or are currently
experiencing mental health issues.
Moreover, 46% of respondents offered a neutral attitude towards mental health representation
in the Telugu entertainment business. The above arguments depict the difficulties of evaluating
how films depict mental health issues and the necessity for more research. The survey also
indicated that, to some extent the respondents’ mean scores on perceived types of portrayals
were accurate (in agreement 46%) of social factors like, relationships, celebrities or
consumption of drugs as regards mental health. Extent to which this theory applies to Telugu
films can be understood in terms of the given audiences’ impression and perception pertaining
to mental health issues in their region and how the reflected pictures influence them. The social
cognitive theory says that the behavior that is learned by observing what takes place in the
social environment is imitated, like the behavior shaped by Albert Bandura’s ethic. In the 2018
biographical movie, ‘Mahanati’, portrays the life of the South Indian actress Savitri and how
her social class determines her problems such as addiction and depression. Emotional problems
in Savitri’s life are social, work-related issues and interpersonal issues in the family. For
instance, number of followers in social media applications and cultural norms can worsen
anxiety and body image bothering. Also, the quality of a person’s mental health can deteriorate
due to wealth disparity, discrimination, and prejudice associated with mental disorder.
Analyzing the events of Savitri’s story within the framework of social cognitive theory requires
identifying how her condition was influenced by her environment. This biopic is in response to
the current debate on the rising Mental Health problems through embracing the importance of
comradeship, acceptance of one’s state and consulting professionals. Therefore,
‘Mahanati’,weighs realisation of the construction and impacts of such allegorical connections
throughout the past and present. However, there are cases where meaningless representations
are included in the film to give an insight into Savitri’s struggle and there are also cases where
48
visual ratiocinations are used. For instance, she constructs her tortuous feelings and mental
illness’ magnificently’ through such clichéd signs as shadows, bottles, and mirrors. Such
cinematographic techniques expanded the range of the narrative and allowed the viewer to go
through superheating Savitri’s pain from a figurative standpoint. It does not paint a picture of
heroine, where Savitri does not have a drinking problem, but demonstrates how her drinking
affects herself and everyone around her, career, health issues etc. Her addiction is clearly shown
in the movie affecting her marriage with Gemini Ganesan as they barely interact positively
because she cannot confront her problems to be helped. However, ‘Mahanati’ does not
demonize her or minimize her to a simple cliché of an alcoholic. Rather, the movie makes her
hardships more relatable by showing her as a numerous, multidimensional girl battling
overwhelming inner demons, the movie humanizes her hardships. The film attempts to make
viewers understand Savitri's situation and the fact that addiction affects everyone by depicting
her alcoholism. In the middle of the sparkle and glamor of the film industry, the film expertly
conveys her sense of solitude.
‘Mahanati's story highlights how both personal issues and societal factors can exacerbate
mental health disorders and underscores the importance of showing empathy and helping those
battling these illnesses. The portrayal hopes to inspire a more honest and compassionate
discussion about mental health among viewers by challenging the chronic stigmatization of
mental illness in Indian society. `Mahanati' highlights the obstacles many faces when
attempting to seek help for their mental health issues. The presentation seeks to underscore the
importance of reducing the stigma surrounding mental illness and creating a supportive
environment for those who wish to have it. The award pays a moving tribute to Savitri's
remarkable life and career and recognizes her contributions as a significant actress and cultural
figure. Further findings showed that Telugu films have a strong impact on the perception of
mental health reality, with 82% of respondents saying that they are at least somewhat
influential, showing how much films have influenced society's attitudes and perceptions
towards mental health issues.

6.1 Conclusion
Indian cinema and filmmakers have taken many significant steps in promoting Health
awareness through Cinema. By portraying characters dealing with various mental health
Challenges, films can raise awareness about the importance of mental well-being and encourage
open discussions about mental health issues in society. ‘Mahanati’, a biopic about the life of
South Indian actress Savitri, has been criticized for its portrayal of mental illness. Some say that
the movie goes against stereotypical thoughts about mental illness and therapists, and that it
49
correctly shows the therapeutic relationship between the two. The movie revisits Savitri’s
childhood, her screen dominance through the 1950s and ’60s, her marriage to the already
married Gemini Ganesan, and her death in 1981. Her perspective on the film’s success in
breaking stereotypes and the manner in which it used camera work to represent mental health
problems were varied. This distinction also shows that, in evaluating whether or not a movie
has done its job through representation, there needs to be a recognition that people experience
different things based on their own cultural backgrounds and personal histories. ‘Mahanati’,is
an important cinematic narrative of contemporary social issues addressing real-life struggles.
The movie explores such topics as fame, love and mental illnesses. He was inspired by the life
of the late actress Savitri. In this film, Savitri’s journey mirrors those faced by individuals within
showbiz and society at large where popularity can lead to insecurity and personal challenges.
Films like ‘Mahanati’, are crucial for today since discussions on de-stigmatization and
conversations regarding mental health awareness are increasing rapidly all around us. These
movies promote dialogue around understanding, empathy and sympathy due to their sensitive
depiction of the intricacy of mental illness. They also encourage discussion about how the
media should present more inclusive narratives of psychological disorders while raising
awareness about societal attitudes towards madness and we can contribute towards achieving a
compassionate one even as we watch these films together with others whose stories might be
similar or different from our own experiences.” Filmmakers as well as viewers may play part
in creating a media landscape.

50
6.2 Limitation of the study
The survey respondents may not represent a diverse range of perspectives within the target
population. For instance, individuals who are more passionate about mental health issues or
Telugu cinema may be more inclined to participate, leading to a biased sample. The study’s
findings may be time-bound and might not reflect on changes in representation and
development of mental health in Telugu cinema over time. As such new films or societal shifts
can alter attitudes and perceptions after the study period.
Factors like cultural distinctions, historical context and individual experiences may not have
been thoroughly examined or understood by this research project thus failing to capture the full
spectrum of views, perspectives and nuances surrounding mental health is depicted across
Telugu movie industry. Findings from this study emphasize that there is need for continuing
discussion and analysis regarding portrayal of mental health issues present in Telugu movies.
The results reveal a variety of views as well as attitudes from respondents that provide insight
into an intricate area of depicting mental illness related issues in Telugu movies. Even though
a minority expressed concerns or dissatisfactions, many agreed with how the film industry
represents insanity as well as its social dynamics. This variation in opinions underlines how
difficult it can be to evaluate how mental health is portrayed in films.

51
REFERENCE
Ortiz, M., & Harwood, J. (2007). A social cognitive theory approach to the effects of mediated
intergroup contact on intergroup attitudes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic
Media, doi:10.1080/08838150701626487

Parcesepe, A. M., & Cabassa, L. J. (2013). Public stigma of mental illness in the United States:
A systematic literature review. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental
Health Services Research. doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0430-z

Park, S. Y. (2012). Mediated intergroup contact: Concept explication, synthesis, and

application. Mass Communication and Society. doi:10.1080/15205436.2011.558804

Pescosolido, B. A., Halpern-Manners, A., Luo, L., & Perry, B. (2021). Trends in Public Stigma
of Mental Illness in the US, 1996-2018. JAMA Network
Open, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.40202

Peter, L. J., Schindler, S., Sander, C., Schmidt, S., Muehlan, H., & Schomerus, G. (2021).
Continuum beliefs and mental illness stigma: A systematic review and meta-analysis
of correlation and intervention studies. Psychological
Medicine, doi:10.1017/S0033291721000854

Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Dovidio, J. F. (2008). Stigma and prejudice: One animal or
two? Social Science & Medicine doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.022

Ritterfeld, U., & Jin, S. A. (2006). Addressing media stigma for people experiencing mental
illness using an entertainment-education strategy. Journal of Health Psychology.
doi:10.1177/1359105306061185

Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact
hypothesis. Communication Monographs, doi:10.1080/0363775052000342

Slater, M. D., Peter, J., & Valkenberg, P. (2015). Message variability and heterogeneity: A
core challenge for communication research. Annals of the International
Communication Association doi:10.1080/23808985.2015.11679170

Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (2002). Entertainment-education and elaboration likelihood:

Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00265

Slater, M. D., Rouner, D., & Long, M. (2006). Television dramas and support for controversial
public policies. Journal of Communication. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00017.x

Smith, R. A. (2007). Language of the lost: An explication of stigma

communication. Communication Theory, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00307.x

Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology,

doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303

Tal-Or, N., & Cohen, J. (2016). Unpacking engagement: Convergence and +divergence in
transportation and identification. Annals of the International Communication
Association, doi:10.1080/23808985.2015.11735255

52
Wong, N. C., Massey, Z., Barbarti, J., Bessarabova, E., & Banas, J. (2022). Theorizing
prejudice reduction via mediated intergroup contact. Journal of Media Psychology.
doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000338

Yu, B. C., Chio, F. H., Chan, K. K., Mak, W. W., Zhang, G., Vogel, D., & Lai, M. H. (2023).
Associations between public and self-stigma of help-seeking with help-seeking
attitudes and intention: A meta-analytic structural equation modeling
approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology

Anderson, M. (2003). 'One flew over the psychiatric unit': Mental illness and the media. Journal
of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing , 10, 297-306.

Bram, A. D. (1997). Perceptions of psychotherapy and psychotherapists: Implications from a

study of undergraduates. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 28 (2),
170178.

Butler, L. D. (2004). Spellbound: Dissociation in the movies. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
, 5 (2), 61-87.

Corrigan, P. W. (1998). The impact of stigma on severe mental illness. Cognitive and
Behavioral Practice , 5, 201-222.

Dingfelder, S.F. (2009). Stigma: Alive and well. Monitor on Psychology, 40 (6). Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/06/stigma.aspx .

Domino, G. (1983). Impact of the film, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," on attitudes
towards mental illness. Psychological Reports , 53, 179-182.

Enns, M.W., Reiss, J.P., Chan, P. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy. Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry, 55 (6), 1-11.

Farberman, R. K. (1997). Public attitudes about psychologists and mental health care: Research
to guide the American Psychological Association Public Education Campaign.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 28 (2), 128-136.

Gabbard, G. O., & Gabbard, K. (1999). Psychiatry and the cinema (2nd ed.). Washington, DC:
American Psychiatric Press, Inc.

Gabbard, G. (2001). Psychotherapy in Hollywood cinema. Australasian Psychiatry, 9 (4),

365369.

Gharaibeh, N. (2005). The psychiatrist's image in commercially available American movies.

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 316-319.

Hyler, S. E., Gabbard, G. O., & Schneider, I. (1991). Homicidal maniacs and narcissistic
parasites: Stigmatization of mentally ill persons in the movies. Hospital and
Community Psychiatrz , 42 (10), 1044-1048.

Lampropoulos, G. K., Kasantzis, N., & Deane, F. P. (2004). Psychologists' use of motion
pictures in clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35 (5),
535-541.

53
Barry, C. L., McGinty, E. E., Vernick, J. S., & Webster, D. W. (2013). After Newtown-public
opinion on gun policy and mental illness. New England Journal of Medicine, 368,
1077–1081.

Benbow, A. (2007). Mental illness, stigma, and the media. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

Brown, K., & Bradley, L. J. (2002). Reducing the stigma of mental illness. Journal of Mental
Health Counseling.

Chasse, B. (Producer), & Chasse, B. (Director). (2004). What the bleep do we know!? [motion
picture]. United States: Samuel Goldwyn Films.

Compton, M. T., Quintero, L., & Esterberg, M. L. (2007). Assessing knowledge of

schizophrenia: development and psychometric properties of a brief, multiple-choice
knowledge test for use across various samples. Psychiatry Research

Corrigan, P. (1998). The impact of stigma on severe mental illness. Cognitive and Behavioral
Practice.

Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist

Corrigan, P., & Cooper, A. (2005). Mental illness and dangerousness: fact or misperception,
and implications for stigma.

Coverdale, J. H., & Nairn, R. N. (2006). A research agenda concerning depictions of mental
illness in children’s media. Academic Psychiatry

Garrett, J. L. (2008). Social outcast cinema (doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest
Dissertation & Theses. (1495948691).

Hannigan, B. (1999). Mental health care in the community: An analysis of contemporary public
attitudes towards, and public representations of, mental illness. Journal of Mental
Health.

Holmes, E. P., Corrigan, P. W., Williams, P., Canar, J., & Kubiak, M. A. (1999). Changing
attitudes about schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin

Kerby, J., Calton, T., Dimambro, B., Flood, C., & Glazebrook, C. (2008). Anti-stigma films and
medical students’ attitudes towards mental illness and psychiatry: randomized
controlled trail. Psychiatric Bulletin

Laroi, F., & Van der Linden, M. (2009). The effects of documentary film on reducing
stigmatization about schizophrenia. Psychosis

Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2010). Labeling and stigma. In T. L. Scheid & T. N. Brown
(Eds.), A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and
Systems (2nd ed.pp. 571–587). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Link, B. G., Yang, L. H., Phelan, J. C., & Collins, P. Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness
stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin.

McGinty, E. E., Webster, D. W., & Barry, C. L. (2013). Effects of news media messages about
mass shootings on attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public
support for gun control policies. American Journal of Psychiatry.
54
Owen, P. R. (2012). Portrayal of schizophrenia by entertainment media: A content analysis of
contemporary movies. Psychiatric Services.

Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (1998). The growing belief that people with mental illnesses are
violent: the role of the dangerousness criterion for civil commitment. Social Psychiatry
and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2000). Public conceptions of
mental illness in 1950 and 1996: what is mental illness and is it to be feared? Journal
of Health and Social Behavior.

Ritterfeld, U., & Jin, S. (2006). Addressing media stigma for people experiencing mental illness
using an entertainment-education strategy. Journal of Health Psychology.

Rosenstock, J. (2003). Beyond A beautiful mind: film choices for teaching

schizophrenia. Academic Psychiatry.

Sieff, E. M. (2003). Media frames of mental illness: the potential impact of negative
frames. Journal of Mental Health.

Stout, P. A., Villegas, J., & Jennings, N. A. (2004). Images of mental illness in the media:
identifying gaps in the research. Schizophrenia Bulletin.

Taylor, S. M., & Dear, M. J. (1981). Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally
ill. Schizophrenia Bulletin.

Wahl, O. F. (2002). Children’s views of mental illness: A review of the literature. Psychiatric
Rehabilitation Journal.

Wahl, O. F. (2003a). Depictions of mental illnesses in children’s media. Journal of Mental

Health.

Wahl, O., Wood, A., Zaveri, P., Drapalski, A., & Mann, B. (2003). Mental illness depiction in
children’s films. Journal of Community Psychology.

55
SIMILARITY INDEX

56
57
58
59
60
61
62