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GATE CSE Computer Organization PYQ
GATE CSE Computer Organization PYQ
 Q1    | GATE 2021 Set-1
 Consider a computer system with a byte-addressable primary memory of size 232bytes. Assume the
 computer system has a direct-mapped cache of size 32 KB (1 KB = 210bytes), and each cache block is
 of size 64 bytes. The size of the tag field is __ bits.
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 Answer: 17
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 Q2    | GATE 2021 Set-1
 Consider the following instruction sequence where registers R1, R2 and R3 are general purpose and
 MEMORY[X] denotes the content at the memory location X.
        1
   ×
 Assume that the content of the memory location 5000 is 10, and the content of the register R3 is 3000.
 The content of each of the memory locations from 3000 to 3010 is 50. The instruction sequence starts
 from the memory location 1000. All the numbers are in decimal format. Assume that the memory is
 byte addressable. After the execution of the program, the content of memory location 3010 is _
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 Answer: 50
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 Q3    | GATE 2021 Set-1
 A five-stage pipeline has stage delays of 150, 120, 150, 160 and 140 nanoseconds. The registers that
 are used between the pipeline stages have a delay of 5 nanoseconds each. The total time to execute
 100 independent instructions on this pipeline, assuming there are no pipeline stalls, is ___
 nanoseconds.
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 Answer: 17160
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 Q4    | GATE 2021 Set-2
 Assume a two-level inclusive cache hierarchy, L1 and L2, where L2 is the larger of the two. Consider
 the following statements.
 S1: Read misses in a write through L1 cache do not result in writebacks of dirty lines to the L2.
 S2: Write allocate policy must be used in conjunction with write through caches and no-write allocate
 policy is used with write back caches.
 i ➥ S1 is false and S2 is true
 ii ➥ S1 is true and S2 is false
 iii ➥ S1 is false and S2 is false
 iv ➥ S1 is true and S2 is true
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 Answer: II
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 Q5    | GATE 2021 Set-2
 Consider a computer system with DMA support, The DMA module is transferring one 8-bit character
 in one CPU cycle from a device to memory through cycle stealing at regular intervals. Consider a 2
 MHz processor. If 0.5% processor cycles are used for DMA, the data transfer rate of the device is
 ________ bits per second.
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 Answer: 80,000
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 Q6    | GATE 2021 Set-2
 Consider a set-associative cache of size 2KB (1KB = 210bytes) with cache block size of 64 bytes.
 Assume that the cache is byte-addressable and a 32-bit address is used for accessing the cache. If the
 width of the tag field is 22 bits, the associativity of the cache is __
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 Answer: 2
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 Q7    | GATE 2021 Set-2
 Consider a pipelined processor with 5 stages, Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode (ID), Execute
 (EX), Memory Access (MEM), and Write Back (WB). Each stage of the pipeline, except the EX stage,
 takes one cycle. Assume that the ID stage merely decodes the instruction and the register read is
 performed in the EX stage. The EX stage takes one cycle for ADD instruction and two cycles for MUL
 instruction.
 Consider the following sequence of 8 instructions:
 ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL, ADD, MUL
 Assume that every MUL instruction is data-dependent on the ADD instruction just before it and every
 ADD instruction (except the first ADD) is data- dependent on the MUL instruction just before it. The
 Speedup is defined as follows:
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 Answer: 1.87 to 1.88
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 Q8    | GATE 2020
 Consider the following data path diagram:
 Consider an instruction: R0 ← R1 + R2. The following steps are used to execute it over the given data
 path. Assume that PC is incremented appropriately. The subscripts r and w indicate read and write
 operations, respectively.
 1. R2r, TEMP1r, ALUadd, TEMP2w
 2. R1r, TEMP1w
 3. PCr, MARw, MEMr
 4. TEMP2r, ROw
 5. MDRr, IRw
 Which one of the following is the correct order of execution of the above steps?
 i ➥ 2, 1, 4, 5, 3
 ii ➥ 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
 iii ➥ 3, 5, 1, 2, 4
 iv ➥ 3, 5, 2, 1, 4
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 Answer: IV
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 Q9     | GATE 2020
 Consider the following statements.
 I. Daisy chaining is used to assign priorities in attending interrupts.
 II. When a device raises a vectored interrupt, the CPU does polling to identify the source of the
 interrupt.
 III. In polling, the CPU periodically checks the status bits to know if any device needs its attention.
 IV. During DMA, both the CPU and DMA controller can be bus masters at the same time.
 Which of the above statements is/are TRUE?
 i ➥ I and III only
 ii ➥ I and IV only
 iii ➥ I and II only
 iv ➥ III only
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 Answer: I
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 Q10    | GATE 2020
 A computer system with a word length of 32 bits has a 16 MB byte-addressable main memory and a
 64 KB, 4-way set associative cache memory with a block size of 256 bytes. Consider the following four
 physical addresses represented in hexadecimal notation.
 A1 = 0x42C8A4,
 A2 = 0x546888,
 A3 = 0x6A289C,
 A4 = 0x5E4880
 Which one of the following is TRUE?
 i ➥ A3 and A4 are mapped to the same cache set.
 ii ➥ A1 and A4 are mapped to different cache sets.
 iii ➥ A2 and A3 are mapped to the same cache set.
 iv ➥ A1 and A3 are mapped to the same cache set.
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 Answer: III
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 Q11    | GATE 2020
 A processor has 64 registers and uses 16-bit instruction format. It has two types of instructions: I-type
 and R-type. Each I-type instruction contains an opcode, a register name, and a 4-bit immediate value.
 Each R-type instruction contains an opcode and two register names. If there are 8 distinct I-type
 opcodes, then the maximum number of distinct R-type opcodes is ___________.
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 Answer: 14
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 Q12    | GATE 2020
 Consider a non-pipelined processor operating at 2.5 GHz. It takes 5 clock cycles to complete an
 instruction. You are going to make a 5-stage pipeline out of this processor. Overheads associated with
 pipelining force you to operate the pipelined processor at 2 GHz. In a given program, assume that
 30% are memory instructions, 60% are ALU instructions and the rest are branch instructions. 5% of the
 memory instructions cause stalls of 50 clock cycles each due to cache misses and 50% of the branch
 instructions cause stalls of 2 cycles each. Assume that there are no stalls associated with the execution
 of ALU instructions. For this program, the speedup achieved by the pipelined processor over the non-
 pipelined processor (round off to 2 decimal places) is ________.
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 Answer: 2.15 to 2.18
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 Q13    | GATE 2019
 The chip select logic for a certain DRAM chip in a memory system design is shown below. Assume that
 the memory system has 16 address lines denoted by A15 to A0. What is the range of addresses (in
 hexadecimal) of the memory system that can get enabled by the chip select (CS) signal?
 i ➥ C800 to CFFF
 ii ➥ DA00 to DFFF
 iii ➥ CA00 to CAFF
 iv ➥ C800 to C8FF
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 Answer: I
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 Q14    | GATE 2019
 A certain processor uses a fully associative cache of size 16 kB. The cache block size is 16 bytes.
 Assume that the main memory is byte addressable and uses a 32-bit address. How many bits are
 required for the Tag and the Index fields respectively in the addresses generated by the processor?
 i ➥ 28 bits and 4 bits
 ii ➥ 28 bits and 0 bits
 iii ➥ 24 bits and 4 bits
 iv ➥ 24 bits and 0 bits
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 Answer: II
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 Q15    | GATE 2019
 A certain processor deploys a single-level cache. The cache block size is 8 words and the word size is 4
 bytes. The memory system uses a 60-MHz clock. To service a cache miss, the memory controller first
 takes 1 cycle to accept the starting address of the block, it then takes 3 cycles to fetch all the eight
 words of the block, and finally transmits the words of the requested block at the rate of 1 word per
 cycle. The maximum bandwidth for the memory system when the program running on the processor
 issues a series of read operations is _________ × 106 bytes/sec.
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 Answer: 160
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 Q16    | GATE 2018
 Consider the following processor design characteristics.
 I. Register-to-register arithmetic operations only
 II. Fixed-length instruction format
 III. Hardwired control unit
 Which of the characteristics above are used in the design of a RISC processor?
 i ➥ I and III only
 ii ➥ I, II and III
 iii ➥ I and II only
 iv ➥ II and III only
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 Answer: II
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 Q17      | GATE 2018
 The following are some events that occur after a device controller issues an interrupt while process L is
 under execution.
 (P) The processor pushes the process status of L onto the control stack.
 (Q)The processor finishes the execution of the current instruction.
 (R) The processor executes the interrupt service routine.
 (S) The processor pops the process status of L from the control stack.
 (T) The processor loads the new PC value based on the interrupt.
 Which one of the following is the correct order in which the events above occur?
 i ➥ QTPRS
 ii ➥ TRPQS
 iii ➥ PTRSQ
 iv ➥ QPTRS
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 Answer: IV
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 Q18     | GATE 2018
 Consider a process executing on an operating system that uses demand paging. The average time for
 a memory access in the system is M units if the corresponding memory page is available in memory,
 and D units if the memory access causes a page fault. It has been
 experimentally measured that the average time taken for a memory access in the process is X units.
 Which one of the following is the correct expression for the page fault rate experienced by the
 process?
 i ➥ (D – M) / (X – M)
 ii ➥ (X – M) / (D – M)
 iii ➥ (D – X) / (D – M)
 iv ➥ (X – M) / (D – X)
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 Answer: II
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 Q19     | GATE 2018
 A 32-bit wide main memory unit with a capacity of 1 GB is built using 256M × 4-bit DRAM chips. The
 number of rows of memory cells in the DRAM chip is 214. The time taken to perform one refresh
 operation is 50 nanoseconds. The refresh period is 2 milliseconds. The percentage (rounded to the
 closest integer) of the time available for performing the memory read/write operations in the main
 memory unit is _.
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 Answer: 59 To 60
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 Q20        | GATE 2018
 The size of the physical address space of a processor is 2P bytes. The word length is 2W bytes. The
 capacity of cache memory is 2N bytes. The size of each cache block is 2M words. For a K-way set-
 associative cache memory, the length (in number of bits) of the tag field is
 i ➥ P – N – log2K
 ii ➥ P – N + log2K
 iii ➥ P – N – M – W – log2K
 iv ➥ P – N – M – W + log2K
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 Answer: II
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 Q21        | GATE 2018
 The instruction pipeline of a RISC processor has the following stages: Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction
 Decode (ID), Operand Fetch (OF), Perform Operation (PO) and Writeback (WB). The IF, ID, OF and WB
 stages take 1 clock cycle each for every instruction. Consider a sequence of 100 instructions. In the PO
 stage, 40 instructions take 3 clock cycles each, 35 instructions take 2 clock cycles each, and the
 remaining 25 instructions take 1 clock cycle each. Assume that there are no data hazards and no
 control hazards.
 The number of clock cycles required for completion of execution of the sequence of instructions
 is_____.
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 Answer: 219
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 Q22        | GATE 2018
 A processor has 16 integer registers (R0, R1, …, R15) and 64 floating point registers (F0, F1, …, F63). It
 uses a 2-byte instruction format. There are four categories of instructions: Type-1, Type-2, Type-3 and
 Type-4. Type-1 category consists of four instructions, each with 3 integer register operands (3Rs).
 Type-2 category consists of eight instructions, each with 2 floating point register operands (2Fs). Type-
 3 category consists of fourteen instructions, each with one integer register operand and one floating
 point register operand (1R+1F). Type-4 category consists of N instructions, each with a floating point
 register operand (1F).
 The maximum value of N is _________.
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 Answer: 32
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 Q23     | GATE 2017 Set-1
 Consider the C struct defined below:
 The base address of student is available in register R1. The field student.grade can be accessed
 efficiently using
 i ➥ Index addressing mode, X(R1), where X is an offset represented in 2’s complement 16-bit
 representation
 ii ➥ Register direct addressing mode, R1
 iii ➥ Post-increment addressing mode, (R1)+
 iv ➥ Pre-decrement addressing mode, -(R1)
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 Answer: I
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 Q24     | GATE 2017 Set-1
 Consider a two-level cache hierarchy with L1 and L2 caches. An application incurs 1.4 memory
 accesses per instruction on average. For this application, the miss rate of L1 cache is 0.1; the L2 cache
 experiences, on average, 7 misses per 1000 instructions. The miss rate of L2 expressed correct to two
 decimal places is _______.
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 Answer: 0.05
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 Q25     | GATE 2017 Set-1
 A cache memory unit with capacity of N words and block size of B words is to be designed. If it is
 designed as a direct mapped cache, the length of the TAG field is 10 bits. If the cache unit is now
 designed as a 16-way set-associative cache, the length of the TAG field is ________ bits.
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 Answer: 14
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 Q26     | GATE 2017 Set-1
 Consider a 2-way set associative cache with 256 blocks and uses LRU replacement. Initially the cache is
 empty. Conflict misses are those misses which occur due to contention of multiple blocks for the same
 cache set. Compulsory misses occur due to first time access to the block. The following sequence of
 accesses to memory blocks
 (0, 128, 256, 128, 0, 128, 256, 128, 1, 129, 257, 129, 1, 129, 257, 129)
 is repeated 10 times. The number of conflict misses experienced by the cache is _________.
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 Answer: 76
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 Q27     | GATE 2017 Set-1
 Instruction execution in a processor is divided into 5 stages, Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode
 (ID), Operand Fetch (OF), Execute (EX),
 and Write Back (WB). These stages take 5, 4, 20, 10 and 3 nanoseconds (ns) respectively. A pipelined
 implementation of the processor requires buffering between each pair of consecutive stages with a
 delay of 2 ns.
 Two pipelined implementations of the processor are contemplated:
 (i) a naive pipeline implementation (NP) with 5 stages and
 (ii) an efficient pipeline (EP) where the OF stage is divided into stages OF1 and OF2 with execution
 times of 12 ns and 8 ns respectively.
 The speedup (correct to two decimal places) achieved by EP over NP in executing 20 independent
 instructions with no hazards is _______.
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 Answer: 1.52
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 Q28     | GATE 2017 Set-1
 Consider a RISC machine where each instruction is exactly 4 bytes long. Conditional and unconditional
 branch instructions use PC-relative addressing mode with Offset specified in bytes to the target
 location of the branch instruction. Further the Offset is always with respect to the address of the next
 instruction in the program sequence. Consider the following instruction sequence
 If the target of the branch instruction is i, then the decimal value of the Offset is ________.
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 Answer: -16
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 Q29     | GATE 2017 Set-2
 In a two-level cache system, the access times of L1 and L2 caches are 1 and 8 clock cycles, respectively.
 The miss penalty from the L2 cache to main memory is 18 clock cycles. The miss rate of L1 cache is
 twice that of L2. The average memory access time (AMAT) of this cache system is 2 cycles. The miss
 rates of L1 and L2 respectively are:
 i ➥ 0.111 and 0.056
 ii ➥ 0.056 and 0.111
 iii ➥ 0.0892 and 0.1784
 iv ➥ 0.1784 and 0.0892
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 Answer: I
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 Q30     | GATE 2017 Set-2
 The read access times and the hit ratios for different caches in a memory hierarchy are as given below:
 The read access time of main memory is 90 nanoseconds. Assume that the caches use the referred-
 word-first read policy and the write back policy. Assume that all the caches are direct mapped caches.
 Assume that the dirty bit is always 0 for all the blocks in the caches. In execution of a program, 60% of
 memory reads are for instruction fetch and 40% are for memory operand fetch. The average read
 access time in nanoseconds (up to 2 decimal places) is _________.
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 Answer: 4.72
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 Q31     | GATE 2017 Set-2
 Consider a machine with a byte addressable main memory of 232 bytes divided into blocks of size 32
 bytes. Assume that a direct mapped cache having 512 cache lines is used with this machine. The size
 of the tag field in bits is _______.
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 Answer: 18
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 Q32     | GATE 2016 Set-1
 A processor can support a maximum memory of 4GB, where the memory is word-addressable (a word
 consists of two bytes). The size of the address bus of the processor is at least ________ bits.
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 Answer: 31
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 Q33     | GATE 2016 Set-1
 The size of the data count register of a DMA controller is 16 bits. The processor needs to transfer a file
 of 29,154 kilobytes from disk to main memory. The memory is byte addressable. The minimum
 number of times the DMA controller needs to get the control of the system bus from the processor to
 transfer the file from the disk to main memory is ___________.
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 Answer: 456
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 Q34     | GATE 2016 Set-1
 The stage delays in a 4-stage pipeline are 800, 500, 400 and 300 picoseconds. The first stage (with
 delay 800 picoseconds) is replaced with a functionally equivalent design involving two stages with
 respective delays 600 and 350 picoseconds. The throughput increase of the pipeline
 is __________percent.
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 Answer: 33 to 34
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 Q35     | GATE 2016 Set-2
 A processor has 40 distinct instructions and 24 general purpose registers. A 32-bit instruction word
 has an opcode, two register operands and an immediate operand. The number of bits available for the
 immediate operand field is _________.
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 Answer: 16
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 Q36     | GATE 2016 Set-2
 Suppose the functions F and G can be computed in 5 and 3 nanoseconds by functional units UF and
 UG, respectively. Given two instances of UF and two instances of UG, it is required to implement the
 computation F(G(Xi)) for 1 ≤ i ≤ 10. Ignoring all other delays, the minimum time required to complete
 this computation is _ nanoseconds.
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 Answer: 28
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 Q37     | GATE 2016 Set-2
 Consider a processor with 64 registers and an instruction set of size twelve. Each instruction has five
 distinct fields, namely, opcode, two source register identifiers, one destination register r identifier, and
 a twelve-bit immediate value. Each instruction must be stored in memory in a byte-aligned fashion. If
 a program has 100 instructions, the amount of memory (in bytes) consumed by the program text is
 _________.
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 Answer: 500
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 Q38     | GATE 2016 Set-2
 The width of the physical address on a machine is 40 bits. The width of the tag field in a 512 KB 8-way
 set associative cache is ________ bits.
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 Answer: 24
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 Q39     | GATE 2016 Set-2
 Consider a 3 GHz (gigahertz) processor with a three-stage pipeline and stage latencies τ1, τ2, τ3 and
 such that τ1 = 3τ2/4 = 2τ3. If the longest pipeline stage is split into two pipeline stages of equal
 latency, the new frequency is ____________ GHz, ignoring delays in the pipeline registers
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 Answer: 4
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 Q40     | GATE 2015 Set-1
 For computers based on three-address instruction formats, each address field can be used to specify
 which of the following:
 (S1) A memory operand
 (S2) A processor register
 (S3) An implied accumulator register
 i ➥ Either S1 or S2
 ii ➥ Either S2 or S3
 iii ➥ Only S2 and S3
 iv ➥ All of S1, S2 and S3
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 Answer: I
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 Q41     | GATE 2015 Set-1
 Consider a disk pack with a seek time of 4 milliseconds and rotational speed of 10000 rotations per
 minute (RPM). It has 600 sectors per track and each sector can store 512 bytes of data. Consider a file
 stored in the disk. The file contains 2000 sectors. Assume that every sector access necessitates a seek,
 and the average rotational latency for accessing each sector is half of the time for one complete
 rotation. The total time (in milliseconds) needed to read the entire file is _________.
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 Answer: 14020
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 Q42     | GATE 2015 Set-1
 Consider a non-pipelined processor with a clock rate of 2.5 gigahertz and average cycles per
 instruction of four. The same processor is upgraded to a pipelined processor with five stages; but due
 to the internal pipeline delay, the clock speed is reduced to 2 gigahertz. Assume that there are no
 stalls in the pipeline. The speed up achieved in this pipelined processor is _______.
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 Answer: 3.2
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 Q43       | GATE 2015 Set-2
 Assume that for a certain processor, a read request takes 50 nanoseconds on a cache miss and 5
 nanoseconds on a cache hit. Suppose while running a program, it was observed that 80% of the
 processors read requests result in a cache hit. The average and access time in nanoseconds is ________.
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 Answer: 14
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 Q44       | GATE 2015 Set-2
 Consider a typical disk that rotates at 15000 rotations per minute (RPM) and has a transfer rate of
 50×106 bytes/sec. If the average seek time of the disk is twice the average rotational delay and the
 controller’s transfer time is 10 times the disk transfer time, the average time (in milliseconds) to read
 or write a 512-byte sector of the disk is ________.
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 Answer: 6.1 to 6.2
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 Q45       | GATE 2015 Set-2
 Consider the sequence of machine instructions given below:
 MUL R5, R0, R1
 DIV R6, R2, R3
 ADD R7, R5, R6
 SUB R8, R7, R4
 In the above sequence, R0 to R8 are general purpose registers. In the instructions shown, the first
 register stores the result of the operation performed on the second and the third registers. This
 sequence of instructions is to be executed in a pipelined instruction processor with the following 4
 stages:
 (1) Instruction Fetch and Decode (IF),
 (2) Operand Fetch (OF),
 (3) Perform Operation (PO) and
 (4) Write back the Result (WB).
 The IF, OF and WB stages take 1 clock cycle each for any instruction. The PO stage takes 1 clock cycle
 for ADD or SUB instruction, 3 clock cycles for MUL instruction and 5 clock cycles for DIV instruction.
 The pipelined processor uses operand forwarding from the PO stage to the OF stage. The number of
 clock cycles taken for the execution of the above sequence of instructions is
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 Answer: 13
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 Q46     | GATE 2015 Set-2
 Consider a processor with byte-addressable memory. Assume that all registers, including Program
 Counter (PC) and Program Status Word (PSW), are of size 2 bytes. A stack in the main memory is
 implemented from memory location (0100)16 and it grows upward. The stack pointer (SP) points to
 the top element of the stack. The current value of SP is (016E)16. The CALL instruction is of two words,
 the first word is the op-code and the second word is the starting address of the subroutine (one word
 = 2 bytes). The CALL instruction is implemented as follows:
 • Store the current value of PC in the stack.
 • Store the value of PSW register in the stack.
 • Load the starting address of the subroutine in PC.
 The content of PC just before the fetch of a CALL instruction is (5FA0)16. After execution of the CALL
 instruction, the value of the stack pointer is
 i ➥ (016A)16
 ii ➥ (016C)16
 iii ➥ (0170)16
 iv ➥ (0172)16
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 Answer: IV
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 Q48    | GATE 2015 Set-2
 A computer system implements a 40-bit virtual address, page size of 8 kilobytes, and a 128-entry
 translation look-aside buffer (TLB organized into 32 sets each having four ways. Assume that the TLB
 tag does not store any process id. The minimum length of the TLB tag in bits is _________.
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 Answer: 22
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 Q47    | GATE 2015 Set-3
 Consider a machine with a byte addressable main memory of 220 bytes, block size of 16 bytes and a
 direct mapped cache having 212 cache lines. Let the addresses of two consecutive bytes in main
 memory be (E201F)16 and (E2020)16. What are the tag and cache line address (in hex) for main
 memory address (E201F)16?
 i ➥ E, 201
 ii ➥ F, 201
 iii ➥ E, E20
 iv ➥ 2, 01F
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 Answer: I
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 Q48    | GATE 2015 Set-3
 Consider the following code sequence having five instructions I1 to I5. Each of these instructions has
 the following format.
 OP Ri, Rj, Rk
 where operation OP is performed on contents of registers Rj and Rk and the result is stored in register
 Ri.
 I1 : ADD R1, R2, R3
 I2 : MUL R7, R1, R3
 I3 : SUB R4, R1, R5
 I4 : ADD R3, R2, R4
 I5 : MUL R7, R8, R9
 Consider the following three statements:
 S1: There is an anti-dependence between instructions I2 and I5.
 S2: There is an anti-dependence between instructions I2 and I4.
 S3: Within an instruction pipeline an anti-dependence always creates one or more stalls.
 Which one of above statements is/are correct?
 i ➥ Only S1 is true
 ii ➥ Only S2 is true
 iii ➥ Only S1 and S3 are true
 iv ➥ Only S2 and S3 are true
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 Answer: I
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 Q49    | GATE 2015 Set-3
 Consider the following reservation table for a pipeline having three stages S1, S2 and S3.
 The minimum average latency (MAL) is _______.
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 Answer: 3
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 Q50    | GATE 2014 Set-1
 A machine has a 32-bit architecture, with 1-word long instructions. It has 64 registers, each of which is
 32 bits long. It needs to support 45 instructions, which have an immediate operand in addition to two
 register operands. Assuming that the immediate operand is an unsigned integer, the maximum value
 of the immediate operand is .
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: 16383
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 Q51      | GATE 2014 Set-1
 Consider a 6-stage instruction pipeline, where all stages are perfectly balanced.Assume that there is no
 cycle-time overhead of pipelining. When an application is executing on this 6-stage pipeline, the
 speedup achieved with respect to non-pipelined execution if 25% of the instructions incur 2 pipeline
 stall cycles is .
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 Answer: 4
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 Q52      | GATE 2014 Set-1
 An access sequence of cache block addresses is of length N and contains n unique block addresses.
 The number of unique block addresses between two consecutive accesses to the same block address
 is bounded above by k. What is the miss ratio if the access sequence is passed through a cache of
 associativity A ≥ k exercising least-recently-used replacement policy?
 i ➥ n/N
 ii ➥ 1/N
 iii ➥ 1/A
 iv ➥ k/n
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 Answer: I
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 Q53     | GATE 2014 Set-1
 Consider two processors P1 and P2 executing the same instruction set. Assume that under identical
 conditions, for the same input, a program running on P2 takes 25% less time but incurs 20% more CPI
 (clock cycles per instruction) as compared to the program running on P1. If the clock frequency of P1 is
 1GHz, then the clock frequency of P2 (in GHz) is .
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 Answer: 1.6
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 Q54     | GATE 2014 Set-2
 A 4-way set-associative cache memory unit with a capacity of 16 KB is built using a block size of 8
 words. The word length is 32 bits. The size of the physical address space is 4 GB. The number of bits
 for the TAG field is
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 Answer: 20
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 Q55     | GATE 2014 Set-2
 In designing a computer’s cache system, the cache block (or cache line) size is an important
 parameter. Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?
 i ➥ A smaller block size implies better spatial locality
 ii ➥ A smaller block size implies a smaller cache tag and hence lower cache tag overhead
 iii ➥ A smaller block size implies a larger cache tag and hence lower cache hit time
 iv ➥ A smaller block size incurs a lower cache miss penalty
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 Answer: IV
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 Q56    | GATE 2014 Set-2
 If the associativity of a processor cache is doubled while keeping the capacity and block size
 unchanged, which one of the following is guaranteed to be NOT affected?
 i ➥ Width of tag comparator
 ii ➥ Width of set index decoder
 iii ➥ Width of way selection multiplexor
 iv ➥ Width of processor to main memory data bus
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 Answer: IV
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 Q57    | GATE 2014 Set-2
 Consider a main memory system that consists of 8 memory modules attached to the system bus,
 which is one word wide. When a write request is made, the bus is occupied for 100 nanoseconds (ns)
 by the data, address, and control signals. During the same 100 ns, and for 500 ns thereafter, the
 addressed memory module executes one cycle accepting and storing the data. The (internal)
 operation of different memory modules may overlap in time, but only one request can be on the bus
 at any time. The maximum number of stores (of one word each) that can be initiated in 1 millisecond
 is
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: 10000
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 Q58       | GATE 2014 Set-3
 Consider the following processors (ns stands for nanoseconds). Assume that the pipeline registers
 have zero latency.
 P1: Four-stage pipeline with stage latencies 1 ns, 2 ns, 2 ns, 1 ns.
 P2: Four-stage pipeline with stage latencies 1 ns, 1.5 ns, 1.5 ns, 1.5 ns.
 P3: Five-stage pipeline with stage latencies 0.5 ns, 1 ns, 1 ns, 0.6 ns, 1 ns.
 P4: Five-stage pipeline with stage latencies 0.5 ns, 0.5 ns, 1 ns, 1 ns, 1.1 ns.
 Which processor has the highest peak clock frequency?
 i ➥ p1
 ii ➥ p2
 iii ➥ p3
 iv ➥ p4
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 Answer: III
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 Q59       | GATE 2014 Set-3
 An instruction pipeline has five stages, namely, instruction fetch (IF), instruction decode and register
 fetch (ID/RF), instruction execution (EX), memory access (MEM), and register writeback (WB) with stage
 latencies 1 ns, 2.2 ns, 2 ns, 1 ns, and 0.75 ns, respectively (ns stands for nanoseconds). To gain in terms
 of frequency, the designers have decided to split the ID/RF stage into three stages (ID, RF1, RF2) each
 of latency 2.2/3 ns. Also, the EX stage is split into two stages (EX1, EX2) each of latency 1 ns. The new
 design has a total of eight pipeline stages. A program has 20% branch instructions which execute in
 the EX stage and produce the next instruction pointer at the end of the EX stage in the old design and
 at the end of the EX2 stage in the new design. The IF stage stalls after fetching a branch instruction
 until the next instruction pointer is computed. All instructions other than the branch instruction have
 an average CPI of one in both the designs. The execution times of this program on the old and the
 new design are P and Q nanoseconds, respectively. The value of P/Q is__________________.
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: 1.50 To 1.60
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 Q60     | GATE 2014 Set-3
 The memory access time is 1 nanosecond for a read operation with a hit in cache, 5 nanoseconds for a
 read operation with a miss in cache, 2 nanoseconds for a write operation with a hit in cache and 10
 nanoseconds for a write operation with a miss in cache. Execution of a sequence of instructions
 involves 100 instruction fetch operations, 60 memory operand read operations and 40 memory
 operand write operations. The cache hit-ratio is 0.9. The average memory access time (in
 nanoseconds) in executing the sequence of instructions is .
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: 1.68
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 Q61     | GATE 2013
 In a k-way set associative cache, the cache is divided into v sets, each of which consists of k lines. The
 lines of a set are placed in sequence one after another. The lines in set s are sequenced before the
 lines in set (s+1). The main memory blocks are numbered 0 onwards. The main memory block
 numbered j must be mapped to any one of the cache lines from
 i ➥ (j mod v) * k to (j mod v) * k + (k-1)
 ii ➥ (j mod v) to (j mod v) + (k-1)
 iii ➥ (j mod k) to (j mod k) + (v-1)
 iv ➥ (j mod k) * v to (j mod k) * v + (v-1)
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: I
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 Q62      | GATE 2013
 Consider the following sequence of micro-operations.
 MBR ← PC
 MAR ← X
 PC ← Y
 Memory ← MBR
 Which one of the following is a possible operation performed by this sequence?
 i ➥ Instruction fetch
 ii ➥ Operand fetch
 iii ➥ Conditional branch
 iv ➥ Initiation of interrupt service
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 Answer: IV
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 Q63      | GATE 2013
 Consider a hard disk with 16 recording surfaces (0-15) having 16384 cylinders (0-16383) and each
 cylinder contains 64 sectors (0-63). Data storage capacity in each sector is 512 bytes. Data are
 organized cylinder-wise and the addressing format is . A file of size 42797 KB is stored in the disk and
 the starting disk location of the file is <1200, 9, 40>. What is the cylinder number of the last sector of
 the file, if it is stored in a contiguous manner?
 i ➥ 1281
 ii ➥ 1282
 iii ➥ 1283
 iv ➥ 1284
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: IV
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 Q64       | GATE 2013
 Consider an instruction pipeline with five stages without any branch prediction: Fetch Instruction (FI),
 Decode Instruction (DI), Fetch Operand (FO), Execute Instruction (EI) and Write Operand (WO). The
 stage delays for FI, DI, FO, EI and WO are 5 ns, 7 ns, 10 ns, 8 ns and 6 ns, respectively. There
 are intermediate storage buffers after each stage and the delay of each buffer is 1 ns. A program
 consisting of 12 instructions I1, I2, I3, I4 …, I12 is executed in this pipelined processor. Instruction I4 is
 the only branch instruction and its branch target is I9. If the branch is taken during the execution of
 this program, the time (in ns) needed to complete the program is
 i ➥ 132
 ii ➥ 165
 iii ➥ 176
 iv ➥ 328
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: II
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 Q65       | GATE 2013
 A RAM chip has a capacity of 1024 words of 8 bits each (1K×8). The number of 2×4 decoders with
 enable line needed to construct a 16K×16 RAM from 1K×8 RAM is
 i➥4
 ii ➥ 5
 iii ➥ 6
 iv ➥ 7
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: II
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 Q66       | GATE 2013
 Common Data for Questions 66 and 67 :
 The following code segment is executed on a processor which allows only register operands in its
 instructions. Each instruction can have atmost two source operands and one destination operand.
 Assume that all variables are dead after this code segment.
 Suppose the instruction set architecture of the processor has only two registers. The only allowed
 compiler optimization is code motion, which moves statements from one place to another while
 preserving correctness. What is the minimum number of spills to memory in the compiled code?
 i➥0
 ii ➥ 1
 iii ➥ 2
 iv ➥ 3
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: II
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 Q67       | GATE 2013
 Common Data for Questions 66 and 67 :
 The following code segment is executed on a processor which allows only register operands in its
 instructions. Each instruction can have atmost two source operands and one destination operand.
 Assume that all variables are dead after this code segment.
 What is the minimum number of registers needed in the instruction set architecture of the processor
 to compile this code segment without any spill to memory? Do not apply any optimization other than
 optimizing register allocation.
 i➥3
 ii ➥ 4
 iii ➥ 5
 iv ➥ 6
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: II
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 Q68       | GATE 2012
 Register renaming is done in pipelined processors
 i ➥ as an alternative to register allocation at compile time
 ii ➥ for efficient access to function parameters and local variables
 iii ➥ to handle certain kinds of hazards
 iv ➥ as part of address translation
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: III
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 Q69       | GATE 2012
 Statement for Linked Answer Questions 69 and 70:
 A computer has a 256 KByte, 4-way set associative, write back data cache with block size of 32 Bytes.
 The processor sends 32 bit addresses to the cache controller. Each cache tag directory entry contains,
 in addition to address tag, 2 valid bits, 1 modified bit and 1 replacement bit.
 The number of bits in the tag field of an address is
 i ➥ 11
 ii ➥ 14
 iii ➥ 16
 iv ➥ 27
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: III
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 Q70       | GATE 2012
 Statement for Linked Answer Questions 69 and 70:
 A computer has a 256 KByte, 4-way set associative, write back data cache with block size of 32 Bytes.
 The processor sends 32 bit addresses to the cache controller. Each cache tag directory entry contains,
 in addition to address tag, 2 valid bits, 1 modified bit and 1 replacement bit.
 The size of the cache tag directory is
 i ➥ 160 Kbits
 ii ➥ 136 Kbits
 iii ➥ 40 Kbits
 iv ➥ 32 Kbits
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 Answer: I
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 Q71    | GATE 2011
 A computer handles several interrupt sources of which the following are relevant for this question.
 . Interrupt from CPU temperature sensor (raises interrupt if CPU temperature is too high)
 . Interrupt from Mouse(raises interrupt if the mouse is moved or a button is pressed)
 . Interrupt from Keyboard(raises interrupt when a key is pressed or released)
 . Interrupt from Hard Disk(raises interrupt when a disk read is completed)
 Which one of these will be handled at the HIGHEST priority?
 i ➥ Interrupt from Hard Dist
 ii ➥ Interrupt from Mouse
 iii ➥ Interrupt from Keyboard
 iv ➥ Interrupt from CPU temperature sensor
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 Answer: IV
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 Q72    | GATE 2011
 Consider a hypothetical processor with an instruction of type LW R1, 20 (R2), which during execution
 reads a 32-bit word from memory and stores it in a 32-bit register R1. The effective address of the
 memory location is obtained by the addition of constant 20 and the contents of register R2. Which of
 the following best reflects the addressing mode implemented by this instruction for the operand
 memory?
 i ➥ Immediate Addressing
 ii ➥ Register Addressing
 iii ➥ Register Indirect Scaled Addressing
 iv ➥ Base Indexed Addressing
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 Answer: IV
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 Q73       | GATE 2011
 On a non-pipelined sequential processor, a program segment, which is a part of the interrupt service
 routine, is given to transfer 500 bytes from an I/O device to memory.
 Initialize the address register
 Initialize the count to 500
 LOOP: Load a byte from device
 Store in memory at address given by address register
 Increment the address register
 Decrement the count
 If count != 0 go to LOOP
 Assume that each statement in this program is equivalent to machine instruction which takes one
 clock cycle to execute if it is a non-load/store instruction. The load-store instructions take two clock
 cycles to execute.
 The designer of the system also has an alternate approach of using DMA controller to implement the
 same transfer. The DMA controller requires 20 clock cycles for initialization and other overheads. Each
 DMA transfer cycle takes two clock cycles to transfer one byte of data from the device to the memory.
 What is the approximate speedup when the DMA controller based design is used in place of the
 interrupt driven program based input-output?
 i ➥ 3.4
 ii ➥ 4.4
 iii ➥ 5.1
 iv ➥ 6.7
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 Answer: I
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 Q74       | GATE 2011
 Consider an instruction pipeline with four stages (S1, S2, S3 and S4) each with combinational circuit
 only. The pipeline registers are required between each stage and at the end of the last stage. Delays
 for the stages and for the pipeline registers are as given in the figure:
 What is the approximate speed up of the pipeline in steady state under ideal conditions when
 compared to the corresponding non-pipeline implementation?
 i ➥ 4.0
 ii ➥ 2.5
 iii ➥ 1.1
 iv ➥ 3.0
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 Answer: II
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 Q75       | GATE 2011
 An 8KB direct-mapped write-back cache is organized as multiple blocks, each of size 32-bytes. The
 processor generates 32-bit addresses. The cache controller maintains the tag information for each
 cache block comprising of the following.
 1 Valid bit
 1 Modified bit
 As many bits as the minimum needed to identify the memory block mapped in the cache.
 What is the total size of memory needed at the cache controller to store meta-data (tags) for the
 cache?
 i ➥ 4864 bits
 ii ➥ 6144 bits
 iii ➥ 6656 bits
 iv ➥ 5376 bits
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 Answer: IV
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 Q76      | GATE 2011
 An application loads 100 libraries at startup. Loading each library requires exactly one disk access. The
 seek time of the disk to a random location is given as 10 ms. Rotational speed of disk is 6000 rpm. If
 all 100 libraries are loaded from random locations on the disk, how long does it take to load all
 libraries? (The time to transfer data from the disk block once the head has been positioned at the start
 of the block may be neglected).
 i ➥ 0.50 s
 ii ➥ 1.50 s
 iii ➥ 1.25 s
 iv ➥ 1.00 s
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: II
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 Q77       | GATE 2010
 A 5-stage pipelined processor has Instruction Fetch(IF),Instruction Decode(ID),Operand
 Fetch(OF),Perform Operation(PO)and Write Operand(WO)stages.The IF,ID,OF and WO stages take 1
 clock cycle each for any instruction.The PO stage takes 1 clock cycle for ADD and SUB instructions,3
 clock cycles for MUL instruction,and 6 clock cycles for DIV instruction respectively.Operand forwarding
 is used in the pipeline.What is the number of clock cycles needed to execute the following sequence
 of instructions?
 i ➥ 13
 ii ➥ 15
 iii ➥ 17
 iv ➥ 19
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 Answer: II
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 Q78       | GATE 2010
 The program below uses six temporary variables a, b, c, d, e, f.
 a=1
 b = 10
 c = 20
 d = a+b
 e = c+d
 f = c+e
 b = c+e
 e = b+f
 d = 5+e
 return d+f
 Assuming that all operations take their operands from registers, what is the minimum number of
 registers needed to execute this program without spilling?
 i➥2
 ii ➥ 3
 iii ➥ 4
 iv ➥ 6
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 Answer:
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 Q79       | GATE 2010
 A computer system has an L1 cache, aL2 cache, and a main memory unit connected as shown below.
 The block size in L1 caches is 4 words. The size in L2 cache is 16 words. The memory access times are 2
 nanoseconds. 20 nanoseconds and 200 nanoseconds for L1 cache, L2 cache and main memory unit
 respectively.
 When there is a miss in L1 caches and a hit in L2 cache, a block is transferred from L2 cache to L1
 cache, what is the time taken for this transfer ?
 i ➥ 2 nanoseconds
 ii ➥ 20 nanoseconds
 iii ➥ 22 nanoseconds
 iv ➥ 88 nanoseconds
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 Answer: III
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 Q80     | GATE 2010
 A computer system has an L1 cache, aL2 cache, and a main memory unit connected as shown below.
 The block size in L1 caches is 4 words. The size in L2 cache is 16 words. The memory access times are 2
 nanoseconds. 20 nanoseconds and 200 nanoseconds for L1 cache, L2 cache and main memory unit
 respectively.
 When there is a miss in L1 cache and a hit in L2 cache, a block is transferred from L2 cache to L1
 cache. What is the time taken for these transfer?
 i ➥ 222 nanoseconds
 ii ➥ 888 nanoseconds
 iii ➥ 902 nanoseconds
 iv ➥ 968 nanoseconds
Show Answer With Best Explanation
 Answer: III
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