I.
CLASSIFICATION:
Advantages + Disadvantages
ACCOUNT ESSAYS Cause + Effect
Problem + Solution
1. Tại sao phe I hợp lý (reasons + examples + benefits)
DISCURSIVE ESSAYS 2. Tại sao phe II hợp lý (reasons + examples + benefits)
3. State your side
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS Agree/ Disagree
Advantages HƠN/ KÉM Disadvantages
MIXED ESSAYS Good/ Positive OR Bad/ Negative
Free questions
II. ACCOUNT ESSAYS:
1. Advantages + Disadvantages:
1. It’s widely/ generally accepted/ believed/ acknowledged that…
2. There have been significant developments in…
3. In today’s world, … is a matter of concern to many people.
TOPIC LEAD-IN
4. Rapid advances/ Considerable progress have/ has been made in…, which…
5. The past few decades have witnessed an unprecedented increase in...
6. The widespread use/ increasing avaibility of... has caused...
1. In this essay, an attempt will be made to discuss the benefits/ drawbacks of...
THESIS STATEMENT
2. The aim/ goal/ objective/ purpose of this essay is to analyze the benefits and drawbacks of...
1. Given the aforementioned points, it may be concluded that...
CONCLUSION
2. To sum up, the foregoing discussion indicates...
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Adjectives Nouns Adjectives Nouns
considerable, huge, enormous, benefit considerable, distinct, huge, drawback
obvious, overwhelming, major, obvious, serious, severe,
merit demerit
key important, main, main, significant, substantial,
major, significant plus side primary, principal long-term downside
good/plus point bad/minus point
commercial, economic,
economic, educational, financial,
educational, practical, social, positive aspect of... negative aspect of...
racial, social
technological
the good/best thing about... is... the bad/worst thing about... is...
2. Cause + effect:
1. Most governments are showing great concern about...
2. Most countries spend large proportions of their budget on...
TOPIC 3. It is certainly true that there is an alarming lack of...
LEAD-IN 4. The most pressing issue...
5. ... is regarded as the greatest threat to...
6. The rate of... is escalating alarmingly/ is on the increase (use for development)
THESIS STATEMENT
The aim/ goal/ objective/ purpose of this essay is to the factors/ issues which have contributed to (this problem).
CAUSE
In this essay, an attempt will be made to discuss the reasons behind/ for (this problem).
investigate
explain the problems which have followed i.t
EFFECT ... and also examine the problems/ issues which are likely to result from/ ensure it.
its possible/ potential/ prospective consequences/ effects/ impacts.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, From what has been discussed above, it may be concluded that….
In brief, Given the aforementioned points, it may be concluded that…
To summarize, The obvious conclusion to be drawn is that…
Linking expression – CAUSE Linking expression – EFFECT
1. The most frequent cause of… 1. An important effect which is likely to happen…
2. One underlying reason for… 2. Another major difficulty that we face…
3. Another reason that could account for… 3. Another matter of great concern…
CAUSE EFFECT
Adjectives Nouns Adjectives Nouns
root, underlying, 1. reason for… 1. dramatic, far-reaching, 1. result
fundamental, important, 2. source of… profound, significant 2. consequence
leading, major, primary, 3. factor... 2. destructive, serious, 3. aftermath
principal, leading, direct, 4. root of… devastating, undesirable 4. impact/ influence
indirect 5. explanation of… 3. potential, permanent 5. repercussion
3. Problems + solutions:
There is incontrovertible/ irrefutable/ compelling/ growing evidence that…
TOPIC
One of the most conspicous (=controversial) topics…
LEAD-IN
In the contemporary era, … is/ are becoming more widespread/ dominant/ prevailing.
THESIS STATEMENT
The aim/ goal/ objective of this essay is to discuss
1. the factors/ issues responsible for
investigate
PROBLEM 2. the factors/ issues which have contributed to
examine
In this essay, an attempt will be made to 3. the issues which have resulted in/ led to…
explain
propose a number of solutions.
SOLUTION This problem/ issue suggest different means/ ways to solve it.
recommend a variety of means/ ways to resolve/ tackle/ improve the situation.
1. It is time we analyze the root causes of the problem and outline some feasible solutions to it.
2. It is significant/ worthwhile to identify the causes in order to work out/ figure out suitable solutions…
Linking expression – SOLUTIONS Verb - SOLUTIONS
1. By far the most important course of action to address this issue is…
1. take actions/ measures/ steps
1. to tackle this problem
2. One feasible strategy to deal with this issue is to… 2. find ways
2. to improve this situation
3. Having identified the root of the problem, a good remedy to cope 3. implement initiatives
3. to stop this trend
with… is… 4. introduce policies
4. to reverse this trend
5. issue laws
4. A common pragmatic approach to this problem is…
III. REASONING TECHNIQUES:
1. EXPLANATION/ CLARIFICATION: 3. COMPARE/ CONTRAST:
- In other words, - while/ whereas
- To put it another way, - Nevertheless/ nonetheless (nối giữa 2 vế câu)
- … in the sense that… - However/ On the other hand/ On the contrary/ In contrast,
- That is because… - Despite/ In spite of/ Regardless of
- No matter what/ where/ how… SVO, SVO
2. HYPOTHESIS: - Adj/ adv + as/ though SVO, SVO
- If SVO, SVO
- Unless SVO, SVO 4. EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES:
- Only if SVO, SVO - As a result of…,/ Consequently,…
- As long as SVO, SVO - For this reason, …
- But for/ Without + N, SVO - Hence/ Thus/ Therefore/ Accordingly,…
- On condition that SVO, SVO - cause/ lead to/ bring about/ contribute to
- Provided that SVO, SVO - be attributed to…
IV. Examplification:
1. TOPIC SENTENCE → EXAMPLES → EXPLAINING EXAMPLES → MINI CONCLUSION
2. Cách lấy dẫn chứng: Giả sử khi muốn nhấn mạnh vào lợi ích của 1 luận điểm, nên từ một trường hợp nếu không làm/ không có
luận điểm trên, một vùng/ quốc gia sẽ hứng chịu những hậu quả nào (từ nhịp sống địa phương → nền nông/ công nghiệp/ an ninh địa
phương → ảnh hưởng tới toàn bộ quốc gia + chất lượng đời sống người dân) ➔ Khi thi hành luận điểm trên, người dân – nền kinh
tế/ công/ nông nghiệp địa phương – tình hình quốc gia sẽ được cải thiện như thế nào → khẳng định sự cần thiết.
A. STRUCTURES:
1. Take… as an example,… 4. According to a recent article in… that…
2. A notable/ striking/ typical/ common example is… 5. The findings of a recent study revealed…
3. This… is shown/ exemplified/ illustrated by… 6. According to statistics published recently in…, …
B. EXAMPLIFICATION:
a. 1st hand experience: trải nghiệm của bản thân
b. 2nd hand experience: từ sự quan sát, chứng kiến các tình huống xung quanh (gia đình, bạn bè,…)
1. EXPERIENCE * Tránh lỗi quy chụp (dùng 1 luận chứng để kết luận cả 1 vấn đề bao quát), sử dụng:
- Example like this demonstrates/ indicates…
- In view of this,…
2. BACKGROUND a. Hiểu biết từ SCHOOL (Lý, Hóa, Sinh, Sử, Địa,…)
KNOWLEDGE b. Hiểu biết từ SOCIAL MEDIA (các trang báo, Google, Instagram,…)
- Nguồn: đến từ các hiệp hội, giáo sư, khoa của các trường Đại học danh giá, báo cáo của Chính phủ, diễn
3. RESEARCH, FINDINGS, đàn kinh tế,…
SURVEY, REPORT - Lưu ý về tính hợp lý của dữ liệu: trang báo phải phù hợp/ chuyên về lĩnh vực mình đang chứng minh,…
(Ví dụ: GDP chỉ tăng từ 0.7 → 2% (cao nhất ở China với 6.8%))
4. TYPICAL EXAMPLES - Loại ví dụ này thường chỉ đến một đại diện (vô danh) điển hình cho 1 loại người, 1 tầng lớp,…
5. QUOTATION - Trích dẫn câu nói của nhà nghiên cứu/ người nổi tiếng/ người trong Chính phủ,…
V. DISCURSIVE ESSAYS:
A. Outline:
Some people think/ believe (SIDE A), while others say/ believe (SIDE B).
QUESTION
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
1. Tại sao SIDE A hợp lý (reasons + examples)
OUTLINE 2. Tại sao SIDE B hợp lý (reasons + examples)
3. State your own opinion
B. Structures:
a. Introduction:
1. Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern about/ for…
2. Opinions diverge widely on whether… could…| or have a reversed impact.
HOOK 3. One of the controversial questions/ the heated issues is that/ whether…
4. One of the crucial questions of today’s world is whether (or not)…
5. When the issue of… comes into view, there exist conflicting opinions.
1. Some people think/ maintain/ hold/ reckon/ contend that…| While others are of the opinion that…
SIDE A – B
2. Some people strongly agree with the opinion that…| Others share the view that…
1. I am utterly/ totally convinced by the former/ the latter view.
WRITER’S 2. Both of views have their own merits which require careful consideration…
OPINION … before presenting my own stance
3. This essay attempts to deal with both viewpoints…
on the matter.
4. This essay investigates this controversial topic from both perspectives…
b. Body:
SIDE A On the one hand,…
1. The supporters/ advocates/ upholders argue that…
1ST MAIN POINT 2. Those who are in favor of… have reasons that cannot be ignored.
3. There are some arguments in favor of this issue. One of the strongest arguments is…
1. Another justification to support this idea is that…
2ND MAIN POINT
2. Another logical reason…
EXAMPLES One explanation/ example/ illustration to support thos point of view is…
SIDE B On the other hand,…/ Nevertheless…
1. Contrary to popular belief, there are many reasons for supporting…
2. The opponents/ some skeptics believe…
1ST MAIN POINT 3. Those who object to… often argue that…
4. One compelling argument against.. Is that…
5. The most important argument against… is that…
1. Another justification to support this idea is that…
2ND MAIN POINT 2. Another logical reason…
3. Another equally important consideration is…
c. Conclusion:
1. For the aforementioned reasons, … there is no doubt that…
2. Taking everything into consideration, … we can say beyond a shadow of doubt that…
3. All thing considered, … it is very important to find a way to reconcile the two conflicting views…
VI. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS:
A. Outline:
GENERAL
Cách 1: Đi trực diện vào vấn đề
TOPIC LEAD-IN Cách 2: - Hook (Vấn đề A đang gây tranh cãi…)
- Topic (Người này tranh luận rằng…)
THESIS STATEMENT State your side (Bạn đồng ý với phe nào)
Type 1: A (not) as good as B (COMPARISION)
BLOCK Body 1: Bàn về mặt BẤT LỢI/ KHÔNG TỐT BẰNG
(Phụ thuộc theo writer’s own opinion)
ORGANIZATION Body 2: Bàn về mặt THUẬN LỢI/ TỐT HƠN
Body: Dựa theo 1 TIÊU CHÍ
POINT-BY-POINT EXAMPLE: Dữ liệu so sánh được cả 2 vế của ý kiến
- A kém/ nổi trội hơn
ORGANIZATION dựa theo tiêu chí đã đặt ra
- B nổi trội/ kém hơn
Type 2: … should/ must/ have to… (MODAL VERB)
1. A – luận điểm CẦN KHAI THÁC
QUESTION “ S + SHOULD/ MUST/ HAVE TO do A “ ĐỂ ” B ”
2. B – đánh lừa → KHÔNG KHAI THÁC
Type 3: A “TO” B1/ B2 (không có MODAL VERB)
Body 1: Tại sao A TO B1
AGREE
Body 2: Tại sao A TO B2
Cách 1: A KHÔNG DẪN ĐẾN B1/B2
DISAGREE
Cách 2: A DẪN ĐẾN C/ D/…
Type 4: A is not justified (không thích đáng)
Body 1: Bàn về mặt BẤT LỢI/ KHÔNG TỐT BẰNG
AGREE ➔ BENEFITS
Body 2: Bàn về mặt THUẬN LỢI/ TỐT HƠN
Cách 1: Why A not justified?
DISAGREE
Cách 2: A xứng đáng cho những việc khác hơn
B. Structures:
1. Whether… is a question that requires careful consideration.
2. Whether or not… remains a much debated question.
3. A controversial phenomenon of recent years is whether…
HOOK 4. These days, controversy continues over whether/ how/ why/ what…
5. … has sparked/ provoked a storm of controversy.
6. … is unquestionably one of the most prevailing and worrying aspects in any society.
7. … is a sensitive issue which has provoked many discussions.
1. As far as I am concerned, 1. I am inclined to believe that…
2. To the best of my knowledge, AGREE 2. I am utterly convinced that…
THESIS 3. From my viewpoint, 3. It has long been my belief that…
STATEMENT 4. From my perspective, 1. I wholly/ totally disagree with…
5. Personally, DISAGREE 2. I remaine unconvinced that…
6. From my point of view, 3. I cannot see any possible justification for…
VII. A “outweigh” B:
THESIS BALANCED
APPROACH APPROACH It is true to say that… have/ has always been
1. in short,
1. Topic lead-in overshadowed by…
The benefits of… are greater/ more
MB 2. Thesis statement 2. Thesis statement: 2. in brief,
sugnificant than the risks associated with…
➔ Claiming: purpose of the essay
… offer/ present more advantages than
A<B|B<A → Phân tích A và B 3. to recapitulate,
disadvantages.
4. to recap the The drawback associated with… outweigh the
1. Bàn về phía yếu hơn
TB main point, advantages.
2. Bàn về phía mạnh hơn
Summarize main points
KB
RECLAIM your side CLAIM your side
VIII. NEGATIVE or POSITIVE?
THESIS BALANCED 1. … There are some changes regarding to…; and in my
APPROACH APPROACH opinion, these changes can be seen/ considered as a progress/
improvement.
1. Topic lead-in
MB 2. … In my opinion, this could be seen as detrimental/
MB 2. Thesis statement 2. Thesis statement:
undesirable/ pose the potential threat to…
➔ Claiming: purpose of the essay
3. … From my point of view, this phenomenon could be both
GOOD | BAD → CHOOSING BOTH
positive and negative.
Chứng minh phe Bàn về cả 2 phương diện
TB đã chọn (phương diện nào được
1. In short, … bring considerable/ great benefit to…
(2 MAIN POINTS) nhắc trước thì bàn luận trc)
Summarize 2. In brief, There are many problems inherent in…
KB Summarize both points 3. To recapitulate While I admire/ appreciate…, there still exist
State your point
briefly, some intrinsic/ deep-root problems related to…
4. To put it in a While … is understandable, the negative impacts/
nutshell problems are inevitable/ unpreventable.
