Environment APEX 7/28/2023

Er. Basant Lekhak

BE Civil, MSc Environment, MA Economics, LLB*

PSC Environment Content..

5.3.1 General introduction of air pollutants, its
causes, impacts and remedial measures
5.3.2 Human excreta and its characteristics,
pollution caused by excreta
5.3.3 Health aspects of water supply and sanitation
5.3.4 Green house effects, its impacts and remedial
measures
5.3.5 Solid waste management, Types and
characteristics of solid waste

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PSC Environment Content..

5.3.6 Garbage collection and disposal
5.3.7 Methods of solid waste disposal: dumping,
sanitary landfill, incineration and composting
5.3.8 Concept of environmental assessment:
Initial environmental examination
(IEE),Environment impact assessment (EIA), role
of EIA, Types of environmental impacts, and EIA
principles
5.3.9 Government rules and regulations and
procedures for EIA
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NEC Civil Engineering Syllabus

 Concept of environmental assessment: BES; IEE; EIA;
government’s act, rules/regulations/ procedures for
BES/IEE/EIA; Types of disaster and its mitigation.
(ACiE0606)

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OLD PSCs Questions

1. Explain the concept of environmental impact assessment
in developing projects. (PSC, 2076/12/01)
2. Describe briefly the method of assessing the impact of a
project on the environment.
(PSC, General, 2063/5/4)
3. As per EIA National Guidelines, now it is mandatory to
conduct EIA for significant roads in Nepal. How does it
help the environment as well as the road network? Give a
critical analysis. (PSC, General, 2062/5/6)

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INTRODUCTION TO EIA
Emergence of EIA
History of Environmental Assessment in Nepal
Environmental Policy and Regulations in Nepal of GoN
Definition of EIA and Types of EIA
EIA Objectives
EIA Principles
EIA benefits and flaws
Strengths and limitations of EIA
Project cycle and EIA
Screening
Difference between BES, IEE, EIA

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Emergence of EIA
 The development is carried out to provide services
-to improve quality of life.

 World is continuously implementing several

development projects to fulfill the basic needs of a
growing population.

 However, the major development initiatives that

took place in the past were not considered
adequately from an environmental perspective.
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Emergence of EIA Contd--

 As a result, development projects implemented to
improve quality of life have sometimes created
environmental problems such as flooding, erosion,
landslides, deforestation, desertification, pollution
etc.
 In many cases, such adverse effects have negated due
to fulfill objectives of the development projects.
 Therefore, conservationist demanded for protection
of natural resources to maximize the long-term
benefit and sustained yield.

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Emergence of EIA Contd--

 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
emerged as a response to the concern
expressed by the environmental movements
of 1960s.

 These movements focused attention on the

interactions between development actions
and their environmental consequences.

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Why EIA Introduced?

• Unregulated human activities-wide spread
pollution
• Lack of development, faster economic growth
• Over use of physical and biological resources
• Environmental disturbance
• Loss of plants and animals
• Discomfort to human beings

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Emergency of EIA contd---

• First introduced in U.S.A in 1970 under United
States environmental law

• Environmental Assessment (EA) is compiled to

determine the need for an Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS)

• Originated in the National Environmental

Policy Act (NEPA)
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Emergency of EIA Contd--

NEPA introduced three terminologies –
 Environmental Inventory
 Environmental Assessment
 Environmental Impact Statement
In 1973 Canada
In1974 Australia
In 1984 Japan
introduced EIA in the national system.

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Emergency of EIA Contd--

 Now, EIA is well spread throughout the
world and most of the countries have a legal
and institutionalized system of EIA.
 EIA spread rapidly throughout the world
after the UN Earth Summit held in 1992.
 Agenda 21, the global action plan for
sustainable development, emphasizes the
importance of integrated environment and
development decision-making

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History of EIA in Nepal

The integration of EIA in donor funded

development projects since 1980

 In 1982, Nepal established the Environment

Impact Study Project (EISP) under the Ministry of
Forests and Soil Conservation
 Formulation of necessary policies and laws
 Create public awareness on the environmental
matters

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EIA in Nepal…..
 Progresses were made in the Environmental
protection issue during the 8th five year plan
(1992-1997)

 Development of Environmental Protection Act

and Environmental Protection Regulations
were achieved during that time

 Establishment of Ministry of Population and

Environment

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EIA in Nepal……
 Development of National Environmental Policies and
Action Plan

 Development of EIA guidelines

 Consideration of environmental concerns in

hydropower projects

 Development of industrial, irrigation and agricultural

policies that undertook environmental concerns

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Foundation of EPA/EPR
 Constitution of Nepal 2047

 International Convention and Treaties

 Supreme Court’s Decision on Surya

Dhungel vs Godawari Marble
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EIA Act, Regulation, Guidelines in Nepal

 In 1993, The GON introduced the National Environmental

Impact Assessment Guidelines
 In 1997 (Previous Existence)
 The Environment Protection Act (EPA97)
 The Environment Protection Regulation, 1997 (EPR97)
 Sectoral Guidelines

 In 2076/77 (Current Existence)

 The Environment Protection Act (EPA76)
 The Environment Protection Regulation, 1997 (EPR77)

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Environment Protection Act 2076

 Around 22 years of EPA 2054
 New concepts in environmental
management, like SEA Climate Change
 New Convention and their obligations
 New Constitution with three government
and need to deliver rights to province and
local governments

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 Section 3 of this act has provision of

conducting three levels of environmental
study (Brief Environmental Study, IEE /EIA.)
 Section 12 of this act has provision of
environmental examination after
completion and operation of the projects
by MoFE or appointed authority.
 This act has provision for approval and
implementation of environmental studies
to Province/ Local Government.
 Environment Protection Area
 Fine is increased
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EIA Definition
EIA is a process of
 Gathering environmental information
 Describing a development
 Predicting and describing the environmental
effects of the development
 Defining ways of avoiding, reducing or
compensating for these effects
 Consulting the general public and specific bodies

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EIA Definition….
 Environmental Impact Assessment is defined as "the
systematic process of identifying future consequences
of a current or proposed action" by the International
association for Impact Assessment".
 It is systematic, reproducible and interdisciplinary
assessment for identification, prediction, evaluation,
mitigation and management of impacts from a
proposed development and its reasonable
alternatives.

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EIA Definition as per EPA1997/2054

Environmental Impact Assessment means a

report on detailed study and evaluation to be
prepared to ascertain as to whether, in
implementing a proposal, the proposal does
have significant adverse impacts on the
environment or not, whether such impacts
could be avoided or mitigated by any means or
not.

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EIA Definition, Munn(1979)

“To identify and predict the impact on the

environment and on mans health and well
being of legislative proposal, policies,
programs, project and operational
procedures and to interpret and
communicate information about the
impacts”

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EIA definition-Agenda 21,UN1993

“a national instrument which shall be

undertaken for proposed development
activities that are likely to have significant
impact on the environment and are subject
to the decision of competent authority”

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Types of EIA

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Regional EIA
 Regional EIA integrates environmental concerns into
development planning for a geographic region,
normally at the sub- country level.
 For Example- In a large industrial estate, the
individual industrial emissions may be within
tolerance limits, the cumulative effects of the
emissions can lead to a serious deterioration of the
regional air quality.

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Strategic Environmental Assessment

 Strategic EIA refers to systematic analysis of the
environmental effects of development policies, plans,
programs and other proposed strategic actions.
 This process extends the aims and principles of EIA
upstream in the decision- making process, beyond the
project level and when major alternatives are still
open.

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Strategic Environmental Assessment

 The SEA provides an adequate response to
environmental and climate change–related challenges
that may adversely affect the environment and climate
resilience,
and
 It offers opportunities to enhance the state of the
environment and contribute to climate-resilient and
low-carbon development.

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Sectoral EIA
Sectoral EIA helps in addressing specific environmental
problems that may be encountered in planning and
implementing sectoral development projects. (Example –
hydro sector, transportation sector)
 SEA offers an opportunity for sector-wide environmental
analysis before investment priorities have been
determined.
 Once sectoral level development plans have the integrated
sectoral environmental concerns addressed, the scope of
project-level EIA will be quite narrow.
 Sectoral EIA will help to address specific environmental
problems that may be encountered in planning and
implementing sectoral development projects.

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Project Level EIA

 In many countries in the world where EIA is in
place, developmental projects (construction of
highways and expressways, hydropower projects
etc.) undergo an environmental examination prior
to being given clearance to establish and operate.
 Project level EIA refers to the developmental
activity in isolation and the impacts that it exerts
on the receiving environment.

 Thus, it may not effectively integrate the

cumulative effects of the development in a region.
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Project Level EIA

 As per EPA/ EPR of Nepal there are three types of
Project Level EIA
I. Brief environmental study
II. Initial environmental examination
III. Environmental impact assessment

 “Brief environmental study” means a study to be

made briefly as to the measures to be adopted for
avoiding or mitigating the adverse effects on the
environment as a result of implementation of any
proposal.

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 "Initial environmental examination" means an

analytical study or evaluation to be conducted to
ascertain as to whether implementing a proposal, the
proposal does have significant adverse impacts on the
environment or not, and with respect to the measures
to be adopted for avoiding or mitigating such impacts
by any means.

 "Environmental impact assessment" means

detailed study and evaluation to be made to ascertain
as to whether, in implementing a proposal, the
proposal does have significant adverse impacts on the
environment or not, and as to the measures to be
adopted for avoiding or mitigating such impacts.

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Screening
 Many projects are implemented every year by
government, private sector and public sector.
 All of them do not need to go through EA process.
 Screening can be defined as preliminary activity
undertaken to classify level of environmental
assessment that requires for given proposals.
 There are three levels as per EPA2076/EPR2077 of
Nepal, they are Brief Environmental Study BES,
IEE or EIA.

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Objective of Screening
Screening of development proposals during the early
stages of the project planning accomplices the following
objectives and therefore important.
• Saves money
• Saves time
• Inform about need and scale of the project
• Avoid un necessary delays
• Immediately identifies the major environmental
impacts that are likely
• Establishes need for different level of EIA study to be
conducted.
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Screening EPR2020 (EPR2077) Approach

According to Rule 3 (Sub Rule 1) of the Environment
Protection Regulations, 2020,
 Brief Environmental Study, BES should be carried out by
the Proponent for the Proposals mentioned in the
Schedule-1,
 Initial Environment Examination, IEE should be carried
out by the Proponent for the Proposals mentioned in the
Schedule-2, and
 Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA should be carried
out by the Proponent for the Proposals mentioned in the
Schedule-3 based on the nature and scale of the
Proposals.

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Difference between BES, IEE and EIA

Based on EPA2019 (EPA2076) and EPR2020 (EPR2077)
Items BES IEE EIA
Listed and Very Small Small scale projects; Large scale projects;
Study as Projects. Study Study as in Schedule- Study as in
as in Schedule-1 2 (Rule 3) Schedule-3 (Rule 3)
(Rule 3)
Scoping Not Required Not Required Required
Format of Schedule 6 Schedule 7 Schedule 8
ToR
Report Schedule 10 Schedule 11 Schedule 12
Format
Requiremen Very Short Time, Short Time, Less More Time, budget
ts Small budget Budget and human and human resource
and few human resource
resource

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Difference between BES, IEE and EIA

Based on EPA2019 (EPA2076) and EPR2020 (EPR2077)

Items BES IEE EIA

Criteria Project for which Project for which Project for which
impacts and impacts and mitigation impacts and mitigation
mitigation are are known or proven are not known or proven
known or proven

Approval Approved by Approved by concerned Approved by Ministry of

authority concerned ministry ministry Forest and Environment
(MoFE) through
respected Line Ministry
of Nepal Government

Public Notice In any one local In any one local In any one National
newspaper newspaper daily newspaper and in
website of respected
body.

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Difference between BES, IEE and EIA

Based on EPA2019 (EPA2076) and EPR2020 (EPR2077)

Items BES IEE EIA

Public Public hearing Public hearing required Public hearing is
Hearing required as per new as per new regulation essential and
regulation mandatory.
Further Study May recommend May recommend for Does not recommend
for further further assessment (EIA) for further assessment,
assessment
(IEE/EIA)

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EPR 2077

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Schedule 1

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Schedule 1

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Schedule 2

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Schedule 2

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Schedule 2

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Schedule 3

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Schedule 3

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Schedule 3

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EIA Objectives
 Identification of nature and potential of specific significant
environmental issues
 Avoid cost and delay in project implementation
 Facilitation of an early agreement on continuous issues.
 Identification of mitigation measures for significant
environment issues
 Identification of mechanism for enhancing beneficial
impacts
 Facilitation of decision making to attain sustainable
development

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Objectives of the EIA Study--

 To prepare mitigation, monitoring, auditing and
environmental management plan.

 To provide platform for public to raise their issues

about the implementation of the project.

 To advise decision makers regarding the

implementation of the project.

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Principles of EIA
EIA is based on following eight guiding principles
 Participation
 Transparency
 Certainty
 Accountability
 Credibility
 Cost effectiveness
 Flexibility
 Practicality
It also includes
 Socio economic
 Cultural conditions
 Biophysical environment

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Benefits from EIA

 EIA provides analysis of environment to decision maker so
that decisions can be made based on complete information
 EIA advice whether development should go ahead or to be
stopped
 Asses and present unquantifiable effects that are not
adequately addressed by cost /benefit analysis and other
technical reports.
 Provide information on proposal to the public
 Consideration of alternatives of proposals

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Benefits from EIA

 Improve design of new development
 Identify potential environmental impacts
 Examine the significance of environmental
implications
 Assess whether impacts can be mitigated
 Recommend preventive and corrective mitigation
measures
 Inform decision makers and concerned parties on
environmental implication

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EIA benefits and flaws

Benefits Flaws
Provides systematic Time-consuming
methods of impact
assessment
Estimates the Costly
cost/benefit of
alternative actions
Facilitates the public Little public
participation participation in actual
implementation
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Benefits Flaws
Provides an effective Unavailability for reliable data
mechanism for coordination, (mostly in developing
environmental integration, countries)
negotiations and feed back
Top-level decision making Too focused on scientific
analysis (sometimes)
Triggers an institutional Poor presentation of EIA
building report (bulky volumes,
scientific explanation,
difficult to understand)
Achieve a balance between the Compliance monitoring after
impact of developmental and EIA is seldom carried out
environmental concern
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Strengths and limitations of EIA

Strengths
 Improved public participation and co-operation
 Decision-making becomes more transparent
 Universal applicability (many positive outcomes in
developing countries)
 Tool for innovations and cost-saving alterations
 Increases environmental awareness
 Tool for sustainability
 Extends into SEA as an integrated part of decision
making
 Takes into account transboundary impacts

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Strengths and limitations of EIA

Limitations
 Ignores politics and models of decision making
 Uncertainty an intrinsic factor
 The inadequate understanding of the behavior of the
environment
 To a great extent a commitment dependent tool
 Susceptible to bias and personal interests (developer
as well as pressure groups)
 Quality of data (out of date or the level of detail may
be insufficient)

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Strengths and limitations of EIA

EIA is abused for
 Costly
 Time consuming
 Lack of capacity
 Limited scopes
 Limited use for planning
 Focused on gaining consent rather than construction
or implementation

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Project Cycle in EIA

siteselection, environmental screening,
initial assessment, scoping of significant issue

Project Concept andIdentification Pre-Feasibility

Detailedassessment of significant impacts,
identification of mitigation needs, input to
cost/benefit analysis

MonitoringandEvaluation Project Cycle of EIA Feasibility

Monitoring andauditing Detaileddesign

Implementation Project Appraisal andDecision

Implementation of mitigation measures

andenvironmental strategy

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Project Types
 As per EPA/ EPR of Nepal there are three project types
1 Project requiring Brief environmental study
Schedule 1
2 Project requiring Initial environmental examination
Schedule 2
3 Project requiring Environmental impact assessment
Schedule3

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Impacts and their types

Impact
 The consequences of changes in the environment
 It should not be confused with effect.
 For example, increase in river pollution due to an
initiation of a new project is an effect while
consequences of river pollution on human health, flora,
fauna etc. are the impact.

 Environmental Impact: The net change, whether

beneficial or not in the environment brought directly or
indirectly by human action or its effects.

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Types of impacts
• Physical and socio-economic
• Direct, indirect and cumulative
• Short and long run
• Local ,regional and global
• Adverse and beneficial
• Reversible and irreversible
• Quantitative and qualitative
• Distribution by group and/or area

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Typology of environmental impacts

• Category of Impacts Types of Impacts
• type biophysical, social, health or economic
• nature direct or indirect, cumulative, etc.
• magnitude or severity high, moderate, low
• extent local, regional, transboundary or global
• timing immediate/long term
• duration temporary/permanent
• uncertainty low likelihood/high probability
• reversibility reversible/irreversible
• significance unimportant/important

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Impact significance
 Impact significance is not necessarily related to the
impact magnitude.
 Sometimes very small impacts, such as the disturbance
of the nest of a pair of endangered birds, may be
significant.
 When determining the significance of the potential
impacts of a proposal, all of the above factors should
be taken into consideration.

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Some MCQs
1. ………… is the first and simplest tier in project evaluation.
a) Screening b) Scoping
c) Mitigation d) Prediction
2. . Screening criteria for BES study is based on Schedule …..…… of
Rule 3 of EPR 2020?
a) Schedule 1 b) Schedule 2
c) Schedule 3 d) Schedule 4
3. Screening criteria for IEE study is based on Schedule …..……… of Rule 3
of EPR 2020?
a) Schedule 1 b) Schedule 2
c) Schedule 3 d) Schedule 4
4. Screening criteria for EIA study is based on Schedule …..……… of Rule 3
of EPR 2020?
a) Schedule 1 b) Schedule 2
c) Schedule 3 d) Schedule 4
5. Format of ToR for BES is in Schedule………… of EPR 2020.
a) Schedule 5 b) Schedule 6
c) Schedule 7 d) Schedule 8
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Some MCQs
6. Format of ToR for IEE is in Schedule………… of EPR 2020.
a) Schedule 5 b) Schedule 6
c) Schedule 7 d) Schedule 8
7. Format of ToR for EIA is in Schedule………… of EPR 2020.
a) Schedule 5 b) Schedule 6
c) Schedule 7 d) Schedule 8
8. Format of BES report is in schedule…… of EPR 2020.
a) Schedule 9 b) Schedule 10
c) Schedule 11 d) Schedule 12
9. Format of IEE report is in schedule…… of EPR 2020.
a) Schedule 9 b) Schedule 10
c) Schedule 11 d) Schedule 12
10. Format of EIA report is in schedule…… of EPR 2020.
a) Schedule 9 b) Schedule 10
c) Schedule 11 d) Schedule 12
11. Scoping is required only in ………………
a) BES b) IEE
c) EIA d) all of the above
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Some MCQs
12. As per EPA 2076, EIA is ………..
a) Ecological Impact Assessment
b) Environmental Impact Audit
c) Environmental Impact Area
d) Environmental Impact Assessment
13. ToR means…….
a) Total output Report b) Terms of Reference
c) Terms of Report d) The onion Router
14. As per EPA 2076, BES means ………
a) Brief Examination Study
b) Broad Examination Study
c) Beginning Environmental Study
d) Brief Environmental Study
15.As per EPA 2019 (EPA 2076), Ministry means ………
a) Ministry of Forest and Environment (MoFE)
b) Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (MoEWRI)
c) Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP)
d) Ministry of Water Supply (MoWS)
16. For public notice of EIA the notice should be published in ……..
a) Local newspaper
b) Monthly magazines
c) Daily National Newspaper
7/28/2023 d) NotDPrequired to publish the notice
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Environment APEX 7/28/2023

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Thank You
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