EDUCATION

MIỄN HỌC PHÍ

= abolish tuition fees = waive tuition

= free-college policy (n) chính sách miễn học phí đại học
= provision of free-of-charge education
= pursue college without fee
= be entitled to free university
= subsidize college education: hỗ trợ học phí đại học
= wholly subsidize tertiary education
= make university free of charge
= abolition of university tuition: miễn học phí đại học

TIỂU HỌC: elementary/primary/grade school

ĐẠI HỌC: university education = higher education = college = tertiary

education

BẰNG ĐẠI HỌC: University degree = bachelor’s degree = college qualification =

tertiary degree

SINH VIÊN TỐT NGHIỆP: job seekers with college qualifications = university
graduates = bachelor’s degree holders = the acquisition of a tertiary degree
>< people without any qualifications
HỌC: attend / pursue/ study

VD: Pursue college = embark on higher education (bắt đầu việc học đại học) =
enroll in university
Formal schooling: giáo dục chính quy, trường lớp chính quy
Gross inrollment rate: tổng tỉ lệ nhập học

TÌM VIỆC LÀM ĐỐI VỚI SINH VIÊN (job seekers)

Employment opportunities
 Establish sb’s career path
Have a financially viable career: make a lot of money

*Mặt tích cực của việc nhiều sinh viên có bằng đại học

ON INDIVIDUAL LEVEL: Stand a better chance of [getting a high-paid job/

landing higher-paid jobs/ finding well-remunerated work] + bettering their life
quality
=> A more educated workforce
=> The financial abundance

ON SOCIETAL LEVEL: a surge in the gross enrollment rate  a more educated

workforce
=A precursor to a thriving economy + a civilized society
*Mặt tiêu cực của việc nhiều sinh viên có bằng đại học

 An increasingly competitive labor market → no longer feasible for sb to find a

job
 The larger influx of graduates into the labor market → rising youth
unemployment

-Employers: attach greater importance to/ place heavy emphasis on attributes

like CREATIVITY/ COLLABORATIVE SKILLS
 THÀNH TÍCH HỌC TẬP TỐT/ KÉM
HIGH-PERFORMING STUDENTS = TOP STUDENTS
* Attain better academic results ● Lead to deteriorating / poor + academic
performance
● Make significant academic progress
● Be indifferent to their study: thờ ơ với
● Improve students’ academic performance
việc học của mình
● Be inclined to study in earnest: có
● Lose their drive to work hard: mất động
khuynh hướng làm gì rất nghiêm túc
lực để làm việc chăm chỉ
: be inclined to V = be likely to V ● Skip class/ miss exams
● Apply themselves to getting good grades:
chuyên tâm  fall behind in their study
để đạt được điểm tốt  face peer pressure → drain their self-
confidence
=> lose momentum + find it hard to
resume their education

1 NĂM KHÔNG HỌC

Take a gap year (v) = gap-year taker (n)= spare several months (v)
= defer university enrollment (to travel or work)
Defer doing st: delay st until a later time
= delay tertiary education for one year
= have a long-year break prior to embarking on higher education
= HAVE A BREAK (nghỉ ngơi) from studying after graduating from high
school
= TAKING TIME OFF at the important age

TRẢI NGHIỆM NHỮNG THỨ MỚI MẺ

Afford sb time to travel + immerse themselves in alien cultures => enrich their life
experiences + hone practical skills (note: Afford sb st = provide sb st)
Ex. Living abroad:  + adapt quickly to their independent life
 + pick up new foreign languages

=> have a broader view of life and better personal resources to

draw on (có cái nhìn mở hơn về cuộc sống rộng và kinh
nghiệm cá nhân tốt hơn để dựa vào). => giving them an
advantage in terms of COPING WITH THE CHALLENGES
OF STUDENT LIFE
note: draw on: use a supply of st that is available to u

MÔN HỌC GÌ NÊN ĐƯỢC CHO VÀO TRONG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH HỌC

SUBJECT + should be included in the curriculum

= the curriculum should be dedicated to + SUBJECT
= SUBJECT + should be taught at school
= schools should incorporate + subject + into their curriculum

[ dedicate yourself/st to st: give a lot of your time/ effort to a particular

activity or purpose because you think it is important]

MÔN HỌC

Các cách gọi môn ở trường ĐH:

Certain key subject areas = university courses
= particular university subjects = areas of knowledge
= a focus on + Môn học+ in higher education

Môn học mà ai đó thích chứ ko phải bắt buộc

preferred areas of study = the course of sb’s choice

Academic subjects (science, maths,..) = disciplines that will be directly

relevant to one’s occupation in the future = core subjects = key subject areas

science subjects = science-based subjects

= a focus on technology in higher education
Non-academic subjects: arts subject/ art-based subjects
 -cultivate qualities (ADAPTABILITY/ CREATIVITY/
COLLABORATIVE SKILLS) (playing music, competing in team
sports,...)
-allow young talents in athletic and artistic fields to be discovered

 Môn phụ: indirectly make a candidate more employable

Firms: increasingly look beyond the technical expertise ( chuyên
môn thuần túy) and qualifications of applicants

[[arts: [countable, usually plural] the subjects you can study at school or
university that are not sciences, such as languages, history or literature]]

1. HỌC ĐỦ CÁC MÔN ĐỂ GIÚP TRẺ PHÁT TRIỂN TOÀN DIỆN

The provision of both academic, music and sports education:
mandatory/ compulsory for an all-round growth of young students

→ Ensure the adequate physical and mental development of the next

generation

2. KHAI PHÁ TIỀM NĂNG

 THIÊN TÀI
● musically/academically inclined individuals: những cá nhân có
khuynh hướng âm nhạc/học thuật
= sb be endowed with an aptitude for sport: được phú cho 1 tài năng gì đó
= have an aptitude for st: có khả năng thiên phú nào đó
= children with extraordinary talents

→ give the chance to achieve sb’s full potential

→ Young children’s INNATE ABILITIES (khả năng bẩm sinh)
should be
HARNESSED (khai thác) to make these benefits more achievable

Music + sports : be treated as an extracurricular

activity

3. LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

INTRODUCING Foreign languages EARLIER

= EARLY EXPOSURE TO LANGUAGE LEARNING

a. Young children PICK UP LANGUAGES much more easily than teenagers

→ THEIR BRAINS ARE STILL PROGRAMMED TO

ACQUIRE THEIR MOTHER TONGUE → which
FACILITATES LEARNING ANOTHER LANGUAGE
><Adolescents: ARE NOT INHIBITED BY SELF-
CONSCIOUSNESS (không hạn chế bởi sự tự ý thức
 b. The greater flexibility of the primary timetable → allows for
more frequent, shorter sessions and for A PLAY-CENTERED
APPROACH →MAINTAINING LEARNERS’
ENTHUSIASM AND PROGRESS
=> THEIR COMMAND OF THE LANGUAGE (khả năng
thông thạo ngôn ngữ của chúng) in later life → benefit from this
early exposure
[[command of st (uncountable, singular) : your knowledge
of something; your ability to do or use something, especially
a language

c. Learning other languages: subsequently will be easier for them → gain a

better understanding of other cultures

4. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC NGÔN NGỮ TỪ TIỂU HỌC

If primary language teaching is not STANDARDISED (chuẩn hóa) 

Secondary schools could be FACED WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF
LEVELS IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES WITHIN THEIR INTAKE
(đối mặt với tình trạng năng lực ngôn ngữ đầu vào không đồng đều)
→ result in a classroom experience which UNDOES THE EARLIER
GAINS
→ enthusiastic primary pupils: become DEMOTIVATED as soon as they
change schools.
[intake (countable + singular or plural verb, uncountable] the number of people
who are allowed to enter a school, college, profession, etc. during a particular
period ]]

5. MÔN LỊCH SỬ
The subject of history = history = history education
6. HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA MÌNH
Learn history of their own country = learn local history
= discover local historical legacies
= be aware of/ be alive to their roots
= learn exclusively about national history
= learn more about historic events that took place in sb’s community
= studying history of their own country, instead of that of the world
= the national history should be prioritized
= put/place heavy emphasis on children learning about local history

7. HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history
= teach children about/ acquire insights into + events that took place
in other parts of the world
= learn world history offers for greater benefits to schoolchildren
= learn history of other societies in the world
>< lack knowledge about st

8. LỢI ÍCH CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA

● Lay foundations for further development of their own country

● Be aware of their roots → instill a sense of patriotism in sb ->

foster an appreciation for their national heritages => be more
willing to defend and contribute to their country
● Make a great contribution to: fostering confidence + national pride +
patriotism + personality << phẩm chất >> of Vietnamese people

MỌI NGƯỜI KO COI TRỌNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA THÌ SAO (- -)

● People: lack knowledge about national history → not
respect their own traditions
● History education: be sadly lacking in most school
 -> Many children have grown up with superficial understanding about
their ancestors’ past achievements and sacrifice => indifferent to
national current affairs
 Be largely ignored by a large number of students
 The contents of history curricula + textbooks: be overloaded + lack
reality
=>lack interest in history subject => sb be ignorant about national
current affairs

9. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI

differences ⇒ be key to mutual understanding + cooperation among

● Have a good grasp of foreign countries’ history → respect cultural

nations

● Learn exclusively about national history → cause sb to be

biased + harbor hostile feelings about foreign people

Ex. History education: mostly features how Vietnam fought against

foreign armies such as America or France
→ mislead sb into thinking that people from these countries are bad
+ develop a distorted thinking
=> This outlook may be more impartial if they thoroughly
understand those wars in the world context)

 Learning world history: Give a holistic perspective of what

happened in their localities

10. HỌC SINH NÊN HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC CỦA ĐẤT
NƯỚC MÌNH
children should study first and foremost the great books and
historical events of their own countries
 = schools should focus on teaching national literature and history
= ground their pupils in the local culture (đưa học sinh đến với văn
hóa trong nước)
[[ ground sb in: give sb basic knowledge about st]]

LỢI ÍCH:
● studying the ideas, culture and history of their own
countries → begin to DEVELOP A SENSE OF
IDENTITY
● An emphasis on national literature and history → gives educators a
narrower teaching scope → making curriculum design an easier task

11. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC LỊCH SỬ VÀ VĂN HỌC NƯỚC NGOÀI
(COVER ASPECTS OF FOREIGN HISTORY AND LITERATURE)

- the study of global events and foreign novels: CAUSE

UNNECESSARY DIFFICULTY AND CONFUSION
FOR SCHOOL PUPILS

- EXPOSURE TO INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE:

require the teaching of a foreign language or the use of
translations => Young people at primary or secondary
school age ARE SIMPLY NOT READY FOR SUCH
COMPLICATIONS

12. HỌC ONLINE vs HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

E-learning = internet-based learning Physical classrooms
= Virtual learning = Traditional classroom model
= web-based classes = Be taught face to face by actual
= online learning teachers
= learning on the Internet = conventional classrooms

= learn at the comfort of one’s own = learning in a classroom

home = conventional learning
= virtual environment = traditional courses
= the advent of online classes
= online university courses In-person meeting/events
****online courses
provider

13. LỢI ÍCH CỦA LỚP HỌC TRỰC TIẾP

● Certain fields: require physical interaction
Ex: Disciplines (Chemistry/ Engineering): involve elaborate lab set-up
and equipment: cơ sở vật chất và dụng cụ thí nghiệm phức tạp 
impossible to learn in the comfort of one’s own home

● Classroom dynamics (tương tác trong lớp học) that a virtual

environment simply cannot emulate.
Ex: The interactive activities + live discussions in a physical lecture:
-> allow students to improve their interpersonal skills – something that is
difficult to recreate in online classes where two-way interaction is rare

14. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC HỌC ONLINE

● Allow learners to study in a flexible way → they can work

whenever and wherever is convenient (overcome time
constraints/limits + geographical boundaries  helpful in rural
and remote areas)
+ cover the material at their own pace

● The cost of a university education be greatly reduced

+ The revenues for institutions may increase as more students can be
 taught

● Offer open access to anybody who is willing to study,

regardless of age, location, ability, and background
Ex: For example, my uncle, who is 65 years old, has recently
enrolled on an online MBA course in a different country, which
would have been impossible in the days before Internet-based
education.

15. BẤT LỢI CỦA HỌC ONLINE

● Less direct interaction
- Students: may not have the opportunity to engage face-to-
face with their teachers → will instead have to rely on
written forms of communication

- Students who study online do not come into direct contact

with each other → have negative impacts on peer support,
discussion and exchange of ideas.

Ex: STUDENTS ON TRADITIONAL COURSES can attend

seminars and even discuss their subjects over coffee after
lessons, online learners ARE RESTRICTED TO (bị bó buộc
vào) chatting through WEBSITE FORUM AREAS (diễn đàn
trực tuyến).
=> These learners may also lack the motivation and element of
competition that face-to-face group work brings

16. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC LÀM GÌ ONLINE

a. Cost-efficient
- Online classes effectively dispense with numerous expenses that running
a bricks-and-mortar operation incurs such as space (mặt bằng)/
administrative staff/ salaries/ electricity/ rent/ among others

b. help sb overcome time constraints/limits + geographical boundaries

=> particularly helpful for people in rural and remote areas
17. BẤT LỢI CỦA LÀM GÌ ONLINE
● to require high levels of discipline and commitment → to have
no supervision and restrictions
- to easily get distracted by things like movies/ online games/…
→ to negatively affect their work performance and productivity

● might experience feelings of loneliness and isolation sometimes

—> to have less chance to interact and communicate directly

⇒ to be difficult to develop social skills (communication, teamwork

with their colleagues and clients

skills,…)

18. GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

The setting of homework
= sb be given homework by their teachers
= setting homework
= do further study

<<<Homework is an unnecessary burden on children>>

19. ĐÓNG VAI TRÒ QUAN TRỌNG TRONG GIÁO DỤC

St be a necessary aspect of education
= st play an important role in the education of children
= st has an important role to play in the schooling of children

20. CẢI THIỆN KẾT QUẢ GIÁO DỤC

- improve educational outcomes
- Improve/enhance educational quality (v)
= increased educational quality (n phr)
= enhance academic achievements
= both the learners and the educators can achieve higher academically
 >< the classroom learning environment may be detrimentally affected

21. LỢI ÍCH CỦA VIỆC GIAO BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ

- Encourage independent learning and problem solving

→ Children are challenged to work through tasks alone and at

their own pace → apply the knowledge they have learned in the
classroom

=>consolidate their understanding of the concepts taught by

their teachers at school

⇒ develop an independent study habit → prepare them to work

alone as adults.