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‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل‬
 🧐 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic methods. It was
(Q1) created by Sigmund Freud. Traditional psychoanalysis is no longer practiced because (Q2) it
is very slow and expensive. When we begin with this process, (Q3) we should begin with a
childhood memory or dream. (Q4) Most of the psychological problems are fed from repressed
impulses and conflicts while in childhood.
‫ ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤه ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬.‫ُﻳﻌﱠﺮف اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﻬﺬه‬.‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﻳﻤﺎرس ﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﻄﻲء وﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ﺳﻴﻐﻤﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮوﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪواﻓﻊ‬.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﺬﻛﺮى اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ أو اﻟﺤﻠﻢ‬،‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫واﻟﺼﺮاﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺒﻮﺗﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who is the psychologist who created ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺬي اﺑﺘﻜﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬:1‫س‬
psychoanalysis? ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ؟‬
A. Sigmund Freud ‫ ﺳﻴﻐﻤﻮﻧﺪ ﻓﺮوﻳﺪ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What are two characteristics of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺴﻤﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي؟‬:٢‫س‬
traditional psychoanalysis?
C. slow and expensive ‫ ﺑﻄﺊ وﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What things can psychoanalysis begin ‫ أي ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
with? ‫ﺑﻬﻤﺎ؟‬
D. a childhood memory or dream ‫ ذﻛﺮى اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ أو اﻟﺤﻠﻢ‬.‫د‬

Q4: What are two things from childhood ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﺬان ﻳﻐﺬﻳﺎن‬:٤‫س‬
feed psychological problems? ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ؟‬
D. repressed impulses and conflicts ‫ اﻟﺪواﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﻮﺗﺔ واﻟﺼﺮاﻋﺎت‬.‫د‬

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 ‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ☕‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The graph below shows coffee consumption throughout the given years. Look at it and‬‬
‫‪answer the questions.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How many gallons of coffee were‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻛﻢ ﺟﺎﻟﻮًﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪consumed in the US in 1945‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻋﺎم ‪1945‬؟‬
‫‪B. around 50 gallons‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 50‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن‬

‫‪Q2: In which year was the consumption of‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬
‫?‪coffee the lowest‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻬﻮة أﻗﻞ؟‬
‫‪A. 1995‬‬ ‫أ‪1995 .‬‬

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 🤑 ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The graph below shows the millionaires in different countries and their changes. Look at it
and answer the questions.
.‫ اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How many millionaires were there ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ‬:1‫س‬
after the decrease in Australia? ‫أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ؟‬
C. 998 thousand ‫ اﻟﻒ‬998 .‫ج‬

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 ‫اﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻨﺴﺐ 📈‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The graph below shows a bar chart and 2-line charts with percentages. Look at it and answer‬‬
‫‪the questions.‬‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وأﺟﺐ‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﺷﺮﻳﻄًﻴﺎ وﻣﺨﻄ ً‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه ﻣﺨﻄ ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In which year was the difference in‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ أﻗﻞ؟‬
‫?‪percentage the least‬‬
‫‪C. 2015‬‬ ‫ج‪2015 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: In which year was the difference in‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫?‪percentage the most‬‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ؟‬
‫‪A. 2016‬‬ ‫أ‪2016 .‬‬

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 📉 ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Over the last century, the population increased by a (Q3) huge rate. But in 2050, it is expected
to reach a (Q2) state of equilibrium with zero growth rate. In other words, (Q1) the population
will stay the same and that is when the demographics of structural change is stabilized.
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬،2050 ‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ زاد ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬
.‫ ﺳﻴﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‬.‫ﺗﻮازن‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How will the population stay the same ‫؟‬2050 ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎم‬:1‫س‬
in 2050?
C. when the demographics of structural ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬.‫ج‬
change is stabilized. .‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬

Q2: State of equilibrium means _____ ______ ‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬:2‫س‬

C. zero growth rate ‫ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺼﻔﺮي‬.‫ج‬

Q3: Meaning of rate? ‫ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل؟‬:3‫س‬

A. amount ‫ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

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 🪵 ‫ﺧﺸﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Nanowood is heat-insulating material made from wood. It usually (Q1) replaces Styrofoam
because Styrofoam has (Q2) have chemicals that line the cup and cause cancer. Therefore,
Styrofoam’s chemicals that may lead to cancer. That’s why Nanowood is a better alternative.
2- (Q3) Removing lignin from Nanowood improves the insulation greatly which is used a lot. It
can block impressive amount of heat without being damaged.

‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮوﻓﻮم ﻷن اﻟﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮوﻓﻮم‬.‫ ﺧﺸﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻣﺎدة ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬-1
‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮب وﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬
.‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أن ﺧﺸﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬.‫اﻟﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮوﻓﻮم ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺸﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻳﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﻌﺰل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻜﺜﺮة‬-2
.‫ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة دون أن ﻳﺘﻠﻒ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why do we replace Styrofoam? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧﺴﺘﺒﺪل اﻟﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮوﻓﻮم؟‬:1‫س‬
B. Because it has chemicals that line the cup ‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻜﺄس‬.‫ب‬
which are cancerous. .‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

Q2: What is one negative effect of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺘﺎﻳﺮوﻓﻮم؟‬:2‫س‬

Styrofoam?
B. It has chemicals that may lead to cancer. ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫ب‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬

Q3: What did the removal of lignin from ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻞ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮود؟‬:3‫س‬
Nanowood do?
C. It improved the insulation greatly. .‫ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺰل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: In paragraph (2), the word “impressive” _____ ‫( ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺒﻬﺮ" ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬2) ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:4‫س‬
means _____
A. extraordinary. .‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي‬.‫أ‬

‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬١ ‫ ﻟﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة‬:5‫س‬

Q5: The word “alternative” in paragraph 1 is
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ؟‬
closest in meaning to?
‫ ﺧﻴﺎر‬.‫ج‬
C. option

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 💧 ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Purity is a term that refers to cleanliness and being free from dirt. It is a legitimate
concern of countries and environment.
2- Sea water seems pure but it is not as pure as you think. That is why (Q4) filtering is used. It
was an ancient method used in cooking.
3- To have a pure thing, you have to (Q3) use methods of filtering to remove impure
substances.

.‫ إﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪان واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﻨﻘﺎء ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺨﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﺳﺎخ‬-1
‫ وﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﺮى اﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺒﺪو ﻧﻘًﻴﺎ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻘًﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬-2
.‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﺦ‬
.‫ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﺗﺒﺎع ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬-3

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does legitimate in passage (1) ‫(؟‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺷﺮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬:1‫س‬
mean?
C. lawful ‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What does the word “impure” in ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
passage (3) mean?
B. dirty ‫ ﻣﺘﺴﺨﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Why would you use the methods of ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮة؟‬:٣‫س‬
filtering?
B. to remove the impure substances ‫ ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺨﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What does the author say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻗﺎل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮة؟‬:٤‫س‬
filtering?
C. It is an ancient method used in cooking. .‫ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻬﻲ‬.‫ج‬

8
 ‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ♻‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪If you don’t have time and want to make a business then you can do reselling. Reselling is‬‬
‫‪very useful (Q1) as a lot of people buy online.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﻷن‬
‫إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﺎري‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺒﻴﻊ‪ .‬إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﺟ ً‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻳﺸﺘﺮون ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the author’s main purpose‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ؟‬
‫‪A. to explain‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫?‪Q2: Why do people resell‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺒﻴﻊ؟‬

‫‪C. Because a lot of people buy online.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻷن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺸﺘﺮون ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 📦 ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺰون وﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Stock control is used to show how much stock you have at any time. There are three
(Q1)stages of production. The first is (Q3) primary which closely relates to the secondary sector.
Then there is the (Q2) Tertiary level which most of the developing countries are in.
‫ اﻷول ﻫﻮ‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج‬.‫ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ‬
‫ ﺛﻢ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬.‫ﻃﺎ وﺛﻴًﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‬
ً ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ارﺗﺒﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the purpose of this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. to explain the stages of production .‫ ﻟﺸﺮح ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬.‫أ‬

Q2: In which sector are the developing ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﻗﻄﺎع ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬
countries?
B. tertiary ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Which stage is the secondary sector ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬:3‫س‬
related to? ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي؟‬
A. primary ‫ اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻲ‬.‫أ‬

10
 ‫اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات 🌶‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪1- A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring or‬‬
‫‪coloring food. Spices are popular across the globe.‬‬
‫‪2- (Q1) In Europe, spices are in high demand. One (Q2) interesting fact is that previously in‬‬
‫‪Europe, they used spices in medicine.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮاﺑﻞ أو ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات ﻫﻲ ﺑﺬرة أو ﻓﺎﻛﻬﺔ أو ﺟﺬر أو ﻟﺤﺎء أو أي ﻣﺎدة ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺳﺎ ً‬
‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪ .‬اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات‪ .‬اﺣﺪ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻫﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What is the main idea of paragraph‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة )‪(2‬؟‬
‫?)‪(2‬‬
‫‪C. Spices are in high demand in Europe.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What was an interesting fact said by‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?)‪the author in paragraph (2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(2‬؟‬
‫‪B. Spices were used in medicine in Europe.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ⛽ ‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Natural gas is a fossil energy source that formed deep beneath the earth's surface. Usually,
(Q1) sulfur is removed because it is a dangerous element; though scientists think it may not
be as dangerous as people think.
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻷﻧﻪ‬،‫ ﻋﺎدة‬.‫اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﺣﻔﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﴼ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬
.‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ؛ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪون أﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮرة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the reason sulfur is removed? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. It is dangerous. .‫ إﻧﻪ أﻣﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which word can we use to replace the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬:2‫س‬
word "though"? ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ"؟‬
A. however ‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫أ‬

12
 🥫 ‫ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
In ancient times, people (Q1) couldn’t preserve food since mold was coming from them when
kept for a long time. After some time, (Q2) the French found a solution to this problem, which
is canning. In this process, you need to (Q3) tighten the can so bacteria can’t enter.
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻷن اﻟﻌﻔﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬
.‫ أﻻ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﺐ‬،‫ﻼ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
ً ‫ وﺟﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮن ﺣ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
.‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺷﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What was the problem of preserving ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم؟‬:1‫س‬
food?
B. Mold was coming from it. .‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﻔﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: How did the French find a solution to ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮن إﻟﻰ ﺣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬
the problem?
B. canning .‫ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: How does canning work? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﺐ؟‬:3‫س‬

B. tighten cans so bacteria can’t enter. .‫ ﺷﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﺐ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬.‫ب‬

13
 ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ 💽‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪1- Shareware and Freeware are both types of (Q1) free computer software. Shareware is often‬‬
‫‪confused with freeware, but they have two distinctly different purposes.‬‬
‫‪2- (Q2) Freeware is copyrighted software that is available at no cost or trial for unlimited‬‬
‫‪usage. While shareware has a limited version of the software for which you pay after a trail.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻏﺮﺿﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎن ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ أو ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪود‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺻﺪار ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?)‪Q1: What is the main idea of paragraph (1‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة )‪(1‬؟‬
‫‪C. free Software types‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺮة‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What did the author say is the difference‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎذا ﻗﺎل اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ؟‬
‫?‪between the both types‬‬
‫‪A. Shareware has a trial and you pay after it‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ وﺗﺪﻓﻊ‬
‫‪ends and freeware is doesn’t have a trial.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻬﺎ وﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ 🪙‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Ali was walking by a stall and saw an inexpensive item and bought it but it turned out to be a‬‬
‫‪jewelry.‬‬
‫ﺼﺎ واﺷﺘﺮاه وﻟﻜﻦ اﺗﻀﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻮﻫﺮات‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺠﻮار ﻛﺸﻚ ورأى ﻋﻨﺼًﺮا رﺧﻴ ً‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does the underlined word‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ" اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ؟‬
‫?‪“inexpensive” mean‬‬
‫‪C. cheap‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬رﺧﻴﺼﺔ‬

‫‪15‬‬
 ‫ﻋﺪة ﺳﻴﺎرات 🏎‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪My friend bought multiple cars and he drives one each day.‬‬
‫اﺷﺘﺮى ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ ﻋﺪة ﺳﻴﺎرات وﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻮد ﺳﻴﺎرة واﺣﺪة ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does the underlined word‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة" اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫?‪“multiple” mean‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂ؟‬
‫‪B. many‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬

‫‪16‬‬
 📊 ‫ﺳﻜﺎن ﺑﻨﺠﻼدﻳﺶ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Bangladesh’s population has been increasing especially in urban areas where the population
is 60 million. But in (Q1) rural areas it is 102 million. The (Q2) population is recorded by
International Organization for Migration.
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‬60 ‫ﻳﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن ﺑﻨﺠﻼدﻳﺶ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮة‬.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬102 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the population in rural areas? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﺮﻳﻒ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. 102 million ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬102 .‫أ‬

Q2: Which organization is recording the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن؟‬:2‫س‬

population?
B. International Organization for Migration ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮة‬.‫ب‬

17
 💳 ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The debt in America has been increasing (Q1) because there is a mismatch between spending
and revenues. The percentage of debts (Q2) increased from 78% to 96% which is the highest
increase.
٪96 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬٪78 ‫ ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺪﻳﻮن ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻳﺘﺰاﻳﺪ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق واﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪات‬
.‫وﻫﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ زﻳﺎدة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The reason behind the increase of debt _____ ‫ ﺳﺒﺐ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺪﻳﻮن ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬:1‫س‬
is America is _____
C. mismatch between spending and ‫ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق واﻹﻳﺮادات‬.‫ج‬
revenues.

Q2: What is the percentage of the highest ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ زﻳﺎدة دﻳﻮن ﻓﻲ‬:2‫س‬
debt increase in America? ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ؟‬
A. 18% ٪18 .‫أ‬

18
 💰 ‫اﻟﺪﺧﻞ واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) A high-income society is a society that has enough money for its necessities such as
water and food. But it also face health problems because of weight gain and not enough
movement.
2- On the other hand, a low income society doesn’t have money, so they face health issues
(Q2) because they have scarce food and no clean water.

.‫ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺬي ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻐﺬاء‬-1
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻮزن وﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ً ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻮن أﻳ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻮن ﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻷن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬،‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺎل‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-2
.‫ﻃﻌﺎًﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﻴﺎه ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the common thing mentioned ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ؟‬:1‫س‬
for both societies?
B. Both have health issues. ‫ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the cause of health issues in ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‬:2‫س‬
low-income societies? ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ؟‬
A. no clean water and scarce food ‫ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻴﺎه ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ وﻧﺪرة اﻟﻐﺬاء‬.‫أ‬

19
 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ 🔫‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The graph below shows global murder rates. Look at it and answer the questions:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻪ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How many murders per 100,000 people‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 100‬أﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪happened in Europe in 2005‬‬ ‫أوروﺑﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪2005‬؟‬
‫‪B. 2.5‬‬ ‫ب‪2.5 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: How many murders per 100,000 people‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 100‬أﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫?‪happened in Asia in 2015‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻓﻲ آﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2015‬؟‬
‫‪D. 3‬‬ ‫د‪3 .‬‬

‫‪Q3: How many homicides per 100,000‬‬ ‫س ‪ :3‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 100‬أﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪people happened in Africa in 2005‬‬ ‫إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪2005‬؟‬
‫‪C. 7‬‬ ‫ج‪7 .‬‬

‫‪Q4: What was the homicide rate per‬‬ ‫س ‪ :4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 100‬أﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫?‪100,000 people in Europe in 2010‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪2010‬؟‬
‫‪B. 2‬‬ ‫ب‪2 .‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ 🍔‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪After carrying out a survey about fast food restaurants, we can clearly notice that (Q1) KFC is‬‬
‫‪the most visited restaurant by adults while Macdonald’s is the most visited by kids.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء اﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎن ﺣﻮل ﻣﻄﺎﻋﻢ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح أن ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﻲ ﻓﺮاﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﻜﻦ ﻫﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻌﻢ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ زﻳﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﺪوﻧﺎﻟﺪز ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻄﻌﻢ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ زﻳﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What is the most visited restaurant by the‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻄﻌﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺬﻫﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫?‪adults‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ؟‬
‫‪A. K.F.C.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬دﺟﺎج ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
 ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮم ﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ 📩‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Tom: Hi, Roger. I hope you are fine. I was thinking if we could meet next weekend. (Q1) Can I‬‬
‫‪come to you? We can (Q3) have dinner Friday night and then go to see a movie. Anyway, don’t‬‬
‫‪forget (Q2) to reply before Thursday.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮم‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣًﺒﺎ روﺟﺮ‪ .‬اﺗﻤﻨﻰ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺨﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺖ أﻓﻜﺮ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺗﻲ اﻟﻴﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻌﺸﺎء ﻟﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ واﻟﺬﻫﺎب ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﻓﻴﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺲ اﻟﺮد‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻳﻮم اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1. What did Tom ask Roger‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺳﺄل ﺗﻮم روﺟﺮ؟‬
‫?‪A. Can I visit you at the weekend‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﻲ زﻳﺎرﺗﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع؟‬

‫?‪Q2. What did Tom want Roger to do‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎذا أراد ﺗﻮم ﻣﻦ روﺟﺮ أن ﻳﻔﻌﻞ؟‬
‫‪D. to reply‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﺮد‪.‬‬

‫?‪Q3: When is the dinner‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬ﻣﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﺸﺎء؟‬

‫‪C. Friday night‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ⏰‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪First, I wake up around 7:30 am. Then, I get ready. Next, I have my breakfast. Finally, I go to‬‬
‫‪my class which (Q1) starts at 9:00am.‬‬
‫أوًﻻ‪ ،‬أﺳﺘﻴﻘﻆ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪ 7:30‬ﺻﺒﺎ ً‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ أﺳﺘﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﺖ إﻓﻄﺎري‪ .‬أﺧﻴًﺮا أذﻫﺐ إﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﻲ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪ 9:٠0‬ﺻﺒﺎ ً‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What time is the class‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ؟‬
‫‪A. It's 9 a.m.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﺻﺒﺎ ً‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫ﺻﻮرة ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ⚠‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: This sign means not to‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻻ ؟‬
‫‪B. smoke‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ‬

‫‪24‬‬
 ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ 🕑‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The (Q1) professor expects that everyone works long hours as he does.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ أن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Who works long hours‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. the professor‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ‬

‫‪25‬‬
 🧪 ‫ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A chemist named Mendeleev was working with another scientist who wrote (Q1) a text book
called “Principles of Chemistry”.
".‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ُﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻣﻨﺪﻳﻠﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ آﺧﺮ أﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎًﺑﺎ ﻧﺼًﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان "ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What did the second scientist do? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. He wrote a textbook. .‫ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻛﺘﺎًﺑﺎ دراﺳﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

26
 📈 ‫اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The impact of (Q1) globalization on limiting poverty rates, has increasingly become the focus
of attention of (Q2) the Global governments and their great powers.
Globalization was invented (Q3) long time ago. It is the process by which people and goods
move easily across borders. (Q4) For example: the Indian plants and food, (Q5) also pepper and
spicy food from North and South America, (Q6) antique, (Q7) herbs and (Q8) artifacts from China
and the Arabian Peninsula are supplied by local companies to foreign industries companies
supply. (Q9) It helps spreading globalization.

‫ﻟﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻂ اﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
.‫وﻗﻮاﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬
‫ وﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺮك ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص واﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬،‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ واﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ‬:‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود‬
‫ واﻟﺘﺤﻒ واﻷﻋﺸﺎب واﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ وﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬،‫اﻟﺤﺎرة ﻣﻦ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮرﻳﺪ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬

27
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What limits poverty rates? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻔﻘﺮ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. globalization ‫ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The great power of the passage refers to? ‫ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ؟‬:2‫س‬
B. global government ‫ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: When did the Globalization start? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ؟‬:3‫س‬

A. long time ago ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ وﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Why was Indian food or "plant" ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﻢ ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﻬﻨﺪي أو "اﻟﻨﺒﺎت"؟‬:4‫س‬
mentioned?
D. as an example ‫ ﻛﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫د‬

Q5: Where does pepper /spicy food come ‫ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺤﺎر؟‬/ ‫ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ‬:5‫س‬
from?
A. North and South America ‫ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What does the word (antique) mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻋﺘﻴﻖ(؟‬:6‫س‬
C. old ‫ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: What does ''herbs'' mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "أﻋﺸﺎب"؟‬:٧‫س‬

D. plants ‫ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫د‬

Q8: The origin of artifacts and antiques: :‫ أﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻮﻻت واﻟﺘﺤﻒ‬:8‫س‬

C. China and the Arabian Peninsula. .‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ وﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q9: What do you think “it'' refers to? ‫ ﺑﺮأﻳﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﻮ"؟‬:9‫س‬
D. one of the countries mentioned ‫ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة‬.‫د‬

Q10: If the text is completed, what will it talk ‫ إذا اﻛﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻓﻤﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ؟‬:10‫س‬
about?
C. about the importance of globalization today ‫ ﺣﻮل أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﻴﻮم‬.‫ج‬

28
 ‫اﻟﺪوﺣﺔ 🏠‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Ahmed lived in Bahrain 2 years ago, then (Q1) he moved to Doha and lived there for 10 years,‬‬
‫‪and now he lives there.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎش أﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ اﻧﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪوﺣﺔ وﻋﺎش ﻫﻨﺎك ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮات‪ ،‬واﻵن ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻫﻨﺎك‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the correct sentence‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. Ahmed has been living in Doha for 10 years.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻴﺶ أﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوﺣﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ 10‬ﺳﻨﻮات‪.‬‬

‫‪29‬‬
 🩸 ‫اﻻﻧﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
There was a study made in Britain. It discussed that most of the immigrants from India are
the ones who have anaemia. It also mentioned that the cause of the infection is (Q1) Vitamin
B12 deficiency and eating too many dry fruits.
‫ ﻧﺎﻗﺸﺖ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺮ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك دراﺳﺔ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎن‬
.‫ وﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ‬12‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮت أن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ب‬.‫اﻟﺪم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What causes anaemia? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺮ اﻟﺪم؟‬:1‫س‬
A. Vitamin B12 deficiency and eating too ‫ وﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر‬12 ‫ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ب‬.‫أ‬
many dry fruits ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ‬

30
 ⛽ ‫اﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The speaker announced that “The government decided to reduce its production (Q2) to
increase the price of gas”and he added that (Q2) he believed that it was a good sign. On the
other hand, they used less gasoline in 2008 (Q3) because it became very expensive.
.‫وأﻋﻠﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث أن "اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺮرت ﺧﻔﺾ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻐﺎز" وأﺿﺎف أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺟﻴﺪ‬
.‫ ﻷﻧﻪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻜﻠًﻔﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬2008 ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا ﻛﻤﻴﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why did the government reduce ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺧﻔﻀﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج؟‬:1‫س‬
production?
D. Because they wanted to increase the .‫ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ أرادوا زﻳﺎدة ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻐﺎز‬.‫د‬
price of gas.

Q2: What was the reaction of the speaker? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ رد ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث؟‬:2‫س‬

C. He thought it was a good sign. .‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‬.‫ج‬

Q3: Why did they use less gasoline in 2008? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا ﻛﻤﻴﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ‬:3‫س‬
‫؟‬2008 ‫ﻋﺎم‬
D. Gasoline became very expensive. .‫ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻫﻆ اﻟﺜﻤﻦ‬.‫د‬

31
 🌨 ‫ﺟﻮ اﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪا‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A man wrote an article about the weather in Iceland (Q1) to give information about the
weather for everyone who wanted to go to a particular city. This man always travels in the
summer to places by the sea, (Q2) where he relaxes. But last year he decided to travel to
Iceland.
He knew that it was cold and rainy. But when he arrived there, it got colder and rainier and
(Q3) he didn’t expect that to happen. He said that he couldn’t see the sun, and the (Q4) rain

continued for 7 continuous days. That’s why he couldn’t see (Q5) it.
He went on a tour with a group of people, and a tour guide was with them to teach them (Q8)
how to keep their things dry, not (Q6) dabble. He was (Q7) exhausted but he learned a lot from
the guide. The last 4 days (Q9) the weather changed. It became sunny and he was so happy.

‫ﻛﺘﺐ رﺟﻞ ﻣﻘﺎًﻟﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻓﻲ أﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪا ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺬﻫﺎب إﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺮر اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺗﺎح‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺟﻞ داﺋ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻔﺮ إﻟﻰ أﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪا‬
‫ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺠﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة وأﻣﻄﺎًرا وﻟﻢ‬،‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ وﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﺠﻮ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺎرًدا وﻣﻤﻄًﺮا‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻢ‬.‫ أﻳﺎم ﻣﺘﻮاﺻﻠﺔ‬7 ‫ ﻗﺎل إﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ واﺳﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺪوث ذﻟﻚ‬
.‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ رؤﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ذﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص وﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﺮﺷﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﻲ وﻋّﻠﻤﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻳﺎم اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺮﻫًﻘﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬.‫أﻏﺮاﺿﻬﻢ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ وﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ‬
.‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ﺪا ﺟ‬
ً ‫ﺴﺎ وﻛﺎن ﺳﻌﻴ‬
ً ‫ وأﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺠﻮ ﻣﺸﻤ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬

32
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why did the writer talk about the weather? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﺤﺪث اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. He wanted to give information about the ‫ أراد ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‬.‫أ‬
weather for everyone who wanted to go to a .‫اﻟﺬﻫﺎب إﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
particular city.

Q2: What does the man do every summer? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻴﻒ؟‬:2‫س‬
C. relaxing .‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎء‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What is correct from the following? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ؟‬:3‫س‬

B. The man was not ready for the weather. .‫ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪا ﻟﻠﻄﻘﺲ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What did you understand from paragraph ‫ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ؟‬2 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة رﻗﻢ‬:4‫س‬
number 2 about the weather?
A. It rained for a week. .‫ أﻣﻄﺮت ﻟﻤﺪة أﺳﺒﻮع‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What does “it " refer to? ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺸﻴﺮ "ﻫﻲ"؟‬:5‫س‬
D. the Sun ‫ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬.‫د‬

Q6: What does “dabble “mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺒﻠﻞ"؟‬:6‫س‬

C. wet ‫ اﻟﺮﻃﺐ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: What does “exhausted " mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ "اﻹرﻫﺎق"؟‬:7‫س‬

B. tired ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q8: What did the man and the people with him ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ وﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻪ؟‬:8‫س‬
learn?
D. how to keep their objects dry .‫ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻏﺮاﺿﻬﻢ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q9: Why was he happy in the last days? ‫ﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻷﻳﺎم اﻷﺧﻴﺮة؟‬
ً ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎن ﺳﻌﻴ‬:9‫س‬
A. Because the weather improved. .‫ ﻷن اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q10: Choose a title for the passage? ‫ اﺧﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:10‫س‬

C. In difficult times, you learn new things. .‫ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ أﺷﻴﺎء ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‬.‫ج‬

33
 ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ 📚‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Students have to (Q1) work hard every day to achieve their goals.‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺠﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: How often do students have to work‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮة ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟‬
‫‪C. every day‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم‬

‫‪34‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻴﺸﺮت ادﻳﺪاس 👕‬
‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What happened to the T-shirt‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺣﺪث ﻟﻠﻘﻤﻴﺺ؟‬
‫‪D. It became cheaper.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬أﺻﺒﺢ أرﺧﺺ‪.‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
 ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة 📝‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The difference between the Historic period and the Prehistoric period is that people (Q1) didn’t‬‬
‫‪know how to read or write in the Prehistoric period.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ وﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮا ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺮاءة أو اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: People in the prehistoric period:‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﻮر ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‪:‬‬
‫‪B. couldn't read.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن اﻟﻘﺮاءة‪.‬‬

‫‪36‬‬
 🏜 ‫اﻟﻌﺮب واﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The Arabs were originally the former people of the Arabian Desert. While the Portuguese
(Q1)

origins are predominantly from Southern and Western Europe

‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻮد أﺻﻮل اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺮب ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻮن‬
.‫ﺟﻨﻮب وﻏﺮب أوروﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who were the former people of the ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ أﻫﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻷواﺋﻞ؟‬:1‫س‬
Arabian Desert?
C. the Arabs ‫ اﻟﻌﺮب‬.‫ج‬

37
 ‫اﻟﻮرق 📃‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Only in my leisure time I like to do origami with paper. Any paper can be used for origami as‬‬
‫‪long as it's thin and flexible.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ أوﻗﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏﻲ أﺣﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻷورﻳﺠﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻮرق‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أي ورق ﻟﻸورﻳﺠﺎﻣﻲ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ رﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫وﻣﺮن‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?”‪Q1: What is meant by “leisure‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ "اﻟﻔﺮاغ"؟‬
‫‪B. free‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺿﻲ‬

‫‪38‬‬
 🥇 ‫اﻟﺬﻫﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Gold does not rust due to its wonderful qualities. Gold is considered the most (Q1) important
metal in jewellery making.
.‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺬﻫﺐ أﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﺪن ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻮﻫﺮات‬.‫اﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪأ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻮاص راﺋﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the most important use of gold? ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻫﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻠﺬﻫﺐ؟‬:1‫س‬
D. jewellery ‫ ﻣﺠﻮﻫﺮات‬.‫د‬

39
 ‫اﻟﻬﻮاء واﻟﻤﺎء 🌊‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Air and water are essential for human life.‬‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮاء واﻟﻤﺎء ﺿﺮورﻳﺎن ﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is meant by Essential‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﻣﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ؟‬
‫‪B. necessary‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺿﺮوري‬

‫‪40‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم 🍪‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Food enters the mouth, then it passes through the digestive system into (Q1) the stomach.‬‬
‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﻔﻢ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻀﻢ وﻳﺬﻫﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1. Where does the food go‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬أﻳﻦ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم؟‬
‫‪A. stomach‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬

‫‪41‬‬
 🦉 ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Jack’s voice began forceful and then lost purpose - as if he thought it is wiser not to express
what was on his mind.
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺪور ﻓﻲ‬- ‫ﺑﺪأ ﺻﻮت ﺟﺎك ﻗﻮﻳﴼ ﺛﻢ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻟﻬﺪف‬
.‫ذﻫﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1. What does the word “forceful” mean ? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻗﻮي"؟‬:1‫س‬
B. powerful ‫ ﻗﻮي‬.‫ب‬

Q2. What does the word “express “mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﻌﺒﺮ"؟‬.2‫س‬
C. explain ‫ ﻳﺸﺮح‬.‫ج‬

42
 💉 ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻟﻘﺎح‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Someone discovered the vaccine, and tried it on his family. The first one was (Q1) his mother,
then his sister and his dad. But his brother refused to take the vaccine.
.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﻘﻴﻘﻪ رﻓﺾ أﺧﺬ اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬.‫ أوﻟﻬﻢ واﻟﺪﺗﻪ ﺛﻢ أﺧﺘﻪ وواﻟﺪه‬.‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻠﻘﺎح وﺟﺮﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺮﺗﻪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How many people was the vaccine tried ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬:1‫س‬
on? ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ؟‬
C. three ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬.‫ج‬

43
 ‫اﻻﻋﺼﺎر 🌪‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Tropical cyclones are rapidly rotating storms. Their violent winds, torrential rain, high‬‬
‫)‪(Q1‬‬

‫‪waves can affect the equilibrium levels of the weather.‬‬

‫اﻷﻋﺎﺻﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻮاﺻﻒ ﺗﺪور ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺮﻳﺎﺣﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻷﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮة‪ ،‬واﻷﻣﻮاج اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ أن‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺗﻮازن اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: “Their" refers to‬‬ ‫س‪" :1‬ﻫﻢ" ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ؟‬
‫‪D. tropical cyclones‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻷﻋﺎﺻﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارﻳﺔ‬

‫?”‪Q2: What is meant by “equilibrium‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮازن؟‬

‫‪A. balance‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻮازن‬

‫‪44‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻐﺮاب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪A New Zealand scientist has found yet more evidence about crows. That they might be the‬‬
‫‪smartest birds on the planet.‬‬
‫اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻧﻴﻮزﻳﻠﻨﺪي اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدﻟﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎن‪ .‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن أذﻛﻰ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What does “they” refer to‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﻢ"؟‬
‫‪C. crows‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎن‬

‫‪45‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي 🍲‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Traditional food started to gradually disappeared. And to provide what the body needs from‬‬
‫‪nutrients, we must eat real food. Eating traditional food helps to avoid many health issues.‬‬
‫‪Luckily (Q1) traditional food is becoming to be popular again.‬‬
‫اﺧﺘﻔﻰ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴﴼ‪ .‬وﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺄﻛﻞ ﻃﻌﺎًﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘًﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺤﻆ‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﺷﺎﺋ ً‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Traditional food:‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻃﻌﺎم ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪي‪:‬‬
‫‪B. is popular again.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫‪46‬‬
 ☕ ‫اﻟﺸﺎي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Today we are going to learn how to make tea:
First: Heat the water to just about the (Q1) boiling point.
Second: Add your tea bag to your pot or cup.
Third: pour the water directly onto the tea bags.
Fourth: Stir the tea and remove the tea bags.
Your tea is now ready to drink!
:‫ﺳﻨﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺸﺎي‬
.‫ ﺳﺨﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺣﺘﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎن‬:‫أوًﻻ‬
.‫ أﺿﻒ ﻛﻴﺲ اﻟﺸﺎي إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء أو اﻟﻜﻮب‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧًﻴﺎ‬
.‫ ﺻﺐ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺸﺎي‬:‫ﺛﺎﻟًﺜﺎ‬
.‫ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﺎي واﻧﺰع أﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺸﺎي‬:‫ﻌﺎ‬ً ‫راﺑ‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺎي اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ ﺟﺎﻫﺰ اﻵن ﻟﻠﺸﺮب‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: _____ is mentioned in the first step. .‫ ______ ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬:1‫س‬
A. Boiling ‫ اﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎن‬.‫أ‬

47
 ‫رﺟﻞ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ 🍟‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Adam Richman is a man who lives in Australia. His hobby is to find the location of the best‬‬
‫‪dinner across the country, and films it. (Q1) He loves food and enjoys it so much.‬‬
‫آدم رﻳﺘﺸﻤﺎن‪ ،‬رﺟﻞ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﻮاﻳﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺒﻼد‪ ،‬وﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮه‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺐ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم وﻳﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮا!‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫?‪Q1: What does he like‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺤﺐ؟‬

‫‪C. He likes food.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺐ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪.‬‬

‫?‪Q2: What does "location" mean‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ"؟‬

‫‪A. place‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻣﻜﺎن‬

‫‪48‬‬
 📧 ‫اﻻﻳﻤﻴﻞ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Michael was travelling to Riyadh to renew his accommodation and on the same day he
received an email regarding the job he had applied for.
The (Q2) plane flies at 1:00 pm and the interview was at 12:00. Michael decided that he would
(Q4) have the interview in the airport.

He had to go to work first but (Q3) he didn’t want to spend 50 riyals on a taxi. So, he asked his
friend Ahmed (Q5) to drive him to work.

‫ﺪا إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧًﻴﺎ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬

ً ‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓًﺮا إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻳﺎض ﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ إﻗﺎﻣﺘﻪ وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻴﻮم ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﺑﺮﻳ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻟﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﻗﺮر ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ أﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺠﺮي اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﺎر‬.12:00 ‫ ﻇﻬﺮا وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬1:00 ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ أﺣﻤﺪ‬.‫ رﻳﺎًﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺎرة أﺟﺮة‬50 ‫ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أن ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ أوًﻻ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ إﻧﻔﺎق‬
.‫أن ﻳﻘﻮده إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

49
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does “accommodation " mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "اﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ"؟‬:1‫س‬
C. home (stay) (‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل )اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‬.‫ج‬

Q2: How did he travel to Riyadh? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻳﺎض؟‬:2‫س‬

D. by plane ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬.‫د‬

Q3: Why did he not want to use a taxi? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻻ ﻳﺮد اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﻴﺎرة أﺟﺮة؟‬:3‫س‬
B. So that he did not have to spend 50 riyals. .‫ رﻳﺎًﻻ‬50 ‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ إﻟﻰ إﻧﻔﺎق‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Where was their interview? ‫ أﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺘﻬﻢ؟‬:4‫س‬

D. in the airport ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﺎر‬.‫د‬

Q5: What did Michael ask Ahmed to do? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺣﻤﺪ أن ﻳﻔﻌﻞ؟‬:5‫س‬
A. to take him to work .‫ ﻟﻴﺄﺧﺬه إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫أ‬

50
 📉 ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Any investor has to decide his main goal for his investments. A crucial plan must be put and
worked on. Knowing your ability and willingness to take risk along with your time horizon is
the key to determining how much risk you should take-before you invest.
‫ إن‬.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ وﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ أن ﻳﻘﺮر ﻫﺪﻓﻪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﺪرﺗﻚ واﺳﺘﻌﺪادك ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ أﻓﻘﻚ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the writer doing in the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1‫س‬
D. giving information ‫ إﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.‫د‬

Q2: What does the word “crucial” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﺎﺳﻢ"؟‬:2‫س‬
C. important ‫ ﻣﻬﻢ‬.‫ج‬

51
 💪 ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to influence and guide
followers or other members. The most important skill in leadership and administration in
general (Q1) is delegation of employees. Some (Q2) types of leadership are: Aristocratic
leadership where the leader takes full authority and assumes full responsibility and
Democratic leadership where the leader encourages participation in decision-making.
‫ إن أﻫﻢ ﻣﻬﺎرة‬.‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻔﺮد أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﻴﻦ أو اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻷرﺳﺘﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬:‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻫﻲ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة واﻹدارة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
.‫ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺮار‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the most important skill in ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻫﻢ ﻣﻬﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة واﻹدارة؟‬:1‫س‬
leadership and administration?
B. delegation of employees ‫ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:2‫س‬
C. types of leadership ‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‬.‫ج‬

52
 ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺎل 💵‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Khalid travelled to Russia to study. He lives in a student dorm where college or university‬‬
‫‪students live. He (Q1) lacks money so he works as a part-time employee in KFC.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ روﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻜﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻃﻼب اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎل ﻟﺬا ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﺪوام ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﻛﻲ ﻓﺮاﻳﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﻜﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Khalid is not happy because he lacks:‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﻌﻴﺪا ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻘﺼﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪D. money‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺎل‪.‬‬

‫‪53‬‬
 🐮 ‫ذﺑﺢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Killing farm animals for supplying us with meat is a (Q4) normal action but applied in different
ways which sometimes (Q4) can be harmful. Killing by (Q1) free bullet is commonly used in
America and this can (Q2) cause disruption in the ecological balance. Meanwhile, some
cultures in Africa and Asia (Q3) slaughter animals while conscious like Saudi Arabia.
‫إن ﻗﺘﻞ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺤﻮم ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ ﻳﺸﻴﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎص اﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺿﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬
‫ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ وآﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﺬﺑﺢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬،‫ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬.‫ﺣﺪوث ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
.‫وﻫﻲ واﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does American use to kill animals? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن ﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت؟‬:1‫س‬
B. bullet .‫ رﺻﺎص‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Killing animals using bullets can cause? ‫ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺎص ﻳﺴﺒﺐ؟‬:2‫س‬
D. disruption in the ecological balance. .‫ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What does Saudi Arabia do? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ؟‬:3‫س‬

B. slaughters animals ‫ ذﺑﺢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What is the general idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:4‫س‬
A. Killing animals for meat is normal actions ‫ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم ﻫﻮ أﻓﻌﺎل‬.‫أ‬
that can turn into dangerous results. .‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة‬

54
 ‫اﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ 🌻‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Memory is the power to gather roses in winter.‬‬
‫اﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺎت ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻮرود ﻓﻲ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء‪) .‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ان ﺗﺠﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻮرد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﻓﻬﻮ ﺷﻲء ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺻﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﺗﺬﻛﺮ اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ(‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What do you understand from this‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﻴﺎن؟‬
‫?‪statement‬‬
‫‪C. Good memories help in solving problems.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪55‬‬
 🌋 ٧٩ ‫ﻛﺎرﺛﺔ ﻋﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
In year 79, a huge eruption from Mount Vesuvius volcano showered over the city of Pompeii
in Europe. It was very strong (Q3) because it continued for years without stopping. We feel
very regretful for the losses whenever we hold a retrospect of the event. Mostly the younger
generation transferred all (Q2) the details about this remorseful event.
‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﺟ‬.‫ ﺣﺪث ﺛﻮران ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻛﺎن ﺟﺒﻞ ﻓﻴﺰوف ﻓﻮق ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﻮﻣﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‬،79 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻧﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻒ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻢ‬.‫ﻷﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺴﻨﻮات دون ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬
. ‫اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب ﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺣﻮل ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﻤﺆﺳﻒ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What do we understand from the pronoun ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻧﺤﻦ"؟‬:1‫س‬
"We”?
A. the speaker and all those who share the same ‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث وﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺎرﻛﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬.‫أ‬
feeling

Q2: What do we understand from the word ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﻟﺸﺒﺎب"؟‬:2‫س‬
"younger”?
B. people who gave information about the ‫ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮا ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ‬.‫ب‬
eruption ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬

Q3: Why was the eruption strong in year 79? ‫؟‬79 ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺜﻮران ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬:3‫س‬
D. Because it continued for a long period. .‫ ﻷﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q4: What does “retrospect” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ "اﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ"؟‬:4‫س‬

C. looking back and remembering ‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮراء واﻟﺘﺬﻛﺮ‬.‫ج‬

56
 🧯 ‫رﺟﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻓﺊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
(Q1) Mike is a firefighter. One day, there was a huge fire in the forest. Mike went there and
found that the greedy (Q3) fire was like flaming monsters eating trees. He heard a person
calling for help from the forest so he wanted to save him but when he arrived (Q4) his arm was
hurt by fire so he could NOT save him. But (Q5) a man came and helped Mike to carry the man.
Mike was amazed by his courage. As the (Q8) fire continued to expand, (Q6) the firefighter
decided to extinguish it by firebreak. After (Q7) successfully extinguishing it, Mike was happy.
However, he was tired (Q9) because he worked hard and did a lot of things. People discovered
that Mike (Q10) cared about others a lot.
‫ ذﻫﺐ ﻣﺎﻳﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻫﻨﺎك ووﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻨﺎر اﻟﺠﺸﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫ اﻧﺪﻟﻊ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ‬،‫ ذات ﻳﻮم‬.‫ﻣﺎﻳﻚ رﺟﻞ اﻃﻔﺎء‬
‫ﺼﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أراد إﻧﻘﺎذه وﻟﻜﻦ‬
ً ‫ ﺳﻤﻊ ﺷﺨ‬.‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﻮش اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻌﻠﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬
.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺟﺎء رﺟﻞ وﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬.‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ وﺻﻞ أﺻﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﻨﻴﺮان ذراﻋﻪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ إﻧﻘﺎذه‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬.‫ ﻗﺮر رﺟﻞ اﻹﻃﻔﺎء إﺧﻤﺎده ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫اﻧﺪﻫﺶ ﻣﺎﻳﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺘﻪ‬
‫ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ‬.‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻌًﺒﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺠﺪ وﻗﺎم ﺑﺄﺷﻴﺎء ﻛﺜﻴﺮة‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺪا‬ ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻚ ﺳﻌﻴ‬،‫إﻃﻔﺎءه ﺑﻨﺠﺎح‬
. ‫اﻟﻨﺎس أن ﻣﺎﻳﻚ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا‬

57
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is Mike’s job? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻚ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. firefighter .‫ رﺟﻞ اﻃﻔﺎء‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What does the underlined word “greedy” ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺟﺸﻊ" اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ؟‬:2‫س‬
mean?
B. wants more .‫ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: The underlined expression “flaming ‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ "اﻟﻮﺣﻮش‬:3‫س‬
monsters” refers to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻌﻠﺔ" إﻟﻰ‬
A. the fire. .‫ اﻟﻨﺎر‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Why could he NOT save the one who was ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ إﻧﻘﺎذ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة؟‬:4‫س‬
calling for help?
A. Because his arm was hurt. .‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ذراﻋﻪ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What does the underlined pronoun “his” ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ "ﻟﻪ"؟‬:5‫س‬
refers to?
B. a man ‫ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: What did they do to extinguish the fire? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻠﻮا ﻹﻃﻔﺎء اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ؟‬:6‫س‬
A. made a firebreak .‫ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫أ‬

Q7: Why was Mike happy? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻚ ﺳﻌﻴﺪا؟‬:7‫س‬

B. He succeeded in extinguishing the fire. .‫ ﻧﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ إﻃﻔﺎء اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫ب‬

Q8: What does the underlined pronoun “it” ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ "ﻫﻮ"؟‬:8‫س‬
refer to?
D. fire ‫ اﻟﻨﺎر‬.‫د‬

Q9: Why was Mike tired/exhausted? ‫ ﻣﺮﻫًﻘﺎ؟‬/ ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﻳﻚ ﻣﺘﻌًﺒﺎ‬:9‫س‬
A. Because he did a lot of things to fight the .‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫أ‬
fire.

Q10: What did the people discover about ‫ ﻣﺎذا اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎﻳﻚ؟‬:10‫س‬
Mike?
B. He cared about others. .‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ب‬

58
 ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎت 🗣‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Arabic language is a very old language, but as many languages it has (Q1) different dialects.‬‬
‫‪The most (Q2) understandable dialect is Egyptian since it has many speakers and a lot of‬‬
‫‪original words. Although, all accents have mutual intelligibility, (Q4) the best speakers use the‬‬
‫‪Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and it is the (Q5) most accurate one. In general, (Q6) schools‬‬
‫‪teach MSA dialect, and this is applied in all Arab countries. (Q7) Like North German and West‬‬
‫‪Slavic, Saudi and Egyptian dialects are different.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺪا‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺠﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻬ ً‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺛﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ وﺿﻮح ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ )‪ (MSA‬وﻫﻲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﻤﺪارس ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ و‬
‫اﻟﺴﻼﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪59‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the passage talking about? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة؟‬:1‫س‬
C. The difference between dialects/accents ‫ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎت‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What is the most understandable Arabic ‫ﻤﺎ؟‬

ً ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻬ‬:2‫س‬
dialect?
A. Egyptian ‫ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the nearest meaning of “mutual ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟـ "اﻟﻮﺿﻮح اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدل"؟‬:3‫س‬
intelligibility”?
B. Similarity ‫ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Who are the best speakers of the ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺛﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬:4‫س‬
language?
A. the ones who use and learn the Modern ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ‬.‫أ‬
Standard Arabic ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬

Q5: Who speaks the most accurate Arabic? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ أدق ﻟﻬﺠﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ؟‬:5‫س‬
C. the one who speaks the Modern Standard ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬.‫ج‬
Arabic

Q6: What does the pronoun “this” refer to? ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﺬا"؟‬:6‫س‬
B. teaching MSA in school .‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ‬MSA ‫ ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ‬.‫ب‬

Q7: Why did the writer mention four cities ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ارﺑﻊ ﻣﺪن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:7‫س‬
in the last paragraph? ‫اﻷﺧﻴﺮة؟‬
D. Because of the similarity in dialect .‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎت‬.‫د‬
differences.

60
 ✈ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﺮ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Travelling and spending money is a very common type of fun that all cultures have. People
who travel the most are usually (Q1) Europeans and some Asian countrymen. As travelling
grows, the spending grows as well. It was reported that (Q2) in 2005, people spent over 3.4
trillion on just travelling. Furthermore, (Q4) Americans are the people who spend the most on
travelling and (Q3) insist to travel at least once a year. When (Q5) Americans travel locally, they
most likely go to Mexico. After the Americans come the (Q6) Germans most of whom travel to
Europe. In the (Q7) third position comes Spain as people who frequently travel.
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮح اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت واﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮون‬ ً ‫اﻟﺴﻔﺮ وإﻧﻔﺎق اﻷﻣﻮال ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺟ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق أﻳ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺴﻔﺮ‬.‫ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا ﻫﻢ ﻋﺎدًة ﻣﻦ اﻷوروﺑﻴﻴﻦ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ اﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻢ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬،‫ اﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‬3.4 ‫ أﻧﻔﻖ اﻟﻨﺎس أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬،2005
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن‬.‫ﻳﻨﻔﻘﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ وﻳﺼﺮون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ اﻷﻟﻤﺎن اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ أن ﻳﺬﻫﺒﻮا إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻠًﻴﺎ‬
.‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮون ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر‬.‫أوروﺑﺎ‬

61
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who are the people who travel a lot? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮون ﻛﺜﻴﺮﴽ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. Europeans and some Asians ‫ اﻷوروﺑﻴﻮن وﺑﻌﺾ اﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: How much was spent on travel in 2005? ‫؟‬2005 ‫ ﻛﻢ أﻧﻔﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﺎم‬:2‫س‬
B. 3.4 trillion ‫ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮن‬٣٫٤ .‫ب‬

Q3: Who usually insists on travelling? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺼﺮ ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ؟‬:3‫س‬

C. Americans ‫ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن‬.‫ج‬

Q4: The people who spend the most on travel ‫ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﻘﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ‬:4‫س‬
are ______ ______ ‫ﻫﻢ‬
A. the Americans. .‫ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن‬.‫أ‬

Q5: Americans travel to _____ _____ ‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن إﻟﻰ‬:5‫س‬

A. Mexico. .‫ اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: The majority of Germans travel to _____ _____ ‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻷﻟﻤﺎن إﻟﻰ‬:6‫س‬
A. Europe. .‫ أوروﺑﺎ‬.‫أ‬
Q7: Who is in the third position of frequent ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ‬:7‫س‬
travelling?
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر؟‬
C. Spain.
.‫ اﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬.‫ج‬

62
 ⚕ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
This graph shows the percentages of health increase in cities over the years. (Q1) The blue
color demonstrates the health increase while the green shows the number of prescriptions.
‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق‬.‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: When was lowest percentage of health ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أدﻧﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ زﻳﺎدة ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن؟‬:1‫س‬
increase in cities?
C. 2013 2013 .‫ج‬

63
 🏝 ‫اﻟﺒﺘﺮاء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Petra is a historic city in southern Jordan. It was the (Q2) capital of the Nabataean
(Q1)
Kingdom.
.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﻄﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺒﺘﺮاء ﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب اﻷردن‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Where is Petra located? ‫ أﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﺒﺘﺮاء؟‬:1‫س‬
B. Southern Jordan. .‫ ﺟﻨﻮب اﻷردن‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Petra was the capital of _____ _____ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺒﺘﺮاء ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬:٢‫س‬
C. Nabataean Kingdom. .‫ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﻄﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

64
 ‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﺰ 📘‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Hercans' history and trade‬‬
‫‪Unit 1‬‬ ‫‪Family‬‬
‫‪Unit 2‬‬ ‫‪Dealing with people‬‬
‫‪Unit 3‬‬ ‫‪Customs and traditions‬‬
‫‪Unit 4‬‬ ‫‪Economy and Business‬‬
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﺗﺠﺎرة ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﺰ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ ١‬ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ 2‬اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ 3‬اﻟﻌﺎدات واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ 4‬اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Which unit talks about money‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬أي وﺣﺪة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل؟‬
‫‪B. economy‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬

‫?‪Q2: Which unit talks about stocks‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬أي وﺣﺪة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ؟‬
‫‪B. economy‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬

‫‪Q3: Which unit talks of respect for‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬أي وﺣﺪة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﺣﺘﺮام اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫?‪parents in Hercans' culture‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺮﻛﺎﻧﺰ؟‬
‫‪A. family‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬

‫?‪Q4: Which unit talks about their story‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬أي وﺣﺪة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺘﻬﻢ؟‬
‫‪A. unit 1‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬

‫?‪Q5: Where do we find family closeness‬‬ ‫س‪ :5‬أﻳﻦ ﻧﺠﺪ اﻟﻘﺮب اﻷﺳﺮي؟‬
‫‪A. unit 1‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬

‫‪Q6: Where do we find details about‬‬ ‫س‪ :6‬أﻳﻦ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة؟‬
‫?‪Economy and trade‬‬
‫‪D. unit 4‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬

‫‪65‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺘﺎب ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﻼم 🕋‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The Islamic History‬‬
‫‪Unit 1‬‬ ‫‪Introduction‬‬
‫‪Unit 2‬‬ ‫‪The Prophet‬‬
‫‪(Q1) Unit 3‬‬ ‫‪Religion‬‬
‫‪(Q2) Unit 4‬‬ ‫‪Ages‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪1‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﷺ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪2‬‬
‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪3‬‬
‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪4‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Which unit shows details about prayers‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬أي وﺣﺪة ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺼﻼة؟‬
‫‪C. unit 3‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: Which unit talks about the development‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أي وﺣﺪة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪول؟‬
‫?‪of countries‬‬
‫‪D. unit 4‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬

‫‪66‬‬
 🧱 ‫ﺟﺪار ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Germany from 1961 to 1989. (Q1) It separated the
eastern half from the western half, (Q2) however, all the German people recognized it 11
months later after it was built. (Q10) It was built because West Germany was richer than East
Germany. Many people thought it was a symbol of the Cold War. Life was very hard back
then; (Q3) all doors and streets closed really early and nobody was allowed to be seen outside.
They wanted to sperate both sides so they took (Q9) actions like that they closed most of the
streets on the border.
‫ وﻳﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬،1989 ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎم‬1961 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﺟﺪار ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺟًﺰا ﻳﻔﺼﻞ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم‬-1
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤه ﻷن‬.‫ ﺷﻬﺮا ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ‬11 ‫اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ وﺑﺮﻏﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻠﺘﻔﺖ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻻﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم اﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫ اﻋﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن رﻣًﺰا ﻟﻠﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة‬.‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻏﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺪا وﻟﻢ ُﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ً ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻏﻠﻘﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺑﻮاب واﻟﺸﻮارع ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﺟ‬،‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ أرادوا إﻓﺴﺎد ﻛﻼ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ اﺗﺨﺬوا إﺟﺮاءات ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ وأﻏﻠﻘﻮا ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬.‫ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ أﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬
.‫اﻟﺸﻮارع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪود‬

2- (Q4) The Berlin Wall was about 115 kilometers long East and 112 kilometers long West. It
was built to prevent people from escaping from the eastern half of Berlin. During the years of
the Wall, (Q8) around 5,000 people successfully ran across to West Berlin. Then it was known
that only (Q5) 5000 people could pass the wall.
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤه ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﺮوب‬.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﴽ ﻏﺮﺑﴼ‬112 ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﴽ ﺷﺮﻗﴼ و‬115 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻃﻮل ﺟﺪار ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬-2
.‫ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﺮب إﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬5000 ‫ ﻧﺠﺢ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﺠﺪار‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬
.‫ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﺒﻮر اﻟﺠﺪار‬5000 ‫ﺛﻢ ُﻋِﺮف أن‬

3- (Q6) The Berlin Wall was taken down quickly on November 9, 1989. The Berlin Wall fell 31
years ago. People who were there in 1989 remember the historic 'Fall of the wall' today.
‫ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا‬.‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬31 ‫ وﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﺪار ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬.1989 ‫ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬9 ‫ ﺗﻢ ﻫﺪم ﺟﺪار ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ‬-٣
.‫ ﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮون اﻟﻴﻮم "ﺳﻘﻮط اﻟﺠﺪار" اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ‬1989 ‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬

67
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why did they build the wall? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺑﻨﻮا اﻟﺴﻮر؟‬:1‫س‬
B. to separate East Germany from West .‫ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
Germany

Q2: When did the German people know about ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل؟‬:2‫س‬
the separation?
A. 11 months later. ‫ ﺷﻬًﺮا‬11 ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬.‫أ‬

Q3.What was mentioned in the first paragraph? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ورد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬.3‫س‬
A. Doors and streets closed early. .‫ اﻏﻠﻘﺖ اﻻﺑﻮاب واﻟﺸﻮارع ﻣﺒﻜﺮا‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is the main idea of the second ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:4‫س‬
paragraph?
C. the wall’s length. .‫ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺠﺪار‬.‫ج‬

Q5: How many people could pass the wall? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﻮا‬:5‫س‬
‫اﺟﺘﻴﺎز اﻟﺴﻮر؟‬
C. 5000 five thousand people ‫ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ آﻻف ﺷﺨﺺ‬5000 .‫ج‬

Q6: What is the last paragraph talking about? ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮ؟‬:6‫س‬
D. The fall was quick. .‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﻘﻮط ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬.‫د‬

Q7: What is the best title of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:7‫س‬
B. the history of Berlin Wall ‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺟﺪار ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q8: What is mentioned in the second paragraph? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻟﺒﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:٨‫س‬

C. 5000 people ran across the wall. ‫ ﺷﺨﺺ اﻟﺴﻮر‬٥٠٠٠ ‫ اﺟﺘﻴﺎز‬.‫ج‬

Q9: What does paragraph 1 say about the ‫ ﻋﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺬة؟‬1 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:9‫س‬
actions taken?
B. They closed most of the streets on the border. .‫ أﻏﻠﻘﻮا ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺸﻮارع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪود‬.‫ب‬

Q10: Which of the following statements does ‫؟‬1 ‫ أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:10‫س‬
paragraph 1 support?
A. West Germany was richer than East Germany. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ أﻏﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

68
 🗓 ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Today we are going to discuss some important points on (Q1) planning and organising
meetings. Only (Q2) through the process of identifying important people you can hold your
meeting effectively. Schedule your meetings and (Q3) invite more necessary people. And don’t
forget to take remarks during the meetings.
‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻨﻨﺎﻗﺶ اﻟﻴﻮم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺠﺪوﻟﺔ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺗﻚ ودﻋﻮة اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬.‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻘﺪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻚ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ وﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻮا أﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺧﻼل اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1. What is the main idea? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ؟‬.1‫س‬
B. Meeting should be planned and ‫ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬.‫ب‬
organised.

Q2. How to give up your meeting effectively? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل؟‬.2‫س‬
C. through the process of identifying .‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﻬﻤﻴﻦ‬.‫ج‬
important people.

Q3. Who should you invite for a meeting? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ دﻋﻮﺗﻪ ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻤﺎع؟‬.3‫س‬
A. More people and people who are .‫ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس واﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬
necessary.

Q4. What does the word “remark” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ؟‬.4‫س‬
B. comment ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬.‫ب‬

69
 🏝 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
We went on a trip to Hawaii. We stayed there in a great resort. We enjoyed our all-inclusive
stay (Q1) with all food, lodging and activities. Only (Q2) the rental equipment was expensive and
cost us extra.
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﻗﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬.‫ ﺑﻘﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻊ راﺋﻊ‬.‫ذﻫﺒﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻫﺎواي‬
.‫ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻫﻈﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﻦ وﺗﻜﻠﻔﻨﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does "all inclusive" resort mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻊ "اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ"؟‬:1‫س‬
D. It covers food, lodging and activities. .‫ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم واﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q2: Which of the following might cost ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻠﻒ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬
extra?
A. rental equipment ‫ ﺗﺄﺟﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬.‫أ‬

70
 🍏 ‫اﻻﻛﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
We can see (Q1) the changing global diets. For example, in Japan, they depend on eating large
quantities of seafood and (Q2) western food which leads to healthy diseases. Unlike Japan,
people in the Czech Republic eat much healthier foods. Because of the high prices of (Q4)
meat and dairy products, so instead of these are replaced with more nutritious food like
vegetables, which are considered more valuable and healthier. Diseases in the Czech
Republic have become less, and (Q5) their lives have become healthier.
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺎول‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺮى اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة‬
،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬.‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺄﻛﻮﻻت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ واﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮاض ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ارﺗﻔﺎع أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻠﺤﻮم وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬.‫ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻚ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮاﺟﻌﺖ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ وﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻀﺎر‬،‫اﻷﻟﺒﺎن‬
.‫ وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺤﺔ‬،‫اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the best title for the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. The Changing Global Diets. .‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Western food leads to _____ _____ ‫ ﻳﺆدي اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ إﻟﻲ‬:2‫س‬
A. endangering health in Japan. .‫ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What does the word “nutritious" mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﻐﺬي"؟‬:3‫س‬
D. valuable and healthy food ‫ ﻏﺬاء ﻗﻴﻢ وﺻﺤﻲ‬.‫د‬

Q4: What does the pronoun “these" refer to? ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﺆﻻء"؟‬:4‫س‬
C. meat and dairy products ‫ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻷﻟﺒﺎن‬.‫ج‬

Q5: In the Czech Republic: :‫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻚ‬:5‫س‬

A. Most people live healthy lives. .‫ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺣﻴﺎة ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

71
 ⛩ ‫ﺟﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- It was (Q1) King Saud’s idea to build a bridge linking Bahrain to Saudi Arabia in 1954 and (Q8)
Essa Ibn Salman Khalifa was the one who named it.
‫ وﻛﺎن ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻤﺎن‬1954 ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮد ﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﺴﺮ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﺎم‬-1
.‫ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬

2- (Q2) In 1965, it was official when Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa and King Faisal
decided to have the causeway constructed.
.‫ ﻗﺮر اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻤﺎن آل ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ واﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﺮ رﺳﻤًﻴﺎ‬،1965 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-2

3- In 1968, (Q3) both countries formed a joint committee. It was responsible for the financial
undertaking required for the task.
.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬.‫ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬1968 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-3

4- The World Bank provides (Q4) the environmental and geographical aspects of the Saudi-
Bahrain region.
.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬-4

5- The Bahrain side of the (Q9) bridge measured 4,296 m long.

.‫ م‬4296 ‫ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﺮ ﺑﻄﻮل‬-5

6- 1981, there was an agreement to start (Q5) construction on the maritime causeway.
.‫ ﺗﻢ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺪء أﻋﻤﺎل إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﺮ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي‬1981 ‫ ﻓﻲ‬-6

7- In 2010, it is estimated that the number of (Q6) facilities using the causeway was about
25,104 daily while number of passengers (Q10) was 19.1 million.
‫ ﻣﻨﺸﺂت ﻳﻮﻣﻴﴼ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮﻛﺎب‬25104 ‫ ﻗﺪر ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠﺴﺮ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ‬2010 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-7
.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮ‬19.1

72
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who first proposed building King Fahd ‫ ﻣﻦ أول ﻣﻦ اﻗﺘﺮح ﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ؟‬:1‫س‬
bridge?
A. King Saud ‫ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮد‬.‫أ‬

Q2: When was the construction officially ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق رﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء؟‬:2‫س‬
agreed upon?
B. 1965 1965 .‫ب‬

Q3: The word it refers to _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻲ‬:3‫س‬

B. joint committee. .‫ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What does the World Bank provide? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ؟‬.4‫س‬
B. geographical and environmental factors ‫ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What does paragraph 6 talk about? ‫؟‬6 ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:5‫س‬
B. describes the construction, facts about the ‫ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺠﺴﺮ‬،‫ وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬.‫ب‬
causeway.

Q6: What does paragraph 7 talk about? ‫؟‬7 ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:6‫س‬
C. facilities. ‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼت‬.‫ج‬

Q7: What is not found in the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:7‫س‬

D. shopping malls. ‫ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‬.‫د‬

Q8: Who gave the bridge its name? ‫ ﻣﻦ أﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﺮ اﺳﻤﻪ؟‬:8‫س‬
C. Essa Ibn Salman Khalifa ‫ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻤﺎن ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q9: How long is the Bahraini side of the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﺮ؟‬:9‫س‬
bridge?
B. 4,296 m ‫ م‬4،296 .‫ب‬

Q10: The number of passengers in 2010: :2010 ‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮﻛﺎب ﻓﻲ‬:10‫س‬

A. 19 million. .‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬19 .‫أ‬

Q11: What is the best title of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:11‫س‬
C. A Bridge between two Nations ‫ ﺟﺴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ دوﻟﺘﻴﻦ‬.‫ج‬

‫ ﻓﻤﺎذا ﺳﺘﻜﻮن؟‬،‫ إذا اﺳﺘﻤﺮت اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:12‫س‬

Q12: If the paragraph continued, what would
it be about?
.‫ ﻃﺮق ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺒﻨﺎء دول أﺧﺮى‬.‫د‬
D. new causeways to construct to other
countries

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 📓 ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
I was searching for a book. And one of the most (Q1) important information I needed was the
date of book publication and publisher.
.‫ وﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺣﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب واﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬.‫ﻛﻨﺖ أﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the information required about ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب؟‬:1‫س‬
the book?
C. the date of publication and publisher .‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻨﺸﺮ واﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬.‫ج‬

74
 🌾 ‫اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
In 1900, 40% of workers were farmers. They would have to do the fieldwork by hand or
(Q2)
with horse-drawn equipment. (Q1) Farmers’ families would help feed themselves by also
working in the field of agriculture. Nowadays, farmers use technology to make advances in
producing more food for a growing world.
‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.1900 ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻣﺰارﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬٪40
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ أﺳﺮ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ إﻃﻌﺎم أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أﻳ‬.‫ﻣﻌﺪات ﺗﺠﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺨﻴﻮل‬
.ٍ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻹﺣﺮاز ﺗﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺘﻨﺎم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the pronoun “themselves” ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ"؟‬:1‫س‬
refer to?
B. farmers’ families .‫ اﺳﺮ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻮن‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the wrong sentence according to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة؟‬:2‫س‬
the paragraph?
C. Half of the farmers in 1900 were engaged in ‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ‬1900 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ج‬
agriculture. .‫اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬

75
 📨 ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ رﺿﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Yesterday, (Q1) Mohamed, the manager of the repair store received a (Q2) Thank you message
form a customer. The customer came a week ago to fix his device as (Q4) he found an
application that he didn’t download. Mohamed was the head of the team who worked on
helping the customer. First, (Q8) they took the phone then (Q6) they downloaded an antivirus
on his mobile phone. The customer was happy and thanked them and (Q7) he said he will
recommend their service to others.
‫ ﺟﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺳﺒﻮع ﻹﺻﻼح ﺟﻬﺎزه‬.‫ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﻠﻴﺢ أﻣﺲ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ أﺧﺬوا‬.‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻛﺎن رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺬي ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬.‫ﺣﻴﺚ وﺟﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴًﻘﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺪا وﺷﻜﺮﻫﻢ وﻗﺎل إﻧﻪ‬ ً ‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﺳﻌﻴ‬.‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﻀﺎد ﻓﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻪ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬
.‫ﺳﻴﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬

76
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the relationship between ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ واﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ؟‬:1‫س‬
Mohammed and the other workers?
A. He is their manager. .‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻫﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What was the message that the man ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أرﺳﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ إﻟﻰ‬:2‫س‬
sent to the shop? ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻞ؟‬
D. Thank you ‫ ﺷﻜﺮا‬.‫د‬

Q3: What does the word “device” refer to? ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺟﻬﺎز"؟‬:3‫س‬
A. Mobile phone ‫ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل‬.‫أ‬

Q4: what was the problem with his device? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺟﻬﺎزه؟‬:4‫س‬
C. They found an application he didn’t .‫ وﺟﺪوا ﺗﻄﺒﻴًﻘﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﻢ ﺑﺘﻨﺰﻳﻠﻪ‬.‫ج‬
download.

Q5: What does the word “head” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " رﺋﻴﺲ"؟‬:5‫س‬
A. director - manager ‫ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What did they do for the man (which is ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻠﻮا ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ او ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ؟‬:6‫س‬
true)?
B. They downloaded an antivirus application. .‫ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻀﺎد ﻓﻴﺮوﺳﺎت‬.‫ب‬

Q7: What will the man do? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺳﻴﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺮﺟﻞ؟‬:7‫س‬

C. He will recommend the shop. .‫ ﺳﻴﻮﺻﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q8: What is true according to the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:8‫س‬
B. They took the phone. .‫ اﺧﺬوا اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‬.‫ب‬

77
 ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ 🆔‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Here is an ID card containing information regarding a person. Answer the questions from the‬‬
‫‪ID.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬه ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬أﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﻮاردة وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Name‬‬ ‫‪Al Shihri, Mohammad‬‬

‫)اﻻﺳﻢ(‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻬﺮي‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬
‫‪Age‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫)اﻟﻌﻤﺮ(‬
‫‪Nationality‬‬ ‫‪Saudi‬‬
‫)اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮدي‬

‫‪Job‬‬ ‫‪Dentist‬‬
‫)اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ(‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﺐ اﺳﻨﺎن‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the order of the information‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت؟‬
‫‪A. Name (Last, First name), Age, Nationality,‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻻﺳﻢ )اﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﺳﻢ اﻷول(‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪Job‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬

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 🏎 ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The table below demonstrates specifications for an item. Look at it and answer the question.
.‫ اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺆال‬.‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺠﺪول أدﻧﺎه ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

Model
2015
‫ا ﻟﻤﻮدﻳﻞ‬
Number of cylinders
4
‫ﻋ ﺪ د ا ﻟ ﺴﻴ ﻠ ﻴ ﻨ ﺪ ر ا ت‬
Fuel type
Petrol
‫ﻧ ﻮع ا ﻟ ﻮﻗﻮد‬
Number of seats
5
‫ﻋﺪد ا ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬
Tire Condition
New
‫ﺣﺎ ﻟ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻜﻔﺮا ت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1. Whose specifications are these? ‫ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت؟‬.1‫س‬
B. cars ‫ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬.‫ب‬

79
 ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ 😷‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The graph below shows the (Q1) health coverage throughout the years. Look at it and answer‬‬
‫‪the questions.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﺴﻨﻮات‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In which year was the largest health‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ؟‬
‫?‪coverage‬‬
‫‪B. 2005‬‬ ‫ب‪2005 .‬‬

‫‪80‬‬
 🏋 ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Aerobic exercises increase a person’s heart rate and breathing rate which (Q2) consume more
Oxygen. (Q1) Examples of Aerobic exercise are walking and cycling. On the other hand,
Anaerobic exercises, such as weightlifting, involve short bursts of intense activity which (Q3)
burns more fat.
‫ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺿﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ رﻓﻊ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻼﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬.‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻲ ورﻛﻮب اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت‬
.‫ دﻓﻌﺎت ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺮق اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬،‫اﻷﺛﻘﺎل‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of the following is an example ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ؟‬:1‫س‬
of Aerobic excersie?
B. walking ‫ اﻟﻤﺸﻲ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which type consumes more Oxygen? ‫ أي ﻧﻮع ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ؟‬:2‫س‬
A. aerobic ‫ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: Which type burns more fat? ‫ أي ﻧﻮع ﻳﺤﺮق دﻫﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ؟‬:3‫س‬
B. anaerobic ‫ اﻟﻼﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

81
 ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ 🦠‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Bacteria are single-celled organisms. (Q1) They usually cause diseases.‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎت وﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻷﻣﺮاض‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What do bacteria cause‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ؟‬
‫‪C. diseases‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻷﻣﺮاض‬

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 🧏 ‫ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Hearing loss can have many different causes. (Q2) One of the important causes is damaged
hair cells inside one’s ear. These (Q3) cells can NOT regrow or regenerate, so it is 90% sure
that the hearing loss is permanent.
‫ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ‬.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻔﻘﺪان اﻟﺴﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ أن ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬٪90 ‫ ﻟﺬا ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫داﺧﻞ اﻷذن‬
.‫داﺋﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the author’s main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻒ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. to inform ‫ اﻹﺑﻼغ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which idea is mentioned in the text? ‫ أي ﻓﻜﺮة وردت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:2‫س‬

A. Damaged hair cells cause hearing loss. .‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: Which idea is mentioned in the text? ‫ أي ﻓﻜﺮة وردت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:3‫س‬

D. Damaged hair cells cannot regrow. .‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬.‫د‬

83
 🤓 ‫اﻷﺑﺤﺎث وﺗﻤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Research is important for the advancement of science. However, (Q1) the public thinks that
the industry only cares about money and wastes money. Also, (Q2) they think that it is unlikely
that the industry partners will share the research information that will make them lose
money. But it is not the case as the industry tries to benefit the people. There are two types
of research in terms of funding. The first is (Q3) government-funded research which the public
thinks as a waste of their tax money. They also say that not all evidence is considered to
judge if the research is helpful. The second type is (Q4) company-funded research which is
generally less reliable than government-funded research as it depends on the company’s
profit. (Q5) The public thinks that not all findings are released since companies only care
about their profit.
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر أن اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎل‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪون أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﺸﺎرك ﺷﺮﻛﺎء اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬.‫وﺗﻬﺪر اﻟﻤﺎل‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺎول ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻬﺎت إﻓﺎدة‬.‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺠﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺨﺴﺮوا اﻟﻤﺎل‬
‫ اﻷول ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫ﻀﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻛﻞ اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ إذا‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن أﻳ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر أﻧﻪ إﻫﺪار ﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‬
‫ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم أﻗﻞ‬.‫ﺪا أم ﻻ‬ً ‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻔﻴ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر أﻧﻪ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺑﺢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬
.‫إﺻﺪار ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻷن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺄرﺑﺎﺣﻬﺎ‬

84
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How does the public view the company- ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺮى اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻤﻮﻟﻪ‬:1‫س‬
funded research? ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ؟‬
B. The public thinks that the industries mainly care ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر أن اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ب‬
about money. .‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎل‬

Q2: Which of the following is an opinion? ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ رأي؟‬:2‫س‬

A. The public was skeptical whether an industry ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻜﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫أ‬
partner could ever be trusted to release ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻮق ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ ﺷﺮﻛﺎء اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
information that might hurt its profits. .‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺄرﺑﺎﺣﻪ‬

Q3: What can we understand about government ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﺑﺸﺄن اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬:3‫س‬
funding research? ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮث؟‬
C. The public thinks it is a waste of money. .‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﻴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎل‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What can we understand about company- ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺘﻲ‬:4‫س‬
funded research? ‫ﺗﻤﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ؟‬
B. It is less reliable than government-funded ‫ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ب‬
research. .‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬

Q5: How are the ideas that “not all evidence is ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ "ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ أﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ‬:5‫س‬
considered” and “not all findings are released" ‫اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر" و "ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ إﺻﺪار ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ"؟‬
related?
C. Both are examples of public opinion about the .‫ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻻن ﻟﻠﺮأي اﻟﻌﺎم ﺣﻮل أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬.‫ج‬
types of research.

85
 ‫ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎت ﺷﺮﻛﺔ 📈‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫)‪(Q1‬‬‫‪The graph below shows the sales of LG TVs over the years. Look at the graph and answer‬‬
‫‪the question:‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎت أﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن ‪ LG‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ وأﺟﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺆال‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: In 2007, How many units were sold‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2007‬؟‬
‫‪A. 28 million‬‬ ‫أ‪ 28 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬

‫‪86‬‬
 🖋 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The four main types of academic writing are descriptive, analytical, persuasive and critical. In
descriptive/expository writing, the (Q2) writer should describe an issue to the reader.
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﻨﻌﺔ واﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ‬
.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻳﺼﻒ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ‬،‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬/ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:1‫س‬
D. Academic writing uses different types of ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ أﻧﻮاًﻋﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫د‬
writing styles. .‫أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬

Q2: What does the paragraph say about / ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬:2‫س‬
expository/descriptive writing? ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ؟‬
B. It tells the writer to describe an issue to the .‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻳﺼﻒ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎرئ‬.‫ب‬
reader.

87
 🗣 ‫اﻟﺴﺮد‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Narration is the act of telling a story. The (Q1) story that is being narrated can be real or
fictional. There are four types of narratives: Linear Narrative, Non-linear Narrative, Quest
Narrative and Viewpoint Narrative. Stories start with introductions and go on to conflict and
the main storyline to achieve a certain value. (Q2) They are written in different styles, as well.
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺮدﻫﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ أو ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺴﺮد ﻫﻮ إﻋﺎدة ﻗﻮل اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت‬.‫ وﺳﺮد وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬،‫ وﺳﺮد اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‬،‫ واﻟﺴﺮد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺴﺮد اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬:‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺮد‬
.‫ ُﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻤﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫وﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﺮاع واﻟﻘﺼﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

2- Well written stories have some characteristics like: conflict, tension, surprise,
extraordinary characters, etc.
‫ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄة‬،‫ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ اﻟﺼﺮاع‬:‫ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺺ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺜﻞ‬-2
.‫ إﻟﺦ‬،‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What are the types of stories? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻘﺼﺺ؟‬:1‫س‬
C. real or fictional. .‫ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ أو ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Stories are written in _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻘﺼﺺ ُﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ‬:2‫س‬

B. different styles. .‫ أﻧﻤﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What is the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:3‫س‬

B. to inform ‫ اﻹﺑﻼغ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What is the main idea in paragraph 2? ‫؟‬2 ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:4 ‫س‬
C. The characteristics of a well-written .‫ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻘﺼﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬.‫ج‬
story

88
 🏭 ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
When starting a project, (Q1) there are 2 feature that are always there: administration and
procurement. These two will help to start and continue until the goal is reached. The people
who do the project’s activities should be (Q2) rewarded by not only salary but also extra
benefits.
‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬان اﻻﺛﻨﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪء‬.‫ اﻹدارة واﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎت‬:‫ﻤﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﻴﺰﺗﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدﺗﺎن داﺋ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪء ﻣﺸﺮوع‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺄ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺄﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﺪف‬
.‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮاﺗﺐ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What are the two important features ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺴﻤﺘﺎن اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع؟‬:1‫س‬
for a project?
D. administration and procurement. .‫ اﻹدارة واﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎت‬.‫د‬

Q2: What should be the reward of the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄة أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع؟‬:2‫س‬

project’s activities?
B. salary and benefits. .‫ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ واﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ‬.‫ب‬

89
 😰 ‫اﺿﻄﺮاب وﺳﻮاﺳﻲ ﻗﻬﺮي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Human’s behavior is very unpredictable. (Q1) Sometimes humans can behave normally and
sometimes they show obsessive behavior. But what is certain is (Q2) that features of
compulsive anxiety and phobias are present in everyone.
2- (Q3) Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior negatively affect a person’s daily life. An
example for that is (Q4) Howard Hughes who was a billionaire but suffered from anxiety and
phobias. He was (Q5) scared of germs and of dying at an early age as his mother had the same.
(Q6) For example, he wrote a staff manual on how to prevent stuff from getting on germs.

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ أن ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮا ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ وأﺣﻴﺎًﻧﺎ‬.‫ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬-1
.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻛﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ أن ﺳﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﻬﺮي واﻟﻘﻠﻖ واﻟﺮﻫﺎب ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬.‫ﺳﺎ‬
ً ‫ﻛﺎ ﻣﻬﻮو‬
ً ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮون ﺳﻠﻮ‬
‫ وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻮﺳﻮاﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻘﻬﺮي ﺳﻠﺒﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬-2
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺨﺎف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﻮت ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻫﻮارد ﻫﻴﻮز اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻣﻠﻴﺎردﻳًﺮا ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﻖ واﻟﺮﻫﺎب‬
‫ ﻛﺘﺐ دﻟﻴًﻠﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺣﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ﺳﻦ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻷن واﻟﺪﺗﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬

90
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main topic of this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. A comparison of normal and obsessive .‫ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ واﻟﻤﻬﻮوس‬.‫أ‬
behavior.

Q2: What is one important idea related to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻖ‬:2‫س‬
general anxiety and phobias mentioned In ‫(؟‬1) ‫اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺮﻫﺎب اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
Paragraph (1)?
C. Features of compulsive behavior are present .‫ ﺳﻤﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻘﻬﺮي ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ‬.‫ج‬
in everyone.

Q3: What important information about ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‬:3‫س‬

obsessive thoughts and compulsive behavior is ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻮاﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻘﻬﺮي اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
expressed in Paragraph (2)? ‫(؟‬2) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
C. They negatively affect daily life. .‫ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: Why does the writer mention Howard ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ذﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻫﻮارد ﻫﻴﻮز؟‬:4‫س‬
Hughes?
B. He suffered from anxiety and phobias. .‫ ﻋﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﻖ واﻟﺮﻫﺎب‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What key information is given about ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ‬:5‫س‬
Howard Hughes? ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﻮل ﻫﻮارد ﻫﻴﻮز؟‬
C. He was scared of germs and of dying at an .‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺨﺎف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮت ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ‬.‫ج‬
early age.

Q6: What is an example of Hughes obsessive ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﺒﻤﻮﺳﻮس ﻟﻬﻴﻮز‬:6‫س‬
behavior in the passage? ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬
A. writing a staff manual. .‫ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

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 😴 ‫اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Adults are usually recommended to (Q1) sleep between 6 to 8 hours regularly. Sleeping
regularly like this (Q2) will help you reduce stress, improve memory, regulate blood sugar, etc.
However, not sleeping well will (Q3) put you at risk of serious medical conditions.
،‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪك اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬8 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬6 ‫ﻳﻨﺼﺢ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮن ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮم ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪم اﻟﻨﻮم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫ وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم‬،‫وﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‬
.‫ﺳﻴﻌﺮﺿﻚ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﻻت ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How long should adults sleep? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﻨﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﺎر؟‬:1‫س‬
C. 6-8 8-6 .‫ج‬

Q2: What is one of the most important ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى أﻫﻢ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ؟‬:2‫س‬
advantages of regular sleep?
A. reducing stress ‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the main disadvantage of not ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻴﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻌﺪم ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻮم؟‬:3‫س‬
having enough sleep?
B. serious medical conditions. .‫ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮة‬.‫ب‬

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 📖 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Psychology is a very deep subject and all (Q1) our knowledge of it comes from experience.
People who study this field are called psychologists. (Q2) Psychologists provide treatment to
the people who are unhappy in their lives. (Q3) People feel very happy because they talk and
deal with psychologists. Some might think this is an easy job. But it is very difficult (Q4) as it
requires field research.
‫ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺪرﺳﻮن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬.‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ‬.‫ ﻳﻘﺪم ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻼج ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻌﺪاء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬.‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أن ﻫﺬه ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺴﻌﺎدة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮا وﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮا ﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
.‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺤًﺜﺎ ﻣﻴﺪاﻧًﻴﺎ‬.‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the writer think about our ‫ ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ؟‬:1‫س‬
knowledge of psychology?
C. It is from experience. .‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What do psychologists do to help people ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬:2‫س‬
who are unhappy in their lives? ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻌﺪاء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ؟‬
B. They provide them with treatment services. .‫ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮن ﻟﻬﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﻼج‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Why does the writer use the word ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﺴﺒﺐ"؟‬:3‫س‬
"because”?
D. to explain the result of people talking and ‫ ﺷﺮح ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ اﻟﻨﺎس وﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬.‫د‬
dealing with psychologists ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬

Q4: Why is the work of most psychologists ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ؟‬:4‫س‬
difficult?
A. It needs field research. .‫ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: Which word can we use to replace the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬:5‫س‬
word "But"? ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻟﻜﻦ"؟‬
B. however ‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ب‬

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 🍌 ‫اﻟﻤﻮز اﻻﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Africa in general is a very poor continent. The (Q2) children in Africa need better food since
most of them die because of hunger. It was researched and tested that (Q3) genetically
modified bananas with added vitamins can save African children’s lives.
‫ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻃﻌﺎم أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﻮت‬.‫أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎرة ﻓﻘﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ واﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﻮز اﻟﻤﻌﺪل وراﺛًﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻨﻘﺬ ﺣﻴﺎة‬.‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ‬
.‫اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻷﻓﺎرﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. to inform ‫ اﻹﺑﻼغ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:2‫س‬
writer mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
B. That children in Africa need better food. .‫ أن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻏﺬاء أﻓﻀﻞ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:3‫س‬
writer mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
C. Those genetically modified bananas may .‫ أن اﻟﻤﻮز اﻟﻤﻌﺪل وراﺛﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻘﺬ اﻷرواح‬.‫ج‬
save lives.

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 📲 ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
There are two types of software that we use. The first is open-source software which can be
modified by anyone. (Q1) Internet helped in developing this type of software. The biggest (Q2)
advantage of open-source software is that bugs get fixed quickly. (Q3) Examples of this type
are Firefox and Apache. The second type is closed-source software which is privately owned
by companies and you can get (Q4) technical support from them which is a big benefit.
.‫ اﻷول ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻴﺰة ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻫﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ إﺻﻼح‬.‫ﺳﺎﻋﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬
‫ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬.Apache‫ و‬Firefox ‫ وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‬.‫اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮك ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻢ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وﻫﻮ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What helped developing open-source ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬:1‫س‬
software? ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر؟‬
C. internet access ‫ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What is one of the benefits of open- ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر؟‬:2‫س‬
source software?
B. quick bug fixing. ‫ إﺻﻼح اﻟﺨﻠﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What are two examples of open-source ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻻن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر؟‬:3‫س‬
software?
A. Firefox and Apache Apache ‫ و‬Firefox .‫أ‬

Q4: What is one of the benefits of closed- ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر؟‬:4‫س‬
source software?
D. technical support from the company ‫ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫د‬

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 📊 ‫رﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The graph below shows the Hajj and Umrah pilgrims’ statistics. Look at the graph and answer
the questions:
:‫ اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺞ واﻟﻌﻤﺮة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: In which year was the largest number ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺎج ﻣﻦ‬:1‫س‬
of Hajj pilgrims from outside? ‫اﻟﺨﺎرج؟‬
D. 2010 2010 .‫د‬

Q2: In which year was the largest number ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﺎج اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ؟‬:2‫س‬
of Hajj pilgrims from inside?
B. 2012 2012 .‫ب‬

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 🧪 ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The scientific method is process which helps solve a problem. (Q1) It has 6 procedures
which are: 1) make an observation, 2) ask a question, 3) create a hypothesis, 4) make a
prediction, 5) test the prediction, and 6) draw conclusions.
2- (Q6) Observation is a very important step in the scientific method and it has 2 types. The
qualitative observation are the first. (Q2) They explains what happens by carefully watching
things and using the five sensory organs. (Q3) They also describe properties or occurrences in
ways that do not rely on numbers.
3- On the other hand, (Q4) quantitative observations, which is the second type, are
measurements that consist of both a number and a unit like 4kg.
4- From our observation we can get a (Q5) hypothesis which is the real start of scientists’
search for a solution. That’s why observation is the base of the solution of any problem.

(3 ،‫( ﻃﺮح ﺳﺆال‬2 ،‫( إﺑﺪاء ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬1 :‫ ﺧﻄﻮاﺗﻪ ﻫﻲ‬.‫ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ‬-1
.‫( اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬6 ،‫( اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬5 ،‫( ﺗﻮﻗﻊ‬4 ،‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺧﻄﻮة ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬-2
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻒ‬.‫ ﻳﺸﺮح ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﻋﻀﺎء ﺣﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
.‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ أو اﻷﺣﺪاث ﺑﻄﺮق ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﻗﺎم‬
4 ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ رﻗﻢ ووﺣﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-3
.‫ﻛﺠﻢ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻨﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬-4
.‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أن اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻫﻲ أﺳﺎس ﺣﻞ أي ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬

97
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does Paragraph (1) say about the ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ؟‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:1‫س‬
scientific method?
B. It is made up of six different procedures. .‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ إﺟﺮاءات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What does Paragraph (2) say about qualitative ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬2) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
observation? ‫اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ؟‬
C. They explain what happens by carefully ‫ ﻳﺸﺮﺣﻮن ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬.‫ج‬
watching things. .‫ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬

Q3: Which sentence gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬:3‫س‬
Paragraph (2)? ‫(؟‬2) ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Qualitative observations describe properties or ‫ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ أو اﻷﺣﺪاث‬.‫أ‬
occurrences in ways that do not rely on numbers. .‫ﺑﻄﺮق ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﻗﺎم‬

Q4: Which sentence gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬:4‫س‬
Paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3) ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬
D. Quantitative observations are measurements, ‫ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‬.‫د‬
which by definition consist of both a number and a .‫ﻣﻦ رﻗﻢ ووﺣﺪة‬
unit.

Q5: What does Paragraph (4) say about ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ؟‬4) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:5‫س‬
hypothesis?
C. It is where scientists start their search. .‫ ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺤﺜﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:6‫س‬
A. Observations are an important step in the ‫ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻮة ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.‫أ‬
scientific method. .‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

98
 ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ 🤝‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Contract law is an area of law that involves agreements between people, businesses, and‬‬
‫‪groups.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: The word "agreements" is closest in‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟـ _____‬
‫_____ ‪meaning to‬‬
‫‪B. arrangements.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎت‪.‬‬

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 🧬 ‫اﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Have you ever wondered how your brain can order you hand to move? This is exactly what
the spinal cord does as it consists of nerves that carry the information up and down through
neural paths between the brain and the rest of the body. So, when you touch something hot
your sensory neurons and interneurons send information to your brain which makes you take
your hand away. However, if the spinal cord suffers a series of injuries, your brain will stop
receiving information.
‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﺎءﻟﺖ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻘﻠﻚ أن ﻳﺄﻣﺮك ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮك؟ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻷﻧﻪ‬
.‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻋﺼﺎب ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻷﻋﻠﻰ وﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ وﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ واﻻﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ‬، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻤﺲ ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﺳﺎﺧًﻨﺎ‬، ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
،‫ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎت‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺪا‬ ً ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻳﺪك ﺑﻌﻴ‬
.‫ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ دﻣﺎﻏﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What helps information travel up and ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ‬:1‫س‬
down the spine? ‫أﻋﻠﻰ وأﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻘﺮي؟‬
B. neural paths ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What finally makes you take your hand ‫ﺪا ﻋﻦ‬
ً ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻚ أﺧﻴًﺮا ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻳﺪك ﺑﻌﻴ‬:2‫س‬
away from something hot? ‫ﺷﻲء ﺳﺎﺧﻦ؟‬
A. sensory neurons and interneurons ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ واﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: When would your brain stop receiving ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ دﻣﺎﻏﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬:3‫س‬
information from the spinal cord? ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ؟‬
A. If there were serious damage to the spinal .‫ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺿﺮر ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬.‫أ‬
cord.

Q4: The word "connecting" is closest in ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺮﺑﻂ" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ؟‬:4‫س‬

meaning to?
C. joining ‫ اﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎم‬.‫ج‬

100
 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ 🔫‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The graph below shows global murder and homicides rates. Look at it and answer the‬‬
‫‪questions:‬‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻘﺘﻞ واﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻪ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How many homicides per 100,000‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 100‬أﻟﻒ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪people happened in Africa in 2005‬‬ ‫إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪2005‬؟‬
‫‪C. 7‬‬ ‫ج‪7 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: What was the homicide rate per‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺟﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 100.000‬ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫?‪100,000 people in Europe in 2010‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪2010‬؟‬
‫‪B. 2‬‬ ‫ب‪2 .‬‬

‫‪101‬‬
 🗺 ‫ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Siberia had many problems and they increased because of the war in Russia which was led by
Stalin and Lenin. One of the problems in Siberia was the lack of housing. Workers did not
have homes but (Q1) it was solved by Stalin building houses in Siberia. Later, (Q2) Lenin founded
an association and became its head.
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫واﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ وازدادت ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺤﺮب ﻓﻲ روﺳﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎدﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ وﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻨﺎزل وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ‬.‫إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺴﻜﻦ‬
.‫ أﺳﺲ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ وأﺻﺒﺢ رﺋﻴﺴﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‬.‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻨﺎزل ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How was the workers’ problem solved in ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ؟‬:1‫س‬
Siberia?
C. He made houses in Siberia. .‫ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﺎزل ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Who founded the association? ‫ ﻣﻦ أﺳﺲ اﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬

B. Lenin ‫ ﻟﻴﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

102
 💻 ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
I had a computer at home but its operating system (OS) was infected with a virus. (Q1) I
complained to the company that it was attacked by a virus and they told me that (Q2) the OS
worked like other computer software and it could be damaged as well.
‫ اﺷﺘﻜﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪي ﺟﻬﺎز ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺎب ﺑﻔﻴﺮوس‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﻮم ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻓﻴﺮوس وأﺧﺒﺮوﻧﻲ أن ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
.‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻀﺮر أﻳ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What was the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. to complain ‫ اﻟﺸﻜﻮى‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:2‫س‬
writer mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
A. The OS worked like other computer ‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫أ‬
software. .‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬

103
 💦 ‫دورة اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Water goes through a full cycle. Liquid water evaporates into air, condenses to form clouds,
and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain. (Q1) Building dams affects this cycle by
increasing evaporation. Moreover, when there (Q2) isn’t enough vegetation, it impacts
evaporation and causes its reduction.
‫ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬،‫ وﻳﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻟﻴﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬.‫ﻳﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺪورة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن‬،‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ أﻳ‬.‫ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪورة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬.‫إﻟﻰ اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮ‬
.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ وﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important effect of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود؟‬:1‫س‬
building dams?
A. a rise in evaporation ‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What causes a reduction in ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ؟‬:2‫س‬

evaporation? .‫ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
B. not enough vegetation
_____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "أﺛﺮ" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬:3‫س‬
Q3: The word "impact" is closest in
meaning to _____ .‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬.‫أ‬
A. effect.
‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﺧﺘﺰال" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬:4‫س‬
Q4: The word "reduction" is closest in _____
meaning to _____ .‫ ﻫﺒﻮط‬.‫أ‬
A. fall.

104
 🧐 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic methods. (Q1)
Traditional psychoanalysis is very slow and expensive, but it may solve problems. When we
begin with this process, (Q2) we should begin with a childhood memory or dream. Most of the
(Q3) psychological problems are fed from repressed impulses and conflicts while in childhood.

‫ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي‬.‫ُﻳﻌﱠﺮف اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ أو‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻄﻲء وﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪواﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﻮﺗﺔ واﻟﺼﺮاع أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺤﻠﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What are two characteristics of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺴﻤﺘﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي؟‬:1‫س‬
traditional psychoanalysis?
C. Slow and expensive ‫ ﺑﻄﺊ وﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What things can psychoanalysis begin ‫ أي ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬:2‫س‬
with? ‫ﺑﻬﻤﺎ؟‬
D. A childhood memory or dream ‫ ذﻛﺮى اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ أو اﻟﺤﻠﻢ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What are two things from childhood ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﺬان ﻳﻐﺬﻳﺎن‬:3‫س‬
feed psychological problems? ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ؟‬
D. Repressed impulses and conflicts ‫ اﻟﺪواﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﻮﺗﺔ واﻟﺼﺮاﻋﺎت‬.‫د‬

105
 🤦 ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻋﺔ أﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪا اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The Great Hunger or Irish Potato Famine was a period of mass starvation and disease in
Ireland that (Q1) brought about a lot of deaths and made many people leave the country.
While all this happened, (Q2) the British landowners hadn’t run out of their good crops yet. (Q3)
The Irish created the Fenian Brotherhood to fight back against the British. One of their
leaders issued the (Q4) “Irish Question” which divided British people and created problems
until a solution was found. (Q5) Prime Minister Gladstone tried to help Irish farmers through
new rent and tax laws.
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﻮع اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ أو ﻣﺠﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺲ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺠﺎﻋﺔ وﻣﺮض ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ أﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪا ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻣﻼك اﻷراﺿﻲ‬،‫ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﺪوث ﻫﺬا‬.‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ودﻓﻌﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ ﻣﻐﺎدرة اﻟﺒﻼد‬
.‫ أﻧﺸﺄ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮن ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ اﻹﺧﻮة اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﺎل ﺿﺪ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﻢ اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫أﺻﺪر أﺣﺪ ﻗﺎدﺗﻬﻢ "اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ" اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ وﺧﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ إﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫ ﺣﺎول رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﺟﻼدﺳﺘﻮن ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻹﻳﺠﺎر واﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬.‫ﺣﻞ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬

106
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the paragraph say about the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﻮع اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ؟‬:1‫س‬
Great Hunger?
B. It brought about a lot of deaths and made ‫ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ودﻓﻊ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬.‫ب‬
many Irish people leave their country. .‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻐﺎدرة ﺑﻼدﻫﻢ‬

Q2: Why does the writer use the word "Yet”? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﻌﺪ"؟‬:2‫س‬
A. to show that British landowners sold good ‫ إﻇﻬﺎر أن ﻣﻼك اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﻮا‬.‫أ‬
crops while people were hungry .‫ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﻴﺪة ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺎس ﺟﺎﺋﻌﻴﻦ‬

Q3: How did the Irish deal with the problems ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮن ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ‬:3‫س‬
that followed the great Hunger? ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺖ اﻟﺠﻮع اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ؟‬
C. They created the Fenian Brotherhood to fight ‫ أﻧﺸﺄوا ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺔ اﻹﺧﻮان اﻟﻔﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﺎل ﺿﺪ‬.‫ج‬
back against the British. .‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬

Q4: What does the writer think about the "Irish ‫ ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ " اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪي"؟‬:4‫س‬
question"?
A. He believes it divided English people and ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي وﺧﻠﻘﺖ‬.‫أ‬
created problems until a solution was found. .‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ إﻳﺠﺎد ﺣﻞ‬

Q5: How did Prime Minister Gladstone deal with ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻮزراء ﺟﻼدﺳﺘﻮن ﻣﻊ‬:5‫س‬
the Irish question? ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ؟‬
C. He tried to help Irish farmers through new ‫ ﺣﺎول ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬.‫ج‬
rent and tax laws. .‫ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻹﻳﺠﺎر واﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬

107
 ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ 🍪‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Website Cookies are files created by websites you visit. They make your online experience‬‬
‫‪easier by saving browsing information which is more (Q1) secure and they protect your‬‬
‫‪privacy.‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤﻫﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰورﻫﺎ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ أﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎًﻧﺎ وﺗﺤﻤﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What is the passage mainly talking‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ؟‬
‫?‪about‬‬
‫‪A. Cookies are secure and they protect your‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط آﻣﻨﺔ وﺗﺤﻤﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪privacy.‬‬

‫‪108‬‬
 🦕 ‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Preserving habitat is very important for life to exist on Earth without facing extinction. That’s
why ecologists concentrated on protecting the Ecosystems to help maintain every creature’s
habitat. This can only build on trust from the public.
ً ‫ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ أﻣًﺮا ﻣﻬ‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض دون ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻻﻧﻘﺮاض‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻻ‬.‫رﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ‬
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻻ أن ﻳﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the closest meaning to the ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "اﻧﻘﺮاض"؟‬:1‫س‬
word “extinction”?
B. destruction ‫ اﻟﺪﻣﺎر‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the closest meaning to the ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺮﻛﺰة"؟‬:2‫س‬
word “concentrated”?
C. emphasized ‫ أﻛﺪ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: The word “trust” means _____ _____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺛﻘﺔ" ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬:3 ‫س‬
A. intention ‫ اﻟﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

109
 ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮرد ﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ⛽‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫واردات اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة ﻣن اﻟﺳﻌودﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﻔط اﻟﺧﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻟف ﺑرﻣﯾل ﯾوﻣﯾﺎ‬
‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪18,000‬‬
‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪19,000‬‬
‫‪2002‬‬ ‫‪18,000‬‬
‫‪2003‬‬ ‫‪(Q2) 21,000‬‬

‫‪2004‬‬ ‫‪18,000‬‬
‫‪2005‬‬ ‫‪17,000‬‬
‫‪2006‬‬ ‫‪17,000‬‬
‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪(Q1) 17,000‬‬

‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪18,000‬‬
‫‪2009‬‬ ‫‪12,000‬‬
‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪13,000‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How much crude oil did the USA import‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻮردﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫?‪every day in 2007‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2007‬؟‬
‫‪A. 17,000,000 barrels‬‬ ‫أ‪ 17.000.000 .‬ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ‬

‫‪Q2: In which year were crude oil imports to‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ واردات اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎت‬
‫?‪the USA from Saudi Arabia the highest‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ؟‬
‫‪C. 2003‬‬ ‫ج‪2003 .‬‬

‫‪110‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻳﺦ 🪐‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Mars was discovered (Q1) just five years ago.‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻤﺮﻳﺦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: When did the scientists discover Mars‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺘﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻳﺦ؟‬
‫‪A. exactly five years ago‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬

‫‪111‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺘﻴﻦ ‪ A‬و‪🏃 B‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪There were two areas A and B but animals in (Q1) both areas spent time outside of their home‬‬
‫‪to find plants and food.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎن أ و ب ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺘﻴﻦ أﻣﻀﺖ وﻗًﺘﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is true about A and B‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص "أ" و "ب"؟‬
‫‪B. The animals spent most of the time‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻗﻀﺖ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‪.‬‬
‫‪outside home.‬‬

‫‪112‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ⚖‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The common law in the USA is much more caring than other countries’ laws. So, (Q1) no‬‬
‫‪comparison should be held between them and other countries.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the writer purpose‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺪف اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
‫‪B. comparison‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬

‫‪113‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ واﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ⚡‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫‪200 USD‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫‪2 USD‬‬
‫اﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪2 USD‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬ ‫‪(Q1) 0 USD‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the value of net benefit‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ؟‬
‫‪C. no change‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬

‫‪114‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ 🤓‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪There are several types of taxes and the excise tax is one of them. Excise Tax is a form of‬‬
‫‪indirect tax levied on specific goods (Q1) like Cigarettes, drinks and tobacco.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ واﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة اﻟﻤﻔﺮوﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ واﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت واﻟﺘﺒﻎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In which of the following are examples‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟‬
‫?‪of excise tax‬‬
‫‪A. cigarettes, drinks and tobacco‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ واﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت واﻟﺘﺒﻎ‬

‫‪115‬‬
 🗞 Wikipedia ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Wikipedia is an open-source platform to share information and (Q1) review details about
something. One the (Q2) best features is that anyone can edit texts and update them.
‫ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺣﻮل ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ‬Wikipedia
.‫أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰات أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why do we use Wikipedia? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. review ‫ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the most exciting feature of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺰة اﻷﻛﺜﺮ إﺛﺎرة ﻓﻲ وﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ؟‬:2‫س‬
Wikipedia?
B. editing texts ‫ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬.‫ب‬

116
 ⚙ ‫اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Currently, (Q1) Britain, is one of the strongest countries in the world. And all of this
happened after Britain had gone through a shocking change.
2- Before the industrial revolution people used to (Q3) fight for work and making a living. They
struggled to provide food for their families.
3- The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and (Q4) many of the technological and
architectural innovations were of British origin. By the mid-18th century Britain was the
world's leading commercial nation, controlling a global trading empire

.‫ وﻛﻞ ﻫﺬا ﺣﺪث ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻣﺮت ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺻﺎدم‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺣﺎﻟًﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻗﻮى دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬-1
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﺤﻮا ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺤﻮن ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻛﺴﺐ اﻟﺮزق‬-2
.‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺗﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ وﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬-3
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ‬.‫أﺻﻞ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬
.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻴﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬

117
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which sentence is the main idea of the ‫ أي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬:1‫س‬
passage? ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬
C. How Britain achieved an economical change ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴًﺮا اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳًﺎ‬.‫ج‬
and global position. .‫وﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬

Q2: Which is the main idea of the paragraph (1)? ‫(؟‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
C. Britain was the strongest country in the world. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ أﻗﻮى دوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: Which is the main idea of the paragraph (2)? ‫(؟‬2) ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:3‫س‬
B. Fighting for working and living .‫ اﻟﻨﻀﺎل ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Which is the main idea of the paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3) ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:4‫س‬
B. Many of the technological and architectural ‫ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
innovations were of British origin. .‫واﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻞ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬

118
 ‫رﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ 🌐‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In June 2017, the number of people who‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ ،2017‬ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫?‪used internet in Germany was‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ؟‬
‫‪B. 72 million‬‬ ‫ب‪ 72 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬

‫‪Q2: In June 2017, the number of people who‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ ،2017‬ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫?‪used internet in China was‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ؟‬
‫‪C. 740 million‬‬ ‫ج‪ 740 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ‬

‫‪119‬‬
 🍓 ‫ﻓﺮاوﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
California’s deep culture of environmentalism have turned to organic strawberries, which
they see as a more sustainable option. As conventional growers took note of this vibrant
market, organic strawberry production (Q1) rose fivefold between 2000 and 2012. The
chemical is a known neurotoxin and carcinogen. They used a toxic chemical that (Q2) cause
disease which is called methyl iodide.
.‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮوا أﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﺎر أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ارﺗﻔﻊ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻔﺮاوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬،‫ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻻﺣﻈﻮا ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا‬.‫ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻌﺮوف وﻣﺴﺮﻃﻦ‬.2012 ‫ و‬2000 ‫ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﺎدة ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺮض ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻳﻮدﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which chemical used for planting ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ زراﻋﺔ‬:1‫س‬
strawberries causes diseases? ‫اﻟﻔﺮاوﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض؟‬
A. methyl iodide ‫ ﻳﻮدﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: When did organic strawberry ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ارﺗﻔﻊ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻔﺮاوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ‬:2‫س‬
production rose fivefold? ‫أﺿﻌﺎف؟‬
B. between 2000-2012. 2012-2000 ‫ ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

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 📦 ‫اﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎت واﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Amazon is one of the leading online shopping platforms. (Q3) Shoppers usually pass by 300
items per minute in its apps. (Q2) Packaging is important as it holds and protects the product.
It has made (Q1) a contract with 3 companies and one of them is Heinz. (Q4) Heinz
revolutionized the condiments industry by changing the ketchup bottle shape and design.
Through this it (Q5) increased its sales by 12%.
‫ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ‬300 ‫ ﻳﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻮﻗﻮن ﻋﺎدة ﺑـ‬.‫أﻣﺎزون ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى ﻣﻨﺼﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت إﺣﺪاﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ‬3 ‫ﺪا ﻣﻊ‬
ً ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ أﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﻋﻘ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ وﺗﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬.‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﺛﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ زﺟﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ‬Heinz ‫ أﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬.Heinz ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
.٪12 ‫ﺧﻼل ذﻟﻚ زادت ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How many companies is Amazon ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ أﻣﺎزون؟‬:1‫س‬
working with?
C. 3 3 .‫ج‬

Q2: What is the main function of packaging? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ؟‬:2‫س‬

B. to hold and protect the product .‫ ﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: How many items do shoppers pass in a ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻮﻗﻮن‬:3‫س‬
minute? ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ؟‬
C. 300 300 .‫ج‬

Q4: How did Heinz revolutionize the ‫ ﺛﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬Heinz ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ أﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬:4‫س‬
condiments industry? ‫اﻟﺒﻬﺎرات؟‬
C. by changing the ketchup bottle ‫ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ زﺟﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ‬.‫ج‬

Q5: What percentage increase in sales did ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت‬:5‫س‬
Heinz make? ‫؟‬Heinz ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
D. 12% ٪12 .‫د‬

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 ‫ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

Air pollution is a very dangerous phenomenon, especially in this age where air pollutants are
everywhere. When we think about air pollution, we always think about the outside and
atmosphere air pollution, which is just the smaller part of the air pollution that is harming us.
The other part is indoor air pollution. This type of pollution is very dangerous as (Q1) research
shows that people spend 90% of their time staying at home. So, if the indoor air is polluted,
we are in a continuous harmful environment. One of the main reasons for indoor air pollution
is lack of fresh air in the house. Homes should have a proper ventilation system that allows
the fresh air from outside to come inside and the bad air to go outside. However, this in itself
is an issue as (Q2) people tend to save energy by not allowing hot air from outside to come in
as the air conditioners have to exert more energy to cool the house. Therefore, all the bad air
is kept inside the house which causes the indoor air pollution.
.‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻟﺠﺰء‬،‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ واﻟﺠﻮ‬
ً ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ داﺋ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‬.‫ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬.‫اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺬي ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ‬
‫ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﻮاء‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ وﻗﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬٪90 ‫ﺪا ﺣﻴﺚ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻷﺑﺤﺎث أن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻳﻘﻀﻮن‬ ً ‫ﺧﻄﻴًﺮا ﺟ‬
‫ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻠﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﻨﺤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺿﺎرة ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة‬،‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻠﻮًﺛﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎزل ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬
‫ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬا ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎرج واﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻋﺪم اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﺑﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺑﺬل اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻜﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺴﻴﺊ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬
.‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How much time do people spend inside ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﻘﻀﻴﻪ اﻟﻨﺎس داﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻬﻢ؟‬:1‫س‬
their homes?
C. 90% ٪90 .‫ج‬

Q2: The bad air is kept inside the houses ‫ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻔﺎﺳﺪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬:2‫س‬
because ___ ___ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
A. people want to save energy. .‫ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺮﻳﺪون ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫أ‬

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 🎎 ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺮوﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) The first Russian wooden doll set was carved in 1890 by Vasily Zvyozdochkin at the
Children's Education Workshop and created by Sergey Malyutin, a folk crafts painter on the
Abramtsevo estate of Savva Mamontov. Mamontov’s brother, Anatoly Ivanovich Mamontov
(1839 – 1905) founded the Children's Education Workshop to make and sell toys for children.
Malyutin painted the doll set. Malyutin's doll set included eight dolls: the mother which was
the outermost doll. The dolls inside were her children, girls and boys, and a new-born. The
workshop closed in the late 1890s, but the matryoshka legacy moved to Sergiyev Posad, a
Russian city noted for toy-making since the 14th century.
‫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﺎﺳﻴﻠﻲ زﻓﻴﻮزدوﺗﺸﻜﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ورﺷﺔ‬1890 ‫ ﺗﻢ ﻧﺤﺖ أول ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ دﻣﻰ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ روﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-1
‫ رﺳﺎم اﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺰﺑﺔ أﺑﺮاﻣﺘﺴﻴﻔﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻓﻔﺎ‬،‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل وﺻﻤﻤﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺮﺟﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫( ورﺷﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬1905 - 1839) ‫ أﻧﺎﺗﻮﻟﻲ إﻳﻔﺎﻧﻮﻓﻴﺘﺶ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮف‬،‫ أﺳﺲ ﺷﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮف‬.‫ﻣﺎﻣﻮﻧﺘﻮف‬
‫ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬Malyutin ‫ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ دﻣﻰ‬.‫ رﺳﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻟﺼﻨﻊ وﺑﻴﻊ أﻟﻌﺎب ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل‬
‫ ﺗﻢ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺪﻣﻰ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ وﺑﻨﺎﺗﻬﺎ وأوﻻدﻫﺎ وﺣﺪﻳﺜﻲ اﻟﻮﻻدة‬.‫ اﻷم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺪﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬:‫دﻣﻰ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ إرث ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻮﺷﻜﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻴﺮﺟﻴﻒ‬،‫إﻏﻼق ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أواﺧﺮ ﺗﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
.‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ روﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﻟﻌﺎب ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬،‫ﺑﻮﺳﺎد‬

2- The origin of Russian dolls is unknown. It is believed that Zvyozdochkin and Malyutin were
inspired by the Honshu doll, named after (Q2) the main island of Japan where the first doll was
created. The doll is described as either a spherical, hollow daruma doll depicting a bald old
Buddhist monk or a Seven Lucky Gods nesting doll.
،Honshu ‫ ُﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن زﻓﻴﻮزدوﺗﺸﻜﻴﻦ وﻣﺎﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺣﻴﺎن ﻣﻦ دﻣﻴﺔ‬.‫ أﺻﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﻰ اﻟﺮوﺳﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف‬-2
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ إﻣﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء أول دﻣﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻌﺎ‬
ً ‫دﻣﻴﺔ داروﻣﺎ ﻛﺮوﻳﺔ ﻣﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺼﻮر راﻫًﺒﺎ ﺑﻮذًﻳﺎ ﻋﺠﻮًزا أﺻﻠ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The best title for the passage is _____ ____ ‫ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻮ‬:1‫س‬
A. Russian Wooden Figures. .‫ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ روﺳﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The dolls were first made in ____ ...‫ ﺗﻢ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺪﻣﻰ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
C. Japan. .‫ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬.‫ج‬

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 🔪 ‫اﻟﺼﻴﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Hunting is the practice of seeking, pursuing and capturing, or killing wildlife or feral
animals. People tend to over hunt animals for different purposes, but this causes a lot of
issues. Today, some types of animals are endangered. This means there are very few animals
of that kind left on Earth. The animals could face extinction. (Q1) When animal species go
extinct, they are gone forever, and this can cause a lot of issues.
‫ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ‬.‫ اﻟﺼﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ وﻣﻄﺎردﺗﻬﺎ وأﺳﺮﻫﺎ أو ﻗﺘﻠﻬﺎ‬-1
،‫ اﻟﻴﻮم‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‬،‫اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻹﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ اﺻﻄﻴﺎد اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻷﻏﺮاض ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬
ً ‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺒﻖ ﺳﻮى ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟ‬.‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻬﺪدة ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮاض‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺮض اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻻﻧﻘﺮاض‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬
.‫ وﻫﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬،‫إﻟﻰ اﻷﺑﺪ‬

2- The most common reasons for people to kill animals are to remove predators dangerous
to humans or domestic animals and eliminate pests and nuisance animals that damage crops
or spread diseases. But even (Q2) killing these harmful animals is very dangerous as it affects
the food chain for all living creatures. Consider the food chain as all the plant and animal
species create intricate webs of wildlife, with all the species dependent on one another it
becomes important for our planet to survive and thrive.
‫ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻫﻲ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮرة‬-2
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن أو اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﻔﺔ و اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﻓﺎت واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺰﻋﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ أو ﺗﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻀﺎرة أﻣﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬.‫اﻷﻣﺮاض‬
‫ ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرك اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻷن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‬،‫ ﻣﻊ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬،‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ‬
.‫واﻻزدﻫﺎر‬

125
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The pronoun “they” in paragraph (1) _____‫( ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬1) ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:1‫س‬
refers to _____
D. animal species. .‫ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q2: Killing harmful animals is bad because _____ ‫ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻀﺎرة أﻣﺮ ﺳﻲء ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬:2‫س‬
_____
A. it affects the food chain. .‫ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

126
 🌱 ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants. What other plant would take
the football, rugby, hurling, bicycles, drought, flood, general abuse and be chopped back
constantly to the ground throughout the year. And through all this, it is pretty uncomplaining
and asking for very little if anything in return. Herbs are largely made of lignin which are
Herbs plant cells. (Q1) These cells are usually put under water pressure which makes the grass
strong and sturdy. That’s why herbs can make strong fibers and can be stepped on or torn
without dying quickly.
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻵﺧﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺐ ﻛﺮة‬.‫اﻷﻋﺸﺎب ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪم واﻟﺮﺟﺒﻲ واﻟﻘﺬف واﻟﺪراﺟﺎت واﻟﺠﻔﺎف واﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎت واﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار إﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻷﻋﺸﺎب إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ‬.‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺟ‬،‫ وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬا‬.‫اﻷرض ﻃﻮال اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﺸﺒﺔ ﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻷﻋﺸﺎب‬.‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﻴﻦ وﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أن اﻷﻋﺸﺎب ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﻨﻊ أﻟﻴﺎًﻓﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺪوس ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أو ﺗﻤﺰﻳﻘﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ‬
. ‫دون أن ﺗﻤﻮت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Herbs are strong because their cells _______‫ اﻻﻋﺸﺎب ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻻن ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ‬:1‫س‬
are_____
A. pressurized by water. .‫ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫أ‬

127
 💡‫اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Mr. Smith, who is in charge of the Department, announced (Q1) the launch of the new
program. Some people from the Department had some contradictory opinions regarding
that.
‫ وﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى ﺑﻌﺾ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آراء‬.‫ إﻃﻼق اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬،‫أﻋﻠﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬
. ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﺣﻴﺎل ذﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Some people had contradictory ‫ ﻟﺪى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺎس آراء ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ‬:1‫س‬
opinions regarding ______ ______ ‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص‬
A. the new program. .‫ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫أ‬

128
 ‫ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﻌﻢ ⚖‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪When the well is dry, we know the worth of water.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻒ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻌﺮف ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫______ ‪Q1: This sentence means‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ _______‬
‫‪B. when something is not available, we know‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺷﻲء ﻧﻌﺮف ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪its value.‬‬

‫‪129‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﻨﺎرﻳﺔ 🏍‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Airplanes are not as dangerous as motorcycle.‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت اﻟﻨﺎرﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫_____ ‪Q1: This sentence means‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ _____‬
‫‪B. airplanes are less dangerous than‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات أﻗﻞ ﺧﻄﻮرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت اﻟﻨﺎرﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪motorcycles.‬‬

‫‪130‬‬
 ‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺼﻮل 🤓‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Look at the Photo. In Pairs, ask questions and answer them.‬‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ أزواج‪ ،‬اﻃﺮح اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫______ ‪Q1: This text is found in a‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ ﻓﻲ _______‬
‫‪A. classroom.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻔﺼﻮل‪.‬‬

‫‪131‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺸﺮح واﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ✏‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The contract will seek to define the client's obligations.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: the word “define” in paragraph means‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﺮف" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﺗﻌﻨﻲ _____‬
‫_____‬
‫‪B. explain.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺷﺮح‪.‬‬

‫‪132‬‬
 👑 ‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺳﺒﺄ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The Kingdom of Sheba is an ancient Arab kingdom. It was the most powerful tribal union in
ancient Yemen. (Q1) Balqis was the queen of the Kingdom of Sheba mentioned in the Bible
and the Qur’an. This woman is a source of pride for the Yemenis. Modern archaeological
research has proven beyond any doubt that the homeland of the Kingdom of Sheba was in
Yemen, although no trace of that queen has been found in it.
‫ ﺑﻠﻘﻴﺲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺳﺒﺄ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن أﻗﻮى اﺗﺤﺎد ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬.‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺳﺒﺄ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ‬.‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮأة ﻣﺼﺪر ﻓﺨﺮ ﻟﻠﻴﻤﻨﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﻘﺪس واﻟﻘﺮآن‬
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أﺛﺮ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬، ‫ﻳﺪع ﻣﺠﺎًﻻ ﻟﻠﺸﻚ أن ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺳﺒﺄ ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻤﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the best title for the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
D. Sheba and Balqis. .‫ ﺳﺒﺄ وﺑﻠﻘﻴﺲ‬.‫د‬

133
 💪 ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Janet has a confident and strong character and she has no problem to express her views.
When she heard about the death of two citizens that resulted from the hospital staff’s
negligence, she asked in a forceful way for their arrest and trial.
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﻌﺖ ﺑﻮﻓﺎة‬.‫ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺟﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﺑﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ واﺛﻘﺔ وﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ آراﺋﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﺖ ﺑﻘﻮﻳﺔ ان ﻳﺘﻢ اﻋﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﻤﺎ وﻣﺤﺎﻛﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬،‫ﻣﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ إﻫﻤﺎل ﻃﺎﻗﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the word (express) mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻳﻌﺒﺮ(؟‬:١ ‫س‬
A. explain .‫ ﺷﺮح‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What does the word (forceful) mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻗﻮة(؟‬:٢ ‫س‬
B. powerful .‫ ﺑﻘﻮة‬.‫ب‬

134
 🌭 ‫ﻫﻀﻢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
When you eat, the food first enters your mouth. You chew and swallow the food. Next, it
enters your(Q1) stomach from which it moves down into your small intestines. Then, it passes
into your large intestines. Later, it gets out of your body when you go to the bathroom.
‫ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﺗﻚ وﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ أﻧﺖ ﺗﻤﻀﻎ وﺗﺒﺘﻠﻊ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬.‫ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻤﻚ أوًﻻ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻤﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‬.‫ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ‬.‫إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Where does food immediately go after ‫ أﻳﻦ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻀﻎ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
being chewed?
A. stomach. .‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬.‫أ‬

135
 ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻫﻲ ☕‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Coffee shops are popular in (Q1) the Middle East, for example: in Egypt, Saudi Arabia,‬‬
‫‪Palestine, and the UAE. Growth is high and competition is fierce, but unlike most major‬‬
‫‪markets, cafés and coffee shop chains are both finding impressive growth.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ واﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ وﻓﻠﺴﻄﻴﻦ واﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺷﺮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻮا ﻣﺜﻴًﺮا ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎب‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺪ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻫﻲ وﺳﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻤ ً‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Based on the text, coffee shops are‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬وﻓﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺺ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮرة؟‬
‫?‪popular in‬‬
‫‪A. the Middle East.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪136‬‬
 ‫دﻳﻒ واﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة 🏅‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Dave is in (Q1) the three-student team that won an award.‬‬
‫دﻳﻒ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻃﻼب واﻟﺬي ﻓﺎز ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰة‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Who won the award‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة؟‬
‫‪B. a team of three students.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻃﻼب‪.‬‬

‫‪137‬‬
 👬 ‫دﻳﻒ وﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Dave and his childhood friend, Tommy, work at a construction site. They were in the final
stages of building a house. Tommy was about to paint the roof while Dave was fixing the
electric plugs. Tommy put the ladder to climb but because it was very old, he asked Dave to
hold it for him until he finished the ceiling. Dave looked at him and said “I’m sorry; can’t you
see (Q1) I am working?”, and he continued with fixing the plugs.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﺗﻮﻣﻲ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻨﺰل‬.‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ دﻳﻒ وﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﻃﻔﻮﻟﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫ وﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﻣﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﺼﻌﻮد وﻟﻜﻦ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺷﻚ ﻃﻼء اﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن دﻳﻒ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺲ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻪ دﻳﻒ وﻗﺎل "أﻧﺎ آﺳﻒ؛ أﻻ‬.‫ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ دﻳﻒ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻘﻒ‬،‫ﺪا‬ ً ‫ﻤﺎ ﺟ‬
ً ‫ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺪﻳ‬
.‫ واﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ إﺻﻼح اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺲ‬،"‫ﺗﺮى أﻧﺎ أﻋﻤﻞ؟‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What was Dave's response? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎن رد دﻳﻒ؟‬:١‫س‬
B. I’m working. .‫ أﻧﺎ أﻋﻤﻞ‬.‫ب‬

138
 📧 ‫اﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﻜﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Dear Mr. Saud,
This year, I struggled to take the class seriously because of the problems I was having at
home. You never gave up on me, and I want to thank you for being the best (Q1) teacher. I will
always remember your kindness and willingness to go the extra mile just for me.
،‫ﺳﻴﺪي ﺳﻌﻮد‬
.‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ أﺧﺬ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﺖ أواﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻄﻔﻚ واﺳﺘﻌﺪادك ﻟﺒﺬل‬ً ‫ ﺳﺄﺗﺬﻛﺮ داﺋ‬.‫ وأود أن أﺷﻜﺮك ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻚ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ‬،‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫أﻧﺖ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻲ أﺑ‬
.‫ﺟﻬﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who is the message addressed to? ‫ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
B. his teacher ‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻪ‬.‫ب‬

139
 ‫آدم ﻟﻴﺲ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﺈرﻳﻚ 🧍‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Adam is not as tall as Erich.‬‬
‫آدم ﻟﻴﺲ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ ﻛﺈرﻳﻚ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What do you understand from this sentence‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. Erich is taller than Adam.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬إرﻳﻚ أﻃﻮل ﻣﻦ آدم‪.‬‬

‫‪140‬‬
 ‫ﺻﻮرة ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ⚠‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺒﻂء‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﻌﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What should drivers NOT do when they‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ اﻻ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻘﻮن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮون‬
‫?‪see this sign‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. Drive fast.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪141‬‬
 📉 ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
This year, the Office of Admission and Registration at our university, with the help of the
professors, distributed a questionnaire to (Q1) the students to answer. The questionnaire aims
at studying the students’ academic activities and course participation.
‫ ﺑﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬،‫ ﻗﺎم ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻘﺒﻮل واﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬة‬،‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺎم‬
.‫ ﻳﻬﺪف اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎن إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎق‬.‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who should respond to the questionnaires? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﻳﺠﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت؟‬:1‫س‬
B. the students ‫ اﻟﻄﻼب‬.‫ب‬

142
 🐧 ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Biologists in New Zealand are baffled by the sudden death of a large number of the world’s
rarest species of penguin. The loss represents around 15 per cent of all. Scientists’
examinations showed no sign of poisoning by heavy metals or pesticides, nor was there any
sign of a virus. (Q1)They still don’t know what killed the penguins. Whatever killed the birds
acted very quickly – in the eight hours they were at sea feeding on the day they died – and
most of the corpses recovered were near their home beaches.
‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻧﻴﻮزﻳﻠﻨﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺮة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﻮت اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺪر أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﺤﻮﺻﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أي ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬15 ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﺴﺎرة ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﺎ زاﻟﻮا ﻻ‬.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك أي ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻓﻴﺮوس‬،‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ أو ﻣﺒﻴﺪات اﻵﻓﺎت‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬- ‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺼﺮف ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬،‫ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر‬.‫ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﻖ‬
‫ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺠﺜﺚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر‬- ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻳﺘﻐﺬون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺬي ﻣﺎﺗﻮا ﻓﻴﻪ‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺷﻮاﻃﺊ ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What did the scientists discover about the ‫ ﻣﺎذا اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮت ﻃﻴﻮر‬:1 ‫س‬
death of penguins? ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳﻖ؟‬
D. Scientists don't know what killed them. .‫ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺘﻠﻬﻢ‬.‫د‬

143
 ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ⚠‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ اﻧﻪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What do you understand from this‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ؟‬
‫?‪sentence sign‬‬
‫‪C. You can’t use the road.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪144‬‬
 🎓 ‫دﻋﻮة ﻟﺤﻔﻞ ﺗﺨﺮج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A young lady went shopping for a dress, a bag and some shoes for her friend’s party but she
only had 500 riyals. She bought a dress and shoes which cost 450 riyals. What she had left
were 50 riyals. She was surprised to see a matching bag which (Q1) cost 7.99 riyals. She
couldn’t believe herself and bought it; she still had 42 riyals left.
‫ﺷﺎﺑﺔ ذﻫﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮق ﻟﺸﺮاء ﻓﺴﺘﺎن وﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﺬﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﻔﻠﺔ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺘﻬﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺳﻮى‬
‫ ﺗﻔﺎﺟﺄت ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺳﻌﺮﻫﺎ‬.‫ رﻳﺎﻻ‬٥٠ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬.‫ رﻳﺎًﻻ‬٤٥٠ ‫ اﺷﺘﺮت ﻓﺴﺘﺎﻧﴼ وﺣﺬاًء ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬.‫ رﻳﺎل‬٥٠٠
.‫ رﻳﺎﻻ ﻣﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬٤٢ ‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺼﺪق ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ واﺷﺘﺮﺗﻬﺎ؛ ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬.‫ رﻳﺎل‬٧.٩٩

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How much was the bag? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎن ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. It was about 8 Riyals. .‫ رﻳﺎل‬8 ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫أ‬

145
 ‫ﺣﻴﻮان اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮر 🦨‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Lemurs are mammals. They are divided into 8 families and consist of 15 genera, and around‬‬
‫‪100 existing species. They live only on Madagascar Island. (Q1) Long-tailed lemurs are the‬‬
‫‪most existing lemurs. They live on trees and are active at night.‬‬
‫ﺴﺎ‪ ،‬وﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 100‬ﻧﻮع ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪ .‬إﻧﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎت‪ .‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ‪ 8‬ﻋﺎﺋﻼت وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 15‬ﺟﻨ ً‬
‫ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﻣﺪﻏﺸﻘﺮ‪ .‬اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮر ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺬﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر وﻳﻨﺸﻄﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What does the pronoun "They" mean‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ"؟‬
‫‪D. long-tailed lemurs‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮر ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺬﻳﻞ‬

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 🕋 ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to Makah. The largest number of pilgrims from outside was (Q1)in
2010, with 1799601 pilgrims compared to 989798 pilgrims who were from inside Saudi
Arabia with a percentage of (Q2) 35%.
‫ ﻛﺎن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺎج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬.‫ إﻧﻪ أﺣﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ أﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺞ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺞ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﺔ‬
.٪35 ‫ ﺣﺎﺟﴼ ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬989798 ‫ ﺣﺎﺟﴼ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬1799601 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ‬2010 ‫ﻋﺎم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: In which year was the largest number of ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﺎج‬:1 ‫س‬
pilgrims from outside Saudi Arabia? ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ؟‬
C. 2010 2010 .‫ج‬

Q2: What was the percentage of pilgrims ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺠﺎج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
from inside the kingdom?
B. 35% ٪35 .‫ب‬

147
 ‫ﻣﺎدة اﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي ‪📓 134‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪English 134‬‬
‫‪Pre- requirements: (Q1) English 133.‬‬
‫‪Content: (Q2) vocabulary, writing, grammar.‬‬
‫اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي ‪134‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪.133‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻔﺮدات‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: When are you allowed to take this class‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ؟‬
‫‪A. When you complete English 133.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ إﺗﻤﺎم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪.133‬‬

‫?‪Q2: What does this course teach‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺪرس ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪورة؟‬
‫‪D. vocabulary, writing and grammar‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻔﺮدات‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬

‫‪148‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت 🧾‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪1. Small pizza= 15 riyals.‬‬
‫‪2. Rice and Meat= 20 riyals.‬‬
‫‪3. Cheese Sandwich and Pepsi= 12 riyals,‬‬
‫‪4. French Fries and Cola= 11 riyals.‬‬
‫‪5. (Q1) Chicken Sandwich= 9.5 riyals.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺘﺰا ﺻﻐﻴﺮة = ‪ 15‬رﻳﺎل‪.‬‬
‫أرز وﻟﺤﻢ = ‪ 20‬رﻳﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﻳﺶ ﺟﺒﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺒﺴﻲ = ‪ 12‬رﻳﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻄﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﻘﻠﻴﺔ وﻛﻮﻻ = ‪ 11‬رﻳﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﻳﺶ دﺟﺎج = ‪ 9.5‬رﻳﺎل‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: You have only 10 riyals, which of the‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ‪ 10‬رﻳﺎﻻت ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ؟‬
‫?‪meals can you buy‬‬
‫‪B. Chicken Sandwich‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﻳﺘﺶ دﺟﺎج‬

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 🧕 ‫أم ﻣﻨﺸﻐﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A mother of 3, Janet, has (Q1) a very busy routine. She wakes up at about 6 am to prepare her
children’s breakfast and lunch boxes. Then she wakes her children at about 6:30. During their
breakfast, she makes sure their bags are ready. When her kids finish their breakfast, she
helps them to get dressed. At about 7:30, she drives them to school. When she goes back
home, she starts some house work, She does the dishes, tidies the living room and (Q2)
washes the floor.
‫ﺣﺎ ﻹﻋﺪاد‬
ً ‫ ﺻﺒﺎ‬6 ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ روﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺰدﺣﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬،‫ وﻫﻲ أم ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ أﻃﻔﺎل‬،‫ﺟﺎﻧﻴﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن‬،‫ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻓﻄﺎر‬.6:30 ‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻆ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫وﺟﺒﺎت اﻹﻓﻄﺎر واﻟﻐﺪاء ﻷﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ارﺗﺪاء ﻣﻼﺑﺴﻬﻢ‬، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ وﺟﺒﺔ اﻹﻓﻄﺎر‬.‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﺒﻬﻢ ﺟﺎﻫﺰة‬
‫ وﺗﻐﺴﻞ اﻷﻃﺒﺎق وﺗﺮﺗﺐ‬،‫ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬.‫ ﻧﻘﻠﺘﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ‬،7:30
.‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ وﺗﻐﺴﻞ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How is Janet? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻴﺖ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. busy ‫ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: An example of housework? ‫ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬

A. washing the floor ‫ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

150
 ✈ ‫وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻔﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
We are a small company committed to giving you a creative and unforgettable experience
starting from our comfortable and safe fleet of (Q1) aircrafts. Relax, enjoy and leave the
planning to us! We offer (Q2) customized personalized tours experiences, completely catered
to your preferencess
‫ اﺳﺘﺮخ‬.‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺤﻚ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ إﺑﺪاﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ُﺗﻨﺴﻰ ﺑﺪًءا ﻣﻦ أﺳﻄﻮل ﻃﺎﺋﺮاﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻳﺢ واﻵﻣﻦ‬
.!‫ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻼﺗﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫واﺳﺘﻤﺘﻊ واﺗﺮك اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻨﺎ! ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﺪم ﺗﺠﺎرب ﺟﻮﻻت ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: This travel agency offers journeys through ‫ ﺗﻘﺪم وﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺣﻼت ﻋﺒﺮ؟‬:1‫س‬
_____
B. air. .‫ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What kind of services do they offer? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ؟‬:2‫س‬
D. personalized services .‫ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬.‫د‬

151
 ‫ﻋﺰوﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺸﺎء 🍱‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Omar sent his friend, Ali, a letter in which he wrote, “Dear Ali, I would like to invite you to‬‬
‫‪dinner (Q1) Friday night. It would be great if you could come. Be sure to (Q2) reply before‬‬
‫‪tonight.‬‬
‫أرﺳﻞ ﻋﻤﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﺰﻳﺰي ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬أود أن أدﻋﻮك إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺸﺎء ﻳﻮم اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺟﻰ اﻟﺮد ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: When is dinner‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﺸﺎء؟‬
‫‪C. Friday night‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎء اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬

‫?‪Q2: What did Omar want Ali to do‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا أراد ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ أن ﻳﻔﻌﻞ؟‬
‫‪B. to reply‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺮد‬

‫‪152‬‬
 🍾 ‫اﻟﺨﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A summary of a survey provided by the Vinegar Institute in 1989, characterizes the
production of vinegar by (Q1) food category in the U.S.A. Vinegar is durable and storable
almost for an unlimited period. Vinegar can also (Q2) make the helpful bacteria grow fast, so
we use it in making home yogurt.
‫ ﻳﺼﻒ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت‬،1989 ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﺨﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ﻀﺎ أن ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﻞ أﻳ‬.‫ اﻟﺨﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﺮ وﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬،‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺰﺑﺎدي اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ‬،‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: what does the author consider vinegar to ‫ ﻣﺎذا اﻋﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺨﻞ؟‬:1‫س‬
be?
A. as food ‫ ﻏﺬاء‬.‫أ‬

Q2: How does vinegar help with bacteria? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ؟‬:٢‫س‬
B. grows helpful bacteria ‫ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺒﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‬.‫ب‬

153
 🔬 ‫اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Undoubtedly, the discovery of penicillin is one of the biggest leaps in modern medicine.
Penicillin has saved many people. (Q1) Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician, was the
inventor of penicillin. This led to Fleming being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine in 1945, along with Howard Florey and Ernest Chain. Penicillin was discovered in
1928 by accident. Fleming’s discovery in September 1928 marked a new century in the world
of modern antibiotics.
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ أﻧﻘﺬ اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻻ ﺷﻚ أن اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻔﺰات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬
‫ أدى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺼﻮل ﻓﻠﻴﻤﻨﺞ‬.‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ اﻻﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪي أﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر ﻓﻠﻴﻤﻨﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﺮع اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬
،‫ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﻮارد ﻓﻠﻮري وإرﻧﺴﺖ ﺗﺸﻴﻦ‬،1945 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء أو اﻟﻄﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬1928 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‬Fleming ‫ ﻛﺎن اﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‬1928 ‫وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮن ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who discovered Penicillin? ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﻴﻦ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. Alexander Fleming. .‫ أﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر ﻓﻠﻴﻤﻨﺞ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What was not mentioned in the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬
A. A group at Harvard University under the ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎرﻓﺎرد ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف‬.‫أ‬
supervision of Alexander Fleming helped him. .‫أﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر ﻓﻠﻴﻤﻨﺞ ﺳﺎﻋﺪه‬

154
 ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ⚠‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪No swimmers beyond this point. It is not allowed to children. Stop if you cannot swim. It is‬‬
‫)‪(Q1‬‬
‫‪not allowed to go further.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺴﻤﻮ ً‬
‫ﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺳﺒﺎﺣﻮن ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺴﻤﻮ ً‬
‫أن ﺗﺬﻫﺐ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1. What does the warning notice above‬‬ ‫س ‪ .1‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ إﺷﻌﺎر اﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ أﻋﻼه؟‬
‫?‪mean‬‬
‫‪A. People who can't swim must stop by this‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن‬
‫‪point.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪155‬‬
 🤵 ‫دﻋﻮة زواج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
We, Mr. and Mrs. John L. Smith, request the pleasure of your presence at the marriage of
(Q1)our son Michael to Marie Thompson on Saturday, the 17th of May At six o’clock in the
evening, Plaza Hotel, New York.
‫ ﻳﻮم‬،‫ ﻳﺴﻌﺪﻧﺎ ﺣﻀﻮرﻛﻢ ﺣﻔﻞ زﻓﺎف اﺑﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎري ﺛﻮﻣﺒﺴﻮن‬،‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺚ‬.‫اﻟﺴﻴﺪ واﻟﺴﻴﺪة ﺟﻮن ل‬
.‫ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﺪق اﻟﺒﻼزا‬،‫ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ ﻣﺴﺎء‬،‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ أﻳﺎر‬،‫اﻟﺴﺒﺖ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who is inviting people to this ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﻋﻮ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺤﻔﻞ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
ceremony?
A. the groom's family. ‫ أﻫﻞ اﻟﻌﺮﻳﺲ‬.‫أ‬

156
 ‫اﻷﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰا 🤧‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪(Q1)Less‬‬ ‫‪is known about the cause of the common cold than the many serious diseases.‬‬
‫ﻻ ُﻳﻌﺮف ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻧﺰﻻت اﻟﺒﺮد إﻻ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮة‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What do you understand from this‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة؟‬
‫?‪phrase‬‬
‫‪A. We know less about the causes of the cold‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻋﻦ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻧﺰﻻت اﻟﺒﺮد أﻗﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫‪than we know about other diseases.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫‪157‬‬
 📚 ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻣﻴﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A dictionary is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed
alphabetically with the words’ usage and definitions. Some books have words in one
language with their meanings in another. (Q1) Students must think about how to choose a
dictionary that fits their purpose. They should also learn how to use a dictionary. But still the
best way to learn English is to guess the meaning of the word and (Q2) use less dictionary.
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺰال أﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺎرون وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس‬.‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮس اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻏﺮﺿﻚ‬
.‫ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻣﻮس أﻗﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The pronoun “they” refers to? ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. students ‫ اﻟﻄﻼب‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is the best way to learn English? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﺶ؟‬:٢‫س‬
A. use less dictionaries. .‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﻮس‬.‫أ‬

158
 🐟 ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Fish come in different colours and shapes. They take (Q1) oxygen from the water they swim in.
They take it with gills. Fish scientists are called Ichthyologist. They are expected to discover
new (Q2) species of fish in the coming years.
.‫ وﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء؟ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬.‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﺄﻟﻮان وأﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻔﻮا أﻧﻮاﻋﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻓﻲ‬.Ichthyologist ‫وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﺳﻢ‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the pronoun “it” refers to? ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻮ"؟‬:1‫س‬
A. oxygen ‫ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What does the passage talk about? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة؟‬:2‫س‬
A. Kinds or types of fish ‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬.‫أ‬

159
 🪵 ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Wood is a fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody
plants. Some(Q1) trees have great wood. They are cut for their timber.
‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺑﻌﺾ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻨﻴﻮي ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﻘﺎن وﺟﺬور اﻷﺷﺠﺎر واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
.‫ ﻗﻄﻌﻮا ﻷﺧﺸﺎﺑﻬﻢ‬.‫اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ راﺋﻊ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The pronoun (they) refers to? ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ )ﻫﻢ( ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
C. trees. .‫ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬.‫ج‬

160
 🪪 ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻋﻼن ﻣﺰارع‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
I am Jack. I am looking for a job as (Q1) a gardener in a nearby garden. I have 23 years of
experience in the gardening field. Those who are interested may call me on 0709923090, (Q2)
5:00 - 10:00 P.M. from Sunday through Thursday.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﺴﺘﻨﺔ‬23 ‫ ﻟﺪي‬،‫أﻧﺎ ﺟﺎك أﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬
.‫ م ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ‬10:00 - 5:00 ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬0709923090 ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Where does Jack prefer to work? ‫ أﻳﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺟﺎك ان ﻳﻌﻤﻞ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. in a garden ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: When can employers call Jack? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺠﺎك؟‬:2‫س‬
D. between 5:00 and 10:00 in the afternoon ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻈﻬﺮ‬10:00 ‫ و‬5:00 ‫ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫د‬

161
 🖋 ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻢ اﻟﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
I've (Q1) lost a pen in a public place. Who finds it will get a reward of 500 SR.? The pen means
a lot to me because it was (Q2) a gift from my father. You may call this number if you find it:
0888900660, Ali Ahmad.
‫ اﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬.‫ رﻳﺎل ﺳﻌﻮدي‬500 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻔﻪ ﺳﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺄة ﻗﺪرﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻓﻘﺪت ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﺎم‬
.‫ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺣﻤﺪ‬،0888900660 :‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺮﻗﻢ إذا وﺟﺪﺗﻪ‬.‫ﻟﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ واﻟﺪي‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the kind of the advertisement? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮع اﻻﻋﻼن؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. missing-items advertisement .‫ اﻋﻼن ﻣﻔﻘﻮدات‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Why did Ali like that pen? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا أﺣﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻘﻠﻢ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
C. It was a gift from his father. .‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ واﻟﺪه‬.‫ج‬

162
 💰 ‫اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
As capitalism strengthens individual ownership, it reduces public property. Karl Marx has
written many books but his book, Communist Manifesto, which he wrote with(Q1) Friedrich
Engels in 1848, emphasized the importance of class struggle in every historical society, and
the dangerous instability capitalism created.
،‫ ﻛﺎرل ﻣﺎرﻛﺲ ﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬،‫ﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺰز اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ‬
‫ أﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺮاع اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ‬،1848 ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﻳﺪرﻳﻚ إﻧﺠﻠﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ اﻟﺒﻴﺎن اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‬،‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ‬
.‫ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي أوﺟﺪﺗﻪ اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Karl Marx wrote about communism :‫ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﺎرﻛﺲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬:1‫س‬
with? ‫ اﻧﺠﻠﺰ‬.‫ب‬
B. Engels

163
 ‫ﻋﺮض وﻇﻴﻔﻲ 📑‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪1- Riyadh, Engineers (Q1) Fluent in English and Spanish, Minimum Bachelor’s degree, Saudi,‬‬
‫‪Minimum 5 years of experience.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎض‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻮن‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﻴﺪون اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ واﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻮدي اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺒﺮة ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺳﻨﻮات‪.‬‬

‫‪2- Jeddah, Teachers Fluent in English and French, Minimum Master's degree, Minimum 3‬‬
‫‪years of experience, Saudi.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺟﺪة‪ :‬ﻣﺪرﺳﻮن‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﻴﺪون اﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ واﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﺑﺤﺪ أدﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺧﺒﺮة ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺳﻨﻮات‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﻮدي اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3- Dammam, Managers, Saudi, fluent in English and French, Minimum Bachelor’s degree,‬‬
‫‪Saudi.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺪﻣﺎم‪ ،‬ﻣﺪراء ﺳﻌﻮدﻳﻮن‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﻴﺪون اﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ واﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪ أدﻧﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻮدي‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What was required for all jobs‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ؟‬
‫‪A. Saudi and fluent in English.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺳﻌﻮدي ﻳﺠﻴﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What wasn't mentioned in the job‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟‬
‫?‪offer‬‬
‫‪D. the salary‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ‬

‫‪164‬‬
 ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮﻳﺔ ⚠‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Quiet Please.‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﺟﺎء اﻟﻬﺪوء‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫_____ ‪Q1: Don’t be‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن _____‬
‫‪A. loud.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻋﺎل اﻟﺼﻮت‪.‬‬

‫‪165‬‬
 🏝 ‫ﻣﻮرﻳﺸﻴﻮس‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
According to the history of Mauritius, Arab sailors were the first to discover the island and
called it (Q2) Dunia Al-Orouba. Then, the Portuguese visited and discovered Mauritius in the
16th century. The Portuguese took no interest in that isolated island, though. In 1638, the
Dutch established a settlement in Mauritius and abandoned that island in 1710.
‫ ﺛﻢ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺤﺎرة اﻟﻌﺮب أول ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة وأﻃﻠﻘﻮا ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﺳﻢ دﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﺮوﺑﺔ‬،‫وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻮرﻳﺸﻴﻮس‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻬﺘﻤﻮا ﺑﺘﻠﻚ‬.‫زار اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎﻟﻴﻮن ﻣﻮرﻳﺸﻴﻮس واﻛﺘﺸﻔﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫ أﺳﺲ اﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮرﻳﺸﻴﻮس وﺗﺨﻠﻮا ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة‬،1638 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ‬
.1710 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The island refers to? ‫ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ؟‬:١‫س‬
C. Mauritius ‫ ﻣﻮرﻳﺸﻴﻮس‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What did the Arabs call it? ‫ ﻣﺎذا أﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺮب؟‬:٢‫س‬
C. Dunia Al Oruba ‫ دﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﺮوﺑﺔ‬.‫ج‬

166
 🤕 ‫ﺣﺎدث ﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
While Ali Al-Salem was driving to the university, he had a (Q1) terrible accident. He underwent
physiotherapy sessions and fortunately he was able to move his right hand after (Q2) 10
months and his left hand after 8 months.
‫ ﺧﻀﻊ ﻟﺠﻠﺴﺎت ﻋﻼج ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﻗﺪ ﺧﻀﻊ‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺮض ﻟﺤﺎدث ﻣﺮوع‬،‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻘﻮد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
.. ‫ أﺷﻬﺮ‬8 ‫ أﺷﻬﺮ وﻳﺪه اﻟﻴﺴﺮى ﺑﻌﺪ‬10 ‫ﻟﺠﻠﺴﺎت ﻋﻼج ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺤﻆ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻳﺪه اﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why did Ali have this problem in his ‫ ﻟﻴﺶ ﻋﻠﻲ واﺟﻪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ؟‬:١‫س‬
hands?
B. a traffic accident ‫ ﺣﺎدث ﻣﺮوري‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Ali was able to move his hands after .‫ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻳﺪﻳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ _____ ﺷﻬًﺮا‬:٢‫س‬
_____ months.
B. 10. ١٠ .‫ب‬

167
 📨 ‫اﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬
٤٥
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
From: Mohammad
To: Hamad
Date: March 7
Subject: Preparation for a Meeting
Dear Hamad,
Please prepare for the next meeting. (Q1) You were late for yesterday’s meeting so make sure
to come early this time. Also, bring with you the papers that you left on the desk in (Q2)
yesterday's meeting, March 6.
‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬:‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﺣﻤﺪ‬:‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﻣﺎرس‬7 :‫اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬:‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬
،‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰي ﺣﻤﺪ‬
‫ ﻟﺬا ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬﻫﺎب ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻤﺎع‬،‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺄﺧﺮت ﻓﻲ ﺣﻀﻮرك اﺟﺘﻤﺎع أﻣﺲ‬.‫اﻟﺮﺟﺎء اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﻟﻼﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻟﻘﺎدم‬
.‫ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎرس‬،‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﻚ اﻷوراق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻷﻣﺲ‬ ً ‫ أﺣﻀﺮ أﻳ‬،‫ﻣﺒﻜًﺮا‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Mohammed was angry with his secretary, _____.‫ ﻏﻀﺐ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮﺗﻴﺮه ﺣﻤﺪ ﻷن‬:1‫س‬
Hamad, because _____
B. He arrived late for yesterday's meeting. .‫ وﺻﻞ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮا إﻟﻰ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻷﻣﺲ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: When was the last meeting? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻛﺎن اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻷﺧﻴﺮ؟‬:2‫س‬
B. the day before the message or email ‫ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻠﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ أو اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬.‫ب‬

168
 🔪 ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A police officer was doing his job one day, trying to catch a criminal. However, the criminal
attacked him and (Q1) stabbed him with a knife. The police were injured and taken to the
hospital to be treated.
‫ ﻫﺎﺟﻤﻪ‬،‫ رﻏﻢ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺤﻮزﺗﻪ ﻣﺴﺪس‬.‫ﺿﺎﺑﻂ ﺷﺮﻃﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ذات ﻳﻮم ﻣﺤﺎوًﻻ اﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺮم‬
.‫ أﺻﻴﺐ ﺿﺎﺑﻂ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ وﻧﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻌﻼج‬.‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮم وﻃﻌﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﻜﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What weapon did the criminal use to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﻼح اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻤﺠﺮم ﻟﻄﻌﻦ‬:١‫س‬
stab the policeman? ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ؟‬
A. a Knife ‫ ﺳﻜﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

169
 🧠 ‫اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ واﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system. It controls the things we choose
to do. The brain receives the message from anywhere in the body and (Q1) tells the body how
to react. For example, if you touch a hot stove, the nerves in your skin shoot a message of
pain to your brain. The spinal cord transmits these messages to the brain which reacts
withing fractions of a second. However, when (Q2) you are sleeping, these messages stop.
.‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ واﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬
‫ إذا ﻟﻤﺴﺖ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻳﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻫﺬه‬.‫ ﻓﺈن اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺪك ﺗﺮﺳﻞ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ أﻟﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ‬،‫ﺪا ﺳﺎﺧًﻨﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻣﻮﻗ‬
.‫ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬،‫ﻤﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﺋ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why do we lift our hand when we ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧﺮﻓﻊ أﻳﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻠﻤﺲ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺎ؟‬:١‫س‬
touch something hot?
B. The brain gives the order. .‫ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻤﺦ اﻻواﻣﺮ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: When does the brain stop receiving ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ‬:٢‫س‬
messages from the spinal cord? ‫اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ؟‬
C. at bed time ‫ وﻗﺖ اﻟﻨﻮم‬.‫ج‬

170
 🏦 ‫ﺑﻨﻚ اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Professor Muhammad Younis is a former professor of economics at Chittagong University,
one of the largest universities in Bangladesh, the founder of Grameen Bank and a 2006-
Nobel-Peace-Prize laureate. He later founded Grameen Bank (Q1) because he found that the
traditional banks failed to help the poor.
‫ إﺣﺪى أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﻓﻴﺴﻮر ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﻴﺘﺎﻏﻮﻧﻎ‬-١
‫ أﺳﺲ ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮاﻣﻴﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ‬.2006 ‫ وﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮاﻣﻴﻦ واﻟﺤﺎﺋﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻼم ﻟﻌﺎم‬،‫ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ‬
.‫وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‬

2- Although he had no prior experience in managing banks, he founded Grameen Bank to

help the poor and not for major investors. Younus almost has lent money to women. Because
women were the majority of the poor and they were able to improve the wellbeing of all
family members more easily and more successfully than men.
‫ إﻻ أﻧﻪ أﺳﺲ ﺑﻨﻚ ﺟﺮاﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء وﻟﻴﺲ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺧﺒﺮة ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﺒﻨﻮك‬-٢
‫ ﻷن اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء وﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻛﺎد ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻳﻘﺮض اﻟﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء‬.‫ﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﺣﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺟﺎل‬
ً ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ رﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻓﺮاد اﻷﺳﺮة ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ وأﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What do you understand from the first ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬:١‫س‬
paragraph?
B. Traditional banks failed to help the poor. .‫ ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What did Professor Mohammed ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮاء؟‬:2‫س‬
Younus do for the poor?
C. helped them. .‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ‬.‫ج‬

171
 🏔 ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺎل واﻟﺴﻬﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A mountain is a natural rise of the Earth's surface that usually has a summit. It is usually
steeper and (Q1) taller than a hill. Mountains cover (Q2) one-fifth of the earth’s land surface and
occur in 75 % of the world’s countries.
‫ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ‬.‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﺤﺪاًرا وأﻃﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺗﻞ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﻫﻮ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻷرض وﻟﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﻗﻤﺘﻪ‬
.‫ ﻣﻦ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬٪75 ‫اﻟﺠﺒﺎل ﺧﻤﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض وﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the difference between ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻼل واﻟﺠﺒﺎل؟‬:1 ‫س‬
mountains and hills?
A. Hills are lower than mountains. .‫ اﻟﺘﻼل أﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺒﺎل‬.‫أ‬

Q2: How much do mountains cover of land ‫ ﻛﻢ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﺠﺒﺎل ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض؟‬:٢‫س‬
surface?
B. 20%. .٪20 .‫ب‬

172
 ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم 📰‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Today’s World‬‬
‫‪Cover stories‬‬ ‫‪1- 14‬‬
‫‪National News‬‬ ‫‪14-24‬‬
‫‪Economy & Trad‬‬ ‫‪(Q1)24-31‬‬
‫‪World News‬‬ ‫‪31-41‬‬
‫‪Entertainment‬‬ ‫‪(Q2)41-45‬‬
‫‪Sports‬‬ ‫‪46-54‬‬
‫‪(Q3)Editorial‬‬ ‫‪56-60‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم‬
‫‪14 - 1‬‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺺ اﻟﻐﻼف‬
‫‪24- 14‬‬ ‫أﺧﺒﺎر وﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪31-24‬‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬
‫‪31-41‬‬ ‫أﺧﺒﺎر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫‪45-41‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫‪54-46‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‬
‫‪60-56‬‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: On which page range would you find‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻧﻄﺎق ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﺳﻌﺮ‬
‫?‪stocks’ rate‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻬﻢ؟‬
‫‪C. 24-31‬‬ ‫ج‪31-24 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: Which page is most likely to have‬‬ ‫س ‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﺟﺢ‬
‫?‪information about a new movie‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ؟‬
‫‪D. 45‬‬ ‫د‪45 .‬‬

‫'‪Q3: Which section should have editors‬‬ ‫س ‪ :3‬أي ﻗﺴﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ آراء اﻟﻤﺤﺮرﻳﻦ‬
‫?‪opinions regarding published books‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺼﻮص اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮرة؟‬
‫‪A. editorial‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪173‬‬
 🧐 ‫ أﻋﻈﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت‬٣
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- There have been many inventions and discoveries that were made by mankind. These
discoveries were made a long time ago.
‫ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﻫﺬه اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻨﺬ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت واﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬-1
.‫وﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬

2- Fire is the first of these discoveries. It has changed the life of humans. It has also helped
them eat, build and destroy.
.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻛﻞ واﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ‬.‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻏﻴﺮت ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬.‫ اﻟﻨﺎر ﻫﻲ أول ﻫﺬه اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت‬-2

3- The second discovery is the wheel. Humans tamed it for many uses. Although this
discovery seems harmless, it is as destructive as fire.
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﺬا‬.‫ ﻗﺎم اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺘﺮوﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬.‫ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬-3
.‫ إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻣﺪﻣﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺎر‬،‫اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻳﺒﺪو ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺎر‬

4- The last discovery is Writing. This taught humans how to record all their history. It helped
us learn from the past and build and improve it.
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﻢ‬.‫ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬-4
.‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ وﺑﻨﺎءه وﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﻪ‬

174
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: the word “mankind” means ____ ____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﺸﺮ" ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬:1 ‫س‬
D. human beings. ‫ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q2: The greatest discoveries of history were ____ ‫ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء أﻋﻈﻢ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬:2 ‫س‬
made ____
A. a long time ago. ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ وﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: The word “tamed” means ____ ____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺮوﻳﺾ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬:3 ‫س‬
A. controlled. ‫ اﻟﺨﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What was NOT considered a destructive ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻮة ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬:4 ‫س‬
power in the passage? ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬
C. writing. ‫ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫ج‬

175
 📒 ‫ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Ali speaks nine languages. He has some great ideas to learn a new language. They will be
(Q1)
very helpful if you decide to learn a new language. Here they are as Ali said them:
‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ إذا ﻗﺮرت‬.‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬.‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻟﻐﺎت‬
:‫ ﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ‬.‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬

1- Know your motivation.

.‫ ﺗﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ دواﻓﻌﻚ‬-1

2- Find A Partner. It can help you master it by practicing speaking with him.
.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪك ﻋﻠﻰ إﺗﻘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻣﻌﻪ‬.‫ اﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ‬-2

3- Have Fun with It. Try to make jokes and pranks in the language you are learning.
.‫ ﺣﺎول ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﻜﺎت واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫ اﺳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ‬-3

4- Act like a child. (Q3) I mean that you shouldn’t worry about other people as you make
mistakes. Make as many mistakes as you want and learn from them.
‫ ارﺗﻜﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ‬.‫ أﻋﻨﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺄن اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ وأﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ أﺧﻄﺎء‬.‫ ﺗﺼﺮف ﻛﺎﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬-4
.‫وﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

5- Listen to others and learn. Without listening to how others speak you will not be able to
pronounce the word correctly as natives do.
‫ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﻖ‬،‫ ﺑﺪون اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﻬﺎ اﻵﺧﺮون‬.‫ اﺳﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬-5
.‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻷﺻﻠﻴﻮن‬

176
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: the ideas in the passage are given by a ‫ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬:1 ‫س‬
person who ____ ____ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬
C. speaks many languages. .‫ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬.‫ج‬

Q2: “They” in the passage refer to ____ ____ ‫ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬:2 ‫س‬
A. ideas ‫ ا ﻷ ﻓﻜﺎر‬. ‫أ‬

Q3: Learning like children means that ____ ____ ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن‬:3 ‫س‬
C. you DON’T worry about other people. .‫ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺄن اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: the underlined word “pronounce” means ‫ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﻄﻖ" اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ‬:4 ‫س‬
_____
B. speak ‫ اﻟﻜﻼم‬.‫ب‬

177
 ⚡ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one person or power over other people or
areas, often by establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. (Q1)
Colonial rulers then controlled all the economy of the colonized people and this was mostly
done by the British and other governments. These great powers controlled and benefited
from this and expanded their dominance.
‫ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ﻫﻮ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ أو ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ واﺣﺪ أو ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﺨﺎص أو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬-1
‫ ﺛﻢ ﺳﻴﻄﺮ اﻟﺤﻜﺎم‬.‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات وﺑﻬﺪف اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬،‫أﺧﺮى‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮون ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮ وﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺳﻴﻄﺮت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا وﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ووﺳﻌﺖ ﻫﻴﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ‬.‫واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‬

2- Although this was beneficial for the powers, it was very bad for the colonized people. One
of the biggest issues was (Q2) the poverty they faced. It was then solved as globalization came
to light. This made every inhumane treatment they were receiving come to the public. (Q3)
The culture that was drawing a line between the rich and poor was demolished as it
contradicted the moral ethics of any human being. With this the colonialism was reduced to
its minimum.
‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻘﺮ اﻟﺬي‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﺬا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻔﻴﺪﴽ ﻟﻠﻘﻮى إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﺳﻴﺌﴼ ﺟﺪﴽ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﻮب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة‬-2
‫ ﻫﺬا ﺟﻌﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﻫﺪم اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﴼ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻏﻨﻴﺎء واﻟﻔﻘﺮاء ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎرض ﻣﻊ‬.‫ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬
.‫ وﺑﻬﺬا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ‬.‫اﻷﺧﻼق اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻷي إﻧﺴﺎن‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: “Great powers” refers to _____ _____ ‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ "اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ" إﻟﻰ‬:1 ‫س‬
A. colonial rulers ‫ اﻟﺤﻜﺎم اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎرﻳﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What solved poverty? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ؟‬:2 ‫س‬

C. globalization .‫ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What is wrong according to moral ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺧﻼق؟‬:3 ‫س‬

ethics?
A. the line between the rich and the poor ‫ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻐﻨﻲ واﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‬.‫أ‬

178
 🌆 ‫ﺗﻤﺒﻜﺘﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Timbuktu is a city in the western African country of Mali, situated at the southern edge of the
Sahara, 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of the Niger River which is the main river that links
most of West Africa. It has headwaters in the highlands close to the Atlantic coast before its
long 3,200 kilometres (2,000 miles) journey to the north east. The river runs in a crescent
through African countries like Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through
Nigeria, before it goes back to the west into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ وﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺮاء‬،‫ﺗﻤﺒﻜﺘﻮ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ دوﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻴًﻠﺎ( ﺷﻤﺎل ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ وﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﻬﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻏﺮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬12) ‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘًﺮا‬20 ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬3200 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎت اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ رﺣﻠﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻼل ﻋﺒﺮ دول أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻞ( إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ‬2000)
.‫ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﻌﻮد ﻏﺮًﺑﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬،‫اﻟﺤﺪود ﻣﻊ ﺑﻨﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬

The town, Timbuktu, is the capital of the Tombouctou Region, one of the eight administrative
regions of Mali. It is especially important as it links the west of Africa to its north. It had a
population of 54,453 in the 2009 census. The riches of the kingdom were due to
Tombouctou's position as the southern terminus of the trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, kola
nuts, copper, and slaves. Today it is very poor. Both droughts and floods consistently
threaten the city.
‫ إﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ‬.‫ وﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ إدارﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﻤﺒﻜﺘﻮ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻣﺒﻮﻛﺘﻮ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻮد ﺛﺮوات‬.2009 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻋﺎم‬54453 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻏﺮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻮﻣﺒﻮﻛﺘﻮ ﻛﻤﺤﻄﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎرة ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬﻫﺐ واﻟﻤﻠﺢ وﺟﻮز اﻟﻜﻮﻻ‬
.‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻔﺎف واﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎت ﻳﻬﺪدان اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬.‫ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻫﻮ ﻓﻘﻴﺮ ﺟﺪا‬.‫واﻟﻨﺤﺎس واﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why is the Niger River important? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. It links most of west Africa. .‫ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻏﺮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What does the river connect? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺑﻄﻪ اﻟﻨﻬﺮ؟‬:٢‫س‬

B. Africa to the Gulf of Guinea across the ‫ ﻣﻦ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬.‫ب‬
Atlantic.

Q3: Why is Timbuktu an important city? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﻤﺒﻜﺘﻮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ؟‬:٣‫س‬

D. It connects north and west Africa. .‫ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺷﻤﺎل وﻏﺮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬.‫د‬

Q4: The underlined pronoun, it, refers to? ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ؟‬:4‫س‬
C. Timbuktu ‫ ﺗﻤﺒﻜﺘﻮ‬.‫ج‬

179
 📑 ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Some years ago, a college professor took a well-organized speech and scrambled it by
randomly changing the order of its sentences. He then had a speaker deliver the original
version to one group of listeners and the scrambled version to another group. After the
speeches, he gave a test to see how well each group understood what they had heard. Not
surprisingly, the group that heard the original, unscrambled presentation scored much higher
than the other group.
‫ﺪا وداﻓﻌﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
ً ‫ﻤﺎ ﺟﻴ‬
ً ‫ أﺧﺬ أﺳﺘﺎذ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺧﻄﺎًﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻈ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات‬-١
‫ ﺛﻢ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺛﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ واﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﻴﺲ‬.‫ أﺟﺮى اﺧﺘﺒﺎًرا ﻟﻴﺮى ﻣﺪى ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﻌﻮه‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﺐ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻄﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺧﺮى‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮب أن اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮض اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﺳﺠﻠﻮا درﺟﺎت أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬
.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬

2- A few years later, two professors repeated the same experiment at another school. But
instead of testing how well the listeners understood each speech, they tested to see what
effects the speeches had on the listeners’ attitudes toward the speakers. They found that
people who heard the well-organized speech believed the speaker to be much more
competent and trustworthy than did those who heard the scrambled speech.
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺪى ﻓﻬﻢ‬.‫ ﻛﺮر أﺳﺘﺎذان ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ أﺧﺮى‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬-٢
.‫ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺛﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺎب‬
‫ﺪا اﻋﺘﻘﺪوا أن اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة وﺟﺪارة ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
ً ‫وﺟﺪوا أن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻤﻌﻮا اﻟﺨﻄﺎب اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﺟﻴ‬
.‫أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻤﻌﻮا اﻟﺨﻄﺎب اﻟﻤﺸﻮش‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the title of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
C. Organized Speech ‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﻼم‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Paragraph 1 talks about _____ ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ؟‬1 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2 ‫س‬

B. comprehension. .‫ اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What does the pronoun “they” refers ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻫﻢ؟‬:3 ‫س‬
to?
D. professors ‫ اﻻﺳﺎﺗﺬة‬.‫د‬

180
 🏛 ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ إﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Turkey is a country located mainly in Western Asia, with a small portion in Southeast
Europe. It is one of the world's earliest permanently settled regions. Its capital is Istanbul,
formerly known as Byzantium and (Q1) Constantinople. It is the most populous city in Turkey.
It is the economic, cultural and historical centre of the country. The commercial and historical
centre is located on the European side and about one third of its population live in the
suburbs on the Asian side of the Bosporus.
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﺟﺰء ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق أوروﺑﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ دوﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮب آﺳﻴﺎ‬-1
‫ واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺳﺎﺑًﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬،‫ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺘﻬﺎ اﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮل‬.‫واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻗﺪم ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ‬
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬.‫ﻇﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬
ً ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﻛﺘﻈﺎ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺰﻧﻄﺔ واﻟﻘﺴﻄﻨﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻷوروﺑﻲ وﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬.‫واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ واﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼد‬
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻮاﺣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺳﻴﻮي ﻣﻦ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﻮﺳﻔﻮر‬

2- In 1514, Sultan Selim I (successfully expanded the empire's southern and eastern borders
by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Children. In 1517, Selim I
expanded the (Q6) reign of Ottoman empire and he ruled into Algeria and Egypt, and created a
naval presence in the Red Sea.
‫ ﻗﺎم اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎن ﺳﻠﻴﻢ اﻷول )ﺑﻨﺠﺎح ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ‬، 1514 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-2
‫ وﺳﻊ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ اﻷول‬،1517 ‫ وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﺑﻬﺰﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﺎه إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺮة اﻟﺼﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬
.‫ﺪا ﺑﺤﺮًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬
ً ‫ وﺧﻠﻖ ﺗﻮاﺟ‬،‫ﺣﻜﻢ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ وﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ وﻣﺼﺮ‬

3- In 1991 the big event (Q5) happened, the independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet
Union, which allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central
Asia.
‫ واﻟﺬي ﺳﻤﺢ‬،‫ وﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﺣﺪث اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬1991 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-3
.‫ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ آﺳﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬

181
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is Istanbul’s old name? or what ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻹﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮل؟ او ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬:١ ‫س‬
was it called? ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ؟‬
C. Constantinople .‫ اﻟﻘﺴﻄﻨﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What is the kind of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:٢‫س‬

A. historical ‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the best title for the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:3‫س‬
A. The civilization of Turkey ‫ ﺣﻀﺎرة ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Who does it seem to be directed to? ‫ اﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺒﺪو أﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ إﻟﻴﻪ؟‬:٤‫س‬
C. tourists ‫ اﻟﺴّﻴﺎح‬.‫ج‬

Q5: What does the word “happen” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﺤﺪث؟‬:٥‫س‬
D. occur ‫ ﻳﺤﺪث‬.‫د‬

Q6: What does the word “reign” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ؟‬:٦‫س‬
A. rule ‫ ﺣﻜﻢ‬.‫أ‬

182
 💻 ‫اﺻﻼح اﻟﻼب ﺗﻮب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Jack bought a new laptop about two months ago. He was very upset when his device stopped
working. He couldn't (Q3) repair it by himself. He decided to contact the (Q1) IT department of
the company he had bought his laptop from. He wrote an email complaining about what had
happened, explaining how much he needed his device. The (Q4) risk of delay was too much to
take. So, he urged them to send a technician to repair it any time before (Q2) 11 a.m., Sunday
through Thursday. Then he said that if the technician was to come this weekend, he wouldn't
be available.
.‫ﺪا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺟﻬﺎزه ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ً ‫ﺠﺎ ﺟ‬
ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻨﺰﻋ‬.‫ﺪا ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻦ‬
ً ‫اﺷﺘﺮى ﺟﺎك ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮل ﺟﺪﻳ‬
‫ ﻗﺮر اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺷﺘﺮى اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ إﺻﻼﺣﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﺧﻄﺮ‬.‫ وﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺪى ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎزه‬، ‫ﺪا إﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧًﻴﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺣﺪث‬ ً ‫ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻳ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﺻﺒﺎ‬11 ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺜﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ إرﺳﺎل ﻓﻨﻲ ﻹﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺘﺄﺧﻴﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ﺣﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻓﻠﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺎ‬، ‫ ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎل إﻧﻪ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬.‫اﻷﺣﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ‬..
‫ﺣﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who did he send the message for? ‫ ﻟﻤﻦ أرﺳﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ؟‬:1‫س‬
C. IT (Information Technology) .‫ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.‫ج‬
department

Q2: What is the day that he set for the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺬي ﺣﺪده ﻟﻴﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ؟‬:2‫س‬
worker to come?
B. anytime before 11 a.m. on the ‫ ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻳﺎم‬11 ‫ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫ب‬
weekdays ‫اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬

Q3: Repair means _____ _____ ‫ اﻹﺻﻼح ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬:٣‫س‬

A. fix. .‫ إﺻﻼح‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Risk means _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬:4‫س‬

B. danger. .‫ ﺧﻄﺮ‬.‫ب‬

183
 🛬 ‫ﻫﺒﻮط اﺿﻄﺮاري‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A plane was on its way from Abu Dhabi to (Q1) New Delhi. The journey was smooth at the
beginning but suddenly the plane started to have (Q2) technical problems. So, the captain
decided to land in Pakistan. Although the landing was not scheduled, the Pakistani
government allowed it because of the danger on the passenger’s lives. Upon landing, the
passengers were glad to find buses which were to take them to a nearby (Q3) hotel to rest
until new arrangements are made.
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺳﻠﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﺠﺄة ﺑﺪأت‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺎﺋﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺑﻮ ﻇﺒﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻴﻮدﻟﻬﻲ‬
‫ ورﻏﻢ أن اﻟﻬﺒﻮط ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ‬.‫ ﻗﺮر اﻟﻘﺒﻄﺎن اﻟﻬﺒﻮط ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺮﻛﺎب‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬.‫ إﻻ أن اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻤﺤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﺮﻛﺎب‬،‫ﻣﻘﺮرا‬
.‫ﺳﻌﺪاء ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻓﻼت ﺟﺎءت ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻠﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻨﺪق ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻴﺮﺗﺎﺣﻮا ﻳﺘﻢ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the destination of the plane? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة؟‬:١‫س‬
A. New Delhi .‫ ﻧﻴﻮدﻟﻬﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What was the cause of the plane ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﻄﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة؟‬:٢‫س‬
breaking down?
B. technical problems ‫ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What did they do when the plane ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻠﻮا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة؟‬:3‫س‬
stopped?
D. They went to a hotel to rest. .‫ ذﻫﺒﻮا إﻟﻰ ﻓﻨﺪق ﻟﻠﺮاﺣﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q4: What does the word "not scheduled” ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺠﺪول"؟‬:4‫س‬
mean?
A. not planned ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ‬.‫أ‬

184
 📲 ‫اﻟﺴﻮﻓﺖ وﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A (Q4) device driver (Q1) a small piece of software that provides a software interface to
hardware devices. Currently you don’t need-to-know precise details about the hardware
being used. All you need to know is that the main function of the device driver is (Q2) to
connect to computer or communicate a subsystem to which the hardware connects.
‫ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﺣﺎﻟًﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ واﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰة‬
‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬.‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
.‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻫﻲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ أو ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: A device driver is _____ ‫ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز؟‬:1 ‫س‬
B. a small piece of software. .‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﺖ وﻳﺮ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The main function of a device driver? ‫ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ؟‬:٢ ‫س‬
A. connecting to computers ‫ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: The word “current” means _____ ‫ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ؟‬:٣ ‫س‬
A. recently. .‫ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ او ﻣﺆﺧﺮا‬.‫أ‬

Q4: The passage talks about _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ‬:٤‫س‬
C. the device driver work. .‫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬.‫ج‬

185
 🏎 ‫ﻏﻀﺐ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ و ﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
1- Tailgating is defined as a vehicle that follows (Q1) too closely to the one in front of it increasing
the risk of a rear end collision. Tailgating is a (Q3) serious issue that can escalate injured accident
victims to suffer for long periods of time. That’s why most people are afraid of it.
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ‬Tailgating ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬-١
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﻮادث‬.‫اﻻﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬
.‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻮف ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﺘﺮات ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

2- (Q4) Road rage is aggressive or angry behavior exhibited by motorists. And the solution to
reducing this act is the defensive driving. This process brings benefits to drivers as they do (Q5)
fewer accidents.
‫ واﻟﺤﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ اﻟﻐﻀﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻲ أو اﻟﻐﺎﺿﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﺎﺋﻘﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬-٢
.‫ ﺗﺠﻠﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻘﻴﻦ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮن ﻟﺤﻮادث أﻗﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is tailgating? ‫؟‬Tailgating ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ‬:1‫س‬
A. driving too closely to the vehicle in front of ‫ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫أ‬
you ‫أﻣﺎﻣﻚ‬

Q2: What does escalate mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻌﻴﺪ؟‬:2‫س‬

B. increase ‫ زﻳﺎدة‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Why are all people afraid of tailgating? ‫؟‬tailgating ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺨﺎف ﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ‬:3‫س‬
B. It escalates serious issues. .‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮة‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What is the main idea of the second ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:4‫س‬
paragraph?
D. Road Rage. .‫ ﻏﻀﺐ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬.‫د‬

Q5: What does the defensive driver do? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ؟‬:5‫س‬
C. fewer accidents ‫ ﺣﻮادث أﻗﻞ‬.‫ج‬

186
 🐄 ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Last week I watched (Q1) TV programs about tamed animals research. One was about
squirrels and 3 programs were about dogs.
‫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻦ‬،‫ اﻻﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺮّوﺿﺔ‬-١
.‫ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﺧﺮون ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻼب‬٣‫اﻟﺴﻨﺎﺟﺐ و‬

2- There were 20 cows in Moscow. Russia divided them into two groups: a group that
listened to music without a video, and another group watched a video of green spaces. After
a month, the group of cows watching the video produced 3 litres more than those who
listened to music. It was concluded that the cows needed a relaxing (Q2) environment to
produce more milk.
‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬:‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﻢ روﺳﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﺑﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ‬20 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك‬-٢
‫ أﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻬﺮ‬.‫ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺷﺎﻫﺪت ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬،‫ﺑﺪون ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن اﻷﺑﻘﺎر ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬.‫ ﻟﺘﺮات أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﻤﻌﻮا ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬3 ‫ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬
.‫ﻣﺮﻳﺤﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the topic of paragraph 1? ‫؟‬1 ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
B. The content of pet programs and TV ‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﻔﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن‬.‫ب‬

Q2. What makes cows produce more ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ أﻛﺜﺮ؟‬:٢‫س‬
milk?
A. relaxing ‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎء‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What's the suitable title? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ؟‬:٣‫س‬

D. Tamed animals .‫ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺮوﺿﺔ‬.‫د‬

187
 🛍 ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
I like (Q1) shopping especially for clothes. I have a huge number of shirts with different (Q2)
colors such as green, red and blue. But the last time I bought a shirt, (Q3) its size was large
although I always buy them small, because I wanted to take the risk and try something new.
،‫ﻟﺪي ﻋﺪد ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻤﺼﺎن ﺑﺄﻟﻮان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺧﻀﺮ واﻷﺣﻤﺮ واﻷزرق‬. ‫أﻧﺎ أﺣﺐ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺑﺲ‬
،‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﺷﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﻗﻤﻴﺼﺎ ﺑﺤﺠﻢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻨﻲ أﺷﺘﺮي داﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮا‬
.‫ﻟﻜﻨﻨﻲ أردت اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة وﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺷﻲء ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the passage talk about? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. shopping ‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Blue, red, green are words about _____ _____ ‫ أﺧﻀﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻋﻦ‬،‫ أﺣﻤﺮ‬،‫ أزرق‬:٢‫س‬
C. colour. ‫ اﻟﻠﻮن‬.‫ج‬

Q3: Small and medium, are words are _____ ‫ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻋﻦ‬:3 ‫س‬
about _____
B. size. ‫ ﺣﺠﻢ‬.‫ب‬

188
 🛩 ‫زوﺟﺎن ﺳﺎﻓﺮوا اﻟﻰ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A woman and her husband travelled to Paris (Q2) for shopping and sightseeing. The bus was
late. So, they arrived at the hotel exhausted, slept and woke up too late for breakfast. They
went to a restaurant to have breakfast, and then they went shopping to the city center. On
their way to the hotel, they went to an Indian restaurant. At night, they headed up to the
Sein River, walked around and enjoyed the lovely weather there. (Q4) The next day, they had
breakfast and went to (Q5) see the Eiffel Tower.
.‫ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻓﺮت اﻣﺮأة وزوﺟﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮق وﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫ ذﻫﺒﻮا إﻟﻰ ﻣﻄﻌﻢ‬.‫ وﺻﻠﻮا إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻨﺪق ﻣﺮﻫﻘﻴﻦ وﻧﺎﻣﻮا واﺳﺘﻴﻘﻈﻮا ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻮات اﻷوان ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻓﻄﺎر‬،‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
.‫ ذﻫﺒﻮا إﻟﻰ ﻣﻄﻌﻢ ﻫﻨﺪي‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻨﺪق‬.‫ ﺛﻢ ذﻫﺒﻮا ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮق ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬،‫ﻟﺘﻨﺎول اﻹﻓﻄﺎر‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻮا‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ وﺗﺠﻮﻟﻮا واﺳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻮا إﻟﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﺴﻴﻦ‬
.‫اﻹﻓﻄﺎر وذﻫﺒﻮا ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺑﺮج إﻳﻔﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is not true according to the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة؟‬:١‫س‬
paragraph?
A. They stayed near the hotel on the first .‫ ﻣﻜﺜﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻨﺪق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻷول‬.‫أ‬
day.

Q2: Why did they travel to Paris? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺳﺎﻓﺮوا إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ؟‬:٢‫س‬
C. shopping and sightseeing ‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق وﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What does “head up to” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة "اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ"؟‬:٣‫س‬
D. move towards ‫ ﺗﺤﺮك ﻧﺤﻮ‬.‫د‬

Q4: Did they have breakfast at hotel on the ‫ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻮ اﻟﻔﻄﻮر اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻨﺪق؟‬:٤‫س‬
second day?
A. Yes, they did. .‫ ﻧﻌﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﻮا‬.‫أ‬

Q5: Where did they go the second day? ‫ أﻳﻦ ذﻫﺒﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ؟‬:5‫س‬
A. to the Eiffel Tower ‫ إﻟﻰ ﺑﺮج إﻳﻔﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: Choose the correct sentence based on .‫ أﺧﺘﺎر اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬:6‫س‬

the text.
D. They visited the Sein River at night. .‫ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺰﻳﺎرة ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎء‬.‫د‬

189
 🚘 ‫ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺎرة ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Charles (Q1) passed all his exams , so his father bought him his dream car. Charles wanted
to see how fast his car would go. Suddenly a dog was crossing the street. Charles tried to
control his car but it was impossible to control it at that speed. He smashed his car into a big
tree.
‫ أراد ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ أن ﻳﺮى ﻣﺪى اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺬﻫﺐ‬.‫ اﺟﺘﺎز ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺮى ﻟﻪ واﻟﺪه ﺳﻴﺎرة أﺣﻼﻣﻪ‬-١
‫ ﺣﺎول ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻪ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‬.‫ ﻓﺠﺄة ﻛﺎن ﻛﻠﺐ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺎرع‬.‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻪ‬
.‫ ﺣﻄﻢ ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬.‫اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

2- Nobody was injured, but the car, however, was badly destroyed and its windows were
shattered into tiny pieces. Charles apologized for not listening to his father. His father only
said, “the car was yours but for you (Q4) to do family’s responsibilities not to use it carelessly”.
‫ اﻋﺘﺬر ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻋﻦ‬.‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺐ اﺣﺪ اﻻ ان اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﺪﻣﺎر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ وﺗﺤﻄﻤﺖ ﻧﻮاﻓﺬﻫﺎ اﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬-2
‫ "ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﻟﻚ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎت أﺳﺮﺗﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ‬،‫ ﻗﺎل واﻟﺪه ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع إﻟﻰ واﻟﺪه‬
".‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻼ ﻣﺒﺎﻻة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why did Charles’ father buy a car for his ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﺷﺘﺮى واﻟﺪ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﺳﻴﺎرة ﻻﺑﻨﻪ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
son?
B. as a reward for passing his exams ‫ ﻛﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄة ﻻﺟﺘﻴﺎز اﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What does (smashed) mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ )ﺣﻄﻢ(؟‬:2 ‫س‬

A. destroyed ‫ دﻣﺮت‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What does (shattered) mean (‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ )ﻣﻤﺰﻗﺔ‬:3 ‫س‬

D. broken to many pieces ‫ ﻛﺴﺮت إﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﺜﻴﺮة‬.‫د‬

Q4: What did Charles understand about the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻬﺪﻳﺔ؟‬:4 ‫س‬
gift?
C. It was to be used for family .‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎت اﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫ج‬
responsibilities.

190
 🐪 ‫اﻟﺮﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻨﺪي ﺟﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1. A Canadian man, called Jean Béliveau, traveled 47,000 miles around the world on foot
crossing six continents. One of them was Australia. His problem (Q1) in Australia was that the
temperature was very high. He made the trip because (Q2) he liked the change and was
looking for a challenging life. His journey was believed to be (Q3) the longest uninterrupted
trip on foot.
،‫ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﺪام ﻋﺎﺑﺮا ﺳﺖ ﻗﺎرات‬47000 ‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺟﺎن ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻔﻴﻮ‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ رﺟﻞ ﻛﻨﺪي‬-١
‫ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺮﺣﻠﺘﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ أﺣﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬.‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪا‬.‫إﺣﺪاﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬
.‫وﻛﺎن ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎة ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت ﺗﻌﺮف رﺣﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ أﻃﻮل رﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻮاﺻﻠﺔ ﺳﻴﺮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﺪام‬

2- Jean left on August 18th, 2000 when he was 45 years old. His journey took 11 years and 2
months. When he finished his journey and went back to Canada, he established a new life.
،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﻧﻬﻰ رﺣﻠﺘﻪ وﻋﺎد إﻟﻰ ﻛﻨﺪا‬.‫ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬45 ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮه‬2000 ،‫ ﻏﺎدر ﺟﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ آب‬-2
.‫أﺳﺲ ﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What problem did he face in Australia? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ واﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ؟‬:١‫س‬
B. the high temperature ‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Why did Jean take this trip? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻗﺎم ﺟﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
D. He liked the change and was looking for a ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺤﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ وﻛﺎن ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎة ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ‬.‫د‬
challenging life. .‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬

Q3: We infer from paragraph 1 that Jean's ______ ‫ أن رﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﺎن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬1 ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
journey was ____
A. long and hard. .‫ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ وﺷﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫أ‬

191
 🍖 ‫ﻣﺮق اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Bone broth can be made with any animal bone. It's not new food. Some people swear the
(Q1)minerals that you get from bone broth can help to alleviate joint and gut pain. Some even
say that when they don’t have the bone broth, their (Q2) joints get quite stiff and bothersome.
So far we lack any scientific evidence about that.
‫ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺎس أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ﺪا‬ ً ‫ إﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻃﻌﺎًﻣﺎ ﺟﺪﻳ‬.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺮق اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﺑﺄي ﻋﻈﺎم ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻰ أن اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻳﻘﻮل أﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬.‫ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮق اﻟﻌﻈﺎم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ آﻻم اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ أي‬،‫ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‬.‫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻠﻬﻢ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ وﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ‬،‫ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺮق اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
.‫دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺣﻮل ذﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The pronoun (that) refers to? ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد؟‬:1‫س‬
D. minerals ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬.‫د‬

Q2: What happens to the people who don’t ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻤﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺮب ﺣﺴﺎء اﻟﻌﻈﺎم؟‬:2‫س‬
drink bone soup?
.‫ ﺗﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻠﻬﻢ‬.‫ب‬
B. Their joints stiffen.

Q3: What is the meaning of the word “lack”? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻗﻠﺔ؟‬:٣‫س‬
A. miss ‫ اﻓﺘﻘﺎد‬.‫أ‬

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 🌍 ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The history of English in South Africa dates back to the arrival of (Q1) the British at Cape
Town in 1806. As was the case in most colonies, English was brought to South Africa during
the 19th century initially. In 1900, seven countries colonized South Africa. (Q2)France was one
of them.
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن‬.1806 ‫ ﻳﻌﻮد ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ وﺻﻮل اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﺎون ﻋﺎم‬-1
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻠﺐ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﻮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬،‫اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات‬
.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬.‫ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺮت ﺳﺒﻊ دول ﺟﻨﻮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬،1900 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬

2-(Q3) Africa never gave up its struggle against the Europeans and eventually it gained its
independence in 10 September, 1974. The first South African English accent was (Q4) simple.
The English spoken in South Africa is derived from the British settlers, so Cape Town’s
language is (Q4) close to London’s.
.1974 ‫ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‬10 ‫ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺨﻞ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺮاﻋﻬﺎ ﺿﺪ اﻷوروﺑﻴﻴﻦ‬-2
‫ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬
.‫ ﻟﺬا ﻓﺈن ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﻴﺐ ﺗﺎون ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﻨﺪن‬،‫إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How did English reach South Africa? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ وﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﻮب إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ؟‬:١‫س‬
D. through the arrival of the British as ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل وﺻﻮل اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫د‬
colonists

Q2: Who colonized Africa in the 20th ‫ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺮ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ؟‬:٢‫س‬
century?
C. France ‫ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: The pronoun "it" refers to what? ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا؟‬:٣‫س‬

A. Africa ‫ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: The level of language in Africa when .‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺮوﻫﺎ‬:٤‫س‬
they colonized it.
D. simple ‫ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬.‫د‬

Q5: Cape's language is close to: :‫ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﻴﺐ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬:٥‫س‬

A. London’s accent. .‫ ﻟﻬﺠﺔ ﻟﻨﺪن‬.‫أ‬

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 🍔 ‫اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ واﺿﺮارﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت‬
1- Healthy food refers to natural products that deliver your body with essentially needed
nutrients.
.‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﺼﺤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺪ ﺟﺴﻤﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ‬-١

2- Who doesn’t love burgers? (Q2)Burgers and fast food are famous, people of all age groups
love to eat them because they are tasty and (Q1)much cheaper. But we also know they are not
good for our health.
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻏﺮ؟ اﻟﺒﺮﻏﺮ واﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺷﻬﻴﺮة؛ ﻳﺤﺐ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ‬-٢
.‫ﻀﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﻴﺪة ﻟﺼﺤﺘﻨﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أﻳ‬.‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﺬﻳﺬة وأرﺧﺺ ﺳﻌًﺮا‬

(Q3)3-
While unhealthy food is a highly processed food that includes packaged food products
and a list of fast-food items on the restaurant menus.
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻃﻌﺎم ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺄة‬-٣
.‫وﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﻨﺎف اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ‬

4- One day (Q5)a teacher conducted an experiment on a burger to clarify its disadvantages.
She kept a burger without touching (Q6)it for 6 months. Every week she photographed the
burger, it didn't change its shape, but it became rough. The Burger didn’t rot because (Q7)it
consisted of some chemicals like sodium benzoate. So, after knowing all that, won't you
consider a healthier lifestyle?
.‫ أﺷﻬﺮ دون أن ﺗﻠﻤﺴﻪ‬٦ ‫ اﺣﺘﻔﻈﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻏﺮ ﻟﻤﺪة‬.‫ ذات ﻳﻮم أﺟﺮى اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺟﺮ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ‬-٤
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻔﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﺟﺮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﴼ‬،‫ وﻟﻢ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ‬،‫ﻮر اﻟﺒﺮﻏﺮ ﻛﻞ أﺳﺒﻮع‬ ّ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺼ‬
‫ أﻻ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب ﺣﻴﺎة أﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺤﺔ؟‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫ ﻟﺬا‬.‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻨﺰوات اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم‬

195
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why do people eat hamburgers? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺒﺮﻏﺮ؟‬:1‫س‬
D. Because it is cheap. .‫ ﻷﻧﻪ رﺧﻴﺺ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What is true according to the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺼﺢ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
B. Burgers and fast food are cheap and .‫ اﻟﺒﺮﻏﺮ او اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ رﺧﻴﺺ وﻣﺸﻬﻮر‬.‫ب‬
famous.

Q3: In which paragraph talk about bad ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﻓﻘﺮة ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺴﻲء؟‬:٣‫س‬
eating?
C. Paragraph 3 ٣ ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬.‫ج‬

Q4: The meaning of the word essentially? ‫ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ؟‬:4‫س‬

C. basically .‫ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺎس‬.‫ج‬

Q5: Who does the experiment? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ؟‬:٥‫س‬

A. teacher ‫ ﻣﺪرس‬.‫أ‬

Q6: How long does this scientific study take? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ؟‬:6‫س‬
A. 6 months ‫ ﺷﻬﻮر‬6 .‫أ‬

Q7: Why did not the burger rot? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻔﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﺟﺮ؟‬:٧‫س‬
A. Because it consisted of chemicals. .‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q8: What is the best title for the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:٨‫س‬
C. Be more careful with you eat. .‫ ﻛﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺬرا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ‬.‫ج‬

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 💎 ‫ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Graphite is one of the minerals available and widely spread on the surface of the earth. It is
considered one of the main forms of allotropic (Q1) carbon. Under high pressures and
temperatures, the graphite can turn into diamond. Despite its change into diamond, (Q3)
graphite is much stronger than it. Graphite is also used in pencils and lubricants. It is a good
conductor of heat and electricity. Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958) was an
(Q4) English chemist, born and lived in England. Her work in England was central to the
understanding of the molecular structures of DNA using graphite
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬.‫اﻟﺠﺮاﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺠﺮاﻓﻴﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎس‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺂﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻗﻼم اﻟﺮﺻﺎص وﻣﻮاد‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠﺮاﻓﻴﺖ أﻳ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺮاﻓﻴﺖ أﻗﻮى ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬،‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎس‬
‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬16 - 1920 ‫ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬25) ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ روزاﻟﻴﻨﺪ إﻟﺴﻲ ﻓﺮاﻧﻜﻠﻴﻦ‬.‫ إﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة واﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬.‫اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا ﻣﺤﻮرًﻳﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬.‫( ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ وﻟﺪت وﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا‬1958
.‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is graphite made of? ‫ اﻟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. carbon ‫ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What does “turn” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ؟‬:٢‫س‬

D. change ‫ ﺗﻐﻴﺮت‬.‫د‬

Q3: What is true about the Graphite from the :‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
following:
A. It’s stronger than diamond. .‫ اﻧﻪ اﻗﻮى ﻣﻦ اﻻﻟﻤﺎس‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Where did Rosalind Elsie Franklin work? ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ؟‬:٤‫س‬
B. England. .‫ اﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا‬.‫ب‬

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 🚕 ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Giovanni Rozzo was (Q2) originally born in Italy, but he (Q1) is known to be Britain's best
driver; he has been driving for more than eight decades and he hasn’t broken any traffic
rules.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻘﻮد ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻪ‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﺄﻧﻪ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬،‫ وﻟﺪ ﺟﻴﻮﻓﺎﻧﻲ روزو ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬-١
.‫ﻣﻨﺬ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻮد وﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ أي ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﺮور‬

2- He loved to watch the formula races. There have been ten Formula One World Drivers'
Champions representing the United Kingdom. The first champion was Mike Hawthorn and it
wasn't until 2015 that a champion representing the UK retained their title, when Lewis
Hamilton achieved this, following on from his victory in 2014.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺸﺮة أﺑﻄﺎل ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻘﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﻮرﻣﻮﻻ واﺣﺪ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮن‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺤﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻗﺎت‬-٢
‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﻄﻞ اﻷول ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳﻚ ﻫﻮﺛﻮرن وﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻄﻞ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم‬.‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
.2014 ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻮزه ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﻘﻖ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎﻣﻴﻠﺘﻮن ﻫﺬا‬،‫ ﺑﻠﻘﺒﻪ‬2015

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What did you understand from the first ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬:1‫س‬
paragraph?
D. Giovanni Rozzo is a good driver. .‫ ﺟﻴﻮﻓﺎﻧﻲ روزو ﺳﺎﺋﻖ راﺋﻊ‬.‫د‬

Q2: Where was he born? ‫ ﻓﻴﻦ اﺗﻮﻟﺪ؟‬:٢‫س‬

A. Italy. .‫ اﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: The meaning of the word "rule"? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﻜﻢ"؟‬:3‫س‬

C. law ‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What did you understand from the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:٤‫س‬
second paragraph?
D. Different British drivers ‫ ﺳﺎﺋﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬.‫د‬

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 💊 ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاء واﻟﺪواء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA) is the government agency that (Q1)regulates drugs and
medical devices in Saudi Arabia. It is also in charge of local and imported products like:
biological and chemical substances, as well as electronic products. It receives its supplies
(Q3)from internal and external facilities. It aims to protect the community to ensure the safety
of food, drugs, medical devices (Q2)for Saudis and foreigners
‫( ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ اﻷدوﻳﺔ واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬SFDA) ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺬاء واﻟﺪواء‬
‫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻮردة ﻣﺜﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫ وﻳﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺑﻤﺎ‬.‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ إﻣﺪاداﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاء واﻟﺪواء واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﻮدﻳﻴﻦ واﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the mission of the Food and ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاء واﻟﺪواء؟‬:1 ‫س‬
Drug Authority?
A. The Authority is responsible for regulating ‫ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬
local and imported products. .‫واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮردة‬

Q2: Who benefits from it? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ؟‬:2‫س‬

B. Saudis and foreigners .‫ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﻴﻦ واﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Where does the authority receive? ‫ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ؟‬:3‫س‬

C. internally and externally .‫ داﺧﻠﻲ وﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬.‫ج‬

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 🍣 ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﺣﻞ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
The reason ketchup can be so (Q1) difficult to get out of a bottle is because its viscosity.
According to scientists at Heinz, it is better to use a glass bottle ((Q2) glass helps it get out
smoothly). In order to (Q3) get the ketchup from the bottle, you have to shake it with the lid
on to mix the contents.
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬،Heinz ‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺰوﺟﺘﻪ‬
،‫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ‬.(‫زﺟﺎﺟﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ )اﻟﺰﺟﺎج ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮوج ﺑﺴﻼﺳﺔ‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ رﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء ﻟﺨﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why is it difficult for the ketchup to ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺼﻌﺐ إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ؟‬:١‫س‬
get out?
B. Because of its viscosity. .‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﺰوﺟﺘﻪ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Why is ketchup in a glass bottle? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﻴﻨﺔ زﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
C. Because the smooth bottle helps the .‫ ﻷن اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺰﻻق‬.‫ج‬
ketchup slide.

Q3: How do you get ketchup? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺸﺐ؟‬:٣‫س‬

A. shake it. .‫ رﺟﻬﺎ‬.‫أ‬

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 🍕 ‫ﺑﻴﺘﺰا اﻟﻤﺎرﻏﺮﻳﺘﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In June 1889, the pizzaiolo Raffaele Esposito, invented a dish called "Pizza Margherita"
(Q2)in honour of the Queen of Italy, Margherita, and the Italian unification. He was the
founder of pizza and (Q3) his dish became popular all over the world, since the toppings were
tomato (red), mozzarella (white) and basil (green), representing the same colours of the
national flag of Italy.
،‫ ﻃﺒﻖ اﺳﻤﻪ "ﺑﻴﺘﺰا ﻣﺎرﻏﺮﻳﺘﺎ" ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻤﴼ ﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬pizzaiolo Raffaele Esposito ‫ اﺧﺘﺮع‬1889 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬-1
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺆﺳﺲ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا وأﺻﺒﺢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺸﻬﻮًرا ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ وﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺎرﻏﺮﻳﺘﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ أﻟﻮان اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬، (‫ اﻟﻤﻮزارﻳﻼ )اﻷﺑﻴﺾ( واﻟﺮﻳﺤﺎن )اﻷﺧﻀﺮ‬، (‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ )اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬

2- After making this dish, pizza was considered a high-class and a royal dish. But now pizza is
widely known and everyone can eat it.
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا اﻵن ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﻢ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻲ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻄﺒﻖ‬-2
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ‬

201
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is not true about pizza Margherita? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺘﺰا ﻣﺎرﻏﺮﻳﺘﺎ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
D. The topping was only Mozzarella. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻀﺎف اﻟﻤﻮزارﻳﻼ ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫د‬

Q2: Why was a kind of Pizza named ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻣﺎرﻏﺮﻳﺘﺎ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
Margherita?
C. after the name of queen Margherita .‫ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﺎرﻏﺮﻳﺘﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: Why was Raffaele Esposito considered the ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻋﺘﺒﺮ راﻓﺎﻳﻴﻞ إﺳﺒﻮزﻳﺘﻮ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا‬:3 ‫س‬
founder of modern Pizza? ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ؟‬
A. His dish was famous all over the world. .‫ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻛﺎن ﻣﺸﻬﻮرﴽ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Which of the following is NOT true ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة؟‬:4 ‫س‬
according to the passage?
A. Pizza is considered a food for peasants .‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻏﺬاء ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺣﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‬.‫أ‬
even now.

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 🥛 ‫ﺣﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﻘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
(Q1) Goingto the farm and drinking raw milk is one of the dreams of everyone. But that can be
harmful for our health. Raw milk is an excellent medium for microbial growth, and when it is
stored at atmospheric temperature, bacteria and other pathogens soon grow rapidly. To
prevent such diseases and loss of life, raw milk needs to be pasteurized (Q2) to make it safer to
drink.
.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺿﺎًرا ﺑﺼﺤﺘﻨﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺬﻫﺎب إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ وﺷﺮب اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺎم ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ أﺣﻼم اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
،‫ وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬،‫ﻄﺎ ﻣﻤﺘﺎًزا ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت‬
ً ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺎم وﺳﻴ‬
‫ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺎم‬،‫ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺮض وﻓﻘﺪان اﻷرواح‬.‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ وﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
.‫إﻟﻰ ﺑﺴﺘﺮة ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎًﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮب‬

Although homogenizing milk makes the digestion of milk easier and improves its taste and
smell, it is hazardous to your health. Homogenized milk has smaller particles than non-
homogenized milk. As a result, during digestion; the tiny particles (Q3) enter the bloodstream
directly and thereby causing harm to your health. Homogenized milk is also known to cause
cancer and heart diseases.
‫ إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻫﻀﻢ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ أﺳﻬﻞ وﻳﺤﺴﻦ ﻃﻌﻤﻪ وراﺋﺤﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬.‫ﺧﻄﻮرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻬﻀﻢ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮًرا ﻟﺼﺤﺘﻚ‬،‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
.‫ﻀﺎ أن اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
ً ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أﻳ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The Pronoun That refers to? ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻴﻪ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. going to the farm and drinking raw milk ‫ اﻟﺬﻫﺎب ﻟﻠﻤﺰرﻋﺔ وﺷﺮب ﺣﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﻘﺮ اﻟﻄﺎزج‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Why is milk pasteurized? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻳﺒﺴﺘﺮ؟‬:٢‫س‬

D. to make milk safer to drink ‫ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮب‬.‫د‬

Q3: Why homogenized milk is health risk? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ؟‬:3‫س‬
C. it enters the blood. .‫ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺪم‬.‫ج‬

203
 👨💻 ‫ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Paul was a very hard-working employee and his work always seems effortless. He had a
meeting with his manager (Q3)to attend a workshop. The workshop was (Q2) on the weekend.
(Q4) It was about discipline. The workshop (Q5) for lasted more than 4 hours. During the break,
Paul and James, his colleague, talked about how (Q6) they still needed to control certain
aspects of their lives. James added that it’s his 2nd time to attend the workshop because he
also (Q8) needed to focus on it. When the workshop ended, Paul (Q7) thanked everyone who
attended the workshop.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﻘﺎء ﻣﻊ ﻣﺪﻳﺮه ﻟﺤﻀﻮر ورﺷﺔ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﺑﻼ ﻣﺠﻬﻮد‬ً ‫ﺪا ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻳﺒﺪو ﻋﻤﻠﻪ داﺋ‬
ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ﺑﻮل ﻣﻮﻇًﻔﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻬ‬-1
4 ‫ اﺳﺘﻤﺮت اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن اﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎط‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬.‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ أﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺎزاﻻ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬،‫ زﻣﻴﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻮل وﺟﻴﻤﺲ‬،‫ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺔ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫ وأﺿﺎف ﺟﻴﻤﺲ أن ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻀﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ اﺣﺘﺎج‬.‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ‬
.‫ ﺷﻜﺮ ﺑﻮل ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻀﺮ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫ﻀﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ً ‫أﻳ‬

2- While Paul was driving home, he was pleased that he attended such a great lecture (Q12) to
share what he had learnt. He then remembered that (Q9) he had forgotten his bag at the
office. He had to get it, so his trip home took longer than usual. He knew that he couldn’t go
back home without it because (Q10) he had bought his wife a necklace as a gift and hid it in the
bag.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺮوًرا ﻷﻧﻪ ﺣﻀﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺑﻮل ﻳﻘﻮد ﺳﻴﺎرﺗﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬-2
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ رﺣﻠﺘﻪ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أن ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬.‫ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺪا ﻟﺰوﺟﺘﻪ ﻛﻬﺪﻳﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ اﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﺑﺪوﻧﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ اﺷﺘﺮى ﻋﻘ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰل وﻗًﺘﺎ أﻃﻮل‬
.‫وأﺧﻔﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ‬

204
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Meaning of the word pleased? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﺴﺮ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
C. happy ‫ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: When was the workshop held? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ أﻗﻴﻤﺖ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
A. at the weekend ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the meeting about? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻠﻘﺎء؟‬:3 ‫س‬

C. to attend a workshop ‫ ﺣﻀﻮر ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What is the purpose of this workshop ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ‬:4 ‫س‬
D. discipline ‫ اﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎط‬.‫د‬

Q5: How long did the workshop take? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟‬:5 ‫س‬
C. more than 4 hours ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬4 ‫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What would Paul and his colleague need ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﻮل وزﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ؟‬:6 ‫س‬
to learn to control?
D. control different areas of their lives. ‫ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬.‫د‬

Q7: Who did Paul give his appreciation to? ‫ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻗﺪم ﺑﻮﻟﺲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮه؟‬:7 ‫س‬
C. everyone who attended the workshop ‫ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻀﺮ اﻟﻮرﺷﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q8: Someone decided to come back and ‫ ﻗﺮر أﺣﺪﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﻮدة ﻟﺤﻀﻮر ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺮة‬:8 ‫س‬
attend the workshop again. Why? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ا؟‬.‫أﺧﺮى‬
A. Because he needed to focus more on the ‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ورﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫أ‬
workshop.

Q9: Why did his journey to home take longer? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ رﺣﻠﺘﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻃﻦ وﻗﺘﴼأﻃﻮل؟‬:9 ‫س‬
B. Because he forgot his bag ‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺘﻪ‬.‫ب‬

Q10: What did he bring his wife? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻗﺪم ﻟﺰوﺟﺘﻪ؟‬:10 ‫س‬
D. He brought her jewellery. ‫ أﺣﻀﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻮﻫﺮات‬.‫د‬

Q11: What does the word “effortless” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﻼ ﺟﻬﺪ"؟‬:11 ‫س‬
A. without hard work ‫ ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺎق‬.‫أ‬

Q12: What was Paul excited about when ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي أﺛﺎر ﺣﻤﺎس ﺑﻮل أﺛﻨﺎء ﻗﻴﺎدﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎرة؟‬:12 ‫س‬
driving the car?
C. to share what he had learned ‫ ﻟﺘﺒﺎدل ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻪ‬.‫ج‬

‫ ﺷﻌﺮ ﺑﻮل أﻧﻪ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬:13 ‫س‬

Q13: Paul felt that he needed more time to
_____ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎط ﻷن‬
learn discipline because _____
A. he forgot his bag. .‫ ﻧﺴﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﺒﺘﻪ‬:‫ج‬

205
 🔋 ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻐﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
In a special meeting, the representative of the government emphasized that the prices of gas
are still decreasing because of the increase in supply. So, our government suggests reducing
the production of gas as an attempt to save our economy (Q1) by increasing the price.

‫ ﺗﻘﺘﺮح‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ أﻛﺪ ﻣﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أن ﻻ ﺗﺰال أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻐﺎز ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻌﺮض‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﺧﺎص‬
.‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻨﺎ ﺧﻔﺾ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻹﻧﻘﺎذ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻧﺎ‬

I know that people might use little gas (Q2) because of the high cost, but our major profits are
from the neighbouring countries we are exporting to. The speaker (the person in charge of
the meeting) (Q3) nodded his head and smiled.

‫ ﻟﻜﻦ أرﺑﺎﺣﻨﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ‬،‫أﻋﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻨﺎس ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ أوﻣﺄ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث )اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع( ﺑﺮأﺳﻪ واﺑﺘﺴﻢ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺼﺪر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why did the government reduce ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺧﻔﻀﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج؟‬:1 ‫س‬
production?
B. to increase the price of gas .‫ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻐﺎز‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Why would people use little gas? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز؟‬:٢‫س‬
A. Because it would be expensive. .‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: How did the government see the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن رد ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪث؟‬:٣‫س‬
reaction of the speaker?
C. a good sign. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‬.‫ج‬

206
 🥚 ‫ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- One of the main parts of the egg is yolk: the yellow, inner liquid part of the egg where the
embryo forms. It is the yellow part at the center of an egg. Yolk colour ranges from just a hint
of yellow to a (2) magnificent deep orange because it contains oil. The egg yolk is classified as
a liquid despite of what many people think.
‫ وﻫﻮ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻷﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬،‫ اﻟﺼﻔﺎر ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻀﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﻟﻮن ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻔﺮ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ إﻧﻪ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﺼﻨﻒ ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪه ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ ﻻﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس‬

2- Nicolai Lunin showed that there was (Q3) an unknown substance in milk that was essential
for nutrition. It was also (Q4) found in the egg yolk. Then Carl Socin suggested that an
unknown substance for growth found in egg yolk was fat soluble.Although the idea of
extracting oil from the egg yolk was far-fetched, luckily, it became a consummated reality.
.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ وﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬.‫ أﻇﻬﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻي ﻟﻮﻧﻴﻦ وﺟﻮد ﻣﺎدة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬-٢
.‫ﺛﻢ اﻗﺘﺮح ﻛﺎرل ﺳﻮﺳﻴﻦ أن ﻣﺎدة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬
‫ إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ واﻗﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻓﻜﺮة اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎل‬
.‫ﻟﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺤﻆ‬

207
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does far-fetched mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺎل؟‬:١ ‫س‬
D. difficult to believe ‫ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻪ‬.‫د‬

Q2: Why is the liquid part orange? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
B. It contains oil. .‫ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What does the pronoun "it", second ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻮ" اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:٣ ‫س‬
paragraph, refer to?
A. unknown substance ‫ ﻣﺎدة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Where did they find the strange ‫ أﻳﻦ وﺟﺪوا اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ؟‬:٤ ‫س‬
substance?
A. in the yolk ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻔﺎر اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What does the nearest meaning of the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ؟‬:5 ‫س‬
word “classify”?
D. classify into groups ‫ ﺻﻨﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬.‫د‬

Q6: What does the nearest meaning of the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ؟‬:٦ ‫س‬
word “Consummated”?
B. concluded ‫ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬.‫ب‬

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 📺 ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Nowadays, TV has captured a great deal of time from many individuals. Many people are
happily (Q1) spending their leisure times on TV. Did you know that every hour you spend
watching it can take 22 minutes off of your life? This means that viewing for an average of six
hours a day can cut short your life by five years! (Q2) This is because you stay long hours
without moving.
‫ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬.‫ اﺳﺘﺤﻮذ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬-1
‫ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أن ﻛﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﻀﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪة‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس أوﻗﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن ﺑﺴﻌﺎدة‬
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ؟ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬22 ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮق‬
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﺨﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات! ﻫﺬا ﻷﻧﻚ ﺗﻤﻜﺚ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ دون أن ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬

2- The above information is based on a study done by a group of researchers in Australia.

The inactivity associated with TV viewing is dangerous and gives greater opportunities for (Q3)
unhealthy overeating.
‫ ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺨﻤﻮل‬.‫ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻮاردة أﻋﻼه إﻟﻰ دراﺳﺔ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬-2
.‫ﺻﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻺﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻲ‬ ً ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن أﻣًﺮا ﺧﻄﻴًﺮا وﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮ‬

3- An earlier study associated television viewing with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
and heart disease, as well as with the risk of early death. That research showed that these
risks rose by (Q4) 20% for people who spend just two hours a day in front of the TV.
‫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬،‫ وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬2 ‫ رﺑﻄﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز ﺑﺨﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﺮض اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬-3
‫ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻳﻘﻀﻮن ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ‬٪20 ‫ أﻇﻬﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ارﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬.‫ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻮت اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﻴﻮم أﻣﺎم اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز‬

4- The good news is that exercising for just (Q6) 15 minutes a day can increase your lifespan by
up to three years. It can also reduce the risk of premature death by 14%.
‫ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮك ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬١٥ ‫ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﺴﺎر ﻫﻮ أن ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة‬-٤
.٪١٤ ‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻘﻠﻞ أﻳ‬.‫ﺛﻼث ﺳﻨﻮات‬

209
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why do people watch TV? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن؟‬:1‫س‬
A. to spend more enjoyable time ‫ ﻟﻘﻀﺎء وﻗﺖ ﻣﻤﺘﻊ اﻛﺘﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: How does watching TV shorten your ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز ﺗﻘﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ؟‬:2‫س‬
life?
C. staying long hours without moving ‫ اﻟﺠﻠﻮس ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺪون ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: People who watch too much TV are also ‫ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪون اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن ﻛﺜﻴﺮا‬:٣‫س‬
likely to _____ _____
C. eat plenty of food. .‫ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What activity can increase the health ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬:4‫س‬
risks of diabetes and heart disease by 20%? ‫؟‬٪20 ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﺴﻜﺮي وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
A. watching TV for two hours a day ‫ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن ﻟﻤﺪة ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم‬.‫أ‬

Q5: The word premature in paragraph 4 is ‫ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ‬4 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻷواﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:5‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
C. early. .‫ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: According to paragraph 4, exercising for 15 ‫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة‬،4 ‫ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:6‫س‬
15 minutes daily can _____ ______ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
A. add three years to your total life time. .‫ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺛﻼث ﺳﻨﻮات إﻟﻰ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ وﻗﺖ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ‬.‫أ‬

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 🗽 ‫ﺗﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- More than a million people immigrate to the United States to start new lives every year,
and if they are arriving in New York, one of the first sights that they will see is the Statue of
Liberty. The Statue of Liberty is one of (Q1) the most recognizable American symbols.
،‫ وإذا وﺻﻠﻮا إﻟﻰ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك‬،‫ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺷﺨﺺ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﺒﺪء ﺣﻴﺎة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم‬-١
‫ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ أﺣﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻓﺈن أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺸﺎﻫﺪوﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
.‫ﺷﻬﺮة‬

2- The Statue of Liberty is huge. From the tip of (Q7) the torch to the pedestal on which she
stands, she is just over 151 feet tall. she stands more than 305 feet off of the ground. (Q7) The
tablet she holds is 23 feet long.
١٥١ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎح إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺗﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﺨﻢ‬-٢
.‫ ﻗﺪًﻣﺎ‬٢٣ ‫ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻠﻮﺣﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻪ‬.‫ﻗﺪًﻣﺎ‬

3- Frédéric Bartholdi designed the appearance of the statue. The appearance of the Statue of
Liberty is somewhat derived from (Q4) Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom. The statue
was a (Q5) gift from France. France gave America the statue as (Q6) a gift for the independence
of their country.
‫ إﻟﻬﺔ‬،Libertas ‫ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﺻﻤﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻳﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎرﺗﻮﻟﺪي ﻣﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﺎل‬-٣
.‫ ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﺑﻼدﻫﻢ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

211
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is mentioned in the passage about ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ورد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﺎل؟‬:١‫س‬
the statue?
D. It is recognized by people around the .‫ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫د‬
world.

Q2: What does the 2nd paragraph talk ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬
about?
C. Description of the statue ‫ وﺻﻒ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What is the kind of passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:3‫س‬

A. description ‫ وﺻﻒ‬.‫أ‬
Q4: What does the Statue of Liberty ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ؟‬:4‫س‬
represent?
A. liberty ‫ اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: Who gave the Statue of Liberty? ‫ ﻣﻦ أﻫﺪى ﺗﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ؟‬:5‫س‬

B. France ‫ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: Why did France give America the ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا أﻋﻄﺖ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﺎل؟‬:6‫س‬
statue?
C. as a gift for the independence of America .‫ ﻛﻬﺪﻳﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: What does she hold in her hand? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻴﺪﻫﺎ؟‬:7‫س‬
A. a tablet and torch ‫ ﻛﺘﺎب وﺷﻌﻠﺔ‬.‫أ‬

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 💸 ‫اﺑﺪأ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﺣﻞ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- If you’re serious about establishing your own business, there are some different factors to
consider. Firstly, it is crucial to write a business plan. When you write a business plan, you
should give answers to important questions such as “What does your business need to get off
the ground?” and “Who are your customers.” (Q1) Answers can help you to identify (Q4) risk.
They will be your roadmap for your business success.
‫ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ أوًﻻ‬.‫ ﻓﻬﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬،‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺟﺎًدا ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬-١
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻘﺪم إﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻧﻮن ﺧﺎرﻃﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪك اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻚ ﻟﻼﻧﻄﻼق؟ وﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﻼؤك‬
.‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﻟﻨﺠﺎح اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬

Moreover, your honesty, quality and your customers’ satisfaction are other important keys
that would guarantee the success of your business. However, the most important thing is to
have extra (Q5) spare money in case of emergencies.
‫ ﻓﺈن ﺻﺪﻗﻚ وﺟﻮدﺗﻚ ورﺿﺎ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻚ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ أن ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻧﺠﺎح‬،‫ ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬-٢
.‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺸﻲء اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ أﻣﻮال إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﻮارئ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‬

213
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does "They "refer to? ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﻢ"؟‬:١‫س‬
D. answers ‫ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬.‫د‬

Q2: What is meant by the word "crucial"? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﺎﺳﻢ"؟‬:٢‫س‬

A. important ‫ ﻣﻬﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What does "risk" mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة"؟‬:٣‫س‬

C. danger ‫ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What does the business plan consider? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻀﻌﻪ ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر؟‬:٤‫س‬
A. risks ‫ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What is the most important thing in a ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻫﻢ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ؟‬:٥ ‫س‬
new business?
A. always having extra and spare money for ‫ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل داﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﻮال إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ وﻓﻴﺮة ﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬.‫أ‬
emergencies ‫اﻟﻄﻮارئ‬

Q6: What is the main idea of the article? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٦‫س‬
C. Author gives information. .‫ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.‫ج‬

214
 🎙 ‫اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In the Kingdom, radio is quite popular. The history of radio in Saudi Arabia goes back to 1949.
Now, radio in Saudi Arabia has been completely reshaped by the various private players as all
of them entered the sector after the government opened up licenses to them.
‫ ﻳﻌﻮد ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ اﻹذاﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬-١
‫ ﺗﻢ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ‬،‫ اﻵن‬.١٩٤٩
.‫ﻌﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻓﺘﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﻬﻢ‬ ً ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ دﺧﻠﻮا ﺟﻤﻴ‬

2- (Q1) A large number of radio listeners tune in while driving. Broadcast experts say that radio
listenership consists of more than 60 percent in vehicles. (Q2) Over 70 percent of the listeners
are men. The lions’ share of listeners is youngsters.
‫ ﻳﻘﻮل ﺧﺒﺮاء اﻟﺒﺚ أن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﻌﻲ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﺑﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺼﻮت أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‬-٢
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ‬٧٠ ‫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬٦٠ ‫ﻟﻠﺮادﻳﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
.‫ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب‬.‫اﻟﺮﺟﺎل‬

3- In 2011, five new FM stations were allowed to operate and expected to have an audience
of 25 million. There (Q4) were few English stations among them. The most important broadcast
is the Urdu one. The survey shows a large number of listeners who turn the radio to Urdu
channel (Q7) at 3 PM.
‫ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺼﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬FM ‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬٢٠١١ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-٣
‫ وﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼع‬،‫ أﻫﻢ ﺑﺚ ﻫﻮ اﻷوردو‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬٢٥ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺎًء‬٣ ‫أن ﻋﺪًدا ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﺤﻮﻟﻮن اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻷردﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬

215
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which sentence is true from the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ؟‬:1‫س‬
following?
A. A lot of people listen to the radio in their ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻓﻲ‬.‫أ‬
cars. .‫ﺳﻴﺎراﺗﻬﻢ‬

Q2: We infer that less than ______ of ‫ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ أن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ______ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬:2‫س‬
women listen to the radio in Saudi Arabia. ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻌﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
A. 30% ٪30 .‫أ‬

Q3: Lion's share in Paragraph 2 probably _____2 ‫ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺼﺔ اﻷﺳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:3‫س‬
means _____
B. majority. .‫ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: The English stations are _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬:4‫س‬
C. few. ‫ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q5: What does the pronoun “them” refer to? ‫ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن؟‬:5‫س‬
B. private players ‫ اﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: The best title for this passage could be? ‫ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن؟‬:٦‫س‬
C. The Development of Radio in Saudi Arabia ‫ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻹذاﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: When the Urdu broadcast start? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﺚ اﻻوردو؟‬:٧‫س‬

A. At 3 PM ‫ ﻋﺼﺮا‬٣ ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫أ‬

216
 😰 ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮه‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I want to get off!" This expression
refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, (Q1) that everyone must have felt it. It makes us want to
stop whatever we are doing, try to relax. 'Stress' means (Q2) pressure or tensionToo much
stress hurts our (Q3) body. It can have physical, emotional, and mental health problems.
‫ أرﻳﺪ أن أﻧﺰل!" ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬،‫ "أوﻗﻔﻮا اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬:‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬-1
.‫ وﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎء‬،‫ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻋﺮ أو اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺠﺴﻤﻨﺎ‬، ‫"اﻹﺟﻬﺎد" ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أو اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬
.‫ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ وﻋﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ وﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬

2- The perception of threat activates the sympathetic nervous system and triggers an acute
stress response that prepares the body to fight or flee, which is fight-or-flight response. (Q4)
The fight-or-flight response is an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is
perceived as stressful or frightening.
‫ إن إدراك اﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻮدي وﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺣﺎدة ﺗﻬﻴﺊ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬-2
‫ رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻘﺘﺎﻟﻲ أو اﻟﻬﺮوب ﻫﻮ رد ﻓﻌﻞ‬.‫ وﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮد ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ او اﻟﻬﺮوب‬،‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ أو اﻟﻔﺮار‬
.‫ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺤﺪث ﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﻫﻖ أو ﻣﺨﻴﻒ‬

3- It is obvious that stress is a serious problem especially if you are overloaded with it. It
attacks the body. It affects the emotions. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a
while.
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ اﻧﻪ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ أن اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺜﻘًﻠﺎ ﺑﻪ‬-3
.‫ أوﻗﻒ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﺳﺘﺮح ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬:‫ ﻗﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﻟﺬا‬.‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬

217
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why did the author use the pronoun ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻧﺤﻦ" ﻓﻲ‬:1‫س‬
"we" in the first paragraph? ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬
A. Because he believes that everyone has .‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻣﺮوا ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬.‫أ‬
experienced this feeling.

Q2: What is meant by the word "Stress"? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺿﻐﻂ"؟‬:2‫س‬

D. pressure ‫ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬.‫د‬

Q3: The pronoun it, 1st paragraph, refers to _____ ‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻰ‬:٣‫س‬
______
B. Body. .‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What is the meaning of " fight-or-flight ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ "اﻟﺮد ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ او اﻟﻬﺮوب"؟‬:٤‫س‬
response "?
A. the way the human body reacts to ‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬.‫أ‬
dangerous situations by facing them or ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺨﻄﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ أو اﻟﻬﺮوب‬
running away

Q5: What is the meaning of the word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﻘﻞ؟‬:5 ‫س‬
overloaded?
C. under pressure ‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬.‫ج‬

218
 🏫 ‫ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Most people do not know that (Q1) Juliette Gordon Low, the founder of the Girl Scouts of
America, was deaf. Juliette Gordon was born in Savannah, Georgia.
‫ وﻟﺪت‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻤﺎء‬،‫ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻓﺘﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﺸﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن أن ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ ﺟﻮردون ﻟﻮ‬-1
.‫ ﺟﻮرﺟﻴﺎ‬،‫ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ ﺟﻮردون ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻓﺎﻧﺎ‬

2 -Juliette married William Mackay Low and they went to live in England. But (Q5) he was
always busy with his own work and she had a lot of spare time. So, she became interested in
the Girl Guides Association there.
‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻮًﻻ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ‬ً ‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻛﺎن داﺋ‬.‫ ﺗﺰوﺟﺖ ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﻣﺎﻛﺎي ﻟﻮ وذﻫﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا‬-٢
.‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺪات ﻫﻨﺎك‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎص وﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ أوﻗﺎت اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬

3- One encounter that clearly demonstrates her persistence happened while she was in
Scotland. She was walking when she came to a stream. The only way across (Q2) the stream,
and Juliette was afraid to cross it alone, but she did it by walking on a foot log that was a few
metres away.
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﺗﺖ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮى ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬.‫ ﺣﺪث ﻟﻘﺎء ﺗﻄﻠﺐ إﺻﺮارﻫﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻮاﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪا‬-3
،‫ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ ﺗﺨﺸﻰ ﻋﺒﻮره ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﻌﺒﻮر اﻟﺘﻴﺎر ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﺬع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﺪام‬
.‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ذﻟﻚ‬

4- When Juliette came back to America for a visit. She decided that there should be Girl Scout
troops all over the United States, so she worked toward that goal. Thanks to her, there are
now Girl Scouts all over the world.
‫ ﻗﺮرت أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺟﻨﻮد ﻓﺘﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﺸﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻋﺎدت ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎرة‬-٤
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻵن ﻓﺘﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﺸﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬،‫ ﺑﻔﻀﻠﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﺪف‬،‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
.‫أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

219
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the title of the story? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻘﺼﺔ؟‬:1‫س‬
D. Juliette’s Profile ‫ ﻣﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What does the underlined pronoun "it" ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ "ﻫﻮ"؟‬:2‫س‬
refers to?
A. stream ‫ اﻟﻨﻬﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What isn’t mentioned in the story? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮد ذﻛﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﺔ؟‬:3‫س‬
A. Juliette’s death ‫ وﻓﺎة ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Choose the correct order: :‫ اﺧﺘﺮ اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬:٤‫س‬

A. married, travelled, met girls, establish Girl ‫ أﺳﺴﺖ ﻓﺘﻴﺎت‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﻓﺘﻴﺎت‬،‫ ﺳﺎﻓﺮت‬،‫ ﺗﺰوﺟﺖ‬.‫أ‬
Scouts. .‫اﻟﻜﺸﺎﻓﺔ‬

Q5: What do you think of her husband? :‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻋﺘﻘﺎدك ﻋﻦ زوج ﺟﻮﻟﻴﻴﺖ‬:٥‫س‬

A. busy with his work ‫ ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ‬.‫أ‬

220
 🌤 ‫ﻣﻨﺎخ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East. It spans the vast majority of the
Arabian Peninsula.There are three climatic zones in the kingdom. This explains the weather
diversity all over the kingdom.
‫ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻪ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ دوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‬-١
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
. ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬

2- Temperature in the Eastern Province like in Abha seldom rises above 35 °C (95.0 °F) during
the course of the year. (Q1) Abha has the highest perdtantage of rainfall annually. (Q2) It is
known as the city with the most rainfall of the year.
(‫ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬95) ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬35 ‫ ﻧﺎدرﴽ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬-2
‫ وُﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ أﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻫﻄﻮل ﻟﻸﻣﻄﺎر ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ‬.‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺎم‬
.‫ﻫﻄﻮل ﻟﻸﻣﻄﺎر ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺎم‬

3- (Q3) The eastern and central parts of Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, experience the
highest number of dust storms per year. it can completely block out the sun, making it nearly
impossible to see just a few feet in front of you like in (Q4) Qassim. It always has dust storms.
‫ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-3
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ رؤﻳﺔ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺠﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم‬
.‫ﻤﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻮاﺻﻒ ﺗﺮاﺑﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻓﻬﻲ داﺋ‬،‫أﻗﺪام ﻓﻘﻂ أﻣﺎﻣﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬

4- With temperatures sometimes topping 48 degrees during the summer, (Q5) Makkah is
known to be the hottest city in Saudi Arabia.
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أن ﻣﻜﺔ‬،‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ‬48 ‫ ﻣﻊ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺗﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن إﻟﻰ‬-4
.‫اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬

221
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of these areas has the highest ‫ أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﻄﻮل‬:١‫س‬
possibility of rain? ‫أﻣﻄﺎر؟‬
B. Abha ‫ اﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the rainiest city? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﺪن أﻣﻄﺎرا؟‬:٢‫س‬

D. Abha ‫ أﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫د‬

Q3: Cities with no visibility from dust storms? ‫ ﻣﺪن ﺑﺪون رؤﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺒﺎب؟‬:٣‫س‬
B. Central and East ‫ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ واﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Under certain conditions, which causes ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي‬،‫ ﻣﺘﻰ وﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬:٤‫س‬
blocking of vision in one of the following ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻧﺴﺪاد اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
areas?
B. dust in Qassim ‫ اﻟﺘﺮاب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: Mention a city which has the hottest ‫ اذﻛﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ او ﻣﻜﺎن ﻃﻘﺴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎر؟‬:٥‫س‬
weather?
A. Makkah ‫ ﻣﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‬.‫أ‬

222
 ⚽ ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Playing is usually felt to be a universal activity and children are often portrayed as having
an (Q1) inherent desire and capacity to play.
ً ‫ ُﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻋﺎدة ﻧﺸﺎ‬- 1
‫ﻃﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻤًﻴﺎ وﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ رﻏﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ وﻗﺪرة‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ‬

2- Play allows children to use their creativity while developing their imagination along with
physical, cognitive, and emotional strength. (Q2) Playing is important to healthy brain
development. It supports the use of abstract thought and symbols, communication and oral
language skills.
‫ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام إﺑﺪاﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬-٢
‫ وﻣﻬﺎرات اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬،‫ وﻫﻮ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺮد واﻟﺮﻣﻮز‬.‫ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬.‫واﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ‬
.‫ واﻟﻘﺮاءة واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت‬،‫ واﻟﺨﻴﺎل واﻹﺑﺪاع‬،‫ واﻟﺬﻛﺎء اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬،‫واﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ‬

3- Playing at a very early age (Q3) allows children to explore nature, interact with others and
take care of themselves. Unstructured play develops children’s social skills. When play is
allowed to be child-driven, they ultimately engage fully in the passions they wish to pursue.
.‫ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ ﻣﺒﻜﺮة ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ واﻻﻋﺘﻨﺎء ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬-3
،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ُﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺪﻓﻮًﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬.‫اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻳﻄﻮر ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﺨﺮﻃﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬

4- In fact, encouraging unstructured play may be an exceptional way to increase physical (Q5)
activity levels in children who are already active, which is one important strategy in the
resolution of the obesity epidemic.
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬-4
.‫ وﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ وﺑﺎء اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ‬،‫ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﻨﺸﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬

223
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why is playing important in childhood? ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ؟‬:1‫س‬
D. Playing discovers the desires and .‫ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ رﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻄﻔﻞ وﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻪ‬.‫د‬
dispositions of the child.

Q2: The underlined pronoun, it '' refers to ______ ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬:2‫س‬
_____
B. playing. .‫ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Why is early learning important for kids? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل؟‬:3‫س‬
A. Because they learn how to care about ‫ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻤﻮن ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎس‬.‫أ‬
people, themselves and nature. .‫ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ وﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬

Q4: What do you understand from the text? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:4‫س‬
C. Children are very active. .‫ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻧﺸﻴﻄﻮن ﺟﺪا‬.‫ج‬

Q5: Do games affect children's activity? ‫ ﻫﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻷﻟﻌﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻷﻃﻔﺎل؟‬:5‫س‬
C. Playing increases activity. .‫ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What is the title of this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:6‫س‬

C. Playing is important in childhood. .‫ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬.‫ج‬

224
 🥥 ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
1- Coconut trees are known as the tree of life in some areas because (Q2) all its parts are
useful. The coconut tree (Q4) provides an endless supply of food, fuel, building material, and
cosmetics.
‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺷﺠﺮة ﺟﻮز‬.‫ وﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻷن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﺟﺰاﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‬،‫ أﺷﺠﺎر ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬-1
.‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ إﻣﺪادات ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاء واﻟﻮﻗﻮد وﻣﻮاد اﻟﺒﻨﺎء وﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻞ‬

2- If you were ever lost on a deserted island, (Q8) you can drink coconut water, eat its flesh
and build a house from its bark and leaves. You can also make building materials like a rope
from the coconut coir fibre. Once you’ve plucked coir fibre, twist it into short pieces.Twist
and roll until you have a rope. Secure it with a strong knot.
‫ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺷﺮب ﻣﺎء ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ وﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻤﻬﺎ وﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻨﺰل‬،‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻬﺖ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﻣﻬﺠﻮرة‬-2
‫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﻧﺘﻒ أﻟﻴﺎف ﺟﻮز‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ أﻟﻴﺎف ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﻳ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﺎءﻫﺎ وأوراﻗﻬﺎ‬
.‫ وﺛﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﻘﺪة ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﻗﻢ ﺑﻠﻔﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﺛﻢ ﻟﻔﻬﺎ وﻟﻔﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺒﻞ‬،‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬

3- Coconuts have a bowl within it. Inside this bowl, you will find the sweet, hydrating nut
water, which has more potassium than a banana.
‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ داﺧﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻣﺎء ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﻠﻮ واﻟﻤﺮﻃﺐ‬.‫ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ وﻋﺎء ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬-3
.‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮز‬

4- And from coconut milk comes coconut oil.(7) It’s an excellent moisturizer for lips, skin and
hair.
.‫ وﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻴﺐ ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ زﻳﺖ ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻃﺐ ﻣﻤﺘﺎز ﻟﻠﺸﻔﺎه واﻟﺒﺸﺮة واﻟﺸﻌﺮ‬-٤

5- Don’t throw coconut shells away! The shells are a great composting material for high soil
regeneration, increasing mineral levels and water retention properties.
‫ وزﻳﺎدة‬،‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺸﻮر ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ! ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻷﺻﺪاف ﻣﺎدة ﺳﻤﺎد راﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬-٥
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬

6- (6) Coconut trees have a lot of uses. From the Flesh you can get food, milk, and flour. From
the water inside, you can make makeup and a healthy, refreshing drink. And the oil is used
for cooking, fuel ,skin, and hair.
‫ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺬاء واﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ واﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺤﻢ‬.‫ اﺷﺠﺎر ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﻛﺜﻴﺮة‬-٦
‫ واﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﺦ واﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻜﻴﺎج وﻣﺸﺮوب ﺻﺤﻲ وﻣﻨﻌﺶ‬
.‫واﻟﺒﺸﺮة واﻟﺸﻌﺮ‬

225
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Choose a suitable title for the passage? ‫ اﺧﺘﺮ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
C. How a coconut tree can save your life ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ أن ﺗﻨﻘﺬ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Why is it thought that Coconut is ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة؟‬:2 ‫س‬
important for life?
B. Because each part of it serves us. .‫ ﻷن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What does “bowl” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "وﻋﺎء"؟‬:3 ‫س‬

A. container ‫ ﺣﺎوﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What are the uses of the coconut tree ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت ﺷﺠﺮة ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ‬:4 ‫س‬
that are not mentioned? ‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮد ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ؟‬
A. using fronds to make pillows ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻌﻒ )اﻷوراق( ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﺪ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: The underlined pronoun, it, 2nd ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٥‫س‬
paragraph, refers to? ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
A. coir ‫ ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What is the point of last paragraph? ‫ اﻳﺶ اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة؟‬:6 ‫س‬
C. Uses of all parts of the coconut tree ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﺟﺰاء ﺷﺠﺮة ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: What are the benefits of the coconut tree ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﺷﺠﺮة ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة‬:٧‫س‬
that are mentioned in the 4th paragraph? ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ؟‬
A. using for Personal care ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q8: How can coconut save our life if we were ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺠﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ أن ﻳﻨﻘﺬ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ إذا‬:8 ‫س‬
in an empty place? ‫ﻛﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﺎرغ؟‬
B. Drink coconut water, eat its flesh and build ‫ ﺷﺮب ﻣﺎء ﺟﻮز اﻟﻬﻨﺪ وأﻛﻞ ﻟﺤﻤﻪ وﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﻨﺰل‬.‫ب‬
a house from its bark and leaves. .‫ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﺎﺋﻪ وأوراﻗﻪ‬

226
 🐝 ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Bees are insects known for their role in pollination and for producing honey. There are
many species of bees, some of which live socially in colonies.
‫ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬،‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺤﻞ‬.‫ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺪورﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﺴﻞ‬-١
.‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات‬

2- These (Q3) insects or bees are found on every continent. Their range in size varies from tiny
bee species, to the largest species of leafcutter bees.
‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺸﺮات أو اﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺎرة وﻳﺘﺮاوح ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أﻛﺒﺮ‬-٢
.‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻸوراق‬

3- One of the amazing facts about bees is that sniffer bees are insects that can be (Q6) trained
to perform a variety of tasks to detect substances.
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ أن اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺸﻤﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻬﺎ ﻷداء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬-3
.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻤﻮاد‬

4- Bees play an (Q2)important part in every aspect of ecosystem and its creatures. (Q1) Bees
produce necessary food, also support the growth of trees, flowers, and other plants, which
serve as food and shelter for large and small creatures.
،‫ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﻀﺮوري‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ وﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺗﻪ‬ً ‫ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ دوًرا ﻣﻬ‬-٤
.‫ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر واﻟﺰﻫﻮر واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻐﺬاء وﻣﺄوى ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة واﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬

5- A new study compared the behavior of bees who received unexpected rewards to those
who did not, and found the bees that were rewarded became optimistic about new
challenges. While Bees who weren’t rewarded appeared to respond less enthusiastic.
،‫ دراﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻗﺎرﻧﺖ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺂت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬-5
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺪا أن اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ‬.‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬
ً ‫ووﺟﺪت أن اﻟﻨﺤﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄة أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺋ‬
.‫ﺳﺎ‬
ً ‫ُﻳﻜﺎﻓﺄ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ أﻗﻞ ﺣﻤﺎ‬

227
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the benefit of bees for the rest of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت؟‬:١‫س‬
creatures?
A. necessary to produce food ‫ ﺿﺮوري ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻐﺬاء‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is the main idea of 4th paragraph? ‫؟‬٤ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
A. Bees are amazing insects that are important ‫ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫أ‬
not only to plants but to other creatures. .‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‬

Q3: The pronoun “Their” refers to: :"‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ‬:٣‫س‬
A. insects. .‫ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What does the word “optimistic” means? ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ؟‬:٤‫س‬
A. They are not afraid. .‫ اﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺨﺎﻓﻮن‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What does the word “creatures” means? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت؟‬:5 ‫س‬
B. living things ‫ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: Which paragraph talks about bee training? ‫ أي ﻓﻘﺮة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻨﺤﻞ؟‬:٦ ‫س‬
B. Paragraph 3 ٣ ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬.‫ب‬

228
 🌉 ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1 Before the introduction of postage stamps in the 1800s, mail in the United Kingdom (Q2)
was paid by the recipient. It was hard to use because (Q3) the costs of delivering mail were not
recoverable by the postal service. And senders had no incentive to restrict (Q4) the number,
size, or weight of items sent.
.‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬،‫ ﻗﺒﻞ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬-١
‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺮداد ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
.‫ وﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﻴﻦ أي ﺣﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ أو ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ أو وزﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬

2- The postage stamp afforded convenience for both the mailer and postal officials Their use
resulted in greatly increased mailings during the 19th and 20th centuries as (Q5) most of the
countries all over the world adopted the postal system.
‫ وﻗﺪ أدى اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ أﺗﺎح اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪي اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ واﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﻳﻴﻦ‬-٢
‫زﻳﺎدة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻼت ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ واﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
.‫أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪي‬

3-It is well documented that stamps were first introduced in (Q7) the United Kingdom of Great
Britain in 1840 as a part of postal reforms promoted by Sir Rowland Hill. With its
introduction, (Q8) the postage fee was paid by the sender and not the recipient.
1840 ‫ﺪا أﻧﻪ ﺗﻢ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻊ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬ً ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺛﻖ ﺟﻴ‬-٣
‫ ﺗﻢ دﻓﻊ رﺳﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ روج ﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﻴﺮ روﻻﻧﺪ ﻫﻴﻞ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ وﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻢ‬

229
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the title of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1‫س‬
D. Mailing History ‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻼت‬.‫د‬

Q2: When would someone get their mail in the ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻳﺪه ﻓﻲ‬:2‫س‬
old days? ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ؟‬
A. When receivers paid to receive a message. ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻤﻮن ﻟﺘﻠﻘﻲ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What was the hardship of sending messages ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻘﺔ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن‬:٣‫س‬
in the 1800s. ‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ؟‬
D. the delivery costs ‫ رﺳﻮم اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬.‫د‬

Q4: Based on what does sending messages cost ‫ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ؟‬:٤‫س‬
money?
D. the number, weight and size of the message ‫ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ووزﻧﻬﺎ وﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫د‬

Q5: Did people accept the idea of postage? ‫ ﻫﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻊ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ؟‬:٥‫س‬
A. Yes, the system was applied in most countries. .‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬.‫ ﻧﻌﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: The meaning of the word "adopted"? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ"؟‬:٦‫س‬

B. accepted ‫ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q7: What is the first country to apply a Postage ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أول دوﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺮﻳﺪي؟‬:٧‫س‬
stamp?
B. the UK ‫ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬.‫ب‬

Q8: What did Hill suggest the government ‫ ﻣﺎذا اﻗﺘﺮح ﻫﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أن‬:٨‫س‬
employee do? ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮا؟‬
D. to try to find a better way of sending mail ‫ ﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ إﻳﺠﺎد ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬.‫د‬

230
 🔠 ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The Ktunaxa people have existed for more than 10,000 years .The Kutenai language is the
native language of the Kutenai people. Currently, it is in danger of becoming extinct (Q1)
because it is only spoken by the elders of the community.
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.Kutenai ‫ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻷم ﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬Kutenai ‫ ﻋﺎم وﻟﻐﺔ‬10000 ‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻨﺬ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬Ktunaxa ‫ ﺷﻌﺐ‬-1
.‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﻴﻮخ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬،‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺪدة ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮاض‬

2- The Ktunaxa people have now taken the initiative to combine the existing knowledge and
pass it down from their elders using modern technology in an attempt to preserve the
language and ensure that it survives.
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ أﺧﺬ ﺷﻌﺐ ﻛﺘﻮﻧﺎﻛﺴﺎ اﻵن زﻣﺎم اﻟﻤﺒﺎدرة ﻟﺪﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة وﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﻮﺧﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬-2
.‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ وﺿﻤﺎن ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬

3- As of November 2017, the Ktunaxa webpage has been very Q2) supportive and the Tribal
councils from the separate communities of the Ktunaxa nation have contributed with a
selection of different (Q4) material which is available online. It includes (Q5) audio recordings,
words, phrases and even games for younger generations. The webpage is (Q6) opened for the
public for free.
‫ داﻋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ اﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬Ktunaxa ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬،2017 ‫ اﻋﺘﺒﺎًرا ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬-3
‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬.‫ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺎرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬Ktunaxa ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻷﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬.‫اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت واﻟﻌﺒﺎرات وﺣﺘﻰ اﻷﻟﻌﺎب ﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎل اﻟﺸﺎﺑﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﺠﺎًﻧﺎ‬

231
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why isn’t it too late to record the ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﺖ اﻷوان ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬:1‫س‬
Kutenai language?
D. Because it is spoken by the elderly. .‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What is the author’s opinion about ‫ ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﺘﻮﻧﺎﻛﺴﺎ؟‬:٢‫س‬
Kutenai language website?
D. supportive ‫ داﻋﻢ ﻟﻪ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What does the word "preserve" mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺤﻔﻆ"؟‬:٣‫س‬
B. protect ‫ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: The pronoun "it" in refers to _____ ______ ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻮد ﻋﻠﻲ‬:٤‫س‬
D. material ‫ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬.‫د‬

Q5: How is it available online? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ؟‬:٥‫س‬

B: as recordings, games for children, written ‫ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬،‫ أﻟﻌﺎب ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل‬،‫ ﻛﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼت‬.‫ب‬
language

Q6: The materials that will be published and ‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‬:٦‫س‬
the recordings will be available for _____ ____ ‫ﺳﺘﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟـ‬
A. anyone who wishes to use it. .‫ أي ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬.‫أ‬

232
 🐜 ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Did you know that there are about 8000 species of ants? They basically live in organized
groups called (Q2) colonies.
ً ‫ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ؟ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن أﺳﺎ‬٨٠٠٠ ‫ ﻫﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬-١
‫ﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات‬

2- Social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently compound to suggest
more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, we exhibit the world of ants. Many types of
ants prey on the eggs and larvae of other (Q3) annoying household insects such as flies and
help to keep the house clean.
‫ وﻣﻦ‬.‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد ذﻛﺎء‬-٢
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻐﺬى أﻧﻮاع ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺾ وﻳﺮﻗﺎت اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻧﻌﺮض ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺆﻻء‬
.‫اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻤﺰﻋﺠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺬﺑﺎب وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻧﻈﻴًﻔﺎ‬

3- Ants communicate with each other using pheromones, sounds, and touch. This helps them
to (Q5) get food by smell. Ants also (Q6) recognize each other and different ants through their
ability to smell.
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت واﻷﺻﻮات واﻟﻠﻤﺲ‬-٣
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻪ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﻧﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﻤﻞ أﻳ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬
.‫ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻢ‬

4- All ants have different characteristics. Ants eat everything, they feed on insects and plants
and various fruits. They also eat insect eggs. Ants are usually yellow, brown, red or black in
colour. Red ants can (Q7) live up to 25 to 30 days. There is a type of nocturnal ants that is less
active during the day. This species lives in houses, palms, caves and wells. There is another
type of ants called (Q10) meat ants. It (Q8) protects the nest.

‫ وﻳﺘﻐﺬى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﻔﻮاﻛﻪ‬،‫ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬-4
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻤﻞ أﺻﻔﺮ أو ﺑﻨﻲ أو أﺣﻤﺮ أو أﺳﻮد اﻟﻠﻮن‬.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻮن ﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات‬.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺎ ﺧﻼل‬
ً ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻧﺸﺎ‬.‫ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ‬30 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬25 ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ أن ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ وﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮع آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻟﺤﻢ‬.‫ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل واﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ واﻟﻜﻬﻮف واﻵﺑﺎر‬.‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬
.‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﺶ‬.‫اﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬

5- The queen is the (Q14) only female in the colony which can lay eggs. The other females are
(Q15) worker ants which build the nest and collect food.

‫ اﻹﻧﺎث اﻷﺧﺮﻳﺎت ﻫﻢ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻧﺜﻰ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬-٥
.‫ وﻳﺠﻤﻌﻮن اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬،‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻨﻮن اﻟﻌﺶ‬

233
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the best title? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان؟‬:1 ‫س‬
D. Ant mirror human activity ‫ ﻣﺮآة اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬.‫د‬

Q2: How do ants live? ‫ أﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ؟‬٢‫س‬

C. in colonies ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات‬.‫ج‬

Q3: Why are ants useful? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ؟‬:٣‫س‬

D. They eat insects and clean houses. .‫ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻮن اﻟﺤﺸﺮات وﻳﻨﻈﻔﻮن اﻟﺒﻴﻮت‬.‫د‬

Q4: What does the word “exhibit”? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﻌﺮض"؟‬.٤‫س‬
A. display ‫ اﻟﻌﺮض‬.‫أ‬
Q5: How do ants get food? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ؟‬:٥‫س‬
A. by smell ‫ اﻟﺸﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: How do ants know each other? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ؟‬:٦‫س‬
B. smell ‫ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q7: Do red ants live long? ‫ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻃﻮﻳﻼ؟‬:٧‫س‬

C. No, maybe 25 to 30 days ‫ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ‬30 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬25 ‫ رﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻻ‬.‫ج‬

Q8: Meat ant _____ _____ (‫ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ )ﻧﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﺤﻢ‬:٨‫س‬
B. protect their nest. .‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻮن اﻟﻌﺶ‬.‫ب‬

Q9: What is not mentioned in the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:٩‫س‬

passage?
B. body ‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q10: The pronoun it (it) refers to _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬:1٠‫س‬
A. meat ant ‫ ﻧﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q11: Paragraph (4) was talks about the ‫( ﻛﺎن ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬3) ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:1١‫س‬
properties of ants except __ _____ ‫إﻻ‬
B. body composition. .‫ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q12: What is the meaning of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ )اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ(؟‬:1٢‫س‬

(compound)?
D. complex ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ‬.‫د‬

Q13: What is the meaning of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ )اﻟﻠﻴﻞ(؟‬:1٣‫س‬

(nocturnal)?
C. active at night ‫ ﻧﺸﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q14: Do all ants lay eggs? ‫ ﻫﻞ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻳﺒﻴﺾ؟‬:١٤‫س‬

B. No, just the queen. .‫ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬،‫ ﻻ‬.‫ب‬

234
‫?‪Q15: Who helps the queen to get food‬‬ ‫س‪ :١٥‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم؟‬
‫‪A. working ants‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻨﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪235‬‬
 🥊 ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﻼي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Muhammad Ali’s real name was Cassius Marcellus Clay. He travelled to the (1) 1960 Rome
Games to compete .Despite being only 18, he won all four of his fights easily. In the final (2) he
defeated his opponent in three- tournaments to win the gold medal as (3) an amateur boxer.
1960 ‫ وﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ إﻟﻰ دورة أﻟﻌﺎب روﻣﺎ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺳﻴﻮس ﻣﺎرﺳﻴﻠﻮس ﻛﻼي‬-١
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﺰم‬.‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﺎز ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎرﻛﻪ اﻷرﺑﻊ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‬18 ‫ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻟﻠﻔﻮز ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻼﻛﻢ ﻫﺎٍو‬.‫ﺧﺼﻤﻪ ﺛﻼث ﺑﻄﻮﻻت‬

2- And then claimed his first championship by (5) defeating Sonny Liston in 1964 at (4/6) age
22, and then joined the nation of Islam and converted his name to Muhammad Ali. A person
who wanted to use another name could simply assume the new one.
‫ ﺛﻢ اﻧﻀﻢ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺔ اﻹﺳﻼم‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬٢٢ ‫ ﺑﻌﻤﺮ‬١٩٦٤ ‫ ﺛﻢ ادﻋﻰ أول ﺑﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻔﻮزه ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻮن ﻋﺎم‬-٢
‫ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺳﻢ آﺧﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ أن ﻳﺘﺨﺬ اﻻﺳﻢ‬.‫وﺗﺤﻮل اﺳﻤﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬

3- On (9) September 15, 1978, boxer Muhammad Ali defeated(10) Leon Spinks to win the
world heavyweight boxing title for the third time in his career (12) at age 36. He won his
popularity after that victory.
‫ اﻧﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻼﻛﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻴﻮن ﺳﺒﻴﻨﻜﺲ ﻟﻴﻔﻮز ﺑﻠﻘﺐ اﻟﻤﻼﻛﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮزن‬،1978 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-3
.‫ وﻧﺎل ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﻮز‬،‫اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﺗﻪ وﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ واﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻦ‬

4- He refused to join the military during the Vietnam War. He was sentenced to five years in
prison, but (11) the Supreme Court reversed it. Ali suffered Parkinson’s disease during his
retirement. (13) And he died on June 3, 2016.
‫ رﻓﺾ اﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎق ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻴﺶ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﺮب ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎم وﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺠﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬-4
.2016 ‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬3 ‫ وﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻋﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮض ﺑﺎرﻛﻨﺴﻮن أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻘﺎﻋﺪه‬.‫ﻧﻘﻀﺖ ذﻟﻚ‬

236
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Where Clay got his first gold medal: ‫ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻛﻼي ﻋﻠﻰ اول ﻣﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ ذﻫﺒﻴﺔ؟‬:١‫س‬
B. Rome ‫ روﻣﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: How many competitions did he take part ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺑﻘﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﺎرك ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ اﺧﺬ اول‬:2‫س‬
until he got the medal in Rome: ‫ﻣﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
A. 3 tournaments ‫ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺎت‬.‫أ‬

Q3: He was a/an _____ when he got his first .‫ ﻛﺎن _____ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اول ﻣﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ ذﻫﺒﻴﺔ‬:3‫س‬
gold medal
C. amateur boxer ‫ ﻣﻼﻛﻢ ﻫﺎوي‬.‫ج‬

Q4: He won his first champion when he was? ‫ ﻓﺎز ﺑﺄول ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮه؟‬:٤‫س‬
C. 22 years old ‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬٢٢ .‫ج‬

Q5: When Clay change his name? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻼي اﺳﻤﻪ؟‬:٥‫س‬
A. after Beating Sony Liston ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻮزه ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻮن‬.‫أ‬

Q6: He converted to Islam when he was? ‫ اﻋﺘﻨﻖ اﻹﺳﻼم ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮه؟‬:6‫س‬
C. 22 years old ‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬٢٢ .‫ج‬

Q7: What is the meaning of the word “Convert”? ‫ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﻮل"؟‬:٧‫س‬
D. change ‫ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q8: What is the meaning of the word ‫ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﻔﺘﺮض"؟‬:٨‫س‬

“assumed”?
C. took ‫ اﺧﺬ‬.‫ج‬

Q9: He won his third gold medal in? ‫ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ؟‬:٩‫س‬
C. 1978 ١٩٧٨ .‫ج‬

Q10: He became famous after beating? ‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺸﻬﻮر ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻐﻠﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ؟‬:١٠‫س‬
A. Leon ‫ ﻟﻴﻮن‬.‫أ‬

Q11: Who supports his rejection of Vietnam ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي دﻋﻢ رﻓﻀﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮب ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎم؟‬:١١‫س‬
War?
B. Supreme court ‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q12: He won his third gold medal when he was? ‫ ﻓﺎز ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮه؟‬:١٢‫س‬
A. 36 years old ‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬٣٦ .‫أ‬

Q13: He died on ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ؟‬:١٣‫س‬

A. June 3, 2016 ٢٠١٦ ‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬٣ .‫أ‬

237
 🪔 ‫اﻟﻌﻮد‬
92
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
1- Oud (agarwood or agar) (Q1) comes from trees found in India, Cambodia, Yemen, Thailand
and Ethiopia. (Q3) Oud is a fungal infection that comes from Aquilaria trees, which are
harvested and reaperd (Q4) from 4 or 5 types of trees.
‫ اﻟﻌﻮد‬.‫ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻌﻮد )اﻟﻌﻮد أو اﻷﺟﺎر( ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ وﻛﻤﺒﻮدﻳﺎ واﻟﻴﻤﻦ وﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ وإﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ‬-1
.‫ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬5 ‫ أو‬4 ‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺼﺎدﻫﺎ وﺟﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬Aquilaria ‫ﻋﺪوى ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺷﺠﺎر‬

2- Oud has a very strong and unique smell that is available in (Q5) chips, which are lit and
burned. The scented smoke is (Q7) called Bakhoor. Oud is also available in an oil form. Once
the Oud oil has gone through the (Q8) distillation process, the Oud oil is kept in open sunlight
to (Q9) evaporate the excess moisture within the Oud oil. This ensures that the Oud oil is as
pure as possible to be used in perfumes and Dehan. Oud in its oil form (dehan) is a
considerable investment. It is sold and measured in 12-milliliter bottles called tola. Prices for
one tola range anywhere from SR300 to SR8,000.
‫ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن‬.‫ ﻟﻠﻌﻮد راﺋﺤﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪا وﻓﺮﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﻴﺒﺲ ﺗﺸﻌﻞ وﺗﺤﺘﺮق‬-٢
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد أن ﻳﻤﺮ زﻳﺖ اﻟﻌﻮد ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ زﻳﺖ‬ ً ‫ اﻟﻌﻮد ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ أﻳ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻌﻄﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺨﻮر‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻀﻤﻦ أن‬.‫اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﻌﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة داﺧﻞ زﻳﺖ اﻟﻌﻮد‬
‫ اﻟﻌﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻲ )دﻳﻬﺎن( ﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬.‫زﻳﺖ اﻟﻌﻮد ﻧﻘﻲ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻄﻮر ودﻫﺎن‬
٣٠٠ ‫ ﺗﺘﺮاوح أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺘﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻮﻻ‬١٢ ‫ ﻳﺒﺎع وﻳﻘﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﻮات ﺳﻌﺔ‬.‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
.‫ رﻳﺎل ﺳﻌﻮدي‬٨٠٠٠ ‫رﻳﺎل ﺳﻌﻮدي إﻟﻰ‬

3- (Q10) Europe used Oud scent with rose oil and sandals. And a lot of international perfume is
embracing Oud for its distinctive long-lasting scent.
‫ واﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻄﻮر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻀﻦ اﻟﻌﻮد‬.‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ أوروﺑﺎ راﺋﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻮد ﻣﻊ زﻳﺖ اﻟﻮرد واﻟﺼﻨﺎدل‬-٣
.‫ﻼ‬
ً ‫ﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪوم ﻃﻮﻳ‬

238
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Where does oud come from? ‫ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻌﻮد؟‬:١‫س‬
D. all of the above ‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ورد أﻋﻼه‬.‫د‬

Q2: We can't use Oud in _____ ______ ‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻮد ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
B. cleaning ‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: How is Oud produced from the Oud's tree? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻮد ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻌﻮد؟‬:٣‫س‬

A. infected fungus .‫ ﻋﺪوى ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Oud is taken from: :‫ اﻟﻌﻮد ﻣﺄﺧﻮذ ﻣﻦ‬:٤‫س‬

D. 4, 5 types of trees ‫ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬5 ،4 .‫د‬

Q5: The Oud used in incense is in the form of ‫ اﻟﻌﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺨﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ‬:٥‫س‬
_____ _____ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
C. chips ‫ رﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What do “harvested” and ‘’reaperd” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﺼﺎد" و "ﺟﻤﻊ"؟‬:٦‫س‬

C. collected ‫ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: What are the two uses in Oud? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻮد؟‬:٧‫س‬
A. oil and Bakhoor ‫ زﻳﺖ وﺑﺨﻮر‬.‫أ‬

Q8: What process changes Oud to perfume? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ ﻋﻄﺮ؟‬:٨‫س‬
D. distillation .‫ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q9: How do they make the little bottles called in ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻮن اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ‬:٩‫س‬
Arabic Tola? ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻻ؟‬
B. they evaporate it ‫ ﻳﺒﺨﺮوﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q10: What kind of perfume do the Europeans use ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻌﻄﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻷوروﺑﻴﻮن ﻣﻊ‬:١٠‫س‬
with Oud? ‫اﻟﻌﻮد؟‬
D. rose and sandals ‫ روز واﻟﺼﻨﺎدل‬.‫د‬

239
 🩺 ‫اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Ibn Sina or Avicenna, both names are correct, (2) the name just changes from one language
to another. (3) Ibn Sina began a study of medicine for 3 years and became one of the best
physicians that other distinguished physicians read the science of medicine under him. He
was (4)working hard all the day with his patients. He was really proficient.
‫ ﺑﺪأ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ دراﺳﺔ‬،‫ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ أو اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﻼ اﻻﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎن اﻻﺳﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬-١
‫ ﻛﺎن‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻄﺐ ﺗﺤﺘﻪ‬.‫ ﺳﻨﻮات وأﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء وﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ أﻃﺒﺎء ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮاءة‬٣ ‫اﻟﻄﺐ ﻟﻤﺪة‬
.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﻫًﺮا ﺣًﻘﺎ‬.‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺠﺪ ﻃﻮال اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺿﺎه‬

2-Ibn Sina also (6) wrote 5 books in law. (7) All his book were translated into many languages.
His philosophical and medical work and his political involvement continued until his (8) death
at the age of 56 years.
‫ اﺳﺘﻤﺮت أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻟﻒ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺎت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‬-٢
.‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬٥٦ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻪ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ وﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﻨﺎﻫﺰ‬

240
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Physicians in Paragraph one most ‫ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﺟﺢ‬:1‫س‬
probably means _____ _____
A. doctors. .‫ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Why did they call him Avicenna? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﻳﻠﻘﺒﻮﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎﭬﻴﺴﻴﻨﺎ؟‬:2‫س‬
C. His name changes from one language to .‫ ﻻن اﺳﻤﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬.‫ج‬
another.

Q3: After a study for many years, he became _____ ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ دراﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻄﺐ ﻟﻌﺪة أﻋﻮام أﺻﺒﺢ‬:3‫س‬
a _____
B. physician. .‫ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: According to the passage, Ibn Sina was ‫ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ؟‬:4‫س‬
working _____
D. hard with his patients. .‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻘﻮة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺿﺎه‬.‫د‬

Q5: What is the meaning of the word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎرع؟‬:5‫س‬

“proficient”?
A. skilled. .‫ ﻣﻬﺎرة‬.‫أ‬

Q6: Ibn Sina wrote _____ books in law. ‫ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﺐ _____ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن؟‬:٦‫س‬
B. 5 ٥ .‫ب‬

Q7: What happened to Ibn Sina’s books ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺣﺪث ﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ؟‬:٧‫س‬
A. They were translated to many languages. .‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬.‫أ‬

Q8: Ibn Sina dead when he was _____ _____ ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﻲ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﺮه‬:٨‫س‬
B. 56 years old. .‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬56 .‫ب‬

241
 🏡 ‫اﻟﺴﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Couchsurfing is usually a cheap form of living used mainly by college students, where one
stays on (Q1) friends’ couches.
‫ﺼﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ً ‫ ﺷﻜ‬Couchsurfing ‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن‬-١
ً ‫ﻼ رﺧﻴ‬
.‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮء ﻋﻠﻰ أراﺋﻚ اﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء‬،‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬

2- Couchsurfing began in 2004 by a (Q2) group of students in Iceland who started the idea that
people anywhere would want to share their homes with strangers.
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﻲ أﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪا اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﺪأوا ﻓﻜﺮة أن اﻟﻨﺎس‬2004 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬Couchsurfing ‫ ﺑﺪأت‬-2
.‫ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎء‬

3- Couchsurfing is a global community of 14 million people in more than 200,000 cities

(Q3)who share their experiences, home, life, world, and their journey. Couchsurfing connects
travelers with a global network of people
‫ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﺸﺎرﻛﻮن ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻬﻢ وﺑﻴﺘﻬﻢ‬200000 ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬14 ‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻳﻀﻢ‬-3
.‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬Couchsurfing ‫ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬.‫وﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﻋﺎﻟﻤﻬﻢ ورﺣﻠﺘﻬﻢ‬

4- Connection makes us happier; we need more of it. Connecting and accepting the kindness
of strangers strengthen our faith in each other and helps us all become better people.
‫ إن اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎء وﻗﺒﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻟﻄﻔﻬﻢ‬.‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ‬.‫ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻌﺎدة‬-4
.‫ﺻﺎ أﻓﻀﻞ‬ً ‫ﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻧﺼﺒﺢ أﺷﺨﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻘﻮي إﻳﻤﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺟﻤﻴ‬

5- (Q4) Tolerance, respect and appreciation for differences are embodied in kindness. We
appreciate and share a desire to learn about one another.
‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﺪر وﻧﺸﺎرك اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ واﻻﺣﺘﺮام واﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻄﻒ‬-٥
.‫ﺑﻌﻀﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬

242
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: If you are couchsurfing, you can stay _____‫ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‬،Couchsurfing ‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ‬:1‫س‬
_____
B. with a friend. .‫ ﻣﻊ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The idea of couchsurfing was born in ____2004 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬Couchsurfing ‫ وﻟﺪت ﻓﻜﺮة‬:2‫س‬
2004 ____
D. in Iceland. .‫ ﻓﻲ اﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪا‬.‫د‬

Q3: The main idea of paragraph 3 is _____ _____‫ ﻫﻲ‬3 ‫ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:3‫س‬
A. how people all over the world share their ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺸﺎرك اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻬﻢ‬.‫أ‬
home, experience, life and world happily ‫وﺧﺒﺮاﺗﻬﻢ وﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﻋﺎﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﻌﺎدة‬

Q4: According to paragraph 5, kindness _____‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻠﻄﻒ ﻳﺠﺴﺪ ﻗﻴﻢ‬،5 ‫ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:4‫س‬
embodies the values of _____
D. (A+B+C) (‫ ج‬+ ‫ ب‬+ ‫ )أ‬.‫د‬

243
 🏰 ‫ﻣﺪاﺋﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Madin Saleh is an important site. In 2008 UNESCO announced (Q3) it as a site of cultural
heritage, becoming Saudi Arabia's first World Heritage site. It was chosen for its well-
preserved remains from late antiquity, especially the 131 rock-cut huge tombs of the
Nabatean kingdom.
‫ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ أول‬،‫ أﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺮاث اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬،2008 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﻣﺪان ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻬﻢ‬-1
‫ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻫﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺮاث اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻘﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺨﺮ واﻟﺘﻲ‬131 ‫ وﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﺮ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪدﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮة‬
ً ‫ﺟﻴ‬
.‫ﺗﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﺎط‬

2- It is the largest conserved site of the civilization of the Nabataeans south of Petra in
Jordan. (Q4) Petra was known as the capital of the Nabataeans state.
‫ ُﻋﺮﻓﺖ اﻟﺒﺘﺮاء ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ وﻻﻳﺔ‬.‫ وﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ ﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻷﻧﺒﺎط ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﺒﺘﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻷردن‬-2
.‫اﻷﻧﺒﺎط‬

3- Prophet Saleh was sent to the Thamud. The people of the city were remorseful, but their
crime could not be undone, (Q5) Saleh and his believers left the city to escape from the
destroy.
‫ ﻓﻐﺎدر ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﻘﺾ‬،‫ وﻛﺎن أﻫﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﺎدﻣﻮن‬.‫ أرﺳﻞ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻤﻮد‬-3
.‫وﻣﺆﻣﻨﻮه اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﺮًﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎر‬

4- Nabateans (Q6) didn't give decorations a high interest in Madinah. Some places would be
lack any decorations on the processional way.
‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬.‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﺎط ﻳﻌﻄﻮن اﻟﺰﺧﺎرف أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻮرة‬-٤
.‫ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ أي زﺧﺎرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺻﺨﺮة ﻣﺴﺎوﻣﺔ‬

244
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the meaning of the word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻜﺎن؟‬:1‫س‬
“site”?
A. place. .‫ ﻣﻜﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The pronoun “its” refer to ______ ‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ؟‬:2‫س‬

A. Madain Saleh. .‫ ﻣﺪاﺋﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: Why is Madain Saleh Important place? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻣﺪاﺋﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻬﻢ؟‬:3‫س‬
A. its great historical cultural site. .‫ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ راﺋﻊ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What does the passage say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺘﺮاء؟‬:٤‫س‬
Petra? .‫ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﻄﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬
C. It is the capital of the Nabataean
Kingdom.

Q5: Why did prophet Saleh leave his ‫ ﻏﺎدر اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ؟‬/‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﺮك‬:٥‫س‬
people?
C. He prevented believers from .‫ ﻟﻴﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻼك‬.‫ج‬
destruction.
‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ اﻟﻨﺒﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﻲ؟‬:٦‫س‬
Q6: Which of the following didn’t the
Nabataeans do? .‫ ﺗﺰﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬.‫د‬
D. decorations in Madinah.

245
 🌴 ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Dates, one of the oldest cultivated crops, grow on palm trees. Dates (Q3) grow in large
bunches at the top the palm trees, which thrive in hot climates. The fruits range in color from
pale yellow to a dark red brown. Dates harvested at the yellow stage(Q4) require further
ripening before they can be properly preserved. Fully ripe, dark-colored dates are ready for
preservation as soon as they are harvested.
‫ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻗﻴﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة أﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻗﺪم اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺰروﻋﺔ وﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻧﺨﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ‬-1
.‫ ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﻟﻮن اﻟﺜﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺎﻫﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻨﻲ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ اﻟﺪاﻛﻦ‬.‫أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰدﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﺎت اﻟﺤﺎرة‬
.‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻤﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺼﺎدﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺮاء ﻣﺰﻳ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮر اﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ وذات اﻷﻟﻮان اﻟﺪاﻛﻨﺔ ﺟﺎﻫﺰة ﻟﻠﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺣﺼﺎدﻫﺎ‬

2- (Q2)There are many advantages of dates. It is important for dates to be an essential part of
one’s diet. Dates are composed of various fats, sugar, vitamins, and minerals, which our body
requires and during pregnancy, dates strengthen the muscles of the uterus. Dates also
strengthen a weak heart Dates are rich in fibres and one can easily digest them. Researchers
showed that dates can also be helpful in curing certain abdominal diseases including
abdominal cancer. Dates treat constipation, prevent night blindness and improve the health
of eyes.
‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﺟﺰًءا أﺳﺎﺳًﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬.‫ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻮر ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‬
.‫دﻫﻮن وﺳﻜﺮ وﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت وﻣﻌﺎدن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻤﻨﺎ وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﻘﻮي اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬
‫ أﻇﻬﺮ‬.‫ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﻘﻮي اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻟﻴﺎف وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮء أن ﻳﻬﻀﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج ﺑﻌﺾ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﺒﻄﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎن اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬ ً ‫ﺪا أﻳ‬
ً ‫اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﻴ‬
.‫ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ اﻹﻣﺴﺎك وﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻰ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻲ وﻳﺤﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The passage is mainly talking about ____ ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ ــــــــــــ‬:1‫س‬
A. the advantages of dates ‫ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: One of the following is NOT an ‫ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﺰة ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺮ‬:2‫س‬
advantage of dates.
B. Dates increase constipation. ‫ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻹﻣﺴﺎك‬.‫ب‬

Q3: The underlined word “thrive’ in ‫ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﺰدﻫﺮ" اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ‬:3‫س‬
Paragraph 1 probably means _____ ‫ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬١ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. grow ‫ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Yellow dates and dark-colored dates ___ ‫ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ اﻷﺻﻔﺮ واﻟﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺪاﻛﻦ اﻟﻠﻮن ـــــــــ‬:٤‫س‬
B. are preserved differently after harvested. ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺼﺎده ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬.‫ب‬

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 🥀 ‫اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Outdoor air pollution is emissions caused by combustion. (Q1) Although it is dangerous, the
internal pollution is more dangerous because (2) we spend 90% of our time inside homes not
outside.
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮرة اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ إﻻ أﻧﻪ‬.‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق‬-١
.‫ ﻣﻦ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﻮت وﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎرج‬٪٩٠ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻄﻮرة ﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻀﻲ‬

2- (Q18) Air pollutants have many reasons and causes .(Q3) Black carbon is a pollution that from
kerosene. The (Q4) diesel is also considered a big source of external air pollution.
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺼﺪًرا‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل أﻳ‬.‫ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻷﺳﻮد ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﻮث ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﺮوﺳﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻟﻪ أﺳﺒﺎب ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‬-2
.‫ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬

3- (Q10) Contamination and Indoor air pollutants could be harmful to breathe in. Because
there is (Q5) no fresh air, as a result, this poor indoor air quality has been linked to lung
diseases like asthma, and (Q7) cancer.
‫ وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬،‫ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻮاء ﻧﻘﻲ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث وﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺎرة ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق‬-3
.‫ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ارﺗﺒﻄﺖ ﺑﺄﻣﺮاض اﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﻮ واﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬

4- Moreover, office devices can release VOCs. Mixtures of organic pollutants are (Q13) emitted
by seven office devices, i.e., computers, printers, etc.
‫ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة‬،‫ ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬-4
.‫ أي أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ واﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ أﺟﻬﺰة ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ‬

5- (Q8) Air is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. (Q9) There
are around 856 kinds of chemicals that cause air pollution.
‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ واﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ واﻷرﺟﻮن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬-5
.‫ ﻧﻮًﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬856

6- (Q11) India is the third-most polluted country in the world. Because they use a lot of
synthetic material.
.‫ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻫﻲ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ أﻛﺜﺮ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻠﻮًﺛﺎ‬-6

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7- We can reduce air pollution (Q19) by using wood and natural furniture which is essential for
our health. We can also preserve the environment (Q20) by using washable dishes and cups .
‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أﻳ‬.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﺸﺐ واﻷﺛﺎث اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻟﺼﺤﺘﻨﺎ‬-7
.‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻃﺒﺎق وأﻛﻮاب ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻞ‬

248
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why is internal pollution more dangerous ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ أﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
than external pollution?
A. Because people stay most of their time ‫ ﻷﻧﻪ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺠﻠﺴﻮا ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اوﻗﺎﺗﻬﻢ داﺧﻞ‬.‫أ‬
inside. .‫ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻬﻢ‬

Q2: How much time do we spend inside our ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻘﻀﻴﻪ داﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻨﺎ؟‬.2 ‫س‬
houses?
B. 90% of our time. .‫ ﻣﻦ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ‬٪٩٠ .‫ب‬

Q3: What is the name of pollutant from ‫ ﻣﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻮث ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﺮوﺳﻴﻦ؟‬:3 ‫س‬
kerosene?
D. black carbon ‫ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻷﺳﻮد‬.‫د‬

Q4: What is the big source of aerial clutter/ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻻﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ؟‬:4 ‫س‬
external pollution?
A. diesel ‫ اﻟﺪﻳﺰل‬.‫أ‬

Q5: The main reason for lung disease is? ‫ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﺮﺋﺔ ﻫﻮ؟‬:5 ‫س‬
C. lack of fresh air ‫ ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻨﻘﻲ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What is the meaning of word “essential”? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺟﻮﻫﺮي"؟‬:6 ‫س‬
A. important ‫ ﻫﺎم‬.‫أ‬

Q7: What is the disease that is caused by ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث؟‬:7 ‫س‬
pollution?
A. cancer ‫ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q8: The air consists of? ‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ؟‬:8 ‫س‬

B. nitrogen, oxygen and water vapour ‫ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ واﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ وﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫ب‬

Q9: How many chemicals cause air pollution? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻮث‬:9 ‫س‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮاء؟‬
B. 856 85٦ .‫ب‬

Q10: What doesn’t contamination cause? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث؟‬:10 ‫س‬

A. allergy ‫ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

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Q11: What is the third polluted country? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ دوﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث؟‬:11 ‫س‬
B. India ‫ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬.‫ب‬

Q12: Which paragraph talks about diseases? ‫ أي ﻓﻘﺮة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻻﻣﺮاض؟‬:12 ‫س‬
C. paragraph 3 3 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬.‫ج‬

Q13: What is the source of VOCs? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة؟‬:13 ‫س‬
A. printers and computers ‫ اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q14: What is the meaning of “synthetic ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ "اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ؟‬:14 ‫س‬
materials”?
B. artificial ‫ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬.‫ب‬

Q15: What is the opposite of “synthetic”? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻜﺲ " اﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ"؟‬:15 ‫س‬

C. natural ‫ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬.‫ج‬

Q16: What do you understand from the first ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬:16 ‫س‬
paragraph?
A. Indoor pollution is dangerous than outdoor .‫ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ اﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬.‫أ‬
pollution.

Q17: What is the best title for the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:17 ‫س‬
A. Pollution ‫ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‬.‫أ‬

Q18: Which paragraph talks about Air ‫ أي ﻓﻘﺮة ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء؟‬:18 ‫س‬
pollutants?
B. paragraph 2 2 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬.‫ب‬

Q19: How we can reduce pollution? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث؟‬:19 ‫س‬
A. Use wood and natural things. .‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﺸﺐ واﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q20: How we can preserve the environment? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؟‬:20 ‫س‬
A. Use washable dish and cups. .‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺒﻖ وأﻛﻮاب ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻞ‬.‫أ‬

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 🍦 ‫اﻻﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In New York City there is an almost antique (Q1) ice cream car driven by (Q2) the best driver
who makes the best ice cream ever. He is (Q4) a happy man who never complains about
anything.
‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﻴﺎرة آﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻳﻘﻮدﻫﺎ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ أﻓﻀﻞ آﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك‬-1
.‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ أي ﺷﻲء‬ً ‫ إﻧﻪ رﺟﻞ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﻜﻲ أﺑ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬

2- The explorer Marco Polo saw ice cream during his expedition to China. It is said that the
first person to discover and (Q7) invent ice cream was Smithson. During the world War, there
(Q8) wasn't much sugar so the ice cream industry was affected negatively.

‫ وﻳﻘﺎل إن أول ﺷﺨﺺ‬،‫ رأى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻣﺎرﻛﻮ ﺑﻮﻟﻮ اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﻼل رﺣﻠﺘﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬-2
‫ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻛﺘﺸﻒ واﺧﺘﺮع اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﺎن ﺳﻤﻴﺜﺴﻮن‬
.‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮت ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﺳﻠًﺒﺎ‬

3- (Q9) Fruit was added to ice cream in Asia. Ice cream has a lot of flavours, and now (Q10)
frozen dessert contains 60% ice cream.
‫ واﻵن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺤﻠﻮى اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ وﻟﻪ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻜﻬﺎت‬،‫ أﺿﻴﻔﺖ اﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﻓﻲ آﺳﻴﺎ‬-3
.‫ آﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ‬٪60

251
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the car's name? What is the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة؟ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة؟‬:١‫س‬
type of car?
B. ice cream car ‫ ﺳﻴﺎرة اﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Who is the best car driver? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺳﻴﺎرة؟‬:٢‫س‬

A. the driver of an ice cream car ‫ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺳﻴﺎرة اﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the main idea of paragraph (1)? :‫( ﺗﻔﻬﻢ أﻧﻪ‬1) ‫ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
D. A good driver ‫ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺟﻴﺪ‬.‫د‬

Q4: What is right about the ice cream's car ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺳﻴﺎرة اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ؟‬:4‫س‬
driver?
A. He is happy and does not complain. .‫ إﻧﻪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ وﻻ ﻳﺸﺘﻜﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What is the best title of this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:5‫س‬
C. Ice cream history ‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What does " expedition " mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ"؟‬:6‫س‬
B. journey ‫ رﺣﻠﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q7: Who discovers ice cream? ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ؟‬:٧‫س‬

D. Smithson ‫ ﺳﻤﻴﺜﺴﻮن‬.‫د‬

Q8: What happened to the ice-cream ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺣﺪث ﻟﻶﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ؟‬:٨‫س‬
during the World War?
A. didn’t have enough sugar. .‫ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻛﺎن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎف‬.‫أ‬

Q9: Who added fruits to ice cream? ‫ ﻣﻦ أﺿﺎف اﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ؟‬:9‫س‬
C. Asia ‫ آﺳﻴﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q10: The frozen desert includes 60% of ? ‫ ﻣﻦ؟‬٪60 ‫ اﻟﺤﻠﻮى اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪة ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬:10‫س‬
C. Ice cream ‫ اﻵﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ‬.‫ج‬

252
 ✨ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The sun may appear to be the largest star in the sky but that's just because it's the closest.
The largest known star in the universe is UY Scuti, (Q1) a hypergiant with a radius around 1,700
times larger than the sun.
‫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪو اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻟﻤﺠﺮد أﻧﻬﺎ اﻷﻗﺮب‬-1
.‫ ﻣﺮة أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬1700 ‫ وﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻼق ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮه ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،UY Scuti ‫اﻟﻜﻮن ﻫﻮ‬

2- Without the atmosphere in the way, NASA can take some of the most precise pictures
available from space by using earth-bound camera. It is used to shoot an extended area.(Q5)
That helps scientists to study everything about the stars. The time we need for shooting a
star in daylight is different than at night; it will take (Q6) thirty seconds at night to take one
photo.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﺑﻌﺾ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺼﻮر دﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬،‫ ﺑﺪون اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬-2
‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺪة‬.‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺮات ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬
‫ وﺳﻮف‬،‫ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎر ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬.‫دراﺳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬
.‫ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮق اﻷﻣﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﺻﻮرة واﺣﺪة‬

3- But this isn’t sufficient for the scientists. They believe there are some things in the sky that
we will unlikely see.
.‫ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪون أن ﻫﻨﺎك أﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﻟﻦ ﻧﺮاﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﺟﺢ‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﴼ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬-3

4- We can (Q3) classify stars according to their colours and size. Stars can be blue , white or
red. After all, our sun is a star. Year after year we see the sun up in the sky, thinking it is
brighter than ever, giving us heat and light.
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺠﻮم زرﻗﺎء أو ﺑﻴﻀﺎء أو ﺣﻤﺮاء‬.‫ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺣﺴﺐ أﻟﻮاﻧﻬﺎ وﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬-4
‫ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻳﻦ أﻧﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ إﺷﺮاًﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻧﺮى اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﺸﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬،‫ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﺔ‬.‫ ﺷﻤﺴﻨﺎ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ‬،‫ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‬
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻮء‬،‫أي وﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻰ‬

253
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the biggest star size? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺠﻢ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. It’s 1,700 times bigger than the sun. .‫ ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬1700 ‫ ﻫﻮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑـ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is the colour is not mentioned in ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
the passage?
D. green ‫ أﺧﻀﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What is the best title of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:3 ‫س‬
A. Classifying stars according to colours ‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم ﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﻟﻮان واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬.‫أ‬
and size

Q4: What does the pronoun “it” refers to? ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻮ"؟‬:4 ‫س‬
C. camera ‫ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻴﺮا‬.‫ج‬

Q5: Why are scientists shooting stars? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺼﻮر اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﺠﻮم؟‬:5‫س‬
B. to study them ‫ ﻟﺪراﺳﺘﻬﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: The time we need to shoot a star at _____ ‫ﻼ ﻫﻮ‬

ً ‫ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻟﻴ‬:6‫س‬
night is _____
C. thirty seconds. .‫ ﺛﻼﺛﻮن ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: What the author did not use in ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬:7 ‫س‬
comparing starts? ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺎت؟‬
D. brightness ‫ اﻟﺴﻄﻮع‬.‫د‬

Q8: What does the word “sufficient” ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻛﺎف"؟‬:8 ‫س‬
means?
A. enough ‫ ﻛﻔﻰ‬.‫أ‬

Q9: What does the word “brighter” ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ أﻓﺘﺢ؟‬:9 ‫س‬
means?
A. shinier ‫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻤﻌﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q10: What is the nearest meaning for the ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ"؟‬:10 ‫س‬
word “unlikely”?
D. improbable ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬.‫د‬

254
 🍕 ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Pizza is a common love for (Q3) Italians and people all around the world. It originated in
Italy. You will find there a different pizza in each city. Then it was (Q1) adopted by the different
cultures and many other cultures have adapted pizza to their own liking. Even now you will
find the (Q2) frozen pizza sold at supermarkets not only at the restaurants. This is to meet the
increased demand.
‫ ﺳﺘﺠﺪ ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫ ﻧﺸﺄت ﻓﻲ إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬.‫ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻫﻲ ﺣﺐ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻟﻺﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ واﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬-1
‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ﺑﻴﺘﺰا ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن ﺳﺘﺠﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا اﻟﻤﺠﻤﺪة ُﺗﺒﺎع ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫ﺑﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﺣﺴﺐ رﻏﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﻫﺬا ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ‬

2- (Q6) Shakey’s pizza is the first franchise pizza chain in the United States. It was founded in
Sacramento, California on April 30, 1954.
،‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺮاﻣﻨﺘﻮ‬، ‫ ﺑﻴﺘﺰا ﺷﻜﻲ ﻫﻲ أول ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺰا اﻣﺘﻴﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬-2
.1954 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬30 ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬

3- Pizza is considered to be an unhealthy food although it contains many vitamins because it

(Q5) contains high calories .

‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت ﻻﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻬﺎ‬-3
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺮات ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

255
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why pizza is a popular dish? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﻌﺒﻲ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. adapted to different cultures. .‫ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Why pizza sold at supermarkets? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ؟‬:2‫س‬
B. to meet the increasing demand ‫ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: The pronoun “there” refers to? ‫ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻨﺎك" ﻳﺸﻴﺮ؟‬:3‫س‬

A. Italy. .‫ اﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is the best title of this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:4‫س‬
D. Popularity of pizza ‫ ﺷﻬﺮة اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا‬.‫د‬

Q5: Why pizza is not healthy? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺒﻴﺘﺰا ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ؟‬:5‫س‬

A. contains a lot of high calories. .‫ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: Shaky pizza opened in _____ _____ ‫ ﺑﻴﺘﺰا ﺷﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﻓﻲ‬:6‫س‬
D. California, 1954. .1954 ‫ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‬.‫د‬

256
 🏆 ‫ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The King Faisal Foundation was set up by the sons of King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. (Q1)
And now the King’s sons’ role is to serve as the chairman of the foundation. (Q2)The Board of
Trustees of the Foundation suggests the prize.
‫ واﻵن دور أﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻠﻚ‬.‫ أﻧﺸﺄت ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﺪ أﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ آل ﺳﻌﻮد‬-١
.‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ أﻣﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻳﻘﺘﺮح ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة‬.‫ﻫﻮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬

2- (Q3) King Faisal International Prize is an annual award sponsored by King Faisal Foundation
presented to dedicated men and women whose contributions make a positive difference in
the following categories: (Q4) Islamic studies, Arabic Language, Arabic Literature, Science, and
Medicine.
‫ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻋﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ وﺗﻘﺪم ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎل واﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬-٢
،‫ واﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﺮًﻗﺎ إﻳﺠﺎﺑًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
.‫ واﻟﻄﺐ‬،‫ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬،‫واﻷدب اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

3- (Q5) The first King Faisal International Prize was awarded to Sayyid Abul A'ala Maududi in
1979 for his service to Islam. In 1981, King Khalid received the same award. In 1984, King
Fahd was the recipient of the award.
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻺﺳﻼم‬١٩٧٩ ‫ ُﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺪ أﺑﻮ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮدودي ﻋﺎم‬-٣
.‫ ﺣﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬،١٩٨٤ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﺣﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬،١٩٨١ ‫ﻋﺎم‬

4- (Q6) Islamic institutions, universities and previous winners of the King Faisal International
Prize can nominate a person for the award.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ‬-٤
.‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬

5-The responsible party for nominating the winners is (Q7) the secretariat of the award.
.‫ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺳﻜﺮﺗﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬-٥

6- The prize in each of the five categories consists of:

(Q8) 1. A handwritten certificate.
2. A commemorative gold medal.
3. A cash endowment
:‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت اﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ‬-٦
.‫ ﺷﻬﺎدة ﺑﺨﻂ اﻟﻴﺪ‬.١
.‫ ﻣﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ ذﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺬﻛﺎرﻳﺔ‬.٢
. ‫ وﻗﻒ ﻧﻘﺪي‬.٣

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What do the sons of King Faisal role to ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻔﻌﻞ أﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة؟‬:1‫س‬
the prize?
B. They serve as the chairman of king Faisal .‫ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻮن ﻣﻨﺼﺐ رﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬.‫ب‬
Foundation.

Q2: Who Suggested the prize? ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻗﺘﺮح اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة؟‬:2‫س‬

B. the Board of Trustees of the Foundation .‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ أﻣﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: How often do they give the prize? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﺮة ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻮن اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة؟‬:3‫س‬
C. once a year ‫ ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: In how many fields is the King Faisal ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ‬:٤‫س‬
International Prize granted? ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ؟‬
A. 5 ٥ .‫أ‬

Q5: When was the first prize? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬:5‫س‬
A. in 1979 1979 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫أ‬

Q6: Who can nominate a person for the King ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬:٦‫س‬
Faisal International Prize? ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ؟‬
C. islamic institutions, universities and ‫ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰون اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻮن‬.‫ج‬
previous winners

Q7: Who is the responsible party for ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰﻳﻦ؟‬:7 ‫س‬
nominating the winners?
A. the Secretariat of the award .‫ أﻣﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬.‫أ‬

Q8: What does the prize consist of? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة؟‬:٨‫س‬
B. cash money, a gold medal and a certificate ‫ اﻟﻨﻘﻮد وﻣﻴﺪاﻟﻴﺔ ذﻫﺒﻴﺔ وﺷﻬﺎدة‬.‫ب‬

Q9: Paragraph 3 mainly talks about _____ _____ ‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﻮل‬2 ‫ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٩‫س‬
B. the winners of the prize. .‫ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰون ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬.‫ب‬

258
 🕊 ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Pigeons are incredibly complex and intelligent birds and they are highly sociable animals.
They are often seen in flocks of 20-30 birds.
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬.‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذﻛﻴﺔ وﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪق اﻟﻄﻴﻮر وﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬-1
.‫ ﻃﺎﺋًﺮا‬30-20 ‫رؤﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺎن ﻣﻦ‬

2- (Q5) Pigeons build their nests at any place. One day, there was a pigeon building its nest on
my balcony. After a few days, the nest created a (Q4) very bad smell like waste and because of
it, I couldn't take my breath. (Q3) Pigeons are like rats; they eat the fallen food on the ground
and make noises when they eat. Pigeons aren’t able to see at night that well, which differs
from the nocturnal birds such as owls.
‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أﻳﺎم‬.‫ ذات ﻳﻮم ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﻤﺎم ﻳﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﺸﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻓﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﻳﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم أﻋﺸﺎﺷﻪ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن‬-2
‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم ﻣﺜﻞ‬.‫ وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ أﺳﺘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬،‫ﺪا ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻀﻼت‬ ً ‫ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﻌﺶ راﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺟ‬،‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم أن ﻳﺮى‬.‫ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻮن اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض وﻳﺼﺪرون أﺻﻮاًﺗﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻮن‬،‫اﻟﻔﺌﺮان‬
.‫ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﻮم‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬

3- Pigeons were used to carry essential messages during natural disasters. They can survive
(7) hard circumstances. Their ability to fly in adverse weather conditions is thought to have
saved many human lives.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬.‫ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﻤﺎم ﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻜﻮارث اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬-3
‫ ُﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻴﺮان ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮوف ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻗﺪ أﻧﻘﺬت اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷرواح‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬

4- Pigeons are amazing creatures, but (6) we aren't used to having them as pets.
.‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت راﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﺴﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﺎدﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻛﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت أﻟﻴﻔﺔ‬-4

259
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does paragraph one talk about? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻲ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
B. Pigeons ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The word “nocturnal” probably means? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻴﻠﻰ؟‬:٢‫س‬

A. active at night ‫ ﻧﺸﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: Why does the writer say that pigeons are ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻗﺎل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ان اﻟﺤﻤﺎم ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻔﺌﺮان؟‬:٣‫س‬
similar to rats?
B. They feed on the fallen food. .‫ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Why did the writer can’t breathe? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ؟‬:٤‫س‬
C. Pigeons smell like trash. .‫ ﻻﻧﻪ راﺋﺤﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم ﻛﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q5: Where do the pigeons build nests? ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم اﻻﻋﺸﺎش؟‬:٥‫س‬
A. in any place ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What is not true about pigeons from the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺎم ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ؟‬:٦‫س‬
following?
A. They are pets. .‫ اﻧﻬﻢ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻴﻒ‬.‫أ‬

Q7: Paragraph 3 mainly talks about _____ ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ؟‬:٧‫س‬
A. the ability to live in all circumstances or ‫ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻈﺮوف أو‬.‫أ‬
conditions. .‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬

260
 ⚔ ‫اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- World War II occurred (Q1) (Q2) during the years 1939 - 1945. It was a war that involved
virtually every part of the world and cost the most deaths ever. (Q3) More than 25 million of
the dead were from the military. What made (Q4) World War II different than other wars was
that it caused more destruction. And (Q5) it was costly too; the cost of World War II was more
than three wars before.
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺮًﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﻠﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.1945 - 1939 ‫ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻋﻮام‬-1
‫ ﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬25 ‫ وﻛﺎن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ وﻛﻠﻔﺖ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬
‫ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺮوب اﻷﺧﺮى ﻫﻮ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎر‬
.‫ﻀﺎ؛ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺮوب ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬
ً ‫ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ أﻳ‬

2- The threat of the vast combined German army, navy and air force, also enabled Hitler to
occupy Austria and Czechoslovakia without any blood-bath. (Q6) They used advanced weapons
that enabled them to shatter the whole city easily. Almost 80 years ago, the weather
stopped the Nazi war, (Q7) because the temperature was about -40 degree.
‫ ﻣﻜﻦ ﻫﺘﻠﺮ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻼل اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻪ اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺒﺤﺮي واﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻀﺨﻢ‬-2
‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا أﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬.‫وﺗﺸﻴﻜﻮﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎﻛﻴﺎ دون أي ﺣﻤﺎم دم‬
.‫ درﺟﺔ‬40- ‫ ﻷن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ أوﻗﻒ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻨﺎزﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬80 ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬

3- (Q8) After the war, people were busy with problems. (Q9) The first necessary reform was
providing people with food. This time while all the world was thinking how of they can build
the country again; (Q10) it was a very good chance for committing crime and breaking the law.
‫ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن أول إﺻﻼح ﺿﺮوري ﻫﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻨﺎس‬.‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻧﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬-3
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى؛ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻻرﺗﻜﺎب ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬
.‫وﺧﺮق اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬

261
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How long did World War II last? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﺳﺘﻤﺮت اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬:1 ‫س‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
B. 6 years ‫ ﺳﻨﻮات‬٦ .‫ب‬

Q2: When did the World War II begin? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬
A. In 1939 ١٩٣٩ ‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: How many militaries were killed in World ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ؟‬:٣‫س‬
War II?
C. 25 million ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬٢٥ .‫ج‬

Q4: World War II differs from other wars ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬:٤‫س‬
because? ‫ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺤﺮوب؟‬
A. more destruction happened .‫ ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺒﺖ دﻣﺎر أﻛﺒﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What is the cost of World War II? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:٥‫س‬
B. more than three wars before ‫ ﻛﻠﻔﺖ اﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺮوب‬.‫ب‬

Q6: Why were weapons more destructive? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ دﻣﺎر أﻛﺒﺮ؟‬:٦ ‫س‬
D. Because they used advanced weapons. .‫ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ أﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة‬.‫د‬

Q7: Why did World War II end in the winter? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻧﺘﻬﺖ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬:٧‫س‬
‫اﻟﺸﺘﺎء؟‬
B. Because it was cold. .‫ ﻻن اﻟﺠﻮ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺎرد‬.‫ب‬

Q8: After the war, people were? ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺎس؟‬:8‫س‬
A. busy with problems ‫ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q9: What was the first reform after the end of ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎن اول اﺻﻼح ﺻﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺮب؟‬:9‫س‬
war?
D. provide food for people. .‫ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺐ‬.‫د‬

Q10: After the end of the war, which of the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ارﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﺤﺮب؟‬:10‫س‬
following increase?
D. crime and breaking the law ‫ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ وﺧﺮق اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬.‫د‬

Q11: What the word “occur” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﺤﺪث؟‬:11‫س‬

A. happen ‫ ﻳﺤﺪث‬.‫أ‬

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 🌊 ‫ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The idea of (Q1) connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea is as old as the pharaohs.
About 150 years ago, Great Britain had a growing trade with India, (Q2) The canal, helped the
europeans and the British ships in order to trade with India. A canal through the Isthmus of
Suez would cut the journey from Great Britain to India by 6,000 miles.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى‬،‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬150 ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ ﻓﻜﺮة رﺑﻂ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻗﺪم اﻟﻔﺮاﻋﻨﺔ‬-1
‫ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﺗﺠﺎرة ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪت اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻷوروﺑﻴﻴﻦ واﻟﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة ﻣﻊ‬
.‫ ﻣﻴﻞ‬6000 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄن ﻗﻨﺎة ﻋﺒﺮ ﺑﺮزخ اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ أن ﺗﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬.‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬

2- (Q3) A French company led by Ferdinand de Lesseps made a deal with Egypt to build the
Suez Canal in Port Saeed, (Q4) which is called man-made harbour. The Egyptian ruler, Ismail,
celebrated the opening of the Suez Canal by building a huge palace in Cairo. If we compared
this new building with Suez Canal, (Q5) we will find it extremely inexpensive. Ismail invited
royalty from around the world to a celebrate in honour of the new canal.
‫ أﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة ﻓﺮدﻳﻨﺎﻧﺪ دﻳﻠﻴﺴﺒﺲ ﺻﻔﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺒﻮرﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬-2
‫ اﺣﺘﻔﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﺮي إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺘﺎح ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺒﻨﺎء‬.‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﺄ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ دﻋﺎ‬.‫ ﻓﺴﻨﺠﺪه ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬،‫ إذا ﻗﺎرﻧﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ‬.‫ﻗﺼﺮ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة‬
.‫إﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻮك ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮف اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬

263
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Suez Canal connects between _____ _____ ‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ‬:١‫س‬
A. two seas. .‫ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: To whom was the opening of the Suez Canal ‫ ﻗﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﻦ؟‬:٢‫س‬
important?
B. Europeans ‫ اﻷوروﺑﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What is the nationality of the project ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع؟‬:٣‫س‬

manager?
B. French ‫ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Port Saeed is _____ _____ ‫ ﺑﻮرﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن‬:4‫س‬

A. Man-made harbour. .‫ ﻣﺮﻓﺄ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q5: If we compared the new palace with Suez ‫ اذا ﻗﺎرﻧﺎ اﻟﻘﺼﺮ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﻓﺎن‬:5‫س‬
Canal then the palace is ______ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺮ ـــــــــ‬
B. extremely inexpensive. .‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ب‬

264
 💉 ‫اﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Hijaamah is the profession of cupping in which a cup is used to collect the blood and a
lancet is used by the cupper to make a (Q1) surface wound. And this instrument must be (Q2)
clean and sanitized.
‫ اﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻮب ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺪم واﻟﻤﺒﺮط ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺎب ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬-1
.‫ وﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻷداة ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ وﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ‬.‫ﺟﺮح ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬

2- Cupping has been known since ancient times. It helps to treat some diseases and (Q3)
energize the body. Cupping is recommended (Q6) to be done once a year or more.
‫ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺮاض وﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ اﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻘﺪم‬-2
.‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬

3- The first documented uses are found in the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
(Q4) According to Muhammad al-Bukhari, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) approved of the Hijaamah (cupping) treatment. We use it to remove the toxin from our
body as (Q5) toxin is the main cause of headache.
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ‬،‫ ووﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺒﺨﺎري‬.‫ أول اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬- 3
‫ واﻟﺴﻢ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎه ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم ﻣﻦ أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ واﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼج ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺪاع‬

265
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What type of injury is needed for ‫ أي ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮوح ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
cupping?
A. surface wound ‫ اﻟﺠﺮوح اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬
Q2: According to paragraph one, which of ‫ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻲ أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷدوات ﻣﻄﻠﻮب؟‬:٢‫س‬
this thing is needed?
D. clean instruments ‫ أدوات ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What are the benefits of cupping? .‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ‬:٣‫س‬

A. energize our body. .‫ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Is it recommended to have cupping? :‫ ﻫﻞ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ؟‬:٤‫س‬

A. Yes, it’ s recommended by prophet ‫ اوﺻﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ‬،‫ ﻧﻌﻢ‬.‫أ‬
Muhammad. .‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬

Q5: What is the reason of headache? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺼﺪاع؟‬:٥‫س‬

C. toxin ‫ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم‬.‫ج‬

Q6: When is it recommended to do cupping? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﺎﻣﺔ؟‬:٦‫س‬

B. once a year or more ‫ ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ او اﻛﺘﺮ‬.‫ب‬

266
 🩸 ‫اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- There are four basic blood types in the ABO typing system:
- Type A blood and Type B blood have antigens and make antibodies to fight each other.
- Type AB blood .
- (Q1) Type O blood doesn't have either type of antigen.
:ABO ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪم ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬-1
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪات وﻳﺼﻨﻌﺎن أﺟﺴﺎًﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﺎدة ﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬B ‫ واﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬A ‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬-
.‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
.AB ‫ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺪم‬-
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات‬O ‫ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬-

2- Blood type is inherited. It is passed genetically (Q2) from your parents. And to donate your
blood, all other donors and recipients must be safely compatible.
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺮﻋﻴﻦ‬،‫ وﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﺪﻣﻚ‬،‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ وراﺛًﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ واﻟﺪﻳﻚ‬.‫ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻮروﺛﺔ‬-2
.‫واﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻣﺎن‬

3- Donating or receiving blood is complicated. (Q3) Type O blood, since it doesn't have
antibodies or antigens for either type, can be donated to recipients with all four types of
blood. Type AB, on the other hand, does not create antibodies for either antigen, (Q4) can
receive blood from all four types, but can but can only donate to other AB recipients.
‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺴﺎم‬O ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﺎﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬،‫ﺪا‬ ً ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﺎﻟﺪم أو ﺗﻠﻘﻴﻪ أﻣًﺮا ﻣﻌﻘ‬-3
‫ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬.‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻠﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪم اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ﻣﻀﺎدة أو ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪات ﻷي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬،‫ وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ أﺟﺴﺎًﻣﺎ ﻣﻀﺎدة ﻷي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪات‬AB ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬
.‫ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬AB ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮع ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ‬

267
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Blood group _______ has no antigens. .‫ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪم _______ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪات‬:1 ‫س‬
B. (O) (O) .‫ب‬

Q2: The underlined word “inherited” in ‫ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "اﻟﻤﻮروﺛﺔ" اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻲ‬:2‫س‬
paragraph 2 probably means _____ _____2 ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
D. taken from parents. .‫ ﻣﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬.‫د‬

Q3: Type (O) blood can be donated to ‫( ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻠﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ‬O) ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﺎﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬:3‫س‬
recipients with all four types of blood _______ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺪم اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ‬
because it _______
A. doesn’t have antibodies or antigens for ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺴﺎم ﻣﻀﺎدة أو ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪات ﻷي ﻣﻦ‬.‫أ‬
either type. .‫اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬

Q4: The blood type that can receive blood ‫ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ‬:4 ‫س‬
from all four types, but can only donate to AB ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‬
recipients is called _____ ________ AB ‫إﻻ ﻟﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ‬
D. (AB) (AB) .‫د‬

Q5: What does the word “compatible” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻖ؟‬:5 ‫س‬
B. match .‫ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: What is not mentioned in the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:6 ‫س‬
A. talk about the ABO blood type. .ABO ‫ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺪم‬.‫أ‬

268
 ⛵ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎن ﺑﻴﺮي راﻳﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Ahmed Mohiuddin Perry, better known as Perry Reese, was an Ottoman admiral, (Q1)
navigator, geographer and (Q2) mapmaker.
ً ‫ أﻣﻴﺮاًﻟﺎ وﻣﻼ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺮي رﻳﺲ‬،‫ ﻛﺎن أﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺮي‬-. 1
.‫ﺣﺎ وﺟﻐﺮاﻓًﻴﺎ ورﺳﺎم ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧًﻴﺎ‬

2- Perry Reese is primarily known for his maps and charts collected in (Q3) his Kitab Albahriah
(The book of Navigation), a book that contains detailed information on navigation which will
help (Q4) ships sea travel. (Q5) He gave this book to Sultan Selim I in 1525.
،"‫ ﻳﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﺮي رﻳﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﺑﺨﺮاﺋﻄﻪ وﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ "ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬-2
‫ أﻋﻄﻰ‬.‫وﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺤﺮﴽ‬
.1525 ‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺎن ﺳﻠﻴﻢ اﻷول ﻋﺎم‬

3- He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map (prepared in
1513) was discovered in 1929 at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.
(1513 ‫ اﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺷﻬﺮة ﻛﺮﺳﺎم ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺟﺰء ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ أول ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ )أﻋﺪت ﻋﺎم‬-3
.‫ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺗﻮﺑﻜﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻄﻨﺒﻮل‬1929 ‫ﻋﺎم‬

269
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What fields did Perry Reese contribute in? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺮي رﻳﺲ؟‬:١‫س‬
C. geography and navigation ‫ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ واﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What was the scientist’s job? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:٢‫س‬
A. map maker ‫ ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: The author of The Book of Navigation is ______ ‫ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎب اﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ‬:3 ‫س‬
______
B. Perry Reese. .‫ ﺑﻴﺮي راﻳﺲ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What does the book talk about? ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻜﺘﺎب؟‬:4 ‫س‬
D. Ships Sea travel ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻔﺮ اﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﺑﺤﺮا‬.‫د‬

Q5: When did he give Kitab Albahriah to the ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ اﻋﻄﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺎن؟‬:5 ‫س‬
Sultan?
B. in 1525 ١٥٢٥ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ب‬

Q6: What does the word "cartographer" mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ رﺳﺎم ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ؟‬:٦ ‫س‬
A. mapmaker ‫ ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬.‫أ‬

Q7: What is the nearest meaning of the word ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ رﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ؟‬:٧ ‫س‬
“chart”?
A. map ‫ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬.‫أ‬

270
 🧂 ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- According to a 700-year-old (Q1) epic, while fighting the giants, a great princess dropped
her ring into a salt mine at the battlefield at Marmaros in Hungary. After victory, on her way
back home, she stopped at Weiliczka and told her servants to dig a well. Instead of water, salt
was discovered and in the first lump of salt, which was taken out, princess’ ring was found.
‫ أﺳﻘﻄﺖ أﻣﻴﺮة ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﻢ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻗﺘﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﺎم‬٧٠٠ ‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬-١
‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻮدﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎر‬.‫ﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻣﺎروس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺮ‬
،‫ وﻓﻲ أول ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺗﻢ إزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬،‫ وﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫ وﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺑﺌﺮ‬Weiliczka
.‫ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺎﺗﻢ اﻷﻣﻴﺮة‬

2- The story was mentioned in different cultures in different ways. Although the legend is a
story but it is true that for over seven centuries, salt has been mined from the rock below the
town of Weiliczka.
‫ إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻷﺳﻄﻮرة ﻫﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ‬.‫ وردت اﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬-2
.Weiliczka ‫ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻗﺮون‬

3- The constant danger made the miners deeply religious and chapels were constructed
underground where church services were held. (Q7) After a chapel was destroyed by fire in
1960, miners were not allowed to take wooden statues into the mine, so they began to carve
sculpture from rock salt.
‫ وﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷرض ﺣﻴﺚ‬،‫ أدى اﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻣﺘﺪﻳﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﺪة‬-3
‫ ﻟﻢ ُﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ‬،1960 ‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺑﻨﻴﺮان ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﺎم اﻟﺼﻠﻮات اﻟﻜﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺪأوا ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻮﺗﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬،‫ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻴﻞ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻢ‬

4- Nowadays (Q8) visitors are shown how salt was mined long ago .They can also see pretty
green lakes, and chapels with beautiful carvings.
‫ﻀﺎ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮات‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻠﺰوار ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ أﻳ‬-٤
.‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﺼﻠﻴﺎت ذات اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻮﺗﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬

271
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the type of the first paragraph? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. epic ‫ اﺳﻄﻮري‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What kind of the story is section 2? ‫؟‬٢ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
A. realistic ‫ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: Why did the princess ask the servants to ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻃﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺒﺌﺮ؟‬:٣‫س‬
dig the well?
C. to bring her some water ‫ ﻟﻴﺤﻀﺮوا ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه‬.‫ج‬

Q4: The best title of the passage could be __ __‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻮ‬:٤‫س‬
B. The Story of the Discovery of Salt. ‫ ﻗﺼﺔ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: Where did they find the princess’s ring? ‫ أﻳﻦ وﺟﺪوا ﺧﺎﺗﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ؟‬:٥‫س‬
B. in a heap of salt ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: What does the word “legend” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "أﺳﻄﻮرة"؟‬:٦‫س‬
C. a tale ‫ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: Miners began to carve sculptures from ‫ ﺑﺪأ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻮﺗﺎت ﻣﻦ‬:٧‫س‬
rock salt because they were ___ ______ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي ﻷن‬
B. safer than wood. ‫ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q8: The underline pronoun “They” in ‫ إﻟﻰ‬4 ‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻄﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٨‫س‬
paragraph 4 refers to _____ ______
D. visitors. .‫ اﻟﺰوار‬.‫د‬

272
 🥢 ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك‬
١٠٩
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Miswak is a teeth cleaning twig made from a twig of the Salvadora persica tree (known as
(Q1) arak in Arabic), a traditional alternative to the modern toothbrush.

‫ اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك ﻫﻮ ﻏﺼﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻏﺼﻴﻦ ﺷﺠﺮة ﺳﻠﻔﺎدورا ﺑﻴﺮﺳﻴﻜﺎ )اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬-1
.‫ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﻟﻔﺮﺷﺎة اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬.(‫ﺑﺎﻷراك‬

2- (Q2) It has then been proved by more than 200 studies that miswak is better than
toothbrushes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of the miswak.
‫ أوﺻﺖ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬.‫ دراﺳﺔ أن اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك ﻻ ﻳﺰال أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮش اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬200 ‫ ﺛﻢ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬-2
.‫( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك‬WHO) ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬

3- Dr. Rami Mohammed Diabi discussed the (Q3) effects of miswak on health, and especially its
anti-addiction effects on smokers . Miswak also is contributing to the fight against
desertification thereby affecting our environment and the global climate.
.‫ راﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ دﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ آﺛﺎره اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ﻟﻺدﻣﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﻧﺎﻗﺶ د‬-3
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ وﻣﻨﺎﺧﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
ً ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك أﻳ‬

4- The use of the miswak is frequently advocated in the hadith by Prophet Mohamed. (Q4) The
situations where using miswak is recommended are before religious practice, on Fridays,
before sleeping and after waking up.
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ‬،‫ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﴽ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎدى اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬-4
.‫ وﻳﻮم اﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻨﻮم وﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻘﺎظ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬

5- There is also a toothpaste made from miswak. However, (Q6) it is not a true alternate
practice of using miswak in its original shape and in the masnoon way.
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك‬،‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﺠﻮن أﺳﻨﺎن ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ أﻳ‬-5
.‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ وﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻨﻮن‬

273
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: We bring Miswak from _____ _____ ‫ ﻧﺤﻀﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك ﻣﻦ‬:1 ‫س‬
B. Arak tree. .‫ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻻراك‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The results of more than 200 studies on ‫ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك‬200 ‫ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬:٢ ‫س‬
miswak and ordinary toothbrushes proved _______ ‫وﻓﺮش اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﺄن‬
that _______
B. miswak is much better than toothbrushes ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮش اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬.‫ب‬

Q3: The main idea of paragraph 3 is _______ _______‫ ﻫﻲ‬3 ‫ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣ ‫س‬
B. the effects of miswak on health and ‫ آﺛﺮ اﻟﺴﻮاك ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬.‫ب‬
environment

Q4: Paragraph 4 talks about _______ _______‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ‬4 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤ ‫س‬
A. where and when miswak is recommended ‫ أﻳﻦ وﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻮاك‬.‫أ‬
to be used

Q5: Who suggested using Miswak? ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي أوﺻﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك؟‬:٥ ‫س‬
A. Prophet Mohamed ‫ ﺳﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺻﻠﻲ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: The last paragraph mentions that the ‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة إﻟﻰ أن ﻣﻌﺠﻮن اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬:٦ ‫س‬
toothpaste made from miswak extract _______‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻮاك‬
_______
B. is not a true alternate practice of using ‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻮاك‬.‫ب‬
miswak in its original shape ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬

274
 💡 ‫ادﻳﺴﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Edison ended three months of official schooling. Edison recalled later, My mother was the
making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I am blessed.
.‫ أن واﻟﺪﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﻨﻲ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﺬﻛﺮ إدﻳﺴﻮن ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ‬.‫ أﻧﻬﻰ إدﻳﺴﻮن ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬-١
.‫ واﺛﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻲ؛ وﺷﻌﺮت أﻧﻨﻲ ﻣﺒﺎرك‬،‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﺎدﻗﺔ ﺟ‬

2- Edison developed hearing problems at an early age. The cause of it was attributed to a
short time of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle ear infections.
But Edison believed that (Q2) was a feature advantage. (Q3) Because of the deafness he became
fascinated with technology and science. One night, while he was working, (Q4) he started
fire.The next morning Edison was fired.
‫ ُﻳﻌﺰى ﺳﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻰ‬.‫ أﺻﻴﺐ إدﻳﺴﻮن ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ ﻣﺒﻜﺮة‬-٢
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ إدﻳﺴﻮن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻫﺬه ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫اﻟﻘﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ وﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت اﻷذن اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
،‫ أﺷﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎر‬،‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻠﻴﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺼﻤﻢ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻔﺘﻮًﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬.‫ﻣﻴﺰة‬
.‫وﻓﻲ ﺻﺒﺎح اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻃﺮد ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‬

3- Thomas Edison’s (Q5) most important invention was the electric light bulb. He is often
credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻨﺴﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء أول‬.‫أﻫﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاع ﺗﻮﻣﺎس إدﻳﺴﻮن ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎح اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬- 3
.‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻟﻸﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

4- After Edison's demonstration of the telegraph, Edison was not sure that his original plan to
sell it for $4,000 was right, so he asked Western Union to make a bid. He was surprised to
hear them offer $10,000 which he gratefully accepted.
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬،‫ دوﻻر‬٤٠٠٠ ‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ إدﻳﺴﻮن ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪﴽ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺘﻪ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺮض إدﻳﺴﻮن ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻐﺮاف‬-٤
.‫ دوﻻر وﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎن‬١٠٠٠٠ ‫ ﺗﻔﺎﺟﺄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﻌﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻮن‬.‫ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ وﻳﺴﺘﺮن ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮن ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﺮض‬

275
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the best title for this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:1‫س‬
C. Edison the great inventor ‫ إدﻳﺴﻮن اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺮع اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What was his opinion of his infection? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن رأي ادﻳﺴﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪوﺗﻪ؟‬:2‫س‬
A. a feature advantage ‫ ﻣﻴﺰة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the main reason that made him ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ؟‬:3‫س‬
a scientist?
B. deafness ‫ اﻟﺼﻤﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Why was he fired from his work? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻃﺮد ادﻳﺴﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ؟‬:٤‫س‬
B. Because he started a fire. .‫ ﻻﻧﻪ أﺷﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﻴﺮان‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What is the invention that made him ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﺬي ﺟﻌﻠﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮة؟‬:٥‫س‬
famous most?
A. the light bulb ‫ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎح اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What does the pronoun “it” refer to? ‫ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي؟‬:٦‫س‬
D. his deafness ‫ ﺻﻤﻤﻪ‬.‫د‬

Q7: What does the word “bless” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﺒﺎرك؟‬:٧‫س‬
A. grateful ‫ ﻣﻤﺘﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q8: What does the word “bid” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ؟‬:٨‫س‬
A. offer ‫ ﻋﺮض‬.‫أ‬

276
 🎎 ‫اﻻم اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Immigrants have many problems between the first generation and the second generation
because they don’t have the same native language. (Q2) The second generation is losing their
identity. Especially in America, there are many immigrants who suffer in lots of areas such as
getting a job and trying to speak English, that’s why they want their children to speak English
all the time.
.‫ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮون ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻷول واﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻷم‬-1
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻪ‬
‫ وﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺮﻳﺪون ﻷﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﻢ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ وﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ وﻗﺖ‬

2- For example, my aunt, who has been living in Chicago for fifteen years, has three children
and they were all born in the States. (Q4) The eighteen-year-old daughter speaks English as a
native speaker and she speaks Korean very well, too. (Q5) The second daughter is fourteen
years old, and she doesn’t want to speak Korean. My aunt often gets upset with her (Q6)
because she is very Americanized and they cannot understand each other. While the younger
child has a problem communicating with his parents. My cousin told me they felt different
from other Koreans because they wore different clothes and walked differently.
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻃﻔﺎل‬،‫ ﻋﻤﺘﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬-2
‫ اﻻﺑﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬.‫وﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﻢ وﻟﺪوا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ اﻻﺑﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ وﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬.‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ﺪا أﻳ‬
ً ‫ﻛﻠﻐﺔ أم وﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ ﺟﻴ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ﺪا وﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﺎن ﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ً ‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺰﻋﺞ ﻋﻤﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺟ‬.‫اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‬
‫ أﺧﺒﺮﻧﻲ اﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﻲ أﻧﻬﻢ ﺷﻌﺮوا ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﻴﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻄﻔﻞ اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ واﻟﺪﻳﻪ‬
.‫اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺮﺗﺪون ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻳﻤﺸﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

3- I think most immigrants are trying to preserve their native language in their new country.
My aunt is trying to teach her children Korean not only (Q9) to help them establish a Korean
identity but also to live in harmony with the family.
‫ ﺗﺤﺎول ﻋﻤﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬.‫ أﻋﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺎوﻟﻮن اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﻢ اﻷم ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻫﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬-3
‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ وﺋﺎم‬ً ‫أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻮرﻳﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ‬
.‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬

277
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the best title for the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. Language and its effect on the identity of ‫ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ وأﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ب‬
immigrants

Q2: What is NOT true according to the first ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬:2‫س‬
paragraph?
C. The second-generation immigrants are ‫ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺼﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬.‫ج‬
eager to learn their parents’ native .‫ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﻷم‬
language.

Q3: What is the meaning of the word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻢ(؟‬:٣‫س‬

“suffer” in the text?
C. have Problems. . ‫ ﻳﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬.‫ج‬

Q4: How many languages can the 18-year- ‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬18 ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺎة اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬:٤‫س‬
old girl speak? ‫أن ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ؟‬
A. two, English and Korean ‫ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‬،‫ اﺛﻨﺘﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What does the pronoun “they” refer ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ"؟‬:٥‫س‬
to?
B. mother and her young daughter ‫ اﻷم واﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬.‫ب‬

Q6: What is NOT a reason of 14 years old in ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﺖ ذات الـ‬:٦‫س‬
problems with her mother? ‫ ﻣﻊ اﻷم؟‬١٤
A. She does not love her mother. .‫ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺐ اﻷم‬.‫أ‬

Q7: Which of the following is NOT in the ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:٧‫س‬
passage?
B. American friends will not see them as ‫ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺮاﻫﻢ اﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن‬.‫ب‬
Korean American. .‫ﻛﻮرﻳﻮن‬

Q8: What does the word Americanized ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮون أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن؟‬:٨‫س‬
immigrants mean?
A. People who speak and act like American. ‫ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن وﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮن ﻣﺜﻞ‬.‫أ‬
.‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‬

Q9: Why did the aunt try to teach her kids ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث‬:٩‫س‬
to speak Korean? ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ؟‬
A. to help them establish a Korean identity ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻮرﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬

278
 🐬 ‫اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Welcome to the dolphin’s park. Today we will have fun together and will know everything
about dolphins.
.‫ﻌﺎ وﺳﻨﻌﺮف ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ‬
ً ‫ اﻟﻴﻮم ﺳﻨﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻣ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺣًﺒﺎ ﺑﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ‬-١

2- Known for their playful behaviour, (Q1) they are as smart, and the evolution of their larger
brains is surprisingly similar to humans. That’s why they avoid eating animals. Dolphins are
part of the family of whales. They are very social, living in groups.
،‫ وﺗﻄﻮر أدﻣﻐﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﻫﺶ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن‬،‫ ﻓﻬﻢ أذﻛﻴﺎء‬،‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻮن ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻛﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺮح‬-2
‫ إﻧﻬﻢ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻮن ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺘﺎن‬.‫وﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺒﻮن أﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫وﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of the following is true for dolphins? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ؟‬:1‫س‬
C. They are smart.
.‫ اﻧﻬﻢ اذﻛﻴﺎء‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Why dolphins avoid eating animals? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ اﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت؟‬:2‫س‬
A. Because they are very smart. .‫ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ اذﻛﻴﺎء‬.‫أ‬

Q3: The welcome phrase in the first paragraph ‫ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ‬:3‫س‬
is directed to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
A. visitors watching dolphins. .‫ اﻟﺰوار اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪون اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What are they explaining? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﺮﺣﻮن ﻋﻨﻪ؟‬:4‫س‬

B. explaining dolphins’ city. .‫ ﻳﺸﺮﺣﻮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

279
 ⛩ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The King Fahd Causeway is a series of bridges and causeways connecting Saudi Arabia and
Bahrain.
‫ ﺟﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻮر واﻟﺠﺴﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬-1
.‫واﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ‬

2- The idea of building a bridge linking the Kingdom of Bahrain to the Eastern region of the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Q1) was born out of King Saud's wish in 1954.
‫ وﻟﺪت ﻓﻜﺮة ﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﺴﺮ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ رﻏﺒﺔ‬-2
.1954 ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮد ﻋﺎم‬

3- In 1965, the desire to construct the causeway began to take form officially when Sheikh
Khalifah Ibn Salman Al Khalifah, the Prime Minister of Bahrain visited (Q2) King Faisal the king
of Saudi Arabia.
‫ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﺮ ﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮر رﺳﻤﻴﴼ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﺎم اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻤﺎن آل‬1965 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-3
.‫ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ رﺋﻴﺲ وزراء اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺰﻳﺎرة اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬

4-. (Q6) The four-lane road is 25 km (16 miles) long and approximately 23 m wide, and was
built using 350,000 m3 of concrete along with 47,000 metric tons of reinforced steel.
‫ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤه‬، ‫ ﻣﺘﺮﴽ‬23 ‫ﻼ( وﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ً ‫ ﻣﻴ‬16) ‫ ﻛﻢ‬25 ‫ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﺣﺎرات‬-4
.‫ ﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ اﻟﻤﻘﻮى‬47000 ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬3‫ م‬350.000 ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

5- (Q3) On 8 July 1981 The agreement wassigned to start construction on the maritime
causeway.
.‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﺮ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي‬1981/7/8 ‫ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬-5

6- (Q4) On 26 November 1986, the causeway was officially inaugurated, King Fahd Bin Abdul
Aziz of Saudi Arabia and , Emir of the State of Bahrain (Q5) Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al Khalifah,
with the latter consenting to naming the bridge King Fahd Causeway.
‫ ﺗﻢ اﻓﺘﺘﺎح اﻟﺠﺴﺮ رﺳﻤﻴﴼ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬، 1986 ‫ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬26 ‫ ﻓﻲ‬-6
.‫ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﺮ ﺟﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ‬.‫وأﻣﻴﺮ دوﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻤﺎن آل ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ‬

280
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Paragraph 2 is mainly talking about ____ ____ ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ‬2 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة رﻗﻢ‬:١‫س‬
C. how the idea of building the bridge was .‫ م‬1954 ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ وﻟﺪت ﻓﻜﺮة ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﺮ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ج‬
born in 1954.

Q2: Who was the King of Saudi Arabia in ‫؟‬1965 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﺎم‬:٢‫س‬
1965?
C. King Faisal ‫ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: The agreement to start construction on _____ ‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﺮ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي‬:٣‫س‬
the maritime causeway was signed in _____
D. 1981. 1981 .‫د‬

Q4: The causeway was officially inaugurated _____ ‫ ﺗﻢ اﻓﺘﺘﺎح اﻟﺠﺴﺮ رﺳﻤﻴﴼ ﻓﻲ‬:٤‫س‬
in ____
D. 1986. 1986 .‫د‬

Q5: The word “latter” in paragraph 6 refers ‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬6 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﻷﺧﻴﺮ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة رﻗﻢ‬:5 ‫س‬
to _______ _______
C. Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifah. .‫ اﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻠﻤﺎن آل ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: The four-lane road is _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ذو اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﺣﺎرات‬:٦‫س‬

A. 16 miles long and approximately 23 .‫ ﻣﺘﺮﴽ‬23 ‫ﻼ وﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬ ً ‫ ﻣﻴ‬16 ‫ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬.‫أ‬
meters wide.

281
 🐍 ‫ﻧﻮم اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Animals have many different ways of sleeping. Some animals sleep in groups for warmth.
(Q1) Lions, monkeys and penguins are a few animals that sleep in groups.

‫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻨﺎم اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬-١
.‫ اﻻﺳﻮد واﻟﻘﺮود وﻃﻴﻮر اﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺪفء‬

2- Snakes (Q6) don’t really sleep. They can’t close their eyes and they can’t even blink.
Moreover, (Q7) horses and cows sleep with their eyes open, as well as they don’t have any
other choice.
‫ ﻋﻼوة‬.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺜﻌﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﺗﺮﻣﺶ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﺗﻐﻤﺾ أﻋﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬.‫ اﻟﺜﻌﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺎم ﺣﻘﺎ‬-2
.‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﺗﻨﺎم اﻟﺨﻴﻮل واﻷﺑﻘﺎر وأﻋﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ أﻳ‬، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬

3- Elephant’s sleep in groups. The young elephants get inside the circle and lie down and
sleep. (Q2) But the larger elephants sleep standing up. Horses, also,sleep standing as well as
Flamingoes which sleep standing on just one of their two legs.
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻓﻴﺎل اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺗﻨﺎم‬.‫ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة داﺧﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة وﺗﺴﺘﻠﻘﻲ وﺗﻨﺎم‬.‫ ﻳﻨﺎم اﻟﻔﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬-3
.‫ ﺗﻨﺎم اﻟﺨﻴﻮل واﻗﻔﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻃﻴﻮر اﻟﻨﺤﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎم واﻗﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎق واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ‬،‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ أﻳ‬.‫واﻗﻔﺔ‬

4- Most animals sleep at night, but (Q4) some nocturnal animals like bats sleep during the day.
.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺎم ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻔﺎﻓﻴﺶ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬،‫ﻼ‬
ً ‫ ﺗﻨﺎم ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻟﻴ‬-4

282
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Examples of animals that sleep in ‫ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬:1‫س‬
groups to get warm are ____ _____‫ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ‬
A. lions, penguins and monkeys. .‫ اﻷﺳﻮد وﻃﻴﻮر اﻟﺒﻄﺮﻳﻖ واﻟﻘﺮود‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Examples of animals that sleep ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎم واﻗﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ‬:2‫س‬
standing are ______ ______
D. horses and large elephants. .‫ اﻟﺨﻴﻮل واﻟﻔﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬.‫د‬

Q3: Paragraph 3 mainly talks about the ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬3 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:3‫س‬
animals that sleep ____ ____‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎم‬
C. for protection. .‫ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: The word “nocturnal” probably ‫ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻴﻠﻴﺔ؟‬:4‫س‬

means?
A. active at night. .‫ ﻧﺸﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: The best title for the passage is _____ ‫ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻮ؟‬:5‫س‬
B. how and where animals sleep. .‫ ﻛﻴﻒ وأﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﺎم اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬.‫ب‬

Q6: Which sentence about snakes is right? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻌﺎﺑﻴﻦ؟‬:٦‫س‬

A. They don’t really sleep. .‫ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮن ﺣﻘﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q7: How do cows and horses sleep? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر واﻻﺣﺼﻨﺔ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮن؟‬:٧‫س‬
C. usually open their eyes. .‫ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻔﺘﺤﻮ اﻋﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬.‫ج‬

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 ☔ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺖ واﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- A little girl had been (Q1) shopping with her mom in Wal-Mart. She must have been 6 years
old, this beautiful red-haired, freckle-faced image of innocence. (Q2) It was raining heavily
outside.
‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻮرة‬،‫ ﺳﻨﻮات‬٦ ‫ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬.‫ ﻃﻔﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺴﻮق ﻣﻊ واﻟﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ وول ﻣﺎرت‬-١
.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺴﻤﺎء ﺗﻤﻄﺮ ﺑﻐﺰارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬.‫اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮاءة ذات اﻟﺸﻌﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ واﻟﻨﻤﺶ‬

2- The little girl asked her mom to run under the rain but her mom said no. Because the mom
(Q2) was afraid that her girl would get soaked.Then the girl said "Don't you remember? When
you were talking to Daddy about his illness, you said, 'If God can get us through this, he can
get us through anything!’”
‫ ﻷن اﻷم ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺨﺸﻰ ﺗﺒﺘﻞ‬.‫ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺎة اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ واﻟﺪﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺮﻛﺾ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻟﻜﻦ واﻟﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻻ‬-2
‫" إن اﺳﺘﻄﺎع اﷲ ﺗﺠﺎوز‬، ‫ ﻗﻠﺖ‬، ‫ ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺎة "أﻻ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ؟ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺛﻲ إﻟﻰ أﺑﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺿﻪ‬.‫اﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ‬
! "‫ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ أن ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺄي ﺷﻲء‬،‫ﻫﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ‬

3- Then (Q4) the mom took the girl and went out under the rain.We all stood watching, smiling
and laughing as they darted past the cars and through the puddles. They got soaked. But (Q5)
they were followed by a few people who screamed and laughed like children all the way to
their cars.
‫ﻌﺎ ﻧﺮاﻗﺐ وﻧﺒﺘﺴﻢ وﻧﻀﺤﻚ وﻫﻢ ﻳﻨﺪﻓﻌﻮن ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ً ‫ وﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﻴ‬،‫ ﺛﻢ أﺧﺬت اﻷم اﻟﻔﺘﺎة وﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬-٣
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻌﻬﻢ ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺻﺮﺧﻮا وﺿﺤﻜﻮا ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬.‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻏﺎرﻗﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات وﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﺮك‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻴﺎراﺗﻬﻢ‬

284
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What were the people doing in the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮل؟‬:1‫س‬
mall?
A. shopping ‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Why didn’t the mother go out with her ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺨﺮج اﻻم ﻣﻊ اﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ؟‬:٢‫س‬
daughter?
B. There was heavy rain outside. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك أﻣﻄﺎر ﻏﺰﻳﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Why did the mom prevent her little girl ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻣﻨﻌﺖ اﻻم اﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻌﺐ‬.3‫س‬
from playing in the rain at the beginning? ‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ؟‬
D. (B + C) (‫ ج‬+ ‫ )ب‬.‫د‬

Q4: The pronoun "they" in the last ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬.4‫س‬
paragraph refers to _____ _____
A. the mother and her little girl. .‫ اﻷم واﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬.‫أ‬

Q5: After the mother and the little girl ran ،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أن رﻛﻀﺖ اﻷم واﻟﻔﺘﺎة ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﺮ‬.5‫س‬
through the rain, ______ people followed ‫ﺗﺒﻌﻬﻤﺎ ______ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
them.
C. a small number of. .‫ ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ج‬

285
 🥵🥶 A&B ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Type A and Type B are two types of personalities. Type A tends to compete with other
people more than work individually. Also, (Q1) they don’t sleep for enough hours and this may
cause sudden death. So, type A personalities need to calm down.
‫ اﻟﻨﻮع )أ( ﻳﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻊ أﺷﺨﺎص آﺧﺮﻳﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫ اﻟﻨﻮع أ واﻟﻨﻮع ب ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬-1
‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮن ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ وﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮت اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬.‫اﻟﻔﺮدي‬
.‫اﻟﻨﻮع أ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﺪوء‬

2- There are some major differences between type A and B personalities. Type B personality
people are always chilled out while type A personalities (Q4) tend to rush in doing things. Type
B people are equally hardworking as type A personalities, but they do not mind losing. Type A
tends to get destructive while type B tends to get productive. (Q2) And most people come in
the middle between A & B.
‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع ب‬ ً ‫ داﺋ‬.(‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻔﺮوق اﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع )أ( و )ب‬-٢
‫ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﺠﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺪوء ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع أ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﺮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬
‫ اﻟﻨﻮع )أ( ﻳﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﻮع )ب( ﻳﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺎﻧﻌﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺴﺎرة‬،‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮع أ‬
.(‫ وﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ )أ( و )ب‬.‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬

3- (Q5) It’s important to remind ourselves that our goal in life is to balance between work and
leisure.
.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﻧﺬﻛﺮ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﺑﺄن ﻫﺪﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‬-٣

286
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Reducing sleep can cause? ‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻮم ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ؟‬:1‫س‬
C. sudden death ‫ اﻟﻤﻮت اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Where is most people between A & B? ‫؟‬A&B ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﻴﻦ‬:2‫س‬
C. in the middle ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: The underlined word “Individually” most ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺮدﻳﺎ؟‬:3‫س‬

probably means?
A. separated ‫ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Type A is different from type B in ______ ‫ ﻓﻲ؟‬B ‫ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬A ‫ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﻮع‬:4‫س‬
A. rushing in doing things. .‫ اﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻲء‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What is our goal in life? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺪﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة؟‬:5‫س‬

D. balance between work and leisure. .‫ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‬.‫د‬

287
 🌋 ‫ﺑﺮﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﺰوف‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Vesuvius ("Vesuvio" in Italian) is probably the most famous and dangerous volcano on
Earth. (Q1) The first eyewitness of a volcanic eruption that has been preserved has come to us
from Vesuvius, and that was why it was named like this. In 79AD, (Q3) after a century long
slumber, the volcano woke up with a terrifying power in an eruption that buried several
Roman towns under several metres of ash. That’s why it’s known to be the strongest volcano.
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﺎء إﻟﻴﻨﺎ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ( أﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺮﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻷرض وأﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺧﻄﻮرة‬Vesuvio) ‫ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻓﻴﺰوف‬-1
79 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ وﻟﻬﺬا ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻬﺬا اﻻﺳﻢ‬،‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪ اﻟﻌﻴﺎن اﻷول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻮران ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﺰوف‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻴﻘﻆ اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن ﺑﻘﻮة ﻣﺮﻋﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻮران ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ أدى إﻟﻰ دﻓﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أﻧﻪ أﻗﻮى‬.‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪات اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﺪة أﻣﺘﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﺎد‬
.‫ﺑﺮﻛﺎن‬

2- (Q4) The main cause of eruption is that the collision of tectonic plates led to the rush of
molten rock and hot water to flow.
‫ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻮران ﻫﻮ أن اﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ أدى إﻟﻰ اﻧﺪﻓﺎع اﻟﺼﺨﻮر اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻬﺮة وﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬-2
.‫اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Vesuvius volcano was called so ____ ____‫ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﺰوف ﺑﻬﺬا اﻻﺳﻢ‬:1‫س‬
D. by the name of Vesuvius who was the first ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﺰوف اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن أول ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﻴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫د‬
eyewitness of the volcano. .‫اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن‬

Q2: The passage says that Vesuvius volcano ‫ ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ أن ﺑﺮﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﺰوف ﺛﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻧﺎم‬:2‫س‬
erupted after it slept for? ‫ﻟﻤﺪة؟‬
C. 100 years. .‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬١٠٠ .‫ج‬

Q3: Why it was the strongest volcano? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎن اﻗﻮى ﺑﺮﻛﺎن؟‬:3‫س‬
A. It’s erupted after long period. .‫ ﻻﻧﻪ ﺛﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺪة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻤﻮل‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is the cause of the volcano ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺛﻮران اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن؟‬:4‫س‬

eruption?
A. collision of tectonic plates. .‫ أدى اﺻﻄﺪام اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

288
 📑 ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The paper we use today is made by machine. In the past (Q1) fibres were the most
important component necessary for making both paper and papyrus
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻫﻮ أﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺿﺮوري ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ اﻟﻮرق اﻟﺬي ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﺑﺎﻵﻟﺔ‬-1
.‫اﻟﻮرق واﻟﺒﺮدي‬

2- The first man-made material was not paper.The ancient Egyptians took the fibrous (Q2)
stems of the (Q3) papyrus plants, flattened them, and when dried. This made a piece of
papyrus that could be written on.
،‫ أﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء اﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎن اﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺒﺮدي‬.‫ أول ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرق‬-2
.‫ وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﻮا ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ورق اﻟﺒﺮدي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬،‫وﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‬

3- Paper was (Q4) first made in China by a man called Ts’ailun. He found a way to make paper
from the stringy (tough) inner bark of the mulberry tree. (Q5) The bark was pounded in water
to separate the fibers.
‫ وﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﻮرق ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺤﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬.‫ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻮرق ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ رﺟﻞ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﻠﻮن‬-3
.‫ ﺗﻢ ﻗﺼﻒ اﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬.‫اﻟﺨﻴﻄﻲ )اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ( ﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺘﻮت‬

4- Chinese traders travelled around Asia as far as Samarkand. There, they met with (Q6) Arab
merchants who learned the secret of making paper and took it to Spain. Afterwards, the art
of papermaking spread throughout the rest of Europe.
‫ وﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﺘﻘﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻌﺮب اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮا ﺳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮن ﺣﻮل آﺳﻴﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺳﻤﺮﻗﻨﺪ‬-4
.‫ اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء أوروﺑﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻮرق وأﺧﺬوه إﻟﻰ إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

289
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: According to the text, which component is ‫ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬،‫ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺺ‬،‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﺮوري‬:١‫س‬
necessary for making both paper and papyrus? ‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرق واﻟﺒﺮدي؟‬
D. fibrous material ‫ ﻣﺎدة ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q2: The word "them" in paragraph 2 refers to? ‫ إﻟﻰ؟‬2 ‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
C. papyrus stems ‫ ﻳﻨﺒﻊ ورق اﻟﺒﺮدي‬.‫ج‬

Q3: According to paragraph 2 what did the early ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮن‬،2 ‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
Egyptians use to make their writing material? ‫اﻷواﺋﻞ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ؟‬
D. papyrus ‫ ﺑﺮدﻳﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q4: According to the text, the first real paper ‫ ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ أول ورﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ‬:٤‫س‬
was made in ______ ______
A. China. .‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: Which sentence in paragraph 3 contains a ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬3 ‫ أي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٥‫س‬
word meaning “to strike repeatedly, especially ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "اﻟﻀﺮب اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ أو ﺑﺄداة"؟‬
with a hand or a tool”?
B. sentence No.3 .3 ‫ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ رﻗﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: According to the text, who introduced the ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ‬:٦‫س‬
paper-making process to Europe are _____ _____‫إﻟﻰ أوروﺑﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
B. the Arabs. .‫ اﻟﻌﺮب‬.‫ب‬

290
 💦 ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The damage you described in your letter on 7 July has now been inspected.
.‫ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬7 ‫ ﺗﻢ اﻵن ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻀﺮر اﻟﺬي وﺻﻔﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ رﺳﺎﻟﺘﻚ اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﺔ‬-١

2- Faults in the wiring appear to have been caused by (Q2) dripping water from the floor
above.
.‫ ﻳﺒﺪو أن اﻷﻋﻄﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻼك ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ أﻋﻼه‬-2

3- I am quite willing to arrange for the surface to be replaced, but we will have to charge you
for the materials and work involved. If I may, (Q3) I would like to suggest that you instruct your
(Q4) staff to use trolleys when shifting heavy containers.

‫أﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﺗﺎم ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﺮض رﺳﻮم ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬-3
‫ أود أن أﻗﺘﺮح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ إرﺷﺎد ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻚ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺎوﻳﺎت‬،‫ إذا ﺳﻤﺤﺖ ﻟﻲ‬.‫واﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
.‫اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬

4- I am sorry about the (Q5) inconvenience you have experienced and will tell the fitters to
repair the damage as soon as I have your confirmation that they can begin work.
‫ أﻧﺎ آﺳﻒ ﻟﻺزﻋﺎج اﻟﺬي ﻋﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ وﺳﺄﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻮن ﺑﺈﺻﻼح اﻟﻀﺮر ﺑﻤﺠﺮد أن أﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪك‬-4
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن ﺑﺪء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

291
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The above passage is _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ أﻋﻼه ﻫﻮ‬:1 ‫س‬
A. reply to a complaint. ‫ اﻟﺮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻮى‬.‫أ‬

Q2: According to paragraph 2, the problems ‫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻻﺳﻼك ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬،2 ‫ ووﻓﻘﴼ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:2 ‫س‬
with wiring were caused by _____ _____ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
B. leaking water. .‫ ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬.‫ب‬

Q3: According to paragraph 3 which of the ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ؟‬،3 ‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
following is true?
C. Staff needs to be instructed about how to ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ إرﺷﺎد اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺣﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬.‫ج‬
treat the floor. .‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬

Q4: According to paragraph 3 the floor ‫ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬،3 ‫ ووﻓﻘﴼ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
problems were caused by _____ _____ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
D. the employees working in that area. .‫ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻮن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q5: The word “inconvenience” in the ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "إزﻋﺎج" اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬:5‫س‬
passage is closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
D. trouble. .‫ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬.‫د‬

292
 🧶 ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ واﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- For thousands of years, people around the world made textiles by hand. (Q1)Handmade
fabrics go way back. knitting, weaving, embroidery, crocheting all of these hand made crafts
can be done by hand, or by a device called a knitting machine that mechanizes the function
of pulling threads through loops to create stitches.
‫ ﺗﻌﻮد اﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺬ آﻻف اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‬-١
‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ واﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ واﻟﺘﻄﺮﻳﺰ واﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺮف‬.‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ إﻟﻰ زﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫ أو ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻳﺴﻤﻰ آﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﻴﻜﻨﺔ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺨﻴﻮط ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬،‫اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻏﺮز‬

2- Some of us enjoy knitting, while others prefer crocheting. Knitting requires specialized
tools number of stitches. (Q3) The techniques and tools are different from one to another, but
both of them require practice in order to excel in skill.
‫ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ ﻋﺪًدا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮز اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ‬-٢
‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬.‫ ﺟﻤﺎل ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣًﻘﺎ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻴﻮط واﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻷدوات‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪرﻳًﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﻮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرة‬،‫واﻷدوات ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪة إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬

3- (Q4) Machine sewing gives you more production by less effort, but hand sewing makes You
can choose exactly where the stitches go, the length of the stitches, and exactly how you
want to attach fabric. (Q6) It takes a lot of effort and skills to produce handmade textile, that's
why the handmade things more valuable.
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎﻃﺔ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻜﺎن‬،‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺠﻬﺪ أﻗﻞ‬ ً ‫ ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻚ اﻟﺨﻴﺎﻃﺔ اﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺰﻳ‬-٣
‫ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬.‫اﻟﻐﺮز ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ وﻃﻮل اﻟﻐﺮز واﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ إرﻓﺎق اﻟﻘﻤﺎش ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬
‫ وﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬، ‫واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ‬

293
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the best title of passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:1‫س‬
B. The history of handmade fabric ‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻴﺪوي‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is not mentioned about knitting? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬

A. History of crochet ‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the difference between ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ واﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ؟‬:٣‫س‬

crochet and knitting?
B. method ‫ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What is the difference between hand ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ؟‬:٤‫س‬
sewing and machine?
B. Sewing machine produced more. .‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What is the meaning of word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ؟‬:٥‫س‬

“function”?
A. task. .‫ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: Why do people prefer handicrafts or ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ؟‬:٦‫س‬
handmade?
D. Because they see the efforts being .‫ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻮﻓﻮ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻣﺎﻣﻬﻢ‬.‫د‬
made in front of them.

294
 🪴 ‫اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- It is certain that agriculture has changed throughout history.
.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ أن اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬-1

2- In the past, (Q1) farmers would have to do fieldwork by hand or with horse drawn equipment.
This work would take a long time to be completed, which meant that farms were smaller.
Horses were not very fast, and since they were animals, they would get tired and need rest to
recover from their hard work.
.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺪات ﺗﺠﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺨﻴﻮل‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬-٢
،‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﻮل ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺟ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻤﺰارع ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﺻﻐﺮ‬،‫ﻼ ﻟﻴﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ً ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻗًﺘﺎ ﻃﻮﻳ‬
.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﻌﺐ وﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺎق‬،‫وﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬

3- Nowadays, farmers use (Q3) technology to make advances in producing more food for a
growing world.Better technology has allowed farmers to feed more people.
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻮن اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻹﺣﺮاز ﺗﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬-٣
.‫ وﻗﺪ ﺳﻤﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ ﺑﺈﻃﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس‬،‫م‬ ٍ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎ‬

4- Today, most farmers use tractors and other motorized equipment to help with field work.
These machines still need to be taken care of because they can break down .
‫ ﻻ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺮارات واﻟﻤﻌﺪات اﻵﻟﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﻴﻮم‬-٤
.‫ﺗﺰال ﻫﺬه اﻵﻻت ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻌﻄﻞ‬

295
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Farms were smaller because ______ _____ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺰارع أﺻﻐﺮ ﻷن‬:1‫س‬
D. all of the above are correct. .‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬.‫د‬

Q2: The underlined pronoun "they" in ‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
Paragraph No. 2 refers to _____ _____ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬2 ‫رﻗﻢ‬
B. horses. .‫ اﻟﺨﻴﻮل‬.‫ب‬

Q3: The main idea of Paragraph 3 is _____ _____ ‫ ﻫﻲ‬3 ‫ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:3‫س‬
B. how technology contributed to the .‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻐﺬاء‬.‫ب‬
increase of food production.

Q4: The underlined verb "break down" in ‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ "ﺗﻌﻄﻞ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:4‫س‬
the last paragraph probably means _____ _____ ‫اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬
A. stop working. .‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫أ‬

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 ‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ 📱‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Percentage of Watching Social Media Programs‬‬
‫‪Social Media‬‬ ‫‪Men‬‬ ‫‪Women‬‬ ‫‪Total‬‬
‫‪Linkedin‬‬ ‫‪20%‬‬ ‫‪6%‬‬ ‫‪26%‬‬
‫‪(Q1) Twitter‬‬ ‫‪44%‬‬ ‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪47%‬‬
‫‪(Q2) Instagram‬‬ ‫‪60%‬‬ ‫‪18%‬‬ ‫‪78%‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺳﻮﺷﻴﺎل ﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬ ‫رﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫ﻟﻴﻨﻜﻴﺪ ان‬ ‫‪20%‬‬ ‫‪6%‬‬ ‫‪26%‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻳﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪44%‬‬ ‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪47%‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺘﺠﺮام‬ ‫‪60%‬‬ ‫‪18%‬‬ ‫‪78%‬‬

‫‪Social Media‬‬ ‫‪Men‬‬ ‫‪Women‬‬

‫‪(Q3) Linkedin‬‬ ‫‪1 – 3 hours‬‬ ‫‪1 – 3 hours‬‬
‫‪Twitter‬‬ ‫‪1 – 2 hours‬‬ ‫‪1 – 4 hours‬‬
‫‪(Q4) Instagram‬‬ ‫‪1 – 2 hours‬‬ ‫‪1 – 5 hours‬‬

‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫رﺟﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺎء‬

‫ﻟﻴﻨﻜﻴﺪ ان‬ ‫‪ ٣ - ١‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪ ٣ - ١‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻳﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ٢ - ١‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪ ٤ - ١‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺴﺘﺠﺮام‬ ‫‪ ٢ - ١‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪ ٥ - ١‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Which program do women use the‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻻﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء؟‬
‫?‪least‬‬
‫‪A. twitter‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻳﺘﺮ‬

‫‪Q2: Which program do people use the‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫?)‪most? (men and women‬‬ ‫)رﺟﺎل وﻧﺴﺎء(؟‬
‫‪A. Instagram‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬إﻧﺴﺘﻐﺮام‬

‫‪Q3: How long do most men use social‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺮﺟﺎل وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫?‪media‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؟‬
‫‪B. 1 – 3 hours.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: How long do most women use social‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫?‪media‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؟‬
‫‪D. 1 – 5 hours.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪298‬‬
 ☄ ‫ﺣﻘﻞ ﺷﻴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Shaybah oil field in Saudi Arabia, (Q1) is located approximately 40 kilometres from the
northern edge of the Rub' Al-Khali Desert.
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘًﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬40 ‫ وﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬-1
.‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ‬

2- Shaybah was developed for the purpose of exploiting the Shaybah oilfield. It was
established by Saudi Aramco. All materials were transported the (Q3) 800 kilometres from
Dhahran to Shaybah by road.
‫ ﺗﻢ‬.‫ ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ أراﻣﻜﻮ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﺮض اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬-2
.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﻬﺮان إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﺮﴽ‬800 ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

3- However (Q5) the Ghawar oil field is the largest oil field in the world, holding over 70 billion
barrels. Ghawar is able to produce 5 million barrels of oil per day.
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬70 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﻐﻮار اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻫﻮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻧﻔﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬-3
.‫ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‬5 ‫ اﻟﻐﻮار ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﺎج‬.‫ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ‬

4- When established, the Shaybah oil field had estimated reserves of over 14 billion barrels of
crude oil and 25 trillion cubic feet of gas.
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم و‬14 ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎت ﺗﻘﺪر ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬-4
.‫ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮن ﻗﺪم ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬25

5- As of January 2007, Saudi Arabia's proven reserves were estimated at 259.9 billion barrels,
comprising about (Q4) 24% of the world total. 85% of Saudi oil fields found have not produced
oil yet.
‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ‬259.9 ‫ ﻗﺪرت اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ‬،2007 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬-5
.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ‬٪85 .‫ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬٪24 ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main idea of the 1st ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬:1‫س‬
paragraph?
B. Where Shaybah oil field is located ‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The underlined pronoun “it” in paragraph 2 ‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
2 refers to _____ _____ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
A. Shaybah. .‫ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: How far is it from Dhahran to Shaybah oil ‫ ﻛﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﻬﺮان إﻟﻰ ﺣﻘﻞ‬:3‫س‬
field? ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ؟‬
A. 800 km ‫ ﻛﻢ‬800 .‫أ‬

Q4: According to paragraph 5, Saudi Arabia ‫ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬، 5‫ وﻓﻘﴼ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
has about ____ of the world oil reserves. ‫اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ____ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
B. quarter .‫ اﻟﺮﺑﻊ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: If we compare the reserves of oil in the oil ‫ إذا ﻗﺎرﻧﺎ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻠﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬:٥‫س‬
fields of Shayba and Ghawar, we notice _____ ‫ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ واﻟﻐﻮار‬
That ___
C. Ghawar oil field has more reserves of oil ‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﻐﻮار ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎت ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ج‬
than Shayba. .‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ‬

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 🏜 ‫ﺟﺰر اﻟﻬﺎواي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Hawaii is made up entirely of a pile of islands. (Q2) The chain of islands or archipelago
formed one by one. Hawai’i island is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from
five volcanoes. The largest one is called Mauna Loa. It is the largest shield volcano on Earth.
The oldest member of the Hawaiian archipelago still above water, Kure Atoll, formed about
(Q2) 30 million years ago.

‫ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة‬.‫ وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰر أو اﻷرﺧﺒﻴﻞ واﺣﺪة ﺗﻠﻮ اﻷﺧﺮى‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﺎواي ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰر‬-١
.‫ أﻛﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺎوﻧﺎ ﻟﻮا‬.‫ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺑﺮاﻛﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻫﺎواي ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ وأﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
،‫ أﻗﺪم ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ أرﺧﺒﻴﻞ ﻫﺎواي ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء‬،Kure Atoll ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ‬.‫إﻧﻪ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﺮﻛﺎن درﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻷرض‬
.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ‬٣٠ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬

2- (Q3) If any new island formed, this would cause a volcanic eruption.
.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺆدي ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻧﺪﻻع ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ إذا ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ أي ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬-٢

3- Tsunamis may also initiate in the Hawaiian Islands.(Q5) They are giant waves caused by
earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.
‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻻزل أو اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰر ﻫﺎواي‬
ً ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ أﻳ‬-٣
.‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The author in paragraph one talks about _____ ‫ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ‬:١‫س‬
_____
A. The volcanos of the island. .‫ ﺑﺮاﻛﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة‬.‫أ‬

Q2: How did the islands formed at the surface ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ اﻟﺠﺰر ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء؟‬:٢‫س‬
of the water?
A. one by one less than 30 million years ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ‬٣٠ ‫ واﺣﺪة ﺗﻠﻮ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What can cause a volcanic eruption? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﻲ؟‬:٣‫س‬
C. forming new islands ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰر ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬.‫ج‬

Q4: The word “it” refers to _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻰ‬:٤‫س‬
B. a volcanoe. .‫ ﺑﺮﻛﺎن‬.‫ب‬

Q5: The word “Tsunami” means _____ _____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬:٥‫س‬
A. great waves. .‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: The word “piles” means _____ _____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻛﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬:٦‫س‬
C. a stack. .‫ ﻛﻮﻣﺔ‬.‫ج‬

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 ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ 🖋‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪1- (Q1) The term Classical Arabic (CA) refers to Fus’ha Arabic based on Quranic Arabic.Towards‬‬
‫‪the end of the Abbasid dynasty rule, deviations started to appear. Classic Arabic has‬‬
‫‪underwent some changes including (Q2) the addition of dots and supplementary diacritics‬‬
‫‪(tashkeel) by Abu al-Aswad al Du'ali, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, and other scholars.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ )‪ (CA‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻷﺳﺮة اﻟﻌﺒﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأت اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﻬﻮر )أﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮب اﺳﻢ "ﻻﻫﻦ"(‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﻮل دون اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ( ﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻮق‪ ،‬وﻇﺎﻫﺮة ازدواج اﻟﻠﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺪت‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻤﻠﺖ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻘﺎط وﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ( ﻷﺑﻲ اﻷﺳﻮد اﻟﺪؤاﻟﻲ واﻟﺨﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻦ أﺣﻤﺪ اﻟﻔﺮاﻫﻴﺪي وﻋﻠﻤﺎء آﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪2- Modern Standard Arabic (MSA): (Q3) Modern Standard Arabic is the form of Arabic used in‬‬
‫‪modern day media, including TV channels and prints.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ )‪ :(MSA‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪3- (Q4) Classical Arabic can be easily found in Quran and Hadith (quotes from prophet‬‬
‫‪Mohamad).‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ )اﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫‪303‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫______ )‪Q1: Classical Arabic (CA‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ )‪_____ (CA‬‬
‫)‪D. (A+B+C‬‬ ‫د‪) .‬أ ‪ +‬ب ‪ +‬ج(‬

‫‪Q2: The changes that the Classical Arabic‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺮت ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫______ ‪(CA) underwent included‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ )‪ (CA‬ﺷﻤﻠﺖ ______‬
‫‪B. adding dots and tashkeel (diacritics).‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط واﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ )ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ(‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: The form of Arabic used in modern day‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫‪media, including TV channels, and prints is‬‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫______ ‪called‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ _____‬
‫‪D. Modern Standard Arabic.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: Classical Arabic can be easily found‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫______‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ _____‬
‫‪A. in Quran and Hadith.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮآن واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q5: The best title for this passage could be‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن‬
‫______‬ ‫______‬
‫‪B. Differences between Classical Arabic and‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻔﺮوق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ واﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Modern Standard Arabic.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﺤﻰ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

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 📸 ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1-.(Q1) In 1694, a philosopher named Wilhelm Homberg discovered that light darkened certain
chemicals. That discovery helped others to begin creating photographs.
‫ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮف ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻓﻴﻠﻬﻠﻢ ﻫﻤﺒﻮرغ أن اﻟﻀﻮء ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬1694 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-١
.‫ وﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺪء ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺼﻮر‬.‫ﺳﻮداء‬

2- In 1826, the first photograph was taken using a polished metal plate and an oil called
bitumen, which reacts to light. (Q2) Photographic technology then advanced quickly, and ways
of taking and developing pictures became cheaper and easier. Photography studios began to
pop up in urban areas.
‫ اﻟﺬي‬،‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻻوﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻟﺔ وزﻳﺖ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﺎر‬،1826 ‫ وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-٢
‫ وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻃﺮق أﺧﺬ وﺗﺤﻤﻴﺾ اﻟﺼﻮر أرﺧﺺ‬،‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬.‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء‬
.‫ ﺑﺪأت اﺳﺘﻮدﻳﻮﻫﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫وأﺳﻬﻞ‬

3- In 1900, George Eastman invented the Brownie camera, (Q3) a small portable camera which
was easy to use. Though colour photography was invented in the late 1800, (Q4) color film
didn't take off until the 1950s.
‫ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬،‫ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺮا ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬.‫ اﺧﺘﺮع ﺟﻮرج اﻳﺴﺘﻤﺎن ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺮا ﺑﺮاوﻧﻲ‬،١٩٠٠ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-٣
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ‬،١٨٠٠ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ أواﺧﺮ ﻋﺎم‬.‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
. ١٩٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻮن اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Wilhelm Homberg lived in the ____ ____.‫ ﻋﺎش ﻓﻴﻠﻬﻠﻢ ﻫﻮﻣﺒﺮج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن‬:1 ‫س‬
century.
C. 17th 17 .‫ج‬

Q2: The main idea of paragraph 2 is that__ _____‫ ﻫﻲ أن‬2 ‫ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
B. How photography developed and advanced .‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ وأﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ‬.‫ب‬
quickly and became a profession.

Q3: The Brownie camera was ____ ____‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺮا ﺑﺮاوﻧﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
A. easy to use and to carry. .‫ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام واﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: If somebody lived in 1956, he _____ _____‫ ﻓﻬﻮ‬،1956 ‫ إذا ﻋﺎش ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺎم‬:4‫س‬
D. could have had colored photos. .‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q5: The main idea of the passage is? ____‫ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻲ‬:5‫س‬
A. How photography developed from the past ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬.‫أ‬
until now. .‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‬

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 🐙 ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) A creature is considered poisonous if it contains toxins stored in them that cause harm
when eaten. A creature is considered venomous if there are specialized mechanisms to
physically deliver the toxins. For example, (Q2) a pufferfish is poisonous when eaten.
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮق ﺳﺎًﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮق ﺳﺎًﻣﺎ إذا اﺣﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻤﻮم ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮًرا ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻪ‬-1
‫ اﻟﺴﻤﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك آﻟﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم ﺟﺴﺪًﻳﺎ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ‬

2- (Q3) In Animal Planet's (Most Extreme: Venom) program, marine creatures made up half the
list of the top ten most venomous creatures. These include the box jellyfish, stonefish, blue-
ringed octopus, cone shells and sea snakes. All of these, (Q4) other than the box jellyfish, can
be found in Malaysian waters.
‫ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﺮة‬،(‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت )اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﺮﻓﺎ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬-٢
،‫ واﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻟﺤﺠﺮي‬،‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوﻗﻲ‬،(‫اﻷواﺋﻞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ )ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺬف اﻟﺴﻢ‬
،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬.‫ وﺛﻌﺎﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬،‫ واﻷﺻﺪاف اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺔ‬،‫واﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮط ذو اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء‬
.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺪوﻗﻲ‬

3- These creatures are not naturally aggressive toward humans. It is only when our presence
and behaviour threaten and provoke them (Q5) that they act in self-defense.
‫ إﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬،‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺪواﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺒﺸﺮ وﻻ ﺗﺤﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﻤﺘﻨﺎ‬-٣
.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮن دﻓﺎﻋﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﺪدﻫﻢ وﺟﻮدﻧﺎ وﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﻳﺴﺘﻔﺰﻫﻢ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The first paragraph explains the ____ ____‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﺮح‬:1 ‫س‬
C. difference between venomous ‫ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت‬.‫ج‬
creatures and poisonous ones. .‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬

Q2: You probably get poisoned if you eat ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﺗﺴﻤﻢ إذا أﻛﻠﺖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ‬:٢‫س‬
this kind of fish _____ _____ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬
D. pufferfish. ‫ اﻟﺴﻤﻜﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q3: The top most marine venomous _____.‫ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻧﻮاع‬:٣‫س‬
creatures are _____ kinds.
C. 5 5 .‫ج‬

Q4: One of these marine venomous ‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ أﺣﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬:4 ‫س‬
creatures can’t be found in the Malaysian _____‫اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
Waters _____
A. the box jellyfish. .‫ ﻗﻨﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: Marine venomous creatures? _____‫ اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬:5 ‫س‬

B. attack humans if threatened and they ‫ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ إذا ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻮا ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ وﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮن‬.‫ب‬
act in self-defense. .‫دﻓﺎﻋﴼ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬

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 📿 ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺮان‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Translating the Quran has always been problematic and difficult. (Q1) The Quranic text
cannot be translated into another language or form. Furthermore, an Arabic word may have
many meanings depending on the context, making an accurate translation even more
difficult.
‫ ﻋﻼوة‬.‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻘﺮآﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ أو ﺷﻜﻞ آﺧﺮ‬.‫ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآن إﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺻﻌﺒﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮة اﻋﺘﻤﺎًدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺎق‬، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬
.‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬

2- The Samanid king, Mansur ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the
Tafsir Al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. In 1936, (Q2)translations in 102 languages of
the Quran were known. In 2010, the Quran was presented in 112 languages.
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
ً ‫ أﺻ‬،‫ أﻣﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺑﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﺮي‬-٢
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬،٢٠١٠ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﻘﺮآن‬١٠٢ ‫ ُﻋﺮﻓﺖ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎت ﺑـ‬،١٩٣٦ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺎرﺳﻴﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻟﻐﺔ‬١١٢ ‫اﻟﻘﺮآن ﺑـ‬

3- Alexander Ross offered the (Q3) first English version in 1649 based on the French
translation. There have been numerous translations by Muslims.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‬1649 ‫ ﻗﺪم أﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر روس اﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﺎم‬-3
.‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‬

4- The English translators have sometimes favoured archaic English words and constructions
over their conventional equivalents; for example: using thou which means You.
‫ ﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻤﻮن اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰ أﺣﻴﺎًﻧﺎ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت واﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ؛‬-٤
.‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻧﺖ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﺖ‬:‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬

309
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: It was thought that it was difficult to ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺮآن‬:1 ‫س‬
translate the Quran into another language _____‫إﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻷن‬
because __
D. (B+C) (‫ ج‬+ ‫د )ب‬

Q2: Paragraph 2 is mainly talking about ‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬2 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
translating the Quran ____ ______‫اﻟﻘﺮآن‬
A. into many languages. .‫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬.‫أ‬

Q3: The first translation of the Quran into ‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﺮآن إﻟﻰ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬:3‫س‬
English was from _____ _______.‫ﻣﻦ‬
B. French. .‫ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: If you are reading an English translation ‫ ورأﻳﺖ‬،‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻘﺮأ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ إﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺮآن‬:4‫س‬
for the Quran, and you see the word "thou", _______‫ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ‬،"‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "أﻧﺖ‬
you understand that it means _____
D. you. .‫ أﻧﺖ‬.‫د‬

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 🐼 ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪا ﻣﻲ ﻻن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Mei Lan is a male giant panda. He was born at Zoo Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia. Originally
identified by zoo staffers as female, (Q1) Mei Lan was determined to be male by staff in China
at the Chengdu Research Base of Panda Breeding. Mei Lan was relocated to Chengdu, (Q2)
China according to the contract in 2010.
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻻن ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ‬.‫ ﺟﻮرﺟﻴﺎ‬،‫ وﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﻮان أﺗﻼﻧﺘﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺗﻼﻧﺘﺎ‬.‫ ﻣﻲ ﻻن ﻫﻮ ذﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﺪا ﻋﻤﻼق‬-1
‫ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻻن ﻟﻴﻜﻮن ذﻛًﺮا ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ أﻧﺜﻰ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻦ وﻓًﻘﺎ‬Chengdu ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬Mei Lan ‫ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة أﺑﺤﺎث ﺗﺸﻨﻐﺪو ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪا‬
.2010 ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬

2- The Chinese started teaching it languages, (Q3) to help Mei Lan adapt more quickly to his
new life, (Q4) by recruiting a language teacher via the Internet. Now Mei Lan (Q5) lives at a zoo
in Atlanta, Georgia.
‫ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻲ ﻻن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬،‫ ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮن ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬-٢
.‫ ﺟﻮرﺟﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻻن اﻵن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ أﺗﻼﻧﺘﺎ‬.‫ﺧﻼل ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﺪرس ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

311
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The giant panda Mei Lan was _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪا اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻲ ﻻن ﺗﻢ‬:١‫س‬
D. determined to be male by staff in China. ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫د‬
.‫أﻧﻬﺎ ذﻛﺮ‬

Q2: Mei Lan was born in the USA, but ،‫ وﻟﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻻن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬:٢‫س‬
according to the contract, he belongs _______ ‫ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ‬،‫وﻟﻜﻦ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺪ‬
to______
C. China. .‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: Why did the Chinese teach the panda ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﻧﺪا؟‬:٣‫س‬
the language?
A. to feel like they are at home ‫ ﻟﻴﺸﻌﺮوه اﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Who taught them the language? ‫ ﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻬﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬:٤ ‫س‬
B. a teacher ‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: Where does Mei Lan live? ‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ اﻟﺒﺎﻧﺪا ﻣﻲ ﻻن؟‬:٥ ‫س‬
A. in Georgia ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮرﺟﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

312
 🚧 ‫اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- My name is Betrom Thomas and (Q1) I travelled with a group of scientists on a Saudi
Aramco run trip to Shaybah on 4th October.
‫ اﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﺘﺮوم ﺗﻮﻣﺎس وﺳﺎﻓﺮت ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ أراﻣﻜﻮ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻴﺒﺔ‬-١
.‫ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‬٤ ‫ﻓﻲ‬

2-(Q2) The Rub' al Khali we visited located in in the middle of Rub’ al-Khali desert, Q3) was quite
amazing for us to see such a number of birds live there.
‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا‬
ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺬﻫ‬،‫ اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي زرﻧﺎه ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ ﺻﺤﺮاء اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ‬-٢
.‫اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻫﻨﺎك‬

3. The region has a hot desert climate typical of the larger Arabian Desert. Daily
maximum temperatures can reach as high as 51 °C, but temperature dropping to (Q4) zero
degrees Celsius on winter nights.Ir’s known that (Q5) Ghawar, the largest oil field in the world,
extends southward into the northern parts of the Empty Quarter.
‫ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﻞ درﺟﺎت‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺎخ ﺻﺤﺮاوي ﺣﺎر ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬-٣
،‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة إﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء‬،‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬٥١ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻘﺼﻮى إﻟﻰ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﺟﻨﻮًﺑﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺑﻊ‬،‫ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻧﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أن ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﻐﻮار‬
.‫اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ‬

313
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What did Betrom Thomas do? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻣﺎس؟‬:1 ‫س‬
B. visit Shaybah Oil field. .‫ زار ﺣﻘﻞ ﺷﻴﺒﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Where is the location of Shaybah Oil field? ‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺷﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ؟‬:٢‫س‬
A. in the center of Rub’ al-Khali desert ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺻﺤﺮاء اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: Why were the scientists amazed when ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻨﺪﻫﺸﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ زارو ﺣﻘﻞ‬:٣‫س‬
they visit Shaybah Oil field? ‫ﺷﻴﺒﺔ؟‬
A. How birds live there ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is the temperature at night? ‫ ﻣﺎ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء؟‬:٤ ‫س‬

C. 0C. .‫ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q5: Which is bigger field? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ؟‬:٥‫س‬

A. Ghawar ‫ اﻟﻐﻮار‬.‫أ‬

314
 🎢 ‫ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- 600 years ago, roller coaster pioneers never would have never imagined the
advancements that have been made to create the roller coasters of today. Roller coasters
have a long, fascinating history. The direct ancestors of roller coasters were monumental ice
slides. (Q2) A roller coaster was built based on physics’ fundamental principles.
ً ‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ رواد ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﻴﻠﻮن أﺑ‬،‫ ﻋﺎم‬٦٠٠ ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ‬-١
‫ﺪا اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاؤﻫﺎ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ا ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء‬.‫ ﻛﺎن أول ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‬.‫ ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ وراﺋﻊ‬.‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬
.‫ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء‬

2- Roller coasters were popular in Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries. (Q3) But it didn’t work
in France because the warmer climate of France tended to melt the ice. Since 1817, (Q4)there
has been a great development of the roller coaster industry. The Russians made the first
roller coaster where the train was attached to the track. The French continued to expand on
this idea, coming up with more complex tracks.
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ روﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ واﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬-٢
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻄﻮر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬١٨١٧ ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻷن اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ دﻓًﺌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ إذاﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫ واﺻﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮن‬.‫ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺮوس أول ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻘﻄﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬.‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ‬
.‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ وﺧﺮﺟﻮا ﺑﻤﺴﺎر أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴ‬،‫اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻜﺮة‬

315
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does (ancestors) mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ )اﻷﺟﺪاد(؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. predecessors .‫ أﺳﻼﻓﻪ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What's the relation between roller coasters ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻼﻫﻲ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
and physic?
B. They are built based on physics’ fundamental ‫ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
principles. .‫ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء‬

Q3: Why didn’t the French use ice and used ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﻮن اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬:3 ‫س‬
wax, instead? ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ اﻟﺸﻤﻊ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ؟‬
A. Because France is warmer than Russia. .‫ ﻷن ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ دﻓﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ روﺳﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:4 ‫س‬
D. It talks about the development of the roller .‫ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻮت‬.‫د‬
coaster industry.

316
 💷 ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
1- People named their coins after many things like their weight. For example The English
pound is derived from (Q3) the Latin pondo meaning pound. So is the Spanish (Q4) peso which
means (Q5) light weight.
‫ ُﻳﺸﺘﻖ اﻟﺠﻨﻴﻪ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰي ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ أﻃﻠﻖ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻼﺗﻬﻢ أﺳﻤﺎء ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ وزﻧﻬﻢ‬-١
.‫ وأﻳﻀﴼ اﻟﺒﻴﺰو اﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﻔﺔ اﻟﻮزن‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﻴﻪ‬pondo ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬

2- Another way of naming coins was the metals of which they were composed. Thus, the
nickel is (Q6) made of nickel.
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﻨﻮع‬،‫ وﻫﻜﺬا‬.‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬-٢
.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻞ‬

3- Location sometimes plays an important role in the naming of some coins. The word (Q7)
thal means valley in (Q8) German. Then by 1600, the spelling was changed into dollar.
‫ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻮادي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬thal ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ أﺣﻴﺎًﻧﺎ دوًرا ﻣﻬ‬-٣
.‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻬﺠﺌﺔ إﻟﻰ دوﻻر‬،١٦٠٠ ‫ ﺛﻢ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم‬.‫اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

4- Most of the coins have their names from Latin such as the word riyal. Its (Q9) Latin word is
regalis, meaning royal.
،Regalis ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ أﺳﻤﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ رﻳﺎل‬-4
.‫وﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‬

5- (Q10) The Kuwaiti dinar is the most expensive with an exchange rate of 3.32 dollars for one
dinar.
.‫ دوﻻر ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬3.32 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻎ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺼﺮف‬،‫ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎر اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺘﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻷﻏﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺮﴽ‬-5

317
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of the following was not used to ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﺳﻢ‬:1 ‫س‬
derive the name of the coin? ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ؟‬
D. names of kings ‫ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻠﻮك‬.‫د‬

Q2: What does the word “derived” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺸﺘﻖ"؟‬:٢‫س‬
A. originated ‫ ﻧﺸﺄت‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the origin of the word “peso”? ‫ ﻣﺎ أﺻﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺰو؟‬:٣‫س‬
C. Latin ‫ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What does the underlined pronoun which, ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻲ‬:٤‫س‬
paragraph 1, refer to ‫؟‬1 ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
D. peso ‫ ﺑﻴﺰو‬.‫د‬

Q5: What is the meaning of peso? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺰو؟‬:٥‫س‬

A. light weight ‫ وزن ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What is Nickle’s name derived from? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ؟‬:٦‫س‬

C. its material ‫ ﻣﺎدﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q7: Which of the following is a German word? ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:٧‫س‬
B. thal ‫ ﺛﺎل‬.‫ب‬

Q8: What is the origin of the word “Dollar”? ‫ ﻣﺎ أﺻﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "دوﻻر"؟‬:٨‫س‬
A. Germany ‫ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q9: What is the origin of riyal? ‫ ﻣﺎ أﺻﻞ اﻟﺮﻳﺎل؟‬:٩‫س‬

B. Latin – regalis ‫ رﻳﺠﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ‬- ‫ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q10: What is the most expensive currency? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻏﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ؟‬:١٠‫س‬

D. Kuwaiti Dinar ‫ دﻳﻨﺎر ﻛﻮﻳﺘﻲ‬.‫د‬

318
 ⛴ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
1- Lateen sails were developed by the Arabs, then adopted in the Eastern Mediterranean. (Q1)
Lateen sails played an important role in the history of navigation as links. They were the
transitional phase between square sails and fore-and-aft sails.
‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮق اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ‬،‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻷﺷﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺮب‬-1
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺷﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻛﺮواﺑﻂ‬
ً ‫اﻷﺷﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮة دوًرا ﻣﻬ‬
.‫واﻷﺷﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬

2- A lateen sail is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and
running in a fore-and-aft direction.
‫ وﻳﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬،‫ اﻟﺸﺮاع اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮاع ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﺰاوﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺎري‬-2
.‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ‬

3- Its effective use of (Q2) Latin sails by Arabs caused its rapid spread throughout the
Mediterranean, contributing significantly to the revival of medieval commerce. This
improvement, proves the important role Arabs played in the European civilization.
‫ أدى اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﻸﺷﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرﻫﺎ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬-3
‫ وﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ إﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬،‫اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
.‫اﻟﺪور اﻟﻤﻬﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻌﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the pronoun, "they", the ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ‬:١‫س‬
first paragraph, refer to? ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬
A. lateen sails ‫ اﻟﺸﺮاع اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is the purpose of this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:٢‫س‬

C. description ‫ اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: "This improvement" refers to _____ _____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ" ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬:٣‫س‬
D. Arab Latin sails. .‫ اﻷﺷﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫د‬

319
 ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻻوﻧﻼﻳﻦ 🛒‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Look at the graph below and answer the questions based on what you see.‬‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮاه‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How many Mexican Internet users‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻜﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫?‪purchased an online product last month‬‬ ‫ﺠﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ؟‬
‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺷﺘﺮوا ﻣﻨﺘ ً‬
‫‪C. 62%‬‬ ‫ج‪٪62 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: Which country made the highest‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫?‪percentage of online purchases last month‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮاء ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻟﺸﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ؟‬
‫‪A. China‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬

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 ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻻﻋﺎﺻﻴﺮ 🌪‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Look at the graph below and answer the questions based on what you see.‬‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮاه‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What was the cost of hurricane damage‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬اﺿﺮار اﻷﻋﺎﺻﻴﺮ ﻋﺎم ‪١٩٢٨‬؟‬
‫?‪in 1928‬‬
‫‪B. $97.7 billion‬‬ ‫ب‪ 97.7 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر‬

‫‪Q2: In which year was the cost of hurricane‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ أﺿﺮار اﻹﻋﺼﺎر اﻷﻋﻠﻰ؟‬
‫?‪damage the highest‬‬
‫‪A. 2017‬‬ ‫أ‪2017 .‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ 📈‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The (Q2) population levels started to increase very quickly in 1700s. From that time, it‬‬
‫)‪continued to increase till today. In 1800s, Paris was over populated and because of that, (Q3‬‬
‫‪Georges Haussmann rebuilt parts of Paris. Then the (Q1) American architect Louis Sullivan built‬‬
‫‪the White City.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪأت ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻤﺮت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻴﻮم‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﻣﻜﺘﻈﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎن وﺑﺴﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬أﻋﺎد ﺟﻮرج‬
‫ﻫﻮﺳﻤﺎن ﺑﻨﺎء أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺑﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪس اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎري اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺳﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎن اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the nationality of Louis Sullivan‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺳﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎن؟‬
‫‪C. American‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: When did population levels begin to‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة‬
‫?‪increase very quickly‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة؟‬
‫‪B. 1700s‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻘﺮن ‪17‬‬

‫?‪Q3: Who rebuilt parts of Paris in the 1800s‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬ﻣﻦ أﻋﺎد ﺑﻨﺎء أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ؟‬
‫‪B. Georges Haussmann‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺟﻮرج ﻫﻮﺳﻤﺎن‬

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 👅 ‫اﻟﺸﻢ واﻟﺘﺬوق‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A- The sense of smell is the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived. (Q1) It
uses the receptor cells to detect other smells. (Q2) The receptor cells are more involved in
smell than taste as it also plays role in perception of taste.
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮواﺋﺢ‬.‫ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ُﺗﺪرك ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺮواﺋﺢ‬-‫أ‬
.‫ﻀﺎ دوًرا ﻓﻲ إدراك اﻟﺘﺬوق‬
ً ‫ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬوق ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ أﻳ‬.‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬

B- The sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of
taste (flavor). (Q1) It uses the receptor cells to detect some flavor. When you enjoy food, (Q3)
both taste and smell sense interact to create delicious flavors.
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬.(‫ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺬوق ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﺴﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﺟﺰﺋﻴﴼ ﻋﻦ إدراك اﻟﺬوق )اﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ‬-‫ب‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺬوق واﻟﺸﻢ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻧﻜﻬﺎت‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬.‫ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﺬﻳﺬة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What can we understand from Passages A (‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ )أ( و )ب‬:1 ‫س‬
and B about both taste and smell? ‫ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﻢ واﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ؟‬
C. They both involve the use of receptor cells .‫ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What do the passages say about the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮات ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬:2 ‫س‬
receptor cells involved in taste and smell? ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬوق واﻟﺸﻢ؟‬
B. The receptor cells involved in smell are a lot ‫ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻢ‬.‫ب‬
more than those involved in taste. .‫ﻫﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬوق‬

Q3: According to the passages, why are taste ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺬوق واﻟﺸﻢ‬،‫ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات‬:3 ‫س‬
and smell important for us to enjoy food? ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎع ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻌﺎم؟‬
B. Both senses interact to create flavors. .‫ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺤﻮاس ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ اﻟﻨﻜﻬﺎت‬.‫ب‬

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 ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ 🌏‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪The world economy has been growing these days. (Q1) Canada has become America’s leading‬‬
‫)‪export partner. But (Q3) in 2007, worldwide economic recession began. The percentage of (Q2‬‬
‫‪decline in Europe’s economy in 2009 was 3.9%. However, China increase (Q4) its total world‬‬
‫‪trade share from 6% in 2003 to 15% now.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻳﺎم‪ .‬أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺪا اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪،2007‬‬
‫ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺮﻛﻮد اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ .٪3,9 2009‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫زادت اﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺣﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪6‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2003‬إﻟﻰ ‪ ٪15‬اﻵن‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Who is America's leading export‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ؟‬
‫?‪partner‬‬
‫‪A. Canada‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﺪا‬

‫‪Q2: What was the percentage of the‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫?‪Europe economy decline in 2009‬‬ ‫اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2009‬؟‬
‫‪C. 3.9 percent‬‬ ‫ج‪ 3,9 .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬

‫‪Q3: When did the worldwide recession‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺮﻛﻮد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ؟‬
‫?‪begin‬‬
‫‪B. In 2007‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2007‬‬

‫‪Q4: What was China's total world trade‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﻴﺐ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬
‫?‪share in 2003‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2003‬؟‬
‫‪D. 6 percent‬‬ ‫د‪ 6 .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬

‫‪324‬‬
 ⚖ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
legal systems in countries generally fall into two categories: common law and civil law. (Q1)
The civil law is more common than the common law. The difference is that (Q2) civil law is
based on written constitutions and codes whereas common law is based on judicial opinions.
‫ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬.‫ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬:‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻋﻤﻮًﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻰ دﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ وﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬.‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم‬
.‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ آراء ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:1 ‫س‬
writer mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
B. Civil law is more common than common .‫ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم‬.‫ب‬
law.

Q2: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:2 ‫س‬
writer mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
C. Civil law is based on written constitutions ‫ ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ دﺳﺎﺗﻴﺮ وﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬.‫ج‬
and codes. .‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬

325
 🛩 ‫ﺣﻮادث ﻃﺎﺋﺮات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Plane Crash is one of the rare but most dangerous accidents. (Q4) They usually happen during
takeoff and landing. (Q5) The risk of crashing is biggest for frequent, long distance flights, so
airlines carefully (Q2) calculate every action and (Q1) evaluate the risk beforehand. It was (Q2)
determined that the plane crash risk is dependent on environmental reasons, but (Q3) I think it
depends on national plane crash averages. People should (Q1) consider the risk of the crash
before riding the plane.
‫ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﻄﺮ‬.‫ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﺎدة أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻗﻼع واﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬.‫ﺗﺤﻄﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺤﻮادث ﻧﺪرة وﻟﻜﻦ أﺧﻄﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﺮان ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ إﺟﺮاء‬،‫اﻻﺻﻄﺪام أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﻲ أﻋﺘﻘﺪ أن ذﻟﻚ‬،‫ ﺗﻘﺮر أن ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﺤﻄﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺒﺎب ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬.‫وﺗﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺴﺒًﻘﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻻﺻﻄﺪام ﻗﺒﻞ‬.‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت ﺗﺤﻄﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
.‫رﻛﻮب اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What are two words the writer uses to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎن ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬:1 ‫س‬
mean “judge”? ‫"ﻗﺎﺿﻲ"؟‬
C. evaluate / consider ‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬/ ‫ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What are two words that the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﺎن ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻴﻌﻨﻲ‬:2 ‫س‬
uses to mean, “Find out”? ‫"اﻛﺘﺸﻒ"؟‬
C. determine / calculate ‫ ﺣﺴﺎب‬/ ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: How is the writer's view about plane ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺣﻮل ﺧﻄﺮ‬:3 ‫س‬
crash risk different from the general belief? ‫ﺗﺤﻄﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد اﻟﻌﺎم؟‬
B. It depends on national averages ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: According to the passage, which of the ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ‬، ‫ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬:4 ‫س‬
following is a fact about most plane ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﻮادث ﺗﺤﻄﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات؟‬
crashes?
B. They happen during takeoff and landing. .‫ ﺗﺤﺪث أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻗﻼع واﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What can we understand from the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ‬:5 ‫س‬
passage about airplane crashes? ‫ﺣﻮادث اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات؟‬
C. The risk of crashing is biggest for ‫ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﻄﺮ اﻻﺻﻄﺪام أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺣﻼت‬.‫ج‬
frequent, long distance flights. .‫اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ وﻣﺘﻜﺮرة‬

326
 🏢 ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Corporation is an organization with a group of people like (Q2) shareholders and directors who
meet at least once a year to discuss business and profits. (Q1) Two main types of corporations
are Non-profit corporation and Business (profit based) corporation.
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﺘﻤﻌﻮن‬
‫ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل واﻷرﺑﺎح‬
.(‫اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت )اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What are the two main types of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت؟‬:1 ‫س‬
corporations?
C. non-profit and business corporations ‫ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Which people must meet at least once a ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺠﺘﻤﻌﻮا ﻣﺮة‬:2 ‫س‬
year? ‫واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ؟‬
C. shareholders and directors ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ج‬

327
 🫀 ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Human Anatomy is the study of human body. It was first introduced and researched by (Q1)
Galen but he made mistakes in his writing because he had little information about human
anatomy, so it wasn’t accurate. Later on, (Q2) Vesalius continued his research by getting dead
bodies after his friends in the local government allowed him. (Q3) In 1600s, Leeuwenhoek
invented a better microscope which made new discoveries possible.
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ وﺑﺤﺜﻪ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮس ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ارﺗﻜﺐ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬
.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ دﻗﻴًﻘﺎ‬،‫أﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬
‫ واﺻﻞ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻟﻴﻮس ﺑﺤﺜﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺜﺚ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ أﺻﺪﻗﺎؤه ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‬
‫ اﺧﺘﺮع ﻟﻴﻮﻳﻨﻬﻮك ﻣﺠﻬًﺮا أﻓﻀﻞ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What was the main reason Galen made ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ وراء أﺧﻄﺎء ﺟﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮس‬:1 ‫س‬
mistakes in his writing? ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ؟‬
C. He had little information about human ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻋﻠﻢ‬.‫ج‬
anatomy. .‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬

Q2: How was Vesalius able get dead bodies ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻟﻴﻮس اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺜﺚ‬:2 ‫س‬
for his research? ‫ﻷﺑﺤﺎﺛﻪ؟‬
B. His friends in local government allowed ‫ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ أﺻﺪﻗﺎؤه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬.‫ب‬
him.

Q3: What is one reason new discoveries were ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺑﻌﺪ‬:3 ‫س‬
possible after the 1600s? ‫اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ؟‬
B. Leeuwenhoek developed a better .‫ ﻟﻴﻮﻳﻨﻬﻮك ﻃﻮر ﻣﺠﻬًﺮا أﻓﻀﻞ‬.‫ب‬
microscope.

Q4: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "دﻗﻴﻖ"؟‬:4 ‫س‬
“accurate”?
B. correct ‫ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺮض؟‬:5 ‫س‬
“introduced”?
C. began ‫ ﺑﺪأ‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ )اﺧﺘﺮع(؟‬:6 ‫س‬
“invented”?
B. made ‫ ﺻﻨﻊ‬.‫ب‬

328
 🔋 ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﺪرة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Every system has Loss of energy (Wasted energy). Even friction, which is (Q1) moving one
surface against another, causes wasted energy.
،‫ اﻟﺬي ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ آﺧﺮ‬،‫ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬.(‫ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ )ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻬﺪرة‬
.‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ إﻫﺪار اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important point that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:1‫س‬
writer mentions?
C. Moving one surface against another causes ‫ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ آﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ إﻫﺪار‬.‫ج‬
wasted energy. .‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

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 ☘ ‫اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Agriculture has been human’s main source of food over the years. The (Q2) green revolution
started in 1950s by using new seeds and fertilizers to improve agriculture which (Q4) helped
end the hunger in many countries. Fertilizers helped plants grow but (Q5) over fertilization can
destroy plants. (Q1) Artificial fertilizers are effective and popular while natural fertilizers are
less effective and costly. Some countries has become (Q3) exporters of food because they used
enhanced farming techniques and crop yields.
‫ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺬور وأﺳﻤﺪة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮع ﻓﻲ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺪت اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻹﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ اﻹﺧﺼﺎب ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺪﻣﺮ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬
‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬.‫اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ وﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫ُﻣﺼﺪرة ﻟﻸﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ وﻋﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why does the writer use the "while" ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺣﺮف اﻟﻌﻄﻒ‬:1 ‫س‬
conjunction “while” in the paragraph? ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة؟‬
C. to show that artificial fertilizers are more ‫ ﻹﺛﺒﺎت أن اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ‬.‫ج‬
popular

Q2: What does paragraph say about the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء؟‬:2 ‫س‬
green revolution?
A. It started with new seeds and fertilizers. .‫ ﺑﺪأت ﺑﺒﺬور وأﺳﻤﺪة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬.‫أ‬

Q3: How did some countries become ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﻣﺼﺪرة ﻟﻠﻐﺬاء؟‬:3 ‫س‬
exporters of food?
B. They used enhanced farming techniques ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ وﻏﻼت‬.‫ب‬
and crop yields. .‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬

Q4: Why was the green revolution ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻣﻬﻤﺔ؟‬:4 ‫س‬
important?
A. It helped end hunger in many countries. ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺪت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬.‫أ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬

Q5: How does over fertilization affect ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ اﻹﺧﺼﺎب اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت؟‬:5 ‫س‬
plants?
C. It can destroy plants. ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺪﻣﺮ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫ج‬

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 ‫ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ اﻻﻏﺮﻳﻖ 📜‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC. Aristotle, (Q1) Plato and Democritus‬‬
‫‪were Greek Philosophers. They developed free will and nature theories about human‬‬
‫‪knowledge.‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺄت اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‪ .‬ﻛﺎن أرﺳﻄﻮ وأﻓﻼﻃﻮن ودﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﻳﻄﺲ‬
‫ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻃﻮروا ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻹرادة اﻟﺤﺮة و اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What two theories about human‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﺎن ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪knowledge did Plato and Democritus‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮرﻫﻤﺎ أﻓﻼﻃﻮن ودﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮﻳﻄﺲ؟‬
‫?‪develop‬‬
‫‪A. free will and nature‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ اﻹرادة واﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬

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 🛖 ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In the natural world, some animals are intelligent as (Q1) they can match humans in
creating structures.
.‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذﻛﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻀﺎﻫﻲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬-1

2- (Q2) Animals learn to build by different ways like observing others or some follow their
group.
.‫ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ أو ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻬﻢ‬-2

3- (Q3) Structures build by animals (animal constructions) have many purposes like creating
protected habitats or building traps for prey.
‫ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت )اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ( ﻟﻬﺎ أﻏﺮاض ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ أو‬-3
.‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳﺴﺔ‬
4- Animal architecture is structures built by animals without intervention from humans.
.‫ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت دون ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬-4

5- (Q4) Complex builds are often undertaken as a group, which helps speed up construction
time. For example, (Q5) ants build their cities in groups as it is a complex structure.
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ وﻗﺖ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬،‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬-5
.‫ ﻳﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻣﺪﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‬،‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬

332
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the passage say about the natural ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
world?
C. Animals can match humans in creating ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت أن ﺗﻀﺎﻫﻲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء‬.‫ج‬
structures. ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬

Q2: Which of the following statements about ‫ أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬:2 ‫س‬
building behavior does paragraph 2 support? ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة؟‬
C. There are different ways animals learn to .‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬.‫ج‬
build.

Q3: What does paragraph reveal about animal ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬:3 ‫س‬
constructions? ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
A. The constructions have many purposes. .‫ اﻻﻧﺸﺎءات ﻟﻬﺎ أﻏﺮاض ﻛﺜﻴﺮة‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Which sentence gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬:4 ‫س‬
paragraph 5? ‫؟‬5 ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬
B. Complex builds are often undertaken as a ‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة‬.‫ب‬
group ‫ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬

Q5: Which statement about animal architecture ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‬:5 ‫س‬
in paragraph 5 is correct? ‫؟‬5 ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Ants build their cities in groups. .‫ ﻳﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻣﺪﻧﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬.‫أ‬

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 🤓 ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ اﻻﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Affirmative Action is a program of positive action to overcome the present effects of past
practices to equal employment opportunity.
‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ اﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت‬-1
.‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

2- (Q4) Even though affirmative action program has good results, there are (Q1) two problems
companies needs to deal with. The first is quotas and not having sufficient programs for all
employees.
‫ إﻻ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺟﻴﺪة‬-2
.‫ اﻷول ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺼﺺ وﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻤﺎ‬

3- The other is discrimination; (Q2) some companies still act in a negative way towards
minority group of employees. That’s why affirmative action program is implemented.
.‫ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬.‫ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬-3
.‫ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬

4- A significant part of this program are (Q3) women as they need to take legal action if
needed to work without discrimination.
‫ ﺟﺰء ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﻷﻧﻬﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ إذا ﻟﺰم اﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬-4
.‫دون ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬

334
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:1‫س‬
writer mentions about quotas in paragraph ‫؟‬2 ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺤﺼﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
2?
C. They are one of two problems companies ‫ إﻧﻬﻤﺎ إﺣﺪى ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ‬.‫ج‬
deal with. .‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺘﺎن‬

Q2: What is one important idea the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:2‫س‬
mentions about affirmative action programs ‫؟‬3 ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺣﻮل ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
in paragraph 3?
B. Some companies still act in a negative ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
way towards minority employees. .‫ﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ اﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎت‬

Q3: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:3‫س‬
writer mentions about women in paragraph ‫؟‬4 ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺮأة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
4?
C. They had to take legal action. .‫ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: Why does the writer mention that ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬:4‫س‬
affirmative action programs had two ‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻴﻦ؟‬
problems?
B. to show that these programs have had ‫ إﺛﺒﺎت أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻗﺪ أﺳﻔﺮت ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬.‫ب‬
both good and bad results ‫ﺟﻴﺪة وﺳﻴﺌﺔ‬

Q5: What is the main topic of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ؟‬:5‫س‬
B. The effect of affirmative action programs ‫ أﺛﺮ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬.‫ب‬

335
 📚 ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ اوروﺑﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Education in Europe has developed throughout the years. (Q1) The first collage for women
opened in England/Britain. (Q2) In 1879, Physics was added as a major and students started
enrolling in it. (Q3) University of Hull is one of the universities in England which did many
researches.
،1879 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬/ ‫ اﻓﺘﺘﺎح أول ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا‬.‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎل ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫أﺿﻴﻔﺖ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﻛﺘﺨﺼﺺ وﺑﺪأ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﻲ اﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎق ﺑﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Where was the first college opened for ‫ أﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ اﻓﺘﺘﺎح أول ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎت؟‬:1‫س‬
women?
C. England/Britain ‫ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬/ ‫ اﻧﻜﻠﺘﺮا‬.‫ج‬

Q2: In 1879, which major did the students ‫ م ﻓﻲ أي ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺪأ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﻲ‬1879 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬:2‫س‬
started enrolling in? ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎق ﺑﻪ؟‬
B. physics ‫ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Where is University of Hull located? ‫ أﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎل؟‬:3‫س‬

A. England ‫ اﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا‬.‫أ‬

336
 💡 ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة وﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The theory of Darwin was wrong because he couldn’t express it with clear evidence.
.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻜﺮة داروﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ واﺿﺢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ"؟‬:1 ‫س‬
“theory”?
C. idea ‫ ﻓﻜﺮة‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "َﻋﺒﺮ"؟‬:2 ‫س‬
“express”?
A. explain ‫ ﺷﺮح‬.‫أ‬

337
 🦑 ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك واﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
There is an animal that with slight friction can cause amplification of its size.
.‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﻴﻮان ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺣﺘﻜﺎك )ﻧﻼﻣﺲ( ﻃﻔﻴﻒ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the closest meaning to the ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "اﺣﺘﻜﺎك"؟‬:1 ‫س‬
word “friction”?
D. contact ‫ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What is the closest meaning to the ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
word “amplification”?
B. expansion ‫ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬.‫ب‬

338
 🔫 ‫ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Technology has become a potential threat for jobs to the scope that people became jobless.
But it is also one of many criteria for any job.
‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ أﻳ‬.‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن اﻟﻨﺎس أﺻﺒﺤﻮا ﻋﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
ً ‫ﺪا ﻣﺤﺘﻤ‬
ً ‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﻬﺪﻳ‬
.‫أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪة ﻷي وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ"؟‬:1‫س‬
“potential”?
A. possible ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﻄﺎق"؟‬:2‫س‬
“scope”?
B. extent ‫ ﻣﺪى‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What is the closest meaning to the word ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻗﺮب ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ"؟‬:3‫س‬
“criteria”?
D. standards ‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬.‫د‬

339
 ‫ﺗﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ 📚‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Education has progressed through out the years. (Q1) In 1879, France started giving training to‬‬
‫‪teachers in schools. (Q2) Mount Holyoke College was also one of the leading educational‬‬
‫‪institution in the US. What proved the growth of education is that, (Q3) by the late 1800s,‬‬
‫‪Chemistry was added as a university course.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1879‬ﺑﺪأت ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪارس‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬ﻣﺎ أﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﻤﻮ وﺗﻄﻮر‬
‫ﻣﺎوﻧﺖ ﻫﻮﻟﻴﻮك أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ أﻧﻪ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل أواﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬أﺿﻴﻔﺖ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻛﺪورة ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In 1879 where did schools start to train‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1879‬أﻳﻦ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﻤﺪارس ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
‫?‪teachers‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ؟‬
‫‪B. France‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬

‫?‪Q2: Where is Mount College located‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬أﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺎوﻧﺖ؟‬

‫‪C. US‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

‫‪Q3: What university course was added by‬‬ ‫س ‪ :3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﻓﻲ أواﺧﺮ‬
‫?‪the late 1800’s‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ؟‬
‫‪A. Chemistry‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬

‫‪340‬‬
 ⚖ ‫اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Laws have been developed over the history. It started from just the rulers judging people,
then it was delegated to courts where you have judges. (Q1) Different courts of law play
different roles in setting and building civil and common law systems.
‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﻀﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬، ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪأ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺣﻜﺎم ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻮن اﻟﻨﺎس‬.‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬
‫ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ أدواًرا ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ وﺑﻨﺎء أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﺎة‬
.‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the writer’s main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
B. to explain ‫ ﻟﻠﺸﺮح‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is an important idea the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
mentions?
B. Different courts play different roles in ‫ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ أدواًرا ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ب‬
civil and common law systems. .‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم‬

341
 ⚙ ‫ﺛﻮرة ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In mid 1800s, a great industrial revolution started which affected many countries
especially Britain. (Q1) Britain’s Industrial Revolution brought a lot of wealth and power that
made it the world's superpower. (Q3) It especially made England the strongest country.
2- With this British revolution, (Q2) workers fought for improved working and living conditions.
3- As the revolution grew, (Q4) it increased business opportunities in Britain’s industry as they
had a lot of labor and new technology.

‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ ﺛﻮرة ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة أﺛﺮت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬-1
‫ ﺟﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺮوة واﻟﻘﻮة ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
.‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص أﻗﻮى دوﻟﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
.‫ ﻗﺎوم اﻟﻌﻤﺎل واﻟﻤﻮﺿﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬-2
‫ زادت ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺜﻮرة‬-3
.‫واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which sentence gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬:1 ‫س‬
paragraph 1? ‫؟‬1 ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Britain’s Industrial Revolution brought ‫ ﺟﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه‬.‫أ‬
such wealth and power that Britain became ‫اﻟﺜﺮوة واﻟﻘﻮة إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ أن ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻟﻘﻮة‬
the world's superpower. .‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

Q2: What does paragraph 2 say about ‫ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺜﻮرة‬2 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2 ‫س‬
workers during the British industrial ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
revolution?
D. They fought for improved working and ‫ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﻮا ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫د‬
living conditions. .‫واﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬

Q3: What does paragraph 1 say about the ‫ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬1 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:3 ‫س‬
British industrial revolution? ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
A. It made England the strongest. .‫ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا اﻷﻗﻮى‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What does paragraph 3 say about the ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬3 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:4 ‫س‬
business opportunities in Britain’s Industry? ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
D. It increased because of many people and .‫ زادت ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺜﺮة اﻟﻨﺎس واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬.‫د‬
new technology.

Q5: What was the main idea? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ؟‬:5 ‫س‬

A. The industrial revolution changed the ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻏﻴﺮت اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺒﻼد‬.‫أ‬
country’s economy and global position. .‫وﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬

342
 ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ 🌡‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪1- Hot and Cold are 2 states of anything, liquids, solids, etc. One of the old theories regarding‬‬
‫‪this is (Q3) the caloric theory. It says that heat is ana invisible fluid that flows from hotter‬‬
‫‪bodies to colder bodies. When (Q4) hot things expand, this fluid is absorbed in the body, and‬‬
‫‪that’s how caloric theory works.‬‬
‫‪2- However, the new theory explains heat in form of kinetic energy; the (Q2) hotter the object‬‬
‫‪is the greater the kinetic energy.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺤﺎر واﻟﺒﺎرد ﻫﻤﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﺎن ﻷي ﺷﻲء ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬إﻟﺦ‪ .‬إﺣﺪى اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮل أن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ أﺟﺴﺎم أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺟﺴﺎم أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺪد اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺘﺺ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺸﺮح اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ زادت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the main topic‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ؟‬
‫‪D. two theories about hot and cold‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺘﺎن ﺣﻮل اﻟﺴﺨﻮﻧﺔ واﻟﺒﺎردة‬

‫‪Q2: What is the important idea related to‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫?‪the new theory in paragraph 2‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪2‬؟‬
‫‪A. Hot Things have greater kinetic energy.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻟﻸﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What is the caloric theory in‬‬ ‫س ‪ :3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪1‬؟‬
‫?‪paragraph 1‬‬
‫‪C. Invisible fluid caused by heat.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬

‫”‪Q4: Why was “hot things expand‬‬ ‫س ‪ :4‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮح "اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ" ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻊ؟‬
‫?‪explained‬‬
‫‪D. to show the caloric theory‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬

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 ☭ ‫ﺗﻌﺼﺮ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Stalin was the reason for modernization in Soviet Union (USSR) as he developed its industrial
situation and economy. The (Q1) amazing fact is that he was the one who built Moscow
Underground Railway. One of the issues (Q2) he faced is Siberia being far away. So, he built
new industrial centers there and connected it to the Railway which solved.
‫ﻛﺎن ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ )اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺎت اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﻮر‬
‫ إﺣﺪى‬.‫ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻰ ﻗﻄﺎر اﻷﻧﻔﺎق ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ‬.‫وﺿﻌﻪ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ واﻗﺘﺼﺎده‬
‫ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺒﻨﺎء ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻫﻨﺎك ورﺑﻄﻬﺎ‬، ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ واﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ أن ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪة‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How does the writer feel about the ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺗﺠﺎه ﻗﻄﺎر ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
Moscow Underground Railway?
D. amazing ‫ ﻣﺪﻫﺶ‬.‫د‬

Q2: How did Stalin solve the issue of Siberia ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺣﻞ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ُﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺎ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
being far away?
B. He built new industrial centers in it. .‫ ﺑﻨﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What word can replace "so"? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ "ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬:3‫س‬
‫ﻟﺬاﻟﻚ"؟‬
B. therefore ‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What does the passage say about Stalin? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ؟‬:4 ‫س‬
D. modernized the Soviet Economy. .‫ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬.‫د‬

344
 ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ 🧪‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪1- Chemical reactions can’t be performed in theory as theories only express a part of the‬‬
‫‪process.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ أن اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does the word “theory” in‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪1‬؟‬
‫?‪paragraph 1 mean‬‬
‫‪A. idea‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺮة‬

‫?‪Q2: What does the word “express”mean‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " ﻳﺸﺮح "؟‬
‫‪D. explains‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﺸﺮح‬

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 🌱 ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Photosynthesis is a process which plants produce food. Huber was one of the scientists who
researched it and (Q4) he failed in many experiments as he didn’t realize all what was needed.
Today’s (Q1) main theory is different from Huber’s theory as it says that energy is produced
due to water, minerals, CO2, sunlight. So, we can say that the (Q2) fuel of plants is (Q3) due to
three sources which are water, minerals, and CO2.
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻮﺑﺮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﺟﺮوا ﺑﺤًﺜﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ وﻓﺸﻞ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاء‬
‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮﺑﺮ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪرك ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬.‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻮل إن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وأﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
.‫اﻟﻘﻮل أن وﻗﻮد اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺼﺎدر وﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How is the main theory different from ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬:1 ‫س‬
Huber’s theory? ‫ﻫﻮﺑﺮ؟‬
C. It says energy is produced due to water, ‫ ﻳﻘﻮل إن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ج‬
minerals, CO2, sunlight. ‫أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وأﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬

Q2: What word other than “food” is used? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ "اﻟﻐﺬاء" اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ؟‬:2 ‫س‬
C. fuel ‫ وﻗﻮد‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What are the sources of food for plants? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻏﺬاء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت؟‬:3 ‫س‬
A. three different sources ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Why was did Huber failed in his ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻓﺸﻞ ﻫﻮﺑﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻪ؟‬:4 ‫س‬
experiment?
A. He didn’t realize all what was needed. .‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪرك ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬.‫أ‬

346
 🚞 ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
(Q4) Friction
is the force resisting the motion when 2 objects are rubbed together. It increases
with roughness of the surface. So, when you push a stationary object on the ground it
produces friction but (Q3) when add extra force it results in motion.
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻳﺰداد ﻣﻊ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬.‫ﻌﺎ‬
ً ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎوم اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﺮك ﺟﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ‬
.‫ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬، ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻮة إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ اﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬، ‫ﻤﺎ ﺛﺎﺑًﺘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬
ً ‫ﺟﺴ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which word is most similar in meaning ‫ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬
ً ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﺎﺑ‬:1 ‫س‬
to “produce”? ‫"إﻧﺘﺎج"؟‬
C. make ‫ ﺟﻌﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Which word is most similar in meaning ‫ﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬

ً ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺸﺎﺑ‬:2 ‫س‬
to “increase”? ‫"اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة"؟‬
A. grow ‫ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is the result of extra force on a ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ؟‬:3 ‫س‬
stationary object?
A. motion ‫ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What happens when 2 surfaces are ‫ﻌﺎ؟‬

ً ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻚ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﻦ ﻣ‬:4 ‫س‬
rubbed together?
B. friction ‫ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬.‫ب‬

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 ✈ ‫أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﻔﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A survey was conducted for why people travels and their purposes. Here is the result of the
survey. Look at the graph and answer the questions.
‫ اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ وأﺟﺐ‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬.‫ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء ﻣﺴﺢ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﻔﺮ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص وأﻏﺮاﺿﻬﻢ‬
.‫ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How many people travelled for leisure? ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻓﺮوا ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. 30% ٪30 .‫أ‬

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 💧 ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Simple Distillation is a process where materials based on their boiling point. It is conducted in
labs where scientists isolate the mixture in a container.
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إﺟﺮاؤه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮم‬.‫اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﻌﺰل اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء‬
‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does the word “isolate” mean? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﺰل"؟‬:1 ‫س‬
B. separate (‫ ﻓﺼﻞ )ﻋﺰل‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What does the word “conducted” ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "أﺟﺮى"؟‬:2 ‫س‬
mean?
B. performed (‫ أدى )أﺟﺮى‬.‫ب‬

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 🍊 ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت و اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The two substances every human body needs to function properly are vitamins and
minerals. Using them properly, our bodies would be maintained strong and healthy. All
vitamins and minerals have specific functions and can be found in a wide variety of food
products such as vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, and more. (Q1) Vitamin K, for example, is a
group of vitamins that the body needs for blood clotting, helping wounds to heal.
2- One should be careful, though, not to take too much of a vitamin or a mineral. (Q2) Using
too much sodium may lead to high blood pressure.
3- So, it is extremely important to take the quantities of vitamins and minerals that are
sufficient to our needs and exceed the limit as it might have negative and sometimes, serious
consequences on our bodies.
.‫ اﻟﻤﺎدﺗﺎن اﻟﻠﺘﺎن ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬-١
‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﻟﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻀﺮوات واﻟﻔﻮاﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ك‬.‫واﻟﻠﺤﻮم واﻷﺳﻤﺎك وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺌﺎم اﻟﺠﺮوح‬،‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي‬.‫ﺼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ أو ﻣﻌﺪن‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮء أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺣﺮﻳ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬-٢
.‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم‬
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺎول ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﺗﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﺤﺪ‬-٣
.‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ وأﺣﻴﺎﻧﴼ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How is vitamin K vital to our bodies? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ك ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺎ ﻷﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
B. to help cuts stop bleeding ‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ وﻗﻒ اﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What negative effect would consuming ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬:2 ‫س‬
too much sodium lead to? ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم؟‬
A. High blood pressure ‫ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم‬.‫أ‬

Q3: Which word is closest in meaning to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬:٣‫س‬

the word, maintain, in paragraph 1? ‫؟‬1 ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬،‫ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
C. keep ‫ ﻳﺤﻔﻆ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: Which word is closest in meaning to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬:٤‫س‬

the word, sufficient, in paragraph 3? ‫؟‬3 ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬،‫ واف‬،‫ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
C. enough ‫ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬.‫ج‬

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 🏛 ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Laws begin as ideas. (Q1) First, any representative of the Congress can introduce a bill. The bill
is then assigned to a committee for study. If released by the committee, the bill is put on a
calendar to be voted on, debated or amended. If the bill passes by simple majority (218 of
435), the bill moves to the Senate. In the Senate, the bill is assigned to another committee
and, if released, debated and voted on. Again, a simple majority (51 of 100) passes the bill.
(Q2) A bill may therefore be sent back and forth between the two chambers several times until
both chambers approve it.
After being approved by both chambers, the bill moves on to the President. (Q3) The President
then has ten days to either sign the bill into law or veto the bill. The President can also
choose to neither sign the bill nor veto it. In that case the bill will still become law even
without the president’s signature after the 10 days. If the President chooses to veto the bill it
will be sent back to Congress. In Congress, the processing of the bill will then start over.
‫ ﺛﻢ ُﻳﺤﺎل ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي ﻣﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮس ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬،‫ أوًﻻ‬.‫ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﺄﻓﻜﺎر‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إﺻﺪاره ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬.‫إﻟﻰ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺸﺮوع‬،(435 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬218) ‫ إذا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺎﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬.‫أو ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ أو ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ‬
‫ وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬،‫ ُﻳﺴﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ أﺧﺮى‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺸﻴﻮخ‬.‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻟﺸﻴﻮخ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﻮز‬.‫( ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬100 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬51) ‫ ﺗﻤﺮر أﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ واﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫إﺻﺪاره‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ إرﺳﺎل ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ذﻫﺎًﺑﺎ وإﻳﺎًﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻮاﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫ أﻣﺎم اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻋﺸﺮة أﻳﺎم إﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ أﻳ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮًﻧﺎ أو اﻻﻋﺘﺮاض ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﻈﻞ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻗﺎﻧﻮًﻧﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن أو اﻻﻋﺘﺮاض ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ إﻋﺎدﺗﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮس‬،‫ إذا اﺧﺘﺎر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺾ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬.‫ أﻳﺎم‬10 ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
.‫ ﺳﺘﺒﺪأ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫اﻟﻜﻮﻧﺠﺮس‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who has the power to introduce a bill? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ؟‬:1 ‫س‬
C. Any member of Congress ‫ أي ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻜﻮﻧﺠﺮس‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Who must approve a bill before being ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻮاﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬:2 ‫س‬
sent to the president for approval? ‫ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ؟‬
D. Both houses ‫ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺴﻴﻦ‬.‫د‬

Q3: Who has the right to veto a bill? ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ اﻟﺤﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاض ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ‬:٣‫س‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ؟‬
B. The president ‫ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬.‫ب‬

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 💻 ‫ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Data mining is a process used by companies to turn raw data into useful information. By
using software to look for patterns in large batches of data, businesses can learn more about
their customers to develop more effective marketing strategies, increase sales and decrease
costs. Data mining depends on effective data collection, warehousing, and computer
processing. (Q2) Data mining involves exploring and analyzing large blocks of information to
glean meaningful patterns and trends. The problem with data mining is that it does not
respect our privacy. We feel exposed to all these companies due to the internet and digital
technologies.
2- Research suggests that CRISP-DM (The CRoss Industry Standard Process for Data Mining) is
the most commonly used approach for data science projects. (Q3) Since its introduction, data
mining has become more effective and productive.
3- People use their credit cards when they buy things all over the world. (Q4) This allows data
mining to get all the important information about who is buying what, when they are buying
it, and at what price. After analyzing the data, stores, for example, can use this data to offer
customers coupons targeted to their buying habits and decide when to put items on sale or
when to sell them at full price.
.‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‬-١
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ أﻧﻤﺎط ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬.‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ وزﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت وﺧﻔﺾ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼص أﻧﻤﺎط واﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت ذات ﻣﻐﺰى‬
‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت( ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬CRISP-DM) ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث إﻟﻰ أن‬- ٢
.‫ أﺻﺒﺢ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ وإﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ‬.‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاًﻣﺎ ﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺮاء أﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬-٣
،‫ وﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺸﺘﺮوﻧﻪ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻘﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺮي ﻣﺎذا‬
‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺎﺟﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫وﺑﺄي ﺳﻌﺮ‬
.‫ﺑﻘﺴﺎﺋﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪف ﻋﺎداﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﻗﺖ ﻃﺮح اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ أو وﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬

352
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة؟‬:1 ‫س‬
A. The development and uses of data ‫ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ و اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬.‫أ‬
mining

Q2: What does the writer try to tell us ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺤﺎول اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ‬:2 ‫س‬
about data mining in paragraph 1? ‫؟‬1 ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
D. Data mining helps companies serve ‫ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬.‫د‬
customers, but goes into their privacy. .‫ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻬﻢ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺘﺮق ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻬﻢ‬

Q3: What important idea about data ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ‬:٣‫س‬
mining the writer mentions in paragraph 2? ‫؟‬2 ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
C. Data mining became more effective after ‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ادﺧﺎل‬.‫ج‬
introducing CRISP-DM. CRISP-DM

Q4: The writer gives the example of buying ‫ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﺜﺎل اﻟﺸﺮاء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬:٤‫س‬
using a credit card to support an idea. ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ؟‬.‫اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻣﺎ‬
What is it?
B. The creation of data ‫ اﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫ب‬

353
 ✈ ‫اﻟﻬﺠﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and work.
Movement of people from their home to another city, state or country for a job, shelter or
some other reasons is called migration.
2- Migration can have positive as well as negative effects on the life of the migrants. Some of
the positive effects are the reduction of unemployment. (Q1) People get better job
opportunities with higher salaries. Therefore, Migration helps in improving the quality of life
of people.
3- On the other hand, there are many disadvantages of migration. (Q2) When one migrates to
a country with large population, this puts too much pressure on natural resources, amenities
and services and people would even suffer from shortage of housing. This also stops the
government from providing assistance for these new migrants because of the huge number
of migrants along with the population itself.
4- Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a better life. Employment
opportunities are the most common reason due to which people migrate. Other reasons
include lack of opportunities, better education, & natural disaster.
‫ ُﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬.‫ اﻟﻬﺠﺮة ﻫﻲ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬-١
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎزﻟﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ أو وﻻﻳﺔ أو دوﻟﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ أو ﻣﺄوى أو ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻷﺧﺮى اﺳﻢ‬
.‫اﻟﻬﺠﺮة‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺤﺪ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮة آﺛﺎر إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‬-٢
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻬﺠﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺮواﺗﺐ أﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
.‫ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫ ﻓﺈن‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺮ اﻟﻤﺮء إﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﻴﻮب ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮة‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-٣
.‫ ﺑﻞ ﺳﻴﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺴﻜﻦ‬،‫ﻄﺎ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬ ً ‫ﻫﺬا ﻳﻀﻊ ﺿﻐ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻟﻬﺆﻻء اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ً ‫وﻫﺬا ﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أﻳ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن أﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ ﻳﻘﺮر اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻬﺠﺮة ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎة أﻓﻀﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬-٤
‫ واﻟﻜﻮارث‬،‫ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ‬،‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻷﺧﺮى ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﺮص‬.‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺠﺮة اﻟﻨﺎس‬
.‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬

354
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How can migration positively affect ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻬﺠﺮة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬:1 ‫س‬
migrants? ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ؟‬
D. higher salaries ‫ رواﺗﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What negative effect does migration ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮة؟‬:2 ‫س‬
have?
D. Housing shortages ‫ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺴﻜﻦ‬.‫د‬

Q3: In paragraph 3, The word assistance is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة" أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬،3 ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
B. Support ‫ دﻋﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: The word in paragraph 4 that is closest ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻮاردة اﻷﻗﺮب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ‬:٤‫س‬
to meaning to employment is ______ _____ ‫ ﻫﻲ‬4 ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
B. Work ‫ ﻋﻤﻞ‬.‫ب‬

355
 ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺟﻬﺰة 🖥‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Look at the graph below and answer the questions based on what you see.‬‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮاه‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: The device that everyone has used at‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪least once is‬‬ ‫اﻷﻗﻞ ﻫﻮ _____‬
‫‪B. Desktop computer‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺣﺎﺳﻮب ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬

‫‪Q2: The percentage of people who used‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا‬
‫_____ ‪their smart watch in the last day is‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻫﻲ _____‬
‫‪D. 58%‬‬ ‫د‪%58 .‬‬

‫‪356‬‬
 🏳 ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) The Democratic Republic of the Congo or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially
Zaire, is a country in Central Africa. With a population of around 108 million, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo is the most populous officially Francophone country in the world.
2- DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago. (Q2) There
were many important states throughout its history, the most important of which are the
kingdoms of Congo, Azande, Luba and Lunda ruling from the 15th to the 17th centuries.
3- In the 1870s, The Republic of Congo was considered the private property of King Leopold II
of Belgium, naming it the Congo Free State. His period was a period of torture and
exploitation. When he wanted to punish a man for not working well, he would cut the limbs
of his children. (Q3) After Britain heard of the news, it carried out an investigation and it was
proved that Leopold II did many crimes such as burning villages and cutting the limbs of
children.
4- Congo achieved independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960 under the name Republic of
the Congo.
.‫ ﻫﻲ دوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬،‫ وزاﺋﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺑًﻘﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻗﺮاﻃﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ‬-١
‫ وﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ دوﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻧﻜﻮﻓﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‬108 ‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
.‫رﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬

‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬-٢
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ وأﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ وأزاﻧﺪي‬.‫ أﻟﻒ ﻋﺎم‬90 ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
.‫وﻟﻮﺑﺎ وﻟﻮﻧﺪا اﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻜﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬

‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻟﻴﻮﺑﻮﻟﺪ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬-٣
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أراد ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺘﺮﺗﻪ ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﻌﺬﻳﺐ واﺳﺘﻐﻼل‬.‫ وأﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﺳﻢ دوﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ اﻟﺤﺮة‬،‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ أﺟﺮت ﺗﺤﻘﻴًﻘﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺳﻤﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺒﺮ‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻘﻄﻊ أﻃﺮاف أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻪ‬،‫اﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻟﻌﺪم ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬
.‫وﺛﺒﺖ أن ﻟﻴﻮﺑﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ارﺗﻜﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮاﺋﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮق اﻟﻘﺮى وﻗﻄﻊ أﻃﺮاف اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬

.‫ ﺗﺤﺖ اﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ‬١٩٦٠ ‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬٣٠ ‫ ﻧﺎﻟﺖ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ‬-٤

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which two names did Democratic ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻻﺳﻤﺎن اﻟﻠﺬان اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ‬:1 ‫س‬
Republic of Congo use after independence ‫؟‬1960 ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﻋﺎم‬
in 1960?
B. Zaire and the Republic of Congo ‫ زاﺋﻴﺮ وﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which important state systems existed ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ‬:2 ‫س‬
from the 15th to the 17th centuries? ‫اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ﻋﺸﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ؟‬
B. Congo and Luba Lunda ‫ ﻛﻮﻧﻐﻮ و ﻟﻮﺑﺎ ﻟﻮﻧﺪا‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What crimes did King Leopold commit ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﺮاﺋﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ارﺗﻜﺒﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻟﻴﻮﺑﻮﻟﺪ؟‬:٣‫س‬
against Congo?
C. They burned villages and cut off ‫ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺎﺷﻌﺎل اﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮى وﻗﻄﻊ اﻳﺪي‬.‫ج‬
children's hands. ‫اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬

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 🔋 ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Unlike conventional
fossil fuels, nuclear power does not produce greenhouse gas emissions like methane and
CO2. It produces roughly the same or less emissions as renewable sources so it could be
considered a great alternative for the fossil fuel.
2- On the other hand, nuclear power can have significant negative effects. Despite all the
safety measures, different factors caused nuclear plants to go into meltdown, which was
devastating for the environment and for local inhabitants who had to flee the affected areas.
Another side effect of nuclear power is the amount of nuclear waste it introduces. It has
been estimated that the world produces some 34,000m3 of nuclear waste each year, waste
that takes years to degrade.
‫ ﻻ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي‬.‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬-١
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‬.‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
.‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‬ً ‫ﻼ راﺋ‬
ً ‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أو أﻗﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻳ‬
،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ آﺛﺎر ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-٢
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬،‫ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺪﻻع اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬.‫اﺿﻄﺮوا إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮار ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﻀﺮرة‬
،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم‬34000 ‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮات إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬
.‫وﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﺳﻨﻮات ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word closest in meaning to ،"‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ "اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬:1 ‫س‬
"Conventional", paragraph 1, is _____ ______ ‫ ﻫﻲ‬،1 ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Traditional ‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪي‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The word that is closest in meaning to ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ "اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ" ﻓﻲ‬:2 ‫س‬
"Alternatives", paragraph 1, is ______ ______ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻫﻲ‬
C. Options ‫ ﺧﻴﺎرات‬.‫ج‬

Q3: The word "Introduces," paragraph 2, ‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬،2 ‫ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬،"‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﻘﺪم‬:٣‫س‬
has nearly the same meaning as _____ ______ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻛـ‬
C. Creates ‫ ﻳﻨﺸﻰء‬.‫ج‬

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 🦠 ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to
other parts of the body. It can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of
trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply to form new cells as the body needs
them.
2- When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells grow and
multiply when they shouldn’t. Therefore, these cells may form tumors, which are lumps of
tissue. Tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous.
‫ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن ﻣﺮض ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎرج ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة وﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ إﻟﻰ أﺟﺰاء أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ‬-١
،‫ ﻋﺎدة‬.‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬.‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
.‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺣﺴﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻮت وﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ أو ﺗﺘﻀﺮر‬-٢
.‫ وﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ وﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫ﺗﺘﻌﻄﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷورام ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ أو‬.‫ وﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ أوراًﻣﺎ‬،‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
.‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word therefore in paragraph 2 is ‫ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬2 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:1 ‫س‬
closest to meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
B. as a result ‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ب‬

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 ⚙ ‫اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The city of Rome is known for many things such as its military conquests, its history, its
civic architecture, temples, museums, roads, and emperors. Water is the element that made
this all possible. Throughout the history of man, water is life, and without distributing it
effectively, there would have been no great Roman civilization. Even until relatively modern
times, Roman techniques to collect, store, and channel water over huge distances remained
the best, i.e, unsurpassed.
2- This technology was not, certainly, invented from the scratch by the Romans, and many
earlier Mediterranean peoples had poured their resources and expertise into water
management. (Q1) On the island of Crete, the Minoans developed very sophisticated rain-
harvesting and filtering systems as early as the middle of the third millennium B.C. Cretan
water management techniques were adopted all over the Greek-speaking world, and
examples abound of tunnels, drainage systems, and cisterns of considerable size.
3- Although the tradition of water management that Rome inherited was rich and extensive,
no previous system came close to the sophistication, efficiency and reach of the Roman
aqueduct which strode and covered landscapes from Spain to Syria. These creative, awe-
inspiring structures not only carried life and livelihood but also proclaimed and clearly
announced the greatness of Rome throughout centuries.
4- Aqueducts were costly, and not all the Roman cities necessarily required them. Some cities
had their needs of water met by wells or cisterns both public and private that were dug
beneath houses. Some cisterns could reach a colossal size, such as the Marcus Cistern in Italy
and the Lucia in Napoli which was built to provide drinking water to the population such as
Rome’s, which was thought to have reached a million people in the first century A.D. the
population needed an entire system of aqueducts not only for drinking water but also for
supplying ornamental public fountains, baths and homes.
5- (Q2) Rome was supplied by aqueducts which were 315 miles long in total, 269 miles of
which ran underground and 46 total miles above ground. However, only about 36 miles
consisted of arched structures, just under 12 percent in all. -brought life to the areas, and
made Rome a great empire. Aqueducts were used for drinking, baths and public fountains.
6 -Rome had as many as 11 aqueduct systems, the most ancient of which was the mile-long
Aqua Julian, first operational and working in about 310 B.C. It was named for its sponsor
Julius Augustus, who was better known for another great pioneering structure of ancient
Rome: The Julian Way, which is one of the first major Roman roads.

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‫‪7 -There were three more aqueducts that were built in the third and second centuries B.C.:‬‬
‫‪Aqua Claudian, Aqua Marian, and Aqua Antonian. Helped and aided by his son-in-law Mark‬‬
‫‪Vista, Emperor Augustus was particularly active in improving the capital’s water supply,‬‬
‫‪repairing and fixing old systems and building new ones. The Augustan-era Aqua Virgo, which‬‬
‫‪was named, according to legend, for the young girl who directed thirsty soldiers to the‬‬
‫‪springs that fed it, has been used uninterrupted ever since its construction. During his reign,‬‬
‫‪Caligula began building two aqueducts that were finished by Emperor Claudius: the Aqua‬‬
‫‪Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus. (Q3) Trajan built the Aqua Traiana, which is 37 miles long, in A.D‬‬
‫‪109.‬‬
‫‪8 -Rome’s last aqueducts was the 14-mile long Aqua Alexa, which was built by Alex Claudius‬‬
‫‪in A.D. 226. Some have calculated that, when completed, Rome’s aqueducts delivered about‬‬
‫‪1.5 million cubic yards of water per day - about 200 gallons per person. Its water network‬‬
‫‪supplied the 900 or so public baths, 11 grand-scale baths, as well, and almost 1,400‬‬
‫‪monumental fountains and private swimming pools. A crucial later stage in the conveying and‬‬
‫‪delivery of water was, of course, its disposal. Rome’s Cloca Maxima sewer, which flowed into‬‬
‫‪the Tiber River became the model for urban sanitation.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ روﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ واﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﺑﺪ واﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ واﻟﻄﺮق واﻷﺑﺎﻃﺮة‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺎء ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻌﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬا ﻣﻤﻜًﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻃﻮال ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺎء ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ ،‬وﺑﺪون ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﻀﺎرة روﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻇﻠﺖ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻷﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬أي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻋﻬﺎ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺳﻜﺐ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﻮب اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻮاردﻫﻢ وﺧﺒﺮاﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﻛﺮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮر اﻟﻤﻴﻨﻮﻳﻮن أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﻄﺮ واﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬
‫إدارة اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﻛﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﺜﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻔﺎق وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺮف واﻟﺼﻬﺎرﻳﺞ ذات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ إدارة اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺬي ورﺛﺘﻪ روﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺛﺮًﻳﺎ وواﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺘﺮب أي ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة واﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻣﺘﺪت وﻏﻄﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻀﺎ وأﻋﻠﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻹﺑﺪاﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺬﻫﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة واﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ أﻋﻠﻨﺖ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻋﻈﻤﺔ روﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﻘﺮون‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺪن ﺗﻠﺒﻲ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻵﺑﺎر أو اﻟﺼﻬﺎرﻳﺞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻬﺎرﻳﺞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﺰان ﻣﺎرﻛﻮس ﻓﻲ إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ وﺻﻬﺮﻳﺞ ﻟﻮﺳﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤه ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻬﺎرﻳﺞ روﻣﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ وﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻷول ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‪ .‬ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب وﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺎزل ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷرض و‪46‬‬ ‫ﻼ إﺟﻤﺎﻻ‪ 269 ،‬ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ روﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ 315‬ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻮﺳﺔ‪ ،‬أﻗﻞ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪12‬‬ ‫ﻼ إﺟﻤﺎًﻻ ﻓﻮق اﻷرض‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 36‬ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‪ - .‬ﺟﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ ،‬وﺟﻌﻠﺖ روﻣﺎ إﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻨﻮات‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻟﻠﺸﺮب واﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت واﻟﻨﻮاﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ إﻣﺪاد روﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻨﻮات ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ 315‬ﻣﻴ ً‬

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 ‫ﻼ‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ‬
‫‪ -٦‬روﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪ 11‬ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺎن أﻛﻮا ﺟﻮﻟﻴﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 310‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‪ .‬ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ راﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮس أوﻏﺴﻄﺲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي اﺷﺘﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻜﻞ راﺋﺪ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ آﺧﺮ ﻟﺮوﻣﺎ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻮﻟﻴﺎن‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻗﻨﻮات أﺧﺮى ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‪ :‬أﻛﻮا ﻛﻠﻮدﻳﺎن وأﻛﻮا‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎرﻳﺎن وأﻛﻮا أﻧﻄﻮﻧﻴﺎن‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة وﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺻﻬﺮه ﻣﺎرك ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻹﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮر أوﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻧﺸ ً‬
‫ﺧﺎص ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ إﻣﺪادات اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ وإﺻﻼح اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ وﺑﻨﺎء أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻨﺎة‬
‫ﻓﻴﺮﻏﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ أوﻏﺴﻄﺲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﻄﻮرة‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺘﺎة اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ وﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﻮد اﻟﻌﻄﺸﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬دون اﻧﻘﻄﺎع ﻣﻨﺬ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﺣﻜﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺠﻮﻻ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﻨﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺗﻢ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ِﻗﺒﻞ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻮس‪ :‬أﻛﻮا ﻛﻠﻮدﻳﺎ وأﻛﻮا أﻧﻴﻮ ﻧﻮﻓﻮس‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻰ ﺗﺮاﺟﺎن‬
‫ﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 109‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‪.‬‬
‫أﻛﻮا ﺗﺮاﻳﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ ‪ 37‬ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫ﻼ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ أﻟﻴﻜﺲ ﻛﻠﻮدﻳﻮس ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٨‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ آﺧﺮ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻛﻮا أﻟﻴﻜﺴﺎ ذات اﻟـ‪ 14‬ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪ .226‬وﻗﺪ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻛﺘﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻨﻮات روﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 1.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻳﺎردة ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻳﻮﻣًﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 200‬ﺟﺎﻟﻮن ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‪ .‬زودت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ 900‬ﺣﻤﺎم ﻋﺎم أو ﻧﺤﻮ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬و‪ 11‬ﺣﻤﺎﻣًﺎ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ 1400‬ﻧﺎﻓﻮرة ﺿﺨﻤﺔ وﺣﻤﺎﻣﺎت ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه وإﻳﺼﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺠﺎري ﻛﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎ ﻟﻠﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﻴﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮذ ً‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Which nations developed rain‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻣﻢ واﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﻮرت ﺣﺼﺎد اﻷﻣﻄﺎر‬
‫?‪harvesting in the third Millennium B.C.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد؟‬
‫‪A. Minoans‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻴﻨﻮﻳﻮن‬

‫‪Q2: What distance did Rome's aqueducts‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪cover in total‬‬ ‫روﻣﺎ إﺟﻤﺎًﻻ؟‬
‫‪C. 315 miles‬‬ ‫ج‪ 315 .‬ﻣﻴﻼ‬

‫?‪Q3: When was the Aqua Tariana built‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء أﻛﻮا ﺗﺎرﻳﺎﻧﺎ؟‬
‫‪A. 109 A.D‬‬ ‫أ‪ 109 .‬م‪.‬‬

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 🍕 ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Nutritionists and dieticians often suggest keeping a food diary to track your meals, avoid
mindless overeating and keep tabs on nutrients like salt, fat and vitamins. However, it is very
annoying to write down everything you eat, consequently, many people abandon their
efforts of tracking their meals just after a few days or weeks.
2- In the future, it may be possible for you to track your food intake with a sticker-placed on
your tooth. Researchers at Tufts University have developed a tooth sensor that can track and
measure glucose and salt and wirelessly send the information to a device.
3- Scientists have already developed wearables for monitoring food intake. Most of these
have been in the form of mouth guards. To check glucose, American and Brazilian scientists
created a wearable which contained biosensors and wireless communication modules. (Q1)
But the problem is that it requires wearing a mouth guard, which can be uncomfortable.
4- Diabetics could theoretically use the newly-developed tooth-mounted sensor in order to
monitor their sugar intake and then broadcast the information to their doctors. It could help
the people with other medical conditions whose food-intake needs to be monitored, for
example, high-blood patients who need to limit their salt intake.
5- (Q2,3) However, Dr. Ben, a professor of bioengineering at Imperial College London, says,
there will be “significant hurdles” and obstacles before the technology is ready for day-to-day
use as a food diary substitute. “For instance, to be able to continuously monitor food intake,
the sensors will need to be robust enough to withstand abrasion while chewing. In addition,
foods are complex mixtures of compounds including salts, sugars and proteins, and the
relative amounts of each that enter into saliva will depend on factors such as the nature of
the food.
‫ وﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻹﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎول‬،‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺮح أﺧﺼﺎﺋﻴﻮ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻤﺬﻛﺮات ﻃﻌﺎم ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ وﺟﺒﺎﺗﻚ‬-١
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﺞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ واﻟﺪﻫﻮن واﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬،‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻦ ﺟﻬﻮدﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ وﺟﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ أﻳﺎم أو أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‬،‫ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺗﺄﻛﻠﻪ‬
.‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل وﺿﻊ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬-٢
‫ ﻃﻮر ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺎﻓﺘﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻌًﺮا ﻟﻸﺳﻨﺎن ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ وﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬.‫ﻣﻠﺼﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻨﺎﻧﻚ‬
.‫واﻟﻤﻠﺢ وإرﺳﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻻﺳﻠﻜًﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﺎز‬
‫ وﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺆﻻء ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻃﻮر اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ أﺟﻬﺰة ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ارﺗﺪاؤﻫﺎ ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬-٣
‫ اﺑﺘﻜﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن واﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻠﻴﻮن ﺟﻬﺎًزا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ارﺗﺪاؤه ﻳﺤﺘﻮي‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬.‫واﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﻢ‬
‫ وﻫﻮ‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ارﺗﺪاء واﻗﻲ اﻟﻔﻢ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﻬﺰة اﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ووﺣﺪات اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
.‫أﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫ﻮر ﺣﺪﻳًﺜﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻧﻈﺮًﻳﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز اﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﻤﻄ ﱠ‬-٤
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت‬.‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺛﻢ ﺑﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ أﻃﺒﺎﺋﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ اﻟﺪم اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻃﺒﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى واﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬
.‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻤﻠﺢ‬

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 ‫‪ -٥‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮل دﻛﺘﻮر ﺑﻦ‪ ،‬أﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻣﺒﺮﻳﺎل ﻛﻮﻟﻴﺪج ﻟﻨﺪن‪ ،‬إﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫"ﻋﻘﺒﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة" ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺟﺎﻫﺰة ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮات اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪" .‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻟﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻌﺮات ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻀﻎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻷﻣﻼح واﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬وﺳﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻌﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How does the writer describe of the‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ "ﺣﺮاس" اﻟﻔﻢ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ؟‬
‫?‪old mouth guards‬‬
‫‪C. He believes they were not practical.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What is the writer's opinion on the‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة؟‬
‫?‪new food-control technique‬‬
‫‪A. It is not yet ready to replace older‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺎﻫﺰة ﺑﻌﺪ ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪methods.‬‬

‫‪Q3: Why has the new food-control‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫?‪technique been developed‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة؟‬
‫‪B. to avoid the need to keep a daily food‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻤﺬﻛﺮات ﻃﻌﺎم‬
‫‪diary‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Q4: In paragraph 5, the word which can‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،5‬اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫______ ‪replace the phrase, in addition, is‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ______‬
‫‪B. Besides‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫‪Q5: Why is the phrase, for instance, in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪،‬‬
‫?‪paragraph 5, used‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪5‬؟‬
‫‪D. to explain one difficulty in using the new‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻟﺸﺮح إﺣﺪى اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪technique‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫‪365‬‬
 🤓 ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Humans are social creatures. (Q1) People have always grouped together into communities
to survive. Living together makes people form common habits and behaviors-from specific
methods of raising children to preferred techniques for obtaining food. In modern-day Paris,
many people shop daily at outdoor markets to pick up the things they need for their evening
meal, such as cheese, meat, and vegetables from different specialty stalls. In the United
States, the majority of people shop only once a week at supermarkets, filling large carts to
the brim. How would a Parisian perceive U.S. shopping behaviors that Americans take for
granted?
2- Almost every human behavior is learned whether it is shopping, marriage or expressing
one’s feelings. In the United States, people tend to view marriage as a choice between two
people, based on mutual feelings of love. In other nations and in other times, marriages have
arranged through an intricate and complicated process of interviews and negotiations
between entire families.
3- To someone who is raised in New York City, the marriage customs of a family from Nigeria
may seem strange, or even wrong. Conversely, someone from a traditional Kolkata family
might be perplexed unable to understand the idea of romantic love as the foundation for
lifelong commitment. (Q2) In other words, the way in which people view marriage depends
largely on what they have been taught.
4- Behavior based on learned customs and traditions is not a bad thing. Being familiar with
unwritten rules helps people feel secured and “normal.” Most people want to live their daily
lives confident that their behaviors will not be challenged or disrupted. But even an action as
seemingly simple as commuting to work evidences a great deal of cultural propriety.
‫ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ‬.‫ﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ ً ‫ﻤﺎ ﻣ‬
ً ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ اﺟﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس داﺋ‬.‫ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬-١
‫ ﺑﺪًءا ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل إﻟﻰ‬- ‫ﻌﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮن ﻋﺎدات وﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻣ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﺴﻮق اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﻮﻣًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬.‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺠﺒﻦ واﻟﻠﺤﻮم واﻟﺨﻀﺮوات‬،‫اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺮاء اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﺴﻮق ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺸﺎك اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺮى اﻟﺒﺎرﻳﺴﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت‬.‫ وﻳﻤﻠﺆون ﻋﺮﺑﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬،‫اﻷﺳﺒﻮع ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن أﻣﺮا ﻣﻔﺮوﻏﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ؟‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﻮك ﺑﺸﺮي ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻮق أو اﻟﺰواج أو اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻤﺮء‬-٢
‫ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﺤﺐ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰواج ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﺰﻳﺠﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت‬،‫ ﻓﻲ دول أﺧﺮى وﻓﻲ أوﻗﺎت أﺧﺮى‬.‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ‬
.‫واﻟﻤﻔﺎوﺿﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻼت ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ أو ﺣﺘﻰ‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻋﺎدات اﻟﺰواج ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺸﺄ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك‬-٣
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻜﺎﺗﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺮة وﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‬.‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﺤﺐ اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰام ﻣﺪى اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬
.‫اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰواج إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮه‬

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 ‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎدات واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻴﺊ‪ .‬إن اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎن وﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ "ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﻮن"‪ .‬ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس أن ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮا ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫واﺛﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أن ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪي أو اﻟﺘﻌﻄﻴﻞ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺪو ﺑﺴﻴ ً‬
‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻴﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Mention the main reason for people's‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬اذﻛﺮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺬى ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫?‪constant living in social groups‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن داﺋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺌﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. survival‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‬

‫‪Q2: What affects people's ideas about‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻨﺎس ﺣﻮل اﻟﺰواج‬
‫?‪marriage today the most‬‬ ‫اﻟﻴﻮم؟‬
‫‪D. what they have learned from their own‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻮه ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻬﻢ‬
‫‪community‬‬

‫‪Q3: The word that is closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "اﻟﺤﺼﻮل"‬
‫_____ ‪"obtaining" is‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ___‬
‫‪A. Getting‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪Q4: Which word in the passage is closest in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ‬
‫?"‪meaning to the word "negotiations‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ »ﻣﻔﺎوﺿﺎت«؟‬
‫‪B. Discussions‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎت‬

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 🍎 ‫اﻟﻐﺬاء واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Food is primarily made of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals,
vitamins and water. To sustain ourselves, we need to regularly ingest food.
2- Living creatures do not follow the decay pattern seen in the rest of the natural world.
Unlike non-living things (such as rocks), living things maintain themselves. New cells, tissues
and organs are built in the process of development. Once mature, organisms can sustain
existing biological structures by cellular division, also called mitosis. (Q1) It allows cells to use
molecules such as water, amino acids (building blocks of proteins), carbohydrates and lipids
to create new cells. For the process to complete, energy needs to be transferred among
chemical bonds.
3- (Q2) Our cells are regularly replaced and recycled which requires a regular influx of energy
and matter. We obtain energy in the form of food calories: new matter in the form of
molecules contained in our food. Not all these molecules are digestible by all animals. These
unneeded molecules may be eaten along with more desirable molecules. This is part of the
reason why animals must have and opening in their digestive system.
4- A person’s balanced diet includes several servings of cereals, breads, vegetables and fruits
every day. Smaller servings of milk, dairy, meat and eggs is also essential. Oils, fats and
sweets should not make up more than a very small portion of this balanced diet.
5- Human beings eat several hundred pounds of food every year. From this food we obtain all
the molecules we need to help our bodies operate, grow and replace the cells lost to wear,
old age, or damage.
6- Animals, such as humans, have evolved sophisticated strategies and tactics of intercellular
communication like feedback, feed-forward, and inhibition which allow us to keep and keep
steady-state, or homeostasis. When we want to eat, we feel hungry. (Q3) This seemingly
simple cause and effect relationship is the result of the empty stomach secreting the peptide
hormone ghrelin into the bloodstream. When the hypothalamus receives this hormone, it
stimulates and releases growth hormones, which makes us want to eat. After eating to
satiation, the release of the peptide hormone leptin causes the hypothalamus to inhibit and
prevent hunger sensations. Leptin is released by a variety of tissues including adipose (fat
cells), stomach, bone, pituitary, and the liver.
Metabolism
7- The word metabolism is of Greek origin and comes from the Greek root “change.” It
involves the building up or breaking down of molecules so that the body can use them. These
molecules will be used for cell growth, fuel and other processes. If the process involves
breaking down molecules into simpler ones, usually to release energy, it is called catabolic. If,
however, it involves building up complex molecules for structures or energy storage, it is
called anabolic.

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8- The need of energy calorie depends on how developed and active the bodies are.
Developed and less active bodies do not need as many energy calories as developing and
active bodies. Developing bodies are adding cells at a rapid rate, and this requires infusion of
both new material (molecules) and energy. Active bodies, likewise, need more calories to
sustain the energetic demands of more motion.
Proteins
9- Protein’s molecules are made of nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes
sulfur. These molecules are found in animal tissue such as meat (including fish), eggs, cheese
and legumes, and many other plant foods, as well.
10- Proteins, which are large molecules, are assembled from smaller units called amino acids
and serve many important roles in living things. Amino acids are linked by covalent bonds
called peptide bonds. Proteins can serve as complex physical features. Proteins comprise
most of what makes up an organism such as teeth, bone, muscle, tendon, cartilage, skin.
11- As enzymes, proteins facilitate chemical reactions that would not otherwise happen in
the short time, or lower temperatures required by living things. As hormones, such as the
appetite-inhibitor leptin , protein messengers deliver information around the body.
Carbohydrates
12- Carbohydrates consist of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon that combine to form
monosaccharides. These simple sugars are made of five (pentose) or six (hexose) carbon rings
which with the help of additional hydrogen and oxygen atoms form disaccharides (“two
sugars”) such as sucrose and lactose or polysaccharides (“many sugars”) such as starch.
13- Sugars are essential to living things as they provide a way to store chemical energy to
operate living things. They are also the structural backbone to the information storage
molecules: DNA and RNA, as well as many of the other essential molecules in living things.
Sugars are transported through the blood stream in the form of the simple sugar glucose.
They have 4 calories of energy per gram.
‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﺪﻫﻮن واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬-١
.‫ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ‬.‫واﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ‬.‫ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻤﻂ اﻻﺿﻤﺤﻼل واﻻﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﺬي ﺷﻮﻫﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬-٢
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺧﻼﻳﺎ وأﻧﺴﺠﺔ وأﻋﻀﺎء‬.‫ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬،(‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﺨﻮر‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ أن ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد أن ﺗﻨﻀﺞ‬.‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬
‫ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬mitosis. ‫ﻀﺎ‬ً ‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﻳ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎء واﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )اﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت( واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات واﻟﺪﻫﻮن ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬
.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺗﻜﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻧﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪوﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪﻓًﻘﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈ‬-٣
‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه‬.‫ ﻣﺎدة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬:‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻌﺮات ﻏﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻀﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬
.‫ ﻫﺬا ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ وﺟﻮب وﺟﻮد ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازن ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﺪة ﺣﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب واﻟﺨﺒﺰ واﻟﺨﻀﺮوات واﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻛﻞ‬-٤
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ‬.‫ﻀﺎ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﺺ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻷﻟﺒﺎن واﻟﻠﺤﻮم واﻟﺒﻴﺾ‬ ً ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري أﻳ‬.‫ﻳﻮم‬
.‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازن‬
ً ‫أﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﻮت واﻟﺪﻫﻮن واﻟﺤﻠﻮﻳﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰء ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﺟ‬

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‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻨﻴﻬﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ أو‬
‫اﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻃﻮرت اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت وﺗﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎت ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺎم‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮة أو اﻻﺗﺰان واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ أن ﻧﺄﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮع‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺪو ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ واﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻤﻌﺪة اﻟﻔﺎرﻏﺔ ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻟﻮﻃﺎء ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮن‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺆدي إﻓﺮاز ﻫﺮﻣﻮن اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ اﻟﻠﺒﺘﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎم ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻬﺎد ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ وﻣﻨﻊ اﻹﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮع‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻠﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن )اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ( واﻟﻤﻌﺪة‬
‫واﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﺒﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﻳﺾ‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻳﺾ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ وﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ""اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ""‪ .‬إﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء أو ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ واﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬
‫واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت أﺑﺴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدًة ﻹﻃﻼق اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻀﻲ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ أو ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻻﺑﺘﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺎ ﻻ‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﺗﻄﻮر وﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮرة واﻷﻗﻞ ﻧﺸﺎ ً‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮم اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺿﺦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة )اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت( واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬
‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ واﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ وأﺣﻴﺎًﻧﺎ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم )ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك( واﻟﺒﻴﺾ واﻟﺠﺒﻦ واﻟﺒﻘﻮﻟﻴﺎت‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى أﻳ ً‬
‫‪ -١٠‬اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات أﺻﻐﺮ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﺗﺆدي‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوار اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺮواﺑﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ رواﺑﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺳﻤﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﺤﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن واﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻷوﺗﺎر واﻟﻐﻀﺎرﻳﻒ واﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻟﻮﻻ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ‬
‫وﻗﺖ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻠﻴﺒﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻊ ﻟﻠﺸﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ُر ُ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬
‫‪ -١٢‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ واﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻷﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺲ )ﺑﻨﺘﻮز( أو ﺳﺖ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻮن )ﺳﺪاﺳﻴﺔ( واﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ذرات‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ واﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎت ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ )""ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺘﺎن""( ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮوز واﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮز أو‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت )""اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت""( ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺸﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٣‬اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻘﺮي اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ DNA :‬و ‪ ،RNA‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ‪ 4‬ﺳﻌﺮات ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺮام‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What do cells use for mitosis? Mention‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺴﺎم؟ اذﻛﺮ ﺷﻴﺌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪2 things.‬‬
‫‪C. amino acids and lipids‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬

‫‪Q2: Name the two processes that happen‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﺛﺎن ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫‪to the cells in our body.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪B. They are replaced and recycled.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪوﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: Which two hormones make people feel‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎن اﻟﻠﺬان ﻳﺠﻌﻼن اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫?‪hungry‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮون ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮع؟‬
‫‪A. Ghrelin and growth hormones‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﻠﻴﻦ وﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬

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 ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ 👷‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Look at the graph below and answer the questions based on what you see.‬‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮاه‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How many British CEOs were educated‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮؤﺳﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫?‪private schools in 2015‬‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻮا ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪارس اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪2015‬؟‬
‫‪A. around 38%‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪٪38‬‬

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 📰 ‫اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Defences of Advertising
1- (Q1) Defenders of advertising claim that it is good for the society. How else would we know
about available products and services? Some adverts promote the public interest by
informing consumers about health and safety issues. An example is Volvos. They were among
the first vehicles to provide side-door air bags which is definitely a safety advantage.
Defenders of advertising also argue that advertisements allow “free” television and internet
content by giving media the financial backing it requires. (Q2) The survival and profitability of
many media outlets, such as social media, television and radio stations and YouTube channels
depend on advertising revenue. Finally, (Q1) advocates of advertising claim that it stimulates
competition and fuels our mass-consumption to buy, because mass production requires mass
consumption, and mass consumption of a product cannot take place if consumers do not
know that the product exists or where it can be bought. (Q3) So, advertising is required if we
are to take advantage of the benefits of large-scale production.
Criticisms to advertising
2 -There have been numerous criticisms against advertising. First, some critics argue,
advertising interferes with almost everything we do (studying, reading, driving, watching
YouTube, browsing the internet). (Q4) Second, critics say, advertising makes citizens
materialistic. All they are about is possessing more and more. Of course, there is nothing
wrong with improving your standard of living, but they say advertising encourages consumers
to measure their worth only by what they have, rather than by who they are. And so
advertising weakens social bonds and contributes to a shallow, materialistic culture. Third,
advertising exploits children by targeting dubious messages (sugary cereals are good, cool
kids wear brand-name clothing) at an audience that is too young to be able to evaluate their
content. (Q5) Young people, including college students, generally claim that advertising does
not influence them, but ad makers know better. They say that a well-designed ad campaign
can greatly increase a product’s sales-even to young people and college students.
‫دﻓﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ وإﻻ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻌﺮف ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬.‫ﻳﺪﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺪاﻓﻌﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻹﻋﻼن أﻧﻪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬- ١
.‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ؟ ﺗﺮوج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻋﻼم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ أوﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ وﺳﺎﺋﺪ ﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻮاب اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻮﻟﻔﻮ‬
"‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن "اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬ً ‫ ﻳﺠﺎدل اﻟﻤﺪاﻓﻌﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻹﻋﻼن أﻳ‬.‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺰة أﻣﺎن‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﻘﺎء ورﺑﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬.‫وﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻨﺢ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬YouTube ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن واﻹذاﻋﺔ وﻗﻨﻮات‬،‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم‬
،‫ ﻳﺰﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺪاﻓﻌﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻹﻋﻼن أﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ وﻳﻐﺬي اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻨﺎ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﺮاء‬،‫ أﺧﻴًﺮا‬.‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪات اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت‬
‫ وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺤﺪث اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ إذا ﻛﺎن‬،‫ﻤﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻛﺎ ﺿﺨ‬
ً ‫ﻷن اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺘﻬﻼ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻹﻋﻼن ﻣﻄﻠﻮب إذا أردﻧﺎ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬،‫ ﻟﺬا‬. ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن أن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد أو أﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺮاؤه‬
.‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬

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 ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎدات ﻟﻺﻋﻼن‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻧﺘﻘﺎدات ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﺿﺪ اﻹﻋﻼن‪ .‬أوًﻻ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺎدل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻘﺎد ﺑﺄن اﻹﻋﻼن ﻳﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ )اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺮاءة‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‪ ،‬وﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة ‪ ،YouTube‬وﺗﺼﻔﺢ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ(‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧًﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﻘﺎد إن اﻹﻋﻼن‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺎدﻳﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ اﻣﺘﻼك اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ واﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺣﺮج ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن إن اﻹﻋﻼن ﻳﺸﺠﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻹﻋﻼن ﻳﻀﻌﻒ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ ﺿﺤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟًﺜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻐﻞ‬
‫اﻹﻋﻼن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﻬﺪاف اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ )اﻟﺤﺒﻮب اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‪ ،‬واﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﻮن ﻳﺮﺗﺪون‬
‫ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺪﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﺎب‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم أن اﻹﻋﻼن ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺻﻨﺎع اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن‬
‫ﺪا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ زﻳﺎدة ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن إن اﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎب وﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Name the two words, in paragraph 1,‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬اذﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ 1‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫?‪that the writer uses for supporter‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻴﺼﻒ داﻋﻤﻲ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪D. advocate and defender‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪ واﻟﻤﺪاﻓﻊ‬

‫‪Q2: What information is given about‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻮاردة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮب‬
‫?‪YouTube from the passage‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬
‫‪A. People use it to make money.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What does the passage say about‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻦ اﻹﻋﻼن؟‬
‫?‪advertising‬‬
‫‪C. It is a very important and powerful‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ وﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪industry.‬‬

‫?‪Q4: Which statement is an opinion‬‬ ‫س ‪ :4‬أي ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻫﻲ رأي؟‬

‫‪C. Advertising makes people want more‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻹﻋﻼن ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺮﻳﺪون اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪possessions.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪Q5: How are college students’ views about‬‬ ‫س‪ :5‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ آراء ﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻹﻋﻼن‬
‫’‪advertising different from the advertisers‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﻴﻦ؟‬
‫?‪view‬‬
‫‪A. College students think advertising to‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻃﻼب اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت أن اﻹﻋﻼن ﻟﻠﺸﺒﺎب ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫‪young people is ineffective.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‪.‬‬

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 ⚖ ‫اﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1 -In the US legal systems, when enough evidence is collected to establish probable cause,
only then arrests are made. Arrests can be made with or without a warrant, but there must
always be probable cause to arrest. A criminal defendant is usually searched at the time of
the arrest. The defendant is ‘booked’ at the police station. Finger printing and photographing
the defendant are part of the booking process. Background information on the defendant
such as name, address, phone number, and so forth is also collected.
2 -The defendant is searched again before being placed in a jail cell. Bailing depends on the
type of offense a defendant commits. If the defendant’s offense is minor, he or she may be
allowed to post bail and appear before the judge at a later date. When the offense is not
minor, the defendant is held until the initial appearance when the judge sets the bail amount.
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﺘﻢ إﺟﺮاء‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ أدﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎت ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬-١
‫ﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬ً ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك داﺋ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺟﺮاء اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻت ﺑﺄﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ أو ﺑﺪوﻧﻪ‬.‫اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﻻت‬
.‫ ُﻳﺤﺠﺰ اﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‬.‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ وﻗﺖ اﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬.‫ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ أﻳ‬.‫ﻳﻌﺪ أﺧﺬ اﻹﺻﺒﻊ وﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺟﺰًءا ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﺰ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ واﻟﻌﻨﻮان ورﻗﻢ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ اﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻗﺒﻞ إﻳﺪاﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ زﻧﺰاﻧﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﻦ‬-٢
‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ واﻟﻤﺜﻮل‬/ ‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ُﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ‬،‫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬.‫ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺣﺘﺠﺎز اﻟﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﻮل اﻷول ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬.‫أﻣﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻻﺣﻖ‬
.‫ﻳﺤﺪد اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word that is closest in meaning to ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬:1 ‫س‬
"probable" is _____ _____ ‫»ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ« ﻫﻲ‬
C. Reasonable ‫ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل‬.‫ج‬

Q2: The word in the passage is closest in ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬:2 ‫س‬
meaning to "booked" is _____ _____ ‫إﻟﻰ" ﻣﺤﺠﻮز "ﻫﻲ‬
B. Registered ‫ ﻣﺴﺠﻞ‬.‫ب‬

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 ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻠﺐ 🚗‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
‫‪Look at the graph below and answer the questions based on what you see.‬‬
‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮاه‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: The percentage of steel that the‬‬ ‫س‪ :1‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻذ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫_____ ‪automotive industry uses is‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات _____‬
‫‪C. 13%‬‬ ‫ج‪% 13 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: How much steel is used by the‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬
‫?‪domestic appliances industry‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. 2%‬‬ ‫د ‪٪2 .‬‬

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 ☀ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage A
Solar Energy
1- The energy coming to Earth from the Sun is mostly in the form of light. The light that falls
in one hour equals the total energy used worldwide in a year. (Q1) Unfortunately, due to its
low energy density and varying availability, large collecting devices are needed. Its greatest
potential use is as an energy source for low-temperature water heating. This uses solar
panels as the energy transfer devices, which convert light into heat energy. They are used
increasingly to produce domestic hot water at about 70◦C and to heat swimming pools.
2- The energy taken from the sun can also be used to produce high-temperature heating; up
to 3000◦C or so, if a huge curved mirror, used as a solar furnace, focuses the Sun’s rays on to
a small area. The solar energy can then be used to turn water to steam for driving the turbine
of an electric generator in a power station.
3- Solar cells, which are made from semiconducting materials, directly convert sunlight into
electricity. A number of cells can be connected together to supply electricity to homes and to
the electronic equipment in communication and other satellites. They are also used for
generating power on a small scale in remote areas of developing countries where there is no
electricity supply. Recent developments have made large-scale generation more cost
effective and there is now a large solar power plant in California. There are many designs for
prototype light vehicles run on solar power.
Wind energy
4- Wind turbines which are giant windmills with two or three blades each up to 30cm long
drive electrical generators. (Q2) ‘Wind farms’ of 20 to 100 turbines spaced and spread out
about 400m apart, supply about 400MW which can provide electricity for 25,000 homes in
the UK and provide a useful ‘top-up’ to the National Grid. Wind turbines can be noisy and
may be considered unsightly. Therefore, there is some environmental objection to wind
farms, especially as the best sites are usually in coastal or upland areas known for their great
natural beauty.
Passage B
Wave energy
5- The rise and fall of sea waves have to be transferred by the use of some kind of wave-
energy converter into the rotary motion needed to drive a generator. It is a difficult problem
and production of electricity on a large scale by this means is unlikely in the near future, but
small systems are being developed to supply island communities with power.
Tidal and hydroelectric energy
6- The flow of water from a higher level to a lower one from behind a tidal barrage – barrier-
or the dam of a hydroelectric scheme is used to drive a water turbine -water wheel-
connected to a generator.

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‫‪7- La Grande I project in Canada is one of the largest working tidal schemes. Feasibility‬‬
‫‪studies and research have shown that a 10-mile-long barrage across the River Severn Estuary‬‬
‫‪could produce about 7% of today’s consumption of electrical energy in England and Wales.‬‬
‫‪However, such schemes have serious and significant implications for the environment, as‬‬
‫‪they may destroy wildlife habitats of water birds for example, and also for shipping routes.‬‬
‫‪8- (Q2) In the UK, about 2% of the electricity supply is generated in the hydroelectric power‬‬
‫‪stations. Most are located in Scotland and Wales because the average rainfall is higher than‬‬
‫‪in other areas. With good management, hydroelectric energy can be a reliable energy source,‬‬
‫‪but still, there are risks connected with the construction and building of dams, and a variety‬‬
‫‪of problems may result from the impact of a dam on the environment. For example, land‬‬
‫‪previously used for forestry or farming may have to be flooded.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷرض ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻮء‪ .‬اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻳﺴﺎوي إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‪ .‬ﻟﺴﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ واﻟﺘﻮاﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎوت‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‪ .‬أﻛﺒﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻫﺬا اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺟﻬﺰة ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻀﻮء إﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ ٧٠‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ وﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪٣٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ أو ﻧﺤﻮ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺮآة اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻔﺮن ﺷﻤﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﺰ أﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ ﺑﺨﺎر‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣ ً‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ إﻣﺪادات اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪ .‬ﺟﻌﻠﺖ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻷﺧﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ وﻫﻨﺎك اﻵن ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺎذج اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺮﻳﺎح وﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻃﻮاﺣﻴﻦ ﻫﻮاء ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ذات رﻳﺸﺘﻴﻦ أو ﺛﻼث رﻳﺶ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻃﻮل ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺳﻢ‪"" .‬ﻣﺰارع اﻟﺮﻳﺎح"" اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬إﻟﻰ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪة وﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﻣﻴﺠﺎوات ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻟـ ‪ ٢٥٠٠٠‬ﻣﻨﺰل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة وﺗﻮﻓﺮ ""زﻳﺎدة"" ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﺻﺎﺧﺒﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﺮاﺿﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺰارع اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وأن أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ أو‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﻣﻮاج‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺻﻌﻮد وﻫﺒﻮط أﻣﻮاج اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻮل ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﻣﻮاج إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺪوراﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺟﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺮي ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﺘﺰوﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺠﺰر ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺪ واﻟﺠﺰر واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻟﻤﺪ واﻟﺠﺰر ‪ -‬اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺰ ‪ -‬أو‬
‫ﺳﺪ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ‪ -‬ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﻟﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻣﺸﺮوع )ﻻ ﺟﺮاﻧﺪا( ﻓﻲ ﻛﻨﺪا ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﺪ واﻟﺠﺰر اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬أﻇﻬﺮت دراﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﺪوى واﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬
‫أن واﺑًﻠﺎ ﺑﻄﻮل ‪ ١٠‬أﻣﻴﺎل ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺼﺐ ﻧﻬﺮ ﺳﻴﻔﻴﺮن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ ٪٧‬ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم ﻓﻲ إﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا ووﻳﻠﺰ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ آﺛﺎر ﺧﻄﻴﺮة وﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﻣﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺸﺤﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ ٪٢‬ﻣﻦ إﻣﺪادات اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺳﻜﺘﻠﻨﺪا ووﻳﻠﺰ ﻷن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻄﻮل اﻷﻣﻄﺎر أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻣﻊ اﻹدارة اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺪًرا ﻣﻮﺛﻮًﻗﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‬
‫وﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﺮ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺳﺎﺑًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺑﺎت أو اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ُﺗﻐ َ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: According to both passages, why is it‬‬ ‫س ‪ :1‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻜﻼ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺼﻌﺐ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫?‪difficult to collect solar energy‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪C. large collecting devices are required and‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺟﻬﺰة ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة وﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ‬
‫‪it's difficult to get permission from‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ إذن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪governments.‬‬

‫‪Q2: The UK is mentioned in the passages to‬‬ ‫س ‪ :2‬ذﻛﺮت اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻟﺘﻘﻮل أن‬
‫_____ ‪say that‬‬ ‫_____‬
‫‪C. Wind turbines supply electricity to some‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل‬
‫‪homes and hydroelectricity powers 2‬‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻟـ ‪ %2‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل‬
‫‪percent of homes in the UK.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

‫‪Q3: Renewable energy from both passages‬‬ ‫س ‪ :3‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ‬
‫_____ ‪can be summarized as‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ _____‬
‫‪B. renewable energy resources make up a‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﺟﺰءا ﺻﻐﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪small portion of the energy supply.‬‬ ‫إﻣﺪادات اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

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 🌏 ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Bangladesh is a country in South Asia. (Q1) It is the eighth-most populous country in the
world, with a population exceeding 163 million people, 80% of which live in rural areas. (Q2) It
is so dense that 1,062 people live in a square kilometre.
2- (Q3) It is one of the poorest countries in the world but the World bank noticed the huge
percentage of poor people and was among the first development partners to support
Bangladesh. It has committed $35 billion in grants, interest-free, and concessional credits to
the country since its Independence. With the aid of the World Bank, Bangladesh has been
fighting poverty. Consequently, poverty declined from 43.5 percent in 1991 to 14.3 percent
in 2016, based on the international poverty line of $1.90 a day.
3 -On April 19, 2022, the Government of Bangladesh and the World Bank signed a $250
million financing agreement to support the country’s reform efforts to sustain growth after
the COVID-19 pandemic and to enhance resilience to future shocks, including climate change.
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻋﺪد‬،‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﺎﻣﻦ دوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫ ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب آﺳﻴﺎ‬-١
1062 ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أن‬.‫ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‬٪80 .‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‬163 ‫ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﺼﺎ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ً ‫ﺷﺨ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮاء وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺎء‬،‫ إﻧﻬﺎ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻓﻘﺮ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬-٢
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺢ واﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻴﺴﺮة‬35 ‫ وﻗﺪ ﺧﺼﺼﺖ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻷواﺋﻞ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ دﻋﻤﻮا ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ‬
‫ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ‬،‫ وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﺗﺤﺎرب ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬.‫ﺑﺪون ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﻼد ﻣﻨﺬ اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ دوﻻًرا ﻓﻲ‬1.90 ‫ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬،2016 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬٪14.3 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬1991 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬٪43.5 ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دوﻻر‬250 ‫ وﻗﻌﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ واﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬،2022 ‫ أﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬19 ‫ ﻓﻲ‬-٣
‫ وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ‬١٩ – ‫ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺟﻬﻮد اﻹﺻﻼح ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼد ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﻮﻓﻴﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬،‫اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What percentage of the population ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
lives in the countryside? ‫اﻟﺮﻳﻒ؟‬
C. four-fifths ‫أﺧﻤﺎس‬-‫ أرﺑﻌﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What is the population density of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ؟‬:٢‫س‬

Bangladesh?
A. 1,062 per km2 ‫ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬1,062 .‫أ‬

Q3: Name the organization that noted the ‫ اذﻛﺮ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‬:٣‫س‬
number of poor people in Bangladesh? ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻐﻼدﻳﺶ؟‬
B. The World Bank ‫ اﻟﺒﻨﻚ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ‬.‫ب‬

380
 📈 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻷداء اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Interest is the amount of money a lender or financial institution receives for lending out
money. It can be with a low rate or a high rate. A low-interest-rate environment is intended
to stimulate economic growth so that it is cheaper to borrow money. This is beneficial for
those who are shopping for new homes, simply because it lowers their monthly payment and
means cheaper costs. However, low-interest rates aren't always ideal. A high-interest rate
typically tells us that the economy is strong and doing well. In a low-interest-rate
environment, there are lower returns on investments and in savings accounts, and of course,
an increase in debt which could mean more of a chance of default when rates go back up.
2- (Q1) Today, interest rates can be applied to various financial products including house
mortgages, credit cards, car loans, and personal loans. Interest rates started to fall in 2019
and were brought to near zero in 2020.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن‬.‫ﻤﻘﺮض أو اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻗﺮاض اﻷﻣﻮال‬ ُ ‫ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ اﻟ‬-١
‫ﺗﻬﺪف ﺑﻴﺌﺔ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬. ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ أو ﻣﻌﺪل ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬،‫ ﻫﺬا ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻷوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺴﻮﻗﻮن ﻟﺸﺮاء ﻣﻨﺎزل ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬.‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻗﺘﺮاض اﻷﻣﻮال أرﺧﺺ‬
‫ﻤﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻓﺈن أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ داﺋ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ وﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ أرﺧﺺ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‬.‫ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺎدة أن اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻗﻮي وﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻮن ﻗﺪ‬،‫ وﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬،‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ أﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات وﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
.‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮص اﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺪاد ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻮد اﻷﺳﻌﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺮﻫﻮن اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻴﻮم‬-٢
2019 ‫ ﺑﺪأت أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫وﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن وﻗﺮوض اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات واﻟﻘﺮوض اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
.2020 ‫وﻗﺮﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What products and services require ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس‬:1‫س‬
people to pay interest? ‫دﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة؟‬
B. homes and automobiles ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل واﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬.‫ب‬

381
 ⛽ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Fossil fuels, like coal, oil, and gas are our main source of energy. This kind of fuel is
considered as nonrenewable because it takes millions of years before new fuels can replace
the ones we have used. So, if someday we have consumed all of the deposits, it cannot be
replaced. (Q1) The problem is that the consumption rate of fossil fuel keeps increasing as the
population of the world is also increasing. This results in the increase of industrial activities,
transportation, power plants, and even simpler uses like lighting up our fireplaces most of
which require fossil fuels to operate. (Q2) Due to the huge consumption of oil, scientists have
predicted that the deposit of fossil oil will run out at year 2052, gas will end by 2060, and coal
will last till 2090.
2- Most environmental problems are the direct cause of surging carbon emissions caused by
fossil fuels. Ozone layer depletion and rising levels of carbon dioxide leading to bad air quality
which have damaging effects on health are some of the disadvantages of using crude oil and
petrol.
3- Another, unknown, yet dangerous effect of fossil fuels is the emission of sulfur dioxide
(SO2), a colorless, bad-smelling, toxic gas. It is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels — coal,
oil, and diesel —in power plants, through metals processing and smelting facilities, and
vehicles. Diesel vehicles and equipment have long been a major source of sulfur dioxide. SO2
emissions leads to the formation of other sulfur oxides which can react with other
compounds in the atmosphere to form small particles which may penetrate deeply into the
lungs and in sufficient quantity can contribute to health problems. (Q3) Although most of the
sulfur is already removed from fuels during refining through a remarkable chemical process
called hydrodesulfurization, the process is very costly and hazardous.
4- (Q4) To sum up, the fossil fuels we heavily depend on in every aspect of our lives is the main
reason for the most serious environmental problems such as pollution and global warming,
just to name a few. So, we’d better find and use cleaner renewable resources soon.
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ واﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪرﻧﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‬-١
،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺪد ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎه‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬.‫ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫إذا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‬
‫ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا زﻳﺎدة اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬.‫اﻷﺣﻔﻮري آﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻزدﻳﺎد ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫وﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت أﺑﺴﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ إﺿﺎءة اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‬
،2052 ‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن ﺗﻨﻔﺪ رواﺳﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم‬،‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬
. 2090 ‫ وﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم‬،2060 ‫ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم‬
.‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‬-٢
‫ﻳﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻷوزون وارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ‬
. ‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ آﺛﺎر ﺿﺎرة ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻴﻮب اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم واﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ‬

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 ‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف واﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ﻫﻮ اﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ)‪ ، (SO2‬وﻫﻮ ﻏﺎز‬
‫ﺳﺎم ﻋﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻠﻮن وراﺋﺤﺔ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ‪ -‬اﻟﻔﺤﻢ واﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﺪﻳﺰل ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﺻﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‪ .‬ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت وﻣﻌﺪات اﻟﺪﻳﺰل‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪًرا رﺋﻴﺴًﻴﺎ ﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺆدي اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ أﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ وﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪوث ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ إزاﻟﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﺰع‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﺧﻄﻴﺮة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري اﻟﺬي ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻷﺧﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث واﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻻ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ أن‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺘﺠﺪدة أﻧﻈﻒ ﻗﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: The writer mentions the increasing‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪world population in the future. Why‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ..‬ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬
‫‪B. to show how it will affect the amount of‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‬
‫‪fossil fuels we use.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: Mention one fact about fossil fuels in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أذﻛﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪Paragraph 1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪1‬؟‬
‫‪A. Some of them will decrease faster than‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪others.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What does the third paragraph tell us‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫?‪about sulfur dioxide‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ؟‬
‫‪D. It is dangerous and expensive to remove‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮ واﻟﻤﻜﻠﻒ إزاﻟﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‪.‬‬
‫‪from fuel.‬‬

‫?‪Q4: What is the main idea of the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬
‫‪A. The fossil fuels that we rely on are‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري اﻟﺬي ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪destroying the planet.‬‬

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 💵 ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Personal finance is all about how we, as individuals or families manage our money, save,
and invest. In other words, it is the financial management each person performs in order to
spend, budget, save, and plan for retirement and other future events.
2- Spending is the money you pay for goods or services: paying bills, rent, shopping, filling our
cars, buying presents, and making donations to charity. Credit cards and tax payments also
come under the term spending.
3- People either spend in cash or with borrowed money, i.e., credit. Spending represents a
major percentage of most people’s income. Most people do emotional spending when they
buy just to feel happy. Some are even shopaholic where they buy just to buy and not because
they need it. (Q1) Unfortunately, most of them regret it after just a short time due to spending
their savings and even falling in debt.
4- (Q2) To pay our debts, we need to be careful. The best strategy is the 50/30/20 budgeting
method. Fifty percent of our living essentials, such as rent, utilities, groceries, and transport.
Thirty percent is designed to discretionary expenses, such as dining out and shopping for
clothes. Giving to charity can go here as well. Twenty percent goes toward the future—
paying down debt and saving for retirement and emergencies.
5- In a recent survey, it has been found out that most Americans cannot pay for any expected
emergency in cash. (Q3) Most of them use their credit and only a few pay from their savings.
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ‬.‫ ﻛﺄﻓﺮاد أو ﻋﺎﺋﻼت‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ إدارة أﻣﻮاﻟﻨﺎ وﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرﻫﺎ‬-١
‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺆدﻳﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق واﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ واﻻدﺧﺎر واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ واﻷﺣﺪاث‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ وﻣﻞء‬،‫ واﻟﺘﺴﻮق‬،‫ واﻹﻳﺠﺎر‬،‫ دﻓﻊ اﻟﻔﻮاﺗﻴﺮ‬:‫ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻫﻮ اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬-٢
‫ﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
ً ‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن وﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ أﻳ‬.‫ واﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎت ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫ وﺷﺮاء اﻟﻬﺪاﻳﺎ‬،‫ﺳﻴﺎراﺗﻨﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬
‫ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ دﺧﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬.‫ أي اﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن‬،‫ﺪا أو ﺑﺄﻣﻮال ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺿﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻧﻘ‬-٣
‫ ﺣﺘﻰ أن اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﺪﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﻨﻔﻘﻮن ﻋﺎﻃﻔًﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺮون ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻴﺸﻌﺮوا ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎدة‬.‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫ ﻳﻨﺪم ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ‬،‫ ﻟﺴﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ‬.‫اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﺘﺮون ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺸﺮاء وﻟﻴﺲ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻴﻪ‬
.‫وﻗﺖ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ إﻧﻔﺎق ﻣﺪﺧﺮاﺗﻬﻢ وﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻮن‬
‫ ﺧﻤﺴﻮن‬.20/30/50 ‫ أﻓﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻜﻮن ﺣﺬرﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻟﺘﺴﺪﻳﺪ دﻳﻮﻧﻨﺎ‬-٤
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎر واﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ وﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﺒﻘﺎﻟﺔ واﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮورﻳﺎﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎرج واﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﻟﺸﺮاء اﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ‬،‫ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﺴﺪاد اﻟﺪﻳﻮن واﻻدﺧﺎر ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ‬- ‫ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﻋﺸﺮون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬.‫ﻀﺎ‬ً ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ أﻳ‬
.‫وﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﻮارئ‬
‫ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن اﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ أي ﻃﺎرئ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬-٥
.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ اﺋﺘﻤﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﺮاﺗﻬﻢ‬.‫ﺪا‬ ً ‫ﻧﻘ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the writer's opinion on ‫ ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﺮوري؟‬:١‫س‬
unnecessary shopping?
A. He believes it has a negative effect. .‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴًﺮا ﺳﻠﺒًﻴﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is the writer's advicesay about ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺑﺸﺄن اﻟﺪﻳﻮن اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬:٢‫س‬
personal debts in paragraph 4? ‫؟‬4 ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
D. They should be dealt with carefully. .‫ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q3: How do most Americans deal with ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬:٣‫س‬
unexpected costs? ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ؟‬
A. They use credit or saving. .‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻷﺋﺘﻤﺎن او اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات‬.‫أ‬

Q4: To replace the expression "due to" in ‫ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر‬،3 ‫ ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ "ﺑﺴﺒﺐ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
Paragraph 3, the best option is _____ _____ ‫اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻫﻮ‬
B. because of ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What is the function of the word "also" ‫؟‬٢ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ" "أﻳﻀﺎ" "ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٥‫س‬
in Paragraph 2?
D. To give more information about the ‫ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬.‫د‬
survey results. .‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

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 📑 ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
٦ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Accounting is one of the key functions of almost any business. It is the process of recording
financial transactions pertaining to a business. (Q1) The accounting process includes
summarizing, analyzing, and reporting these transactions to oversight agencies, regulators,
and tax collection entities. The financial statements used in accounting are a concise
summary of financial transactions over an accounting period, summarizing a company's
operations, financial position, and cash flows.
2- Accounting may be handled by a bookkeeper or an accountant at a small firm, or by sizable
finance departments with dozens of employees at larger companies. That is why, when hiring
accountants for large companies, they choose only those who have spent years of study and
rigorous examinations combined with a minimum number of years of practical accounting
experience.
3- What is a cash flow statement? A cash flow statement is one of the most important tools
used to manage finances. It tracks the cash flow for an organization: where its money comes
from, and how money is being spent. It helps its creditors determine how much cash is
available for the company to fund its operating expenses and pay down its debts. Investors
are also interested in the cash flow statement because it tells them whether a company is on
solid financial ground. As such, they can use the statement to make better, more informed
decisions about their investments.
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻷي ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‬-١
‫ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ واﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻت‬.‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ واﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ وﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬
‫ وﺗﻠﺨﺺ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت‬،‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ أو ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ إدارات ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺐ أو ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬-٢
،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬،‫ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻊ ﻋﺸﺮات اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺨﺘﺎرون ﻓﻘﻂ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﻣﻀﻮا ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ واﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﺎرﻣﺔ ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺪ‬
.‫اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﺨﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي؟ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي أﺣﺪ أﻫﻢ اﻷدوات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹدارة اﻟﺸﺆون‬-٣
‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ داﺋﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ أﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ أﻣﻮاﻟﻬﺎ وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬:‫ ﻳﺘﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮون أﻳ‬.‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻨﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﻔﻘﺎت ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ وﺳﺪاد دﻳﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬.‫ﺑﺒﻴﺎن اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺨﺒﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﻮي‬
.‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻴﺎن ﻻﺗﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮارات أﻓﻀﻞ وأﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻨﺎرة ﺑﺸﺄن اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﻬﻢ‬

386
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the writer trying to tell his ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺤﺎول اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻳﻘﻮل ﻟﻘﺮاﺋﻪ؟‬:1‫س‬
readers?
B. Cash flow statements are different from .‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬.‫ب‬
accounting.

Q2: The writer’s main purpose is _____ _____ ‫ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻫﻮ‬:٢‫س‬
D. to inform ‫ اﻻﺑﻼغ‬.‫د‬

387
 🏢 ‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Evidence is growing all over the world that green buildings bring multiple benefits. They
provide some of the most effective means to achieving a range of global goals, such as
addressing climate change, creating sustainable and thriving communities, and driving
economic growth. The benefits of green buildings can be grouped within three categories:
environmental and social.
2- Green buildings can not only reduce or eliminate negative impacts on the environment, by
using less water, energy or natural resources, but they can - in many cases - have a positive
impact on the environment by generating their own energy or increasing biodiversity working
as a constraint that would stop global temperature’s rise to 2°C. This can be done through
the principle of Energy efficiency. It provides guidelines for energy efficient design strategies,
site adaptive design, thermal efficiency and storage, building envelope design, passive solar
heating, passive solar cooling, daylighting, outdoor lighting, materials, and renewable energy
sources.
3- Green building benefits go beyond economics and the environment, and have been shown
to bring positive social impacts too. Many of these benefits are around the health and
wellbeing of people who work in green offices or live in green homes. Research has found
out that workers in green, well-ventilated offices record a 101 per cent increase in cognitive
scores and they have better and longer sleep at night.
‫ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ ﺗﺘﺰاﻳﺪ اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﺗﺠﻠﺐ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬-١
‫ وﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬،‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻫﺪاف اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﺿﻤﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻓﺌﺎت‬.‫ ودﻓﻊ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬،‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﻣﺰدﻫﺮة‬
.‫واﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬،‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء أن ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ أو ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬-٢
‫ أن‬- ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬- ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻤﻴﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه أو اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ أو زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم‬.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬2 ‫ اﻟﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﻛﻤﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ إرﺷﺎدات ﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻓﺮة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
،‫ واﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻏﻼف اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬،‫ واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬،‫اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬
.‫ وﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة‬،‫ واﻟﻤﻮاد‬،‫ واﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﺿﻮء اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬،‫واﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬
‫ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ وﻗﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪث آﺛﺎًرا اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ أﻳ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬-٣
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ورﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء أو ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﺟﻴﺪة اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﺠﻠﻮن زﻳﺎدة‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‬
.‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ وأﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ وأﻃﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬101 ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬

388
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word in the passage that is closest ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬:1‫س‬
in meaning to "multiple" is_____ _____ ‫"ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة" ﻫﻲ‬
A. many ‫ ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻣﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The word in the passage that is closest ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬:٢‫س‬
in meaning to "constraint" is _____ _____ ‫إﻟﻰ"اﻟﻘﻴﺪ"ﻫﻲ‬
C. limit ‫ ﺣﺪ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: The word in the passage that is closest ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬:٣‫س‬
in meaning to "guidelines" is _____ _____ ‫إﻟﻰ"إرﺷﺎدات"ﻫﻲ‬
B. instructions ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‬.‫ب‬

389
 ✈ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮات ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Boeing has been the premier manufacturer of commercial jetliners for decades. Today, the
company manufactures the 737, 747, 767, 777 and 787 families of airplanes and the Boeing
Business Jet range. New product development efforts include the Boeing 787-10 Dreamliner,
the 737 MAX, and the 777X. More than 10,000 Boeing-built commercial jetliners are in
service worldwide, which is almost half the world fleet .
2 -Buying your own Boeing plane does not come cheap. Their prices range from $89 million
to about $442 million. In reality, aircraft are usually acquired at less than the listed price, with
discounts ranging anywhere from 20% up to 60%. Boeing lists these prices as averages.
3- There are numerous factors that determine discounts and every deal has its unique
circumstances. Sometimes airlines and planemakers have long-term relationships which help
to offer more favorable discounts. Other influencing factors include order size, and airline
size. When bought at home, their prices are (Q1) modest, (Q2) but this does not apply to
international orders. (Q3) One thing doesn’t influence Boeing prices, though, the market
conditions.
‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻼت‬،‫ اﻟﻴﻮم‬.‫ ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮات اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻘﻮد‬-١
‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﻮد ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬.‫ وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ ﺑﻴﺰﻧﺲ ﺟﺖ‬787 ‫ و‬777 ‫ و‬767 ‫ و‬747 ‫ و‬737 ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮات‬
‫ ﻃﺎﺋﺮة ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬10000 ‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬. X 777‫ و‬MAX 737‫ و‬Boeing 787-10 Dreamliner ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻃﺎﺋﺮات‬
.‫ أي ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ أﺳﻄﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ﻃﺮاز ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
442 ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دوﻻر إﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬89 ‫ وﺗﺘﺮاوح أﺳﻌﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﺷﺮاء ﻃﺎﺋﺮة ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﺑﺨﺲ‬-٢
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات ﺑﺴﻌﺮ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﺪرج‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬.‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دوﻻر‬
.‫ ﺗﺴﺮد ﺑﻮﻳﻨﻎ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻛﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺎت‬.٪60 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬٪20 ‫أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ‬
،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﺨﺼﻮﻣﺎت وﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﻘﺔ ﻇﺮوﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬-٣
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻄﻴﺮان وﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻷﻣﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﻣﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺸﺮاء ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة اﻷؤ إرﻳﻚ درﻳﻜﺴﻠﺮﺧﺮى ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ وﺣﺠﻢ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻄﻴﺮان‬.‫ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺷﻲء واﺣﺪ ﻻ‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺳﻌﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻮاﺿﻌﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬
.‫ وﻫﻮ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﺴﻮق‬،‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What word does the writer use to talk ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬:1‫س‬
about the jetlines' prices at home? ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻴﺮان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل؟‬
A. modest ‫ ﻣﺘﻮاﺿﻊ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Which statement is a fact? ‫ أي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬

D. It costs more to sell internationally. .‫ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What does Paragraph (3) tell us about ‫( ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﺮات ﺑﻮﻳﻨﺞ‬3) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
Boeing jetliners? ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ؟‬
C. Their prices are independent of local .‫ أﺳﻌﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬
market conditions.

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 🤓 ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ واﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage A
1- When a company has a vacancy, it has two options to fill it; internal or external
recruitment. The internal recruitment refers to promoting employees from within the same
organization to higher positions rather than bringing in new talent.
2- One of the most notable advantages of internal recruitment is more stability, safer
transition and lower costs. By promoting your pre-existing employees, you save all the money
and time attached to searching, interviewing, and selecting suitable new candidates.
3- (Q1) More importantly, if you adopt a policy of promoting your employees based on their
performance, they will be eager to work hard to win the promotion. This will increase the
levels of motivation amongst your employees. (Q2) Thus, you will keep your best employees,
and they will never venture to leave the company.
4- On the other hand, your current employees might be very experienced in their current
jobs. (Q3) However, if you are planning to promote them, they will need further training to
obtain the needed skills for their new tasks.
Passage B
5- External recruitment refers to an organization seeking to fill an open position with
someone who does not work at the company. Recruiters or hiring managers use external
sources to find available candidates. When you look outside your own company, you can
explore a much larger pool of candidates for your position. This can increase your chances of
finding a qualified, successful applicant. Having more potential hires can allow you to be
more selective and find candidates with the right education and experience for the job. It
also gives access to new fresh minds that will bring about innovative ideas from outside the
organization.
6- Despite its advantages, external recruiting can be costly as organizations may pay for a
recruiting service, memberships for job search sites and travel for long-distance candidates.
(Q4) It also involves background checks, interviewing, etc. the final step involves determining
successful applicants and job offers. All of these steps require allocating a significant amount
of the company’s resources, money, and time. (Q4) Moreover, looking externally for senior
positions can disincentivize top performers who feel they should be next in line and might
cause them to find another job elsewhere.
7- (Q3) External recruiting requires more training than internal recruiting which costs the
company additional time and money.

391
 ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺷﺎﻏﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮن أﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﺎران ﻟﻤﻠﺌﻪ؛ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ أو اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ داﺧﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻣﻮاﻫﺐ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻦ أﺑﺮز ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎًﻧﺎ واﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺒًﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺎل واﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ وإﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت‬
‫واﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺪد اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻷﻫﻢ‪ ،‬إذا ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻚ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ أداﺋﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻧﻮن ﺣﺮﻳﺼﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺎد‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻮز ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺆدي ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻚ‪ .‬وﻫﻜﺬا‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻚ‪ ،‬وﻟﻦ ﻳﺠﺮؤوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮك اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ذوي ﺧﺒﺮة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ وﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬إذا‬
‫ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻮف ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻬﺎﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺷﺎﻏﺮ ﺑﺸﺨﺺ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻮ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ أو ﻣﺪﻳﺮو اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻚ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺼﺒﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬا ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪم ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ وﻧﺎﺟﺢ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻚ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ وأن ﺗﺠﺪ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺨﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﻮل ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺠﻠﺐ أﻓﻜﺎًرا ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻜﻠًﻔﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ وﻋﻀﻮﻳﺎت ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ واﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻓﺤﻮﺻﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ وإﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻼت وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﻴﻦ‬
‫وﻋﺮوض اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻗﺪر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وأﻣﻮاﻟﻬﺎ ووﻗﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺧﺎرﺟًﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺜﺒﻂ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻷداء اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻌﺮون ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن آﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﴼ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻠﻒ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﻗﺘﴼ وﻣﺎًﻻ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: According to Passage A, what facilitates ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
the internal recruitment process in some ‫ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ )أ(؟‬،‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬
companies?
C. Companies set policies for hiring their .‫ ﺗﻀﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫ج‬
own employees.

Q2: According to Passages A and B, one of ‫ ﻓﺈن إﺣﺪى ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬،B ‫ و‬A ‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ‬:٢‫س‬
the advantages of internal recruiting is ______ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ‬
______
D. It helps companies retain the best ‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ‬.‫د‬
employees. .‫اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬

Q3: What can be understood from both ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﻮل‬:٣‫س‬
passages about internal and external ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻨﻴﺪ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ؟‬
recruiting?
A. They both involve training employees. .‫ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Based on Passages A and B, what can ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬،‫ اﺳﺘﻨﺎًدا إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ و ب‬:٤‫س‬
we infer about recruiting? ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﺸﺄن اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ؟‬
B. Recruiting good employees is a long .‫ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺟﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬.‫ب‬
process.

393
 💼 ‫ﺗﻜﺴﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Compensating differential is a term used in labour economics to investigate the relation
between the pay rate and the unpleasantness, risk, or other undesirable features of a
particular job. It is defined as the additional amount of income that a given worker must be
offered in order to motivate them to accept a given undesirable job. (Q1) It is an important
feature of choosing a career among other choices. For example, Oil workers stand to make an
impressive paycheck, even in entry-level positions. Salaries for an entry-level oil rig position,
such as a maintenance roustabout, average around $47,000 per year, with management
positions making well over $100,000 per year. Part of the reason for the high pay is to
difficult working conditions and risks associated with the job. Apart from their hard manual
labor, night shifts on the 24-hour operation, and the two weeks at sea, many of them might
be killed on the job. In 2008 alone, 120 workers in the oil and gas industry were killed on the
job. Alaska is a big oil producer. But Texas is still a much larger producer of oil and gas and
has far greater reserves. (Q2) Therefore, it’s much easier to be hired in Houston, Texas than in
Alaska, (Q3) but the salaries are not as high. Oil workers stand to make an impressive
paycheck.
2- In sports, compensating differentials explain the high salary of basketball players. This does
not depend on the unpleasantness or danger of the job but on the skills and talents of the
player. The better the player, the higher the salary. (Q4) What makes this work is the scarcity
of special basketball players.
3- Geographical compensating differentials are the difference in wages based on where you
work. (Q5) Many people are moving to California because of its clean air. It has been working
on cleaning its air since 2009. This means that more skilled workers will look for jobs in
California, and thus competition will be higher. The average salary in California is $111,622.
(Q6) Although the air is cleaner in Rochester, New York, the average salary is $67 thousand,
depending on many factors.
4- To sum up, a 'compensation differential' can be explained by many factors, such as
differences in the skills of the workers in those jobs, the country or geographical area in
which those jobs are performed, or the characteristics of the jobs themselves. (Q7) Thus, it
affects people’s choices in different areas.

394
 ‫‪ -١‬ﻓﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻷﺟﻮر‬
‫وﻋﺪم اﻟﺮﺿﺎ أو اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة أو ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮل وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻴﺎرات أﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ أن ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ راﺗﺐ ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎب‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‪ .‬رواﺗﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﻔﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺘﺪﺋﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ اﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 47000‬دوﻻر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺐ إدارﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 100000‬دوﻻر ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻷﺟﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ اﻟﻴﺪوي اﻟﺸﺎق‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻨﺎوﺑﺎت اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮق ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ُﻳﻘﺘﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2008‬وﺣﺪه‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﻲ ‪ 120‬ﻋﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﺠﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز ﻣﺼﺮﻋﻬﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬اﻻﺳﻜﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻔﻂ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﺴﺎس ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻣﻨﺘ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ واﻟﻐﺎز وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﺎت أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ أن ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﺴﺎس ﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ أﻻﺳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺮواﺗﺐ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻜﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﻔﺮوق اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻲ ﻛﺮة اﻟﺴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬
‫أو ﺧﻄﻮرة اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻬﺎرات وﻣﻮاﻫﺐ اﻟﻼﻋﺐ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻼﻋﺐ أﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ أﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺪرة ﻻﻋﺒﻲ ﻛﺮة اﻟﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻓﺮوق اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻮر ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﻮاءﻫﺎ اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم ‪ .2009‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻬﺮة ﺳﻴﺒﺤﺜﻮن ﻋﻦ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪ 111.622‬دوﻻر‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻬﻮاء أﻧﻈﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ روﺗﺸﺴﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 67‬أﻟﻒ دوﻻر‪ ،‬اﻋﺘﻤﺎًدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ "ﻓﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ" ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺒﻠﺪ أو اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ُﺗﺆدى ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‪ ،‬أو ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‪.‬‬

‫‪395‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which statment gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
paragraph A? ‫أ؟‬
C. Compensating differential is a feature of ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﺮق اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎرات‬.‫ج‬
other choices as well as career choices. .‫اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬

Q2: What information does the first ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬:٢‫س‬
paragraph give about Houston, Texas? ‫ ﺗﻜﺴﺎس؟‬،‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ‬
A. It is easier to work there than in Alaska. .‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك أﺳﻬﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ أﻻﺳﻜﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is true about oil field workers in ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻋﻤﺎل ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
Alaska? ‫أﻻﺳﻜﺎ؟‬
C. They have better salaries than Houston .‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ رواﺗﺐ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺎل ﻫﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ‬.‫ج‬
workers.

Q4: Why do basketball players have high ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻻﻋﺒﻮ ﻛﺮة اﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ رواﺗﺐ‬:٤‫س‬
salaries? ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
B. There are few excellent players. .‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎزﻳﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What does the third paragraph tell us ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ؟‬:٥‫س‬
about California?
B. It has good air quality. .‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﻮدة ﻫﻮاء ﺟﻴﺪة‬.‫ب‬

Q6: What does Paragraph (3) say about ‫( ﻋﻦ روﺗﺸﺴﺘﺮ؟‬3) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٦‫س‬
Rochester?
D. There is less air pollution there than in ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻠﻮث ﻫﻮاء أﻗﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ‬.‫د‬
California. .‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‬

Q7: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٧‫س‬
A. Compensating differentials have an ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮوق ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻴﺎرات ﺣﻴﺎة‬.‫أ‬
effect on people’s life choices. .‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬

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 🔬 ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Geckos are reptiles that inhabit temperate and tropical regions. There are over 1,000
different species of geckos. They can be a variety of colors. Geckos are omnivorous, feeding
on a variety of foods, including insects and worms. Most gecko species can climb walls and
other surfaces.
2- Geckos have one of the most unique climbing adaptations of any animal, and scientists are
examining the source of this ability to see if human technology could one day achieve
something similar.
3- Geckos are able to cling to almost any surface, no matter how smooth or rough it is. They
are also able to detach quickly and easily from these surfaces as they climb. This climbing
ability is due to tiny hairs, called setae, on the bottoms of their feet that can only be seen
with a microscope. Each hair branches off into even smaller fibers. (Q1) Each gecko has about
two million setae under each toe! When the gecko places its foot on a surface such as glass,
these hairs cling to the surface and (Q2) form intermolecular bonds, called Van der Waals
bonds, with the molecules of that surface. These bonds are strong enough to hold the gecko
in place even if it walks upside down on glass, but can be broken easily when the gecko lifts
up its foot.
4- Researchers have developed a nanotech superglue modeled on the minute structures on
gecko feet that allow the lizards to scamper up sheer surfaces. They say the new glue is three
times stronger than previous gecko-inspired glues, and ten times stickier than the lizards
themselves.
5- The term "nanotechnology" was coined during the eighties and nineties (Q3) when Eric
Drexler, started using the term “nano.”
‫ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ‬1000 ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ ﻫﻲ زواﺣﻒ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬-١
‫ أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت أﻛﻼت اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻮان‬.‫ﺣﻴﻮان أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ‬.‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات واﻟﺪﻳﺪان‬، ‫ وﺗﺘﻐﺬى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ‬،‫واﻟﻠﺤﻮم‬
.‫أﻧﻮاع أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ ﺗﺴﻠﻖ اﻟﺠﺪران واﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ وﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻫﺬه‬،‫ ﻟﺪى أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻖ ﺗﻤﻴًﺰا ﻋﻦ أي ﺣﻴﻮان‬-٢
.‫ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺎم‬
ً ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪى ﺳﻼﺳﺘﻪ أو ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺘﻪ‬،‫ اﻷﺑﺮاص ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق ﺑﺄي ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‬-٣
‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻖ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎل ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ وﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﻄﺢ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺻﻌﻮدﻫﺎ‬
.‫ ﺗﺘﻔﺮع ﻛﻞ ﺷﻌﺮة إﻟﻰ أﻟﻴﺎف أﺻﻐﺮ‬.‫وﺟﻮد ﺷﻌﻴﺮات ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎع أﻗﺪاﻣﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻞ أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻞ إﺻﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ! ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﻊ أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ رواﺑﻂ‬،‫ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات ﺗﺘﺸﺒﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻄﺢ وﺗﺸﻜﻞ رواﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‬
‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ‬.‫ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬،‫ﻓﺎن دﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﻟﺲ‬
.‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺴﺮ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‬
‫ ﻃﻮر اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻏﺮاًء ﻓﺎﺋًﻘﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮار اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﺪام أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬-٤
‫ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن إن اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ أﻗﻮى ﺑﺜﻼث ﻣﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺴﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬
.‫ وأﺛﺒﺖ ﺑﻌﺸﺮ ﻣﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﺣﻰ ﻣﻦ أﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺺ‬

397
 ‫‪ -٥‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ" ﺧﻼل اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎت واﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮان اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎن إرﻳﻚ درﻳﻜﺴﻠﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﺑﺪأ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How many hairs does a gecko have at‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔﻞ ﻛﻞ إﺻﺒﻊ؟‬
‫?‪the bottom of each toe‬‬
‫‪B. around two million‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫‪Q2: What are the forces that allow geckos‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﺑﺮاص ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﻖ‬
‫?‪to climb upside down on glass called‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج؟‬ ‫رأ ً‬
‫‪D. Van der Waals forces‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻗﻮات ﻓﺎن دﻳﺮ ﻓﺎل‬

‫‪Q3: Who started using the popular phrase‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻋﻤﺎل ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?"‪"nano‬‬ ‫أﻻﺳﻜﺎ؟‬
‫‪A. Eric Drexler‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬إرﻳﻚ درﻳﻜﺴﻠﺮ‬

‫‪398‬‬
 ⚡ ‫اﻷﻣﺎزون‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Tiny particles fuel powerful storms and influence weather much more than has been
appreciated, according to a study in the Jan. 26 issue of the journal Science.
2- The research focuses on the power of minute airborne particles known as aerosols, which
can come from urban and industrial air pollution, wildfires and other sources. While scientists
have known that aerosols may play an important role in shaping weather and climate, the
new study shows that the smallest of particles have an outsize effect. (Q1) Particles smaller
than one-thousandth the width of a human hair can cause storms to intensify, clouds to grow
and more rain to fall.
3- (Q2) "We showed that the presence of these particles is one reason why some storms
become so strong and produce so much rain. In a warm and humid area where atmospheric
conditions are otherwise very clean, the intrusion of very small particles can make quite an
impact," said Jiwen Fan of the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
who is lead author of the paper in Science. Fan led 21 authors from 15 institutions around
the world to do the study.
4- The study capitalized on data from an area of the Amazon that is pristine except for the
region around (Q3) Manaus, the largest city in the Amazon, with a population of more than 2
million people and (Q4) one of the most polluted cities. The setting gave scientists the rare
opportunity to look at the impact of pollution on atmospheric processes in a largely pre-
industrial environment and pinpoint the effects of the particles apart from other factors such
as temperature and humidity.
5- In this study, scientists studied the role of ultrafine particles less than 50 nanometers wide
in the development of thunderstorms. Similar but larger particles are known to play a role in
feeding powerful, fast-moving updrafts of air from the land surface to the atmosphere,
creating the clouds that play a central role in the formation of water droplets that fall as rain.
6- Through detailed computer simulations, the scientists showed how the smaller particles
have a powerful impact on storm clouds.
7- It turns out that when larger particles aren't present high in a warm and humid
environment, it spells opportunity for the smaller particles to act and form cloud droplets.
The low concentration of large particles contributes to high levels of excessive water vapor,
with relative humidity that can go well beyond 100 percent. That's a key condition spurring
ultrafine particles to transform into cloud droplets.
8- While the particles are small in size, they are large in number, and they can form many
small droplets on which the excess water vapor condenses. That enhanced condensation
releases more heat, and that heat makes the updrafts much more powerful: More warm air
is pulled into the clouds, pulling more droplets aloft and producing more ice and snow
pellets, lightning, and rain.
9- The result: "Invigorated convection," as Fan says -- and stronger storms.

399
‫‪10- “We've shown that under clean and humid conditions, like those that exist over the‬‬
‫‪ocean and some land in the tropics, tiny aerosols have a big impact on weather and climate‬‬
‫‪and can intensify storms a great deal," said Fan, an expert on the effects of pollution on‬‬
‫‪storms and weather. "More broadly, the results suggest that from pre-industrial to the‬‬
‫‪present day, human activity possibly may have changed storms in these regions in powerful‬‬
‫‪ways".‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد ‪ 26‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺣﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ واﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻣﻬ ً‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة أن أﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺮة اﻹﻧﺴﺎن أن ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﺷﺘﺪاد اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ وﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻐﻴﻮم وﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا وﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫‪" -٣‬ﻟﻘﺪ أﻇﻬﺮﻧﺎ أن وﺟﻮد ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫ﺪا‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ داﻓﺌﺔ ورﻃﺒﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫ﺪا ﺗﺄﺛﻴًﺮا ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا‪ ،‬ﻗﺎل ﺟﻴﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻬﺎدئ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﺟ ً‬
‫ﻟﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻮرﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎدت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎزون ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺎوس‪ ،‬أﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎزون‪ ،‬وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ وﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻠﻮًﺛﺎ‪ .‬أﻋﻄﻰ‬
‫اﻹﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻧﺎدرة ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪ ،‬درس اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء دور اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ 50‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘًﺮا ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ اﻟﺮﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أن اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺠ ً‬
‫ﻗﻮى ﺻﺎﻋﺪة ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا رﺋﻴﺴًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻗﻄﺮات اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬أﻇﻬﺮ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴًﺮا ﻗﻮًﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﻮم اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬اﺗﻀﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ داﻓﺌﺔ ورﻃﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ وﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﻄﺮات اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ رﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ‪ 100‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻳﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﺮات ﺳﺤﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﻌﺪد‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺮات‬
‫ﺴﻦ إﻟﻰ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪،‬‬‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺆدي ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺤ ّ‬
‫وﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺮات ﻋﺎﻟﻴﴼ وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ واﻟﺜﻠﺞ واﻟﺒﺮق واﻟﻤﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪" :‬ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري" ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮل ﻓﺎن ‪ -‬وﻋﻮاﺻﻒ أﻗﻮى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﻗﺎل اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﺎن‪" ،‬ﻟﻘﺪ أﻇﻬﺮﻧﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ واﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫وﺑﻌﺾ اﻷراﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ واﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة"‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ آﺛﺎر اﻟﺘﻠﻮث ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ واﻟﻄﻘﺲ‪" .‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎق أوﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﻟﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻳﻮﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬا‪ ،‬رﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main topic of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬:١‫س‬
C. effects of aerosol use on weather in the ‫ آﺛﺎر اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ج‬
Amazon ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻷﻣﺎزون‬

Q2: What is one important idea related to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬:٢‫س‬
ultrafine particles that the writer mentions ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
in Paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
D. They help produce bigger storms in the ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪاث ﻋﻮاﺻﻒ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬.‫د‬
Amazon. .‫اﻷﻣﺎزون‬

Q3: What important information about the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬:٣‫س‬
research study does the writer mention in ‫(؟‬4) ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
paragraphs (4)?
A. Manaus is in the Amazon. .‫ ﻣﺎﻧﺎوس ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎزون‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is Manaus an example of? ‫ إن ﻣﺎﻧﺎوس ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ؟‬:٤‫س‬

B. an area with high pollution ‫ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‬.‫ب‬

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 🤓 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of
167 national standards bodies. The quest to define international standards is closely linked to
the growth in international trade that occurred in the 20th and 21st centuries. When
products are made according to different standards there is a risk that a product that meets
the standard in one country won’t meet the standard in another. This raises the risk of buying
goods from suppliers around the world, hence hindering trade. Therefore, (Q1) ISO standards
were created and developed to set global standards for quality.
2- Standardization is a framework of (Q2) agreements between governments and businesses.
These agreements state that all companies must adhere to the set standards to ensure that
all processes associated with the creation of a good or performance of a service are
performed within set guidelines. They ensure that all products of the same category are
created to the same specifications between different facilities or companies.
3- For example, the wood products industry participates in international standards to
maintain consistency of like products. This can include references to acceptable product
sizing, water-solubility, grading, and composite properties. These standards ensure that when
a person goes to a retail store to purchase an item, such as a two-by-four, the sizing is
consistent regardless of the store visited or the product manufacturer.
4- (Q3) In fact, standardization also helps in ensuring the safety, interoperability, and
compatibility of goods produced. They give world-class specifications for products, services
and systems to ensure quality, safety and efficiency. (Q4) Although they provide many benefits
to the general public, they are very beneficial to businesses, as well.
5- Isabelle Ledoux, BDC Consultant, advises entrepreneurs on getting ISO and other standards
because they promote best practices, help a business become more productive, keep the
customers happy and (Q5) improve revenues (money an organization gets from its business).
‫ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﻟﺴﻌﻲ‬.‫ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ وﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬167 ‫ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ دوﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ISO -1
‫ﻃﺎ وﺛﻴًﻘﺎ ﺑﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ واﻟﺤﺎدي‬
ً ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﻬﻨﺎك ﺧﻄﺮ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ أن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺬي‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫واﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮردﻳﻦ‬.‫ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻠﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ آﺧﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ISO ‫ ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ إﻃﺎر ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬-2
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﺳﻠﻌﺔ أو‬
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤﻫﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬.‫أداء ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ إرﺷﺎدات ﻣﺤﺪدة‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت أو اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺸﺎرك ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺴﺎق‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬-3
‫ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ذﻟﻚ إﺷﺎرات إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﺠﺮ ﺑﻴﻊ‬.‫ واﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑًﺘﺎ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻤﺖ زﻳﺎرﺗﻪ أو‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ أرﺑﻌﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻟﺸﺮاء ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬

402
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻤﺎن ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ أﻳ ً‬
‫وﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﺟ ً‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺗﻨﺼﺢ إﻳﺰاﺑﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﺪوﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎرة ‪ ،BDC‬رواد اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ISO‬وﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ أﺧﺮى ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺮوج‬
‫ﻷﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺳﻌﺪاء وﺗﺤﺴﻦ اﻹﻳﺮادات‬
‫)اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How was the problem of different‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻢ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻮرات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫?‪perceptions of quality solved‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻮدة؟‬
‫‪A. People created ISO and developed‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬أﻧﺸﺄ اﻟﻨﺎس ‪ ISO‬وﻃﻮروا ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻮدة‪.‬‬
‫‪standards of quality.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What does Paragraph (2) say about‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (2‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ؟‬
‫?‪standardization‬‬
‫‪D. It is a result of agreements between‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬إﻧﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪business and governments.‬‬

‫‪Q3: Why does the writer use the phrase in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?)‪fact in Paragraph (4‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(4‬؟‬
‫‪C. to give more information about the‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬
‫‪importance of the international ISO‬‬ ‫‪ ISO‬اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪standards‬‬

‫‪Q4: Which word can replace the word‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫?)‪(Although) in Paragraph (4‬‬ ‫)ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(4‬؟‬
‫‪B. However‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫‪Q5: What does the writer think is an added‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﺰة إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫?‪advantage of ISO certification‬‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻬﺎدة ‪ISO‬؟‬
‫‪A. He thinks the process of certification‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻬﺎدة ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫‪helps companies save money by improving‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫‪their processes.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪403‬‬
 📑 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP are the standardized set of principles
that public companies in the U.S. must follow. Thorough investment research requires an
assessment of both GAAP and adjusted results (non-GAAP), but investors should carefully
consider the validity of non-GAAP exclusions on a case-by-case basis. The reason is to avoid
misleading (Q1) reported figures.
2- However, non-standard accounting practices have been gaining in popularity among
Canadian publicly traded companies. Issuers that rely solely on standard accounting metrics
now make up a small minority of the companies.
3- Many issuers believe that non-standard measures are a better reflection of performance
than Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) as they give the companies the right
(Q2) to choose which results to show. Yet there are growing concerns that non-GAAP
measures are being used (Q3) to inflate earnings and present a more positive picture of
financial performance.
4- The most (Q4) generally noted concern with non-GAAP measures is that they may appear to
inflate earnings artificially. For some Canadian issuers, the result is a large gap between
adjusted and non-adjusted earnings. An additional concern is that because these measures
are non-standard, it may be difficult for investors to understand how they are calculated. This
means they may also vary from company to company, rendering comparisons difficult.
‫ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬GAAP ‫ أو‬،‫ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮًﻣﺎ‬-١
‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎري اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬،(‫اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءات ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس‬
.‫ واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪة‬
‫ ﻓﻘﺪ اﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬-٢
‫ﻤﺼﺪرون اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪون ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮن اﻵن أﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ‬ ُ ‫ اﻟ‬.‫ﻋﻠًﻨﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﻳﻦ أن اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻧﻌﻜﺎس أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻸداء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎدئ‬-٣
‫ وﻣﻊ‬.‫( ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬GAAP) ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮًﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺨﺎوف ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ‬،‫ذﻟﻚ‬
.‫ﻟﺘﻀﺨﻴﻢ اﻷرﺑﺎح وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺻﻮرة أﻛﺜﺮ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻸداء اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻠﻖ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮاءات ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ‬-٤
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺼﺪرﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻓﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪو وﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻷرﺑﺎح ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻨﻊ‬
‫ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻗﻠﻖ إﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻫﻮ أﻧﻪ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن ﻫﺬه‬.‫ﻫﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻓﺠﻮة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷرﺑﺎح اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﺻﻌﺒﺔ‬،‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬ ً ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻳ‬

404
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word reported in Paragraph (1) is ‫( ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬1) ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ وﺿﺢ اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
B. explained ‫ ﺷﺮح‬.‫ب‬

Q2: According to the text, what is one ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ‬:٢‫س‬
important effect of non-standard ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ؟‬
accounting?
D. It allows companies to choose the .‫ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬.‫د‬
results they show.

Q3: What is the reason for companies ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ إﺧﻔﺎء اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬:٣‫س‬
hiding some business costs? ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ؟‬
A. It makes them seem more successful. ً ‫ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺒﺪون أﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ‬.‫أ‬
.‫ﺣﺎ‬

Q4: The word generally in Paragraph (4) is ‫( ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ‬4) ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬:٤‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
C. usually. .‫ ﻋﺎدة‬.‫ج‬

405
 💿 ‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Software licensing helps protect the software company and the end-user. Using unlicensed
software is illegal and can cost you time and money. Most software is licensed, not sold,
meaning there are terms the end-user must follow. The terms and conditions are often
described in the Software License Agreement and usually include rules and restrictions on
using the software: how long you can use the software (e.g., 12 months), how many
computers you can install it on, and what types of uses are permitted (e.g., educational vs.
commercial use). It also includes restrictions on reverse engineering, selling, or transferring
the software.
2- If an end-user violates the terms of the software agreement, they could lose the right to
use the software or be forced to pay a fine. Individuals and organizations should read and
fully understand the terms of the software license and ensure compliance.
3- (Q1) Software licensing is very beneficial for the customers. (Q2) First and foremost, it
protects companies against piracy. Using unlicensed software is considered software piracy.
Software piracy refers to the unauthorized use, duplication, or distribution of copyrighted
software. The copyright owners can take legal action against you, and the government can
force you to pay damages. Some people think they won't get caught using unlicensed
software. Unfortunately, they are mistaken.
4- Companies have a financial incentive to fight against software violations. (Q2) According to
the Business Software Alliance ("BSA"), software companies lose about $46 billion per year
due to unlicensed software. There are tools and services that identify unlicensed software
users and help companies recover revenue.
5- Licensed software decreases the risk of cybersecurity incidents. Reports have shown that
people and organizations who use unlicensed PC software generally encounter more
malware than those who don't. Because cybercriminals can pre-install or embed malware in
the software and use it to gain unauthorized access to your information, (Q3) a lot of people
who buy software prefer licensed software. In fact, a survey conducted by BSA revealed that
users rated malware among the top three reasons to avoid unlicensed software.
6- Licensed software can save money and increase efficiency. According to the BSA, fixing
problems with malware from unlicensed software can cost more than $10,000 per infected
computer.
‫ ﻳﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬-١
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﺮﺧﺼﺔ وﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ أﻣًﺮا ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻠﻔﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ واﻟﻤﺎل‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻨﻮد واﻟﺸﺮوط ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻃﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺷﺮو‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬:‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﻋﺎدًة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ وﻗﻴﻮًدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
،‫ وﻋﺪد أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬،(‫ ﺷﻬًﺮا‬12 ،‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
.(‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬،‫وأﻧﻮاع اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻗﻴﻮًدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺒﻴﻊ أو ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬
ً ‫وﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ أﻳ‬

406
‫‪ -٢‬إذا اﻧﺘﻬﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺷﺮوط اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ أو ﻳﻀﻄﺮ‬
‫إﻟﻰ دﻓﻊ ﻏﺮاﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻗﺮاءة ﺷﺮوط ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ وﺿﻤﺎن‬
‫اﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎل‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء‪ .‬أوًﻻ وﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬إﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﺪا ﺟ ً‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻣﻔﻴ ً‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﻗﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺻﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺮح ﺑﻪ أو‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺦ أو اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﺮح ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﺗﺨﺎذ إﺟﺮاءات ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﺪك‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أن ﺗﺠﺒﺮك ﻋﻠﻰ دﻓﻊ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎت‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫أﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺧﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺴﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﺌﻮن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻓﺰ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﺔ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‪ .‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟـ)"‪، Business Software Alliance ("BSA‬‬
‫ﺗﺨﺴﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 46‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك أدوات وﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﻴﻦ وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺮداد اﻹﻳﺮادات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺣﻮادث اﻷﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺒﺮاﻧﻲ‪ .‬أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ أن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺿﺎرة أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪ .‬ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺿﺎرة ﻣﺴﺒًﻘﺎ أو ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺻﻮل ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺮح ﺑﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺮون اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﻔﺖ دراﺳﺔ اﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﺟﺮﺗﻬﺎ ‪ BSA‬أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺻّﻨﻔﻮا اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻀﺎرة ﺿﻤﻦ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺎل وزﻳﺎدة اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‪ .‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟـ ‪ ،BSA‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻠﻒ إﺻﻼح ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻀﺎرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 10000‬دوﻻر ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺼﺎب‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Which of the following is the writer's‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
‫?‪opinion‬‬
‫‪C. Software licensing brings many‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﺠﻠﺐ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪advantages to the customer.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What can we understand from the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫?‪passage about software piracy‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ؟‬
‫‪B. It is the main reason software companies‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت‬
‫‪prefer licensing.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺗﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What can we understand from the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪passage about a lot of people who‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﺮون اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ؟‬
‫?‪purchase software‬‬
‫‪D. They like having a software license‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺒﻮن اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬
‫‪agreement.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪407‬‬
 🧪 ‫ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺤﻔﺎز اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In Chemistry, catalysts are defined as those substances which alter the rate of reaction by
changing the path of reaction. Most of the time a catalyst is used to help a reaction (Q1)
undergo an increase in its speed or in its rate. However, if we go to a deeper level, catalysts
are used to break or rebuild the chemical bonds between the atoms which are present in the
molecules of different elements or compounds. In essence, catalysts encourage molecules to
react and make the whole reaction process easier and efficient.
2- The reaction which involves a catalyst in their system is known as a catalytic reaction. In
other words, catalytic action is a chemical reaction between the catalyst and a reactant. This
results in the formation of chemical intermediates that can further react quite readily with
each other or with another reactant to form a product. However, when the reaction between
the chemical intermediates and the reactants occurs or takes place the catalyst is
regenerated.
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎدة إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪوث زﻳﺎدة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬-١
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ وﻣﻊ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤﻔﺰ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻟﻪ‬.‫ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات ﻟﻜﺴﺮ أو إﻋﺎدة ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫ إذا اﻧﺘﻘﻠﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻋﻤﻖ‬،‫ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس‬.‫اﻟﺬرات اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ أﺳﻬﻞ وأﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة‬
‫ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ‬.‫ ُﻳﻌﺮف اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻔﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰي‬-٢
‫ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد وﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬.‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎز ﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ واﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أو ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬
.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ‬،‫ﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ أو ﻳﺤﺪث‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word undergo is closest in _____ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑـ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬:١‫س‬
meaning to _____
B. experience ‫ ﻳﺠﺮب‬.‫ب‬

408
 📃 ‫ﺷﻬﺎدة أو دﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Evidence is information or materials relevant to proving the facts of your case to the court.
This may include information that doesn’t support your case – information that may end up
helping the other side.
2- If you start a civil claim you have to prove the facts that form the basis of your claim unless
your opponent agrees with (or admits) some or all of them. You do this by collecting and
providing the court with relevant information. This information is called evidence.
3- It isn’t enough for you to say you know or believe something is true. If you want the court
to decide in your favour you need evidence to support what you say happened, why it’s the
defendant’s (Q1) liability, the loss the defendant has caused you, and the costs and expenses
you have had to pay.
4- Evidence gives the court a reason for believing that: something did or did not happen. It
clearly proves whether someone other than the defendant caused the problem, you have
suffered the losses or expenses you claim or whether the defendant should compensate the
defendant for their loss.
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻻ‬.‫ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أو ﻣﻮاد ذات ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎت وﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻗﻀﻴﺘﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬-١
.‫ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻄﺮف اﻵﺧﺮ‬- ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻚ‬
‫ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻚ إﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎس دﻋﻮاك ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮاﻓﻖ ﺧﺼﻤﻚ )أو‬،‫ إذا ﺑﺪأت دﻋﻮى ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬-٢
.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ وﺗﺰوﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬.‫ﻳﻌﺘﺮف( ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ أو ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻷدﻟﺔ‬
،‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ أن ﺗﻘﺮر ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻚ‬.‫ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ أن ﺗﻘﻮل إﻧﻚ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أو ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬-٣
‫ واﻟﺨﺴﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ‬،‫ وﻟﻤﺎذا ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬،‫ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮل أﻧﻪ ﺣﺪث‬
.‫ واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ واﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻚ دﻓﻌﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن‬.‫ ﺣﺪث ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ أو ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪث‬:‫ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺳﺒًﺒﺎ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﺄن‬-٤
‫ أو أﻧﻚ ﺗﻜﺒﺪت اﻟﺨﺴﺎﺋﺮ أو اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻬﺎ أو‬،‫ﺷﺨﺺ آﺧﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺴﺎرﺗﻪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word liability in Paragraph (3) is ‫( ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬3) ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
A. fault. ‫ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬.‫أ‬

409
 🦅 ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) Giant birds of the past have names that speak for themselves. (Q2) The elephant bird, a
native of Madagascar and the largest known giant bird, stood at over nine feet tall and
weighed in at a whopping 1,000 pounds or more, until it went extinct about 1,000 years ago.
Australia’s mihirung, nicknamed “thunder bird,” which disappeared nearly 50,000 years ago,
is thought to have been nearly seven feet tall and weighed between 500 and 1,000 pounds.
But until now, no one had ever found evidence of these (Q1) towering avians in Europe.
2- A team of paleontologists dug up the fossil—(Q3) an unusually large femur—in Taurida
Cave, located on the Crimean Peninsula in the northern Black Sea. The cave was only
discovered last June when the construction of a new highway revealed its entrance. Initial
expeditions last summer led to exciting finds, including the bones and teeth of extinct
mammoth relatives. Of course, the team didn’t expect to find large birds, since there had
never been evidence of their existence in Europe.
3- “When these bones reached me, I felt like I was holding something belonging to elephant
birds from Madagascar,” paleontologist Nikita Zelenkov of the Borissiak Paleontological
Institute, who lead the study, says in an email. “This was the most surprising [part] for me,
such an incredible size. We did not expect [that]”.
4- Based on the femur’s dimensions, the team calculated that the bird would have weighed
around 992 pounds—as much as an adult polar bear—making it the third largest bird ever
recorded.
5- (Q4) Although the bone was similar in size to an elephant bird’s femur, it was more slender
and elongated, like a larger version of the modern ostrich (Struthio camelus). “The main
difference from Struthio is the notable robustness. There are also some less visible details,
like the shape or orientation of particular surfaces, which indicate a different morphology
from ostriches,” Zelenkov says.
6- The femur’s shape also gives us clues about what the world was like when Pachystruthio
was alive. Its similarities to the bones of a modern ostrich suggest that enormous bird was a
good runner, which could imply that it lived among large carnivorous mammals like the giant
cheetah or saber-toothed cats. This idea is supported by the earlier findings of nearby bones
and fossils.
7- Perhaps most notably, the team hypothesizes that Pachystruthio was present when Homo
erectus arrived in Europe during the Early Pleistocene and possibly arrived via the same
route. Knowing that the two ancient species could have coexisted introduces a world of new
questions for scientists.
8- “The thought that some of the largest birds to have ever existed were not found in Europe
until so recently is revelatory,” (Q5) Daniel Field, a paleontologist at the University of
Cambridge who was not involved in the new research, says in an email. “[It] raises exciting
questions about the factors that gave rise to these giant birds, and the factors that drove
them to extinction”.

410
 ‫‪ -١‬ﻃﻴﻮر اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ أﺳﻤﺎء ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻃﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺪﻏﺸﻘﺮ وأﻛﺒﺮ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻼق ﻣﻌﺮوف‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ أﻗﺪام ووزﻧﻪ ‪ 1000‬رﻃﻞ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ اﻧﻘﺮض ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪1000‬‬
‫ﻋﺎم‪ُ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ‪ mihirung‬اﻷﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻠﻘﺐ ﺑـ "ﻃﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺮﻋﺪ"‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي اﺧﺘﻔﻰ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ 50000‬ﻋﺎم‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ أﻗﺪام ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ وﻳﺰن ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 500‬و‪ 1000‬رﻃﻞ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺜﺮ أﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أي دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺎم ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﺣﺎﻓﻴﺮ ﺑﺤﻔﺮ اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻋﻈﻢ ﻓﺨﺬ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي ‪ -‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻬﻒ ﺗﻮرﻳﺪا‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻘﺮم ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺳﻮد‪ .‬ﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻜﻬﻒ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻒ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﺧﻠﻪ‪ .‬أدت اﻟﺮﺣﻼت اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺜﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻈﺎم وأﺳﻨﺎن أﻗﺎرب اﻟﻤﺎﻣﻮث اﻟﻤﻨﻘﺮﺿﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻴﻮر ﻛﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻮدﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻘﻮل ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت ﻧﻴﻜﻴﺘﺎ زﻳﻠﻴﻨﻜﻮف ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﻮرﻳﺴﻴﺎك ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻷﺣﺎﻓﻴﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻗﺎد اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪" :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ وﺻﻠﺘﻨﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺮت وﻛﺄﻧﻨﻲ أﺣﻤﻞ ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻃﻴﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻔﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻏﺸﻘﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻛﺜﺮ إﺛﺎرة ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺬﻫﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪".‬‬
‫ﻼ ‪ -‬ﺑﻘﺪر‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ أﺑﻌﺎد ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﺨﺬ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ أن اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺰن ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 992‬رﻃ ً‬
‫وزن اﻟﺪب اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ -‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‪.‬‬
‫ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﺨﺬ ﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﻞ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن أﻛﺜﺮ رﺷﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪- ٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻌﻈﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺸﺎﺑ ً‬
‫واﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ" ‪ (Struthio camelus).‬اﻟﻔﺎرق اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ ‪ Struthio‬ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ أو اﺗﺠﺎه أﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻷﻗﻞ وﺿﻮ ً‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﻌﺎم" ﻳﻘﻮل زﻳﻠﻴﻨﻜﻮف‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ أدﻟﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺑﺎﺗﺸﻴﺴﺘﺮوﺛﻴﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﺨﺬ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺪا‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ وﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻀﺨﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪاًءا ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة آﻛﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻬﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻼق أو اﻟﻘﻄﻂ ذات أﺳﻨﺎن اﻟﺴﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬وﻟﻌﻞ اﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻔﺘﺮض أن ‪ Pachystruthio‬ﻛﺎن ﺣﺎﺿًﺮا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ وﺻﻞ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن إﻟﻰ‬
‫أوروﺑﺎ ﺧﻼل أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪي ورﺑﻤﺎ وﺻﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‪ .‬إن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪاﻣﻰ ﻳﻘﺪم ﻋﺎﻟﻤﴼ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻳﻘﻮل داﻧﻴﺎل ﻓﻴﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﺪج‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺜﻴﺮ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻴﺮة ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ أدت إﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ دﻓﻌﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﻘﺮاض‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What two phrases does the writer use ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرﺗﺎن اﻟﻠﺘﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻴﻘﻮل‬:١‫س‬
to say that the birds were very large? ‫ﺪا؟‬
ً ‫إن اﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺟ‬
C. giant bird and towering avian ‫ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﻋﻤﻼق وﻃﻴﻮر ﺷﺎﻫﻘﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Which of the following does the writer ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ إﻧﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
say is a fact?
A. The Elephant bird was over nine feet tall. .‫ ﻛﺎن ﻃﻮل ﻃﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ أﻗﺪام‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What can we understand about the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻘﺮم اﻟﻌﻤﻼق‬:٣‫س‬
giant bird of Crimea from Paragraph (2)? ‫(؟‬2) ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
B. Researchers did not find all the bones. .‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬.‫ب‬

Q4: How are researchers' views since the ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ اﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ آراء اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬:٤‫س‬
new discovery different from the views ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ؟‬
held before?
D. They now know what the birds looked ‫ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن اﻵن ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻄﻴﻮر اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬.‫د‬
like. .‫ﺗﺒﺪو‬

Q5: What can be understood about Daniel ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻋﻦ داﻧﻴﺎل ﻓﻴﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ‬:٥‫س‬
Field from paragraph (8)? ‫(؟‬8) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. He studies fossils. .‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺪرس اﻟﺤﻔﺮﻳﺎت‬.‫أ‬

412
 💂 ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻧﺠﻠﺘﺮا‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- When starting a business, one of the first things to be decided is the legal structure. It can
either be a sole trader, partnership or limited company, and each has its advantages and
disadvantages.
2- (Q1) A sole trader can only be one individual. If two or more individuals agree to join
together in business, then they shall form a partnership. (Q1) There is no upper limited on the
number of partners, but you must have a minimum of two. There is no upper limited on the
number of shareholders in a limited company, either, but you must have a minimum of one.
3- (Q2) When it comes to both partnerships and limited companies, raising funds is much
easier than sole traders because there are several partners which means greater earning
power and credit.
4 -In terms of decision making and business strategies, (Q3) the owner of a sole trader is the
only one responsible for all decision making and business strategies. In partnerships, partners
share responsibility for making decisions and usually agree on the business plan which is why
they originally join their efforts in a partnership. In limited companies, however, decisions are
subject to the company’s constitution. The directors are responsible for the day-to-day
running of the company and only certain decisions will require shareholders’ approval.
5 -There is little distinction between the business owner and the business in both sole traders
and partnerships. (Q4) Any business debts become the owner’s or the partners’ debts and
your personal assets, including one’s house, are not protected.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن إﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن أﺣﺪ أول اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪء ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﺎري‬-١
. ‫ وﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺰاﻳﺎﻫﺎ وﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺗﺎﺟًﺮا ﻣﻨﻔﺮًدا أو ﺷﺮاﻛﺔ أو ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
،‫ﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
ً ‫ إذا واﻓﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﺎن أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎم ﻣ‬.‫ﺪا ﻓﻘﻂ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻓﺮًدا واﺣ‬-٢
.‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ اﺛﻨﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‬،‫ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺪ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء‬.‫ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮاﻛﺔ‬
. ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‬،‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ أﻳ‬،‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺪ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
‫ ﻓﺈن ﺟﻤﻊ اﻷﻣﻮال أﺳﻬﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬-٣
‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار‬.‫اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﻴﻦ ﻷن ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﻗﻮة اﻟﻜﺴﺐ واﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎن‬
،‫واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت‬.‫ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬-٤
‫ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻘﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ اﻟﻘﺮارات‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻧﻀﻤﺎﻣﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻬﻮدﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮاﻛﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮون ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻹدارة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺳﺘﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺮارات ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ‬.‫ﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮر اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬
. ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أي‬.‫ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮق ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﻴﻦ واﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت‬-٥
.‫ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺰل اﻟﻔﺮد‬،‫دﻳﻮن ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ دﻳﻮن اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ أو اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء وأﺻﻮﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How is a partnership different from a ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺪاول اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬:١‫س‬
Sole trader and a private limited company? ‫وﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ؟‬
A. It has to have multiple owners. .‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is one advantage partnerships ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺰة اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ‬:٢‫س‬
and private limited companies have over ‫اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر‬
sole traders? ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﻳﻦ؟‬
B. It is easier to find money to grow the ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻞ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬.‫ب‬
business. .‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬

Q3: What is one advantage sole traders ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪون‬:٣‫س‬
and partnerships have over private limited ‫واﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة؟‬
companies?
D. It is easier to agree on a business .‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻞ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬.‫د‬
strategy.

Q4: In which business do the owners have ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬:٤‫س‬
to use their personal money if the business ‫أﻣﻮاﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟‬
fails?
B. Partnerships and sole traders ‫ اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت واﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪون‬.‫ب‬

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 😬 ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ واﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) All stress begins with a thought. It isn’t what’s happening “out there” that initiates the
stress response. It’s how we interpret what’s happening “out there” that causes us to
become stressed or not. We call this a perception of a threat. If we think this situation will
lead to some kind of emotional, mental, spiritual, or physical pain, we turn on the stress
response automatically to prepare for the potential pain.
2- In short doses, our bodies are well prepared to handle stress, but when that stress
becomes long-term or chronic, it can have major consequences on your muscles.
3- When we’re under a lot of stress, our brain sends a signal to our nerves telling them to go
into “protective mode,” (Q2) which causes our muscles to contract and tone up. When
muscles are strained, circulation is reduced, resulting in a buildup of lactic acid in the
muscles. This can cause discomfort, which can be comparable to the stiffness you get the day
after a hard workout like weightlifting.
4- While a direct link between stress and heart disease has not been determined, people who
are stressed on a daily basis often act in ways that increase their risk for developing heart
disease. Moreover, the unhealthy lifestyle choices people often make when stressed could
impact their overall health and well-being. (Q3) Many stressed-out people do not enough
exercise, eat too much junk food, don’t get enough sleep, smoke, and some even drink too
much alcohol.
5- Some people think any type of stress is bad, but this isn’t the case. Although you should do
whatever it takes to avoid this type of relentless mental abuse, you should welcome
moderate doses of stress with open arms. Humans have a flight-or-fight response, which is
an inborn physiological reaction that occurs when they’re under attack. Your body is wired to
handle every day, normal stressors, and when your natural defenses kick in, your well-being
improves. So, before you coin stress as the “bad guy,” consider some of these surprising
health benefits.
6- It improves cognitive function. This is because moderate stress strengthens the connection
between neurons in your brain, improving memory and attention span, (Q4) and helping you
become more alert and productive.
7- Although chronic stress can negatively affect pregnancy, the good news is that moderate
levels of normal stress during pregnancy won’t harm a baby. A study found that babies born
to women who experienced mild to moderate stress during pregnancy had more advanced
early developmental skills by the age of 2 than babies born to unstressed mothers.
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﺮ‬،‫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث "ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎرج" ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﻔﻜﺮة‬-١
‫ إذا اﻋﺘﻘﺪﻧﺎ أن‬،‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺬا ﺗﺼﻮر وﺟﻮد ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث "ﻫﻨﺎك" ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ أو ﻻ‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬،‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺳﻴﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ أو اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ أو اﻟﺮوﺣﻲ أو اﻟﺠﺴﺪي‬
.‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋًﻴﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﻟﻸﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺬا‬،‫ﺪا ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬
ً ‫ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪة ﺟﻴ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮة‬-٢
.‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ وﺧﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻀﻼﺗﻚ‬،‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻷﻣﺪ أو ﻣﺰﻣًﻨﺎ‬

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‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺳﻞ دﻣﺎﻏﻨﺎ إﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ أﻋﺼﺎﺑﻨﺎ ﺗﺨﺒﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﺎب إﻟﻰ "اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﻋﻀﻼﺗﻨﺎ وﺗﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻞ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻼﻛﺘﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﻌﺪم اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ رﻓﻊ اﻷﺛﻘﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮن ﺑﻄﺮق ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﺧﻴﺎرات ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫ف‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ورﻓﺎﻫﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ .‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺎرﺳﻮن اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎ ٍ‬
‫ف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم‪ ،‬وﻳﺄﻛﻠﻮن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺪﺧﻨﻮن‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ وﻳﺸﺮب ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻂ ﻛﺎ ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺤﻮل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺎس أن أي ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ﺳﻲء‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰم ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻹﺳﺎءة اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻫﻮادة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺮﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺠﺮﻋﺎت ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺄذرع ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺪى اﻟﺒﺸﺮ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻬﺮوب أو اﻟﻘﺘﺎل‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ رد ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻄﺮي ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺿﻮن ﻟﻠﻬﺠﻮم‪ .‬ﺟﺴﻤﻚ ُﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻮﻃﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪأ دﻓﺎﻋﺎﺗﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺻﺤﺘﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ""ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺊ"‪ ،‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻫﺸﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎرك ﺑﻌ ً‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻷن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪل ﻳﻘﻮي اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ دﻣﺎﻏﻚ‪،‬‬
‫وﻳﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة وﻣﺪى اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه‪ ،‬وﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪك ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻘﻈﺔ وإﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻤﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠًﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﺴﺎر ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺆذي اﻟﻄﻔﻞ‪ .‬وﺟﺪت دراﺳﺔ أن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮدﻳﻦ ﻷﻣﻬﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺎﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻬﺎد ﺧﻔﻴﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﻤﻬﺎرات ﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﻜﺮة أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﺪًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮدﻳﻦ ﻷﻣﻬﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺗﺮة‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Where can stress come from‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﻦ أﻳﻦ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ؟‬
‫‪C. our thoughts‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أﻓﻜﺎرﻧﺎ‬

‫‪Q2: What can cause bodily aches and‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻵﻻم اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ؟‬
‫?‪pains‬‬
‫‪C. muscle tension‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺸﺪ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ‬

‫‪Q3: According to the passage, what‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﺑﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدات اﻟﻀﺎرة اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪harmful habits may people adopt under‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ؟‬
‫?‪pressure‬‬
‫‪D. smoking‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻴﻦ‬

‫?‪Q4: What positive effects can stress have‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺗﺮ؟‬
‫‪B. staying alert‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﻫﺐ‬

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 🏢 ‫ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬X ‫اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺴﻮق‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1 -What Is A Product Approach Example?
Business orientation refers to how a company or organization approaches its strategies for
success. As a business, being successful means outlining a strategy and following it to achieve
its goals. There are different business orientations such as product-orientation, sales
orientation, and market orientation, just to name some.
2 -A product approach to business is (Q1) when a company focuses on what it can produce
well and better than others. It is important to focus on the end-product when developing a
product approach. A product approach is a business’s focus on its output rather than its
customers’ needs, wants, and values in marketing. During the late 19th & early 20th century
the focus was to concentrate on the product itself. As a result, top quality, competitive
products with lots of features were produced. Quality has always been a priority for
customers (Q2) but the weakness found in this orientation was that the products weren’t
necessarily satisfying what customers really wanted and needed.
3 -This approach is used by many companies today. Fast-food chains such as Burger King and
McDonald’s, for example, produce a large amount of fast food at the lowest price possible,
which is a hallmark of their business model. Sony is another example of product-orientation
business. In order to succeed, they focus on the innovative products they can produce, rather
than what their customers desire. The second indicator of product orientation is the quality
of their luxury products.
4 -Salespeople also use a product approach to approach prospects by demonstrating the
features and benefits of the product as they walk up to them.
Market orientation definition
5 -This approach prioritizes identifying consumers’ needs and delivering products and
services to satisfy them. The primary focus marketing orientation is to promote products to
attract new customers. A market-oriented business is outward-looking. It focuses on fulfilling
its target markets’ wants and needs to achieve success. Resultantly, any customer demand
shifts must be addressed and might reflect changes in product or service offerings
6 -Customers’ needs and wants must be considered when designing products. As a result,
companies like Gillette, Coca-Cola, and Travis Perkins are able to conduct market research
into what consumers want by closely aligning their product orientation with their market. (Q3)
The result is their success due to their ability to connect both the customers’ needs with
high-quality products. In other words, they do not prefer one orientation to the other. (Q4)
They have linked product orientation to market orientation.
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻧﻬﺞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ؟‬
،‫ ﻛﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺠﺎري‬.‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل إﻟﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎح‬-١
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬.‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ وﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻻ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‬،‫ وﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺴﻮق‬،‫ وﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت‬،‫ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬

417
 ‫ﺪا وأﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﻬﺞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﻪ ﺑﺪًﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻪ ورﻏﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﻗﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ .‬ﺧﻼل أواﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ وأواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن‬
‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة وﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺰات‪ .‬ﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻣﻦ أوﻟﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻀﻌﻒ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻛﺎن أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة ﺗﺮﺿﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪه اﻟﻌﻤﻼء وﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻧﻪ ﺣًﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻴﻮم‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪Burger King‬و ‪ ،McDonald’s‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‪،‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﻟﻨﻤﻮذج أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎح‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻛﺰون ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻼؤﻫﻢ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﺧﺮة‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻧﻬﺞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻴﺰات‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻨﺪوﺑﻮ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت أﻳ ً‬
‫وﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﻢ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺴﻮق‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮوﻳﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﺠﺬب ﻋﻤﻼء ﺟﺪد‪ .‬اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺴﻮق ﺗﺘﻄﻠﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج‪ .‬ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ رﻏﺒﺎت واﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎح‪ .‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ أي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻋﺮوض‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ورﻏﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‪ .‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ Gillette‬و ‪ Coca-Cola‬و ‪ Travis Perkins‬ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ إﺟﺮاء أﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺴﻮق ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪه اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻣﻮاءﻣﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ أﺳﻮاﻗﻬﻢ‪ .‬واﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺪا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺎ واﺣ ً‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺑﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‪ .‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮن اﺗﺠﺎ ً‬
‫رﺑﻄﻮا ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What important idea connected to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬:١‫س‬
product-oriented firms does the writer ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
mention in Paragraph (1)? ‫(؟‬1)
C. They pay more attention to what they ‫ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻮﻟﻮن اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ج‬
make and services that help it. .‫واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪه‬

Q2: What important idea connected to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن‬:٢‫س‬
20th-century firms does the writer mention ‫(؟‬2) ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
in Paragraph (2)?
A. They did not understand what their .‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻼؤﻫﻢ‬.‫أ‬
customers looked for.

Q3: What ideas connected to successful ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ‬:٣‫س‬

companies does the writer mention? ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
C. They meet their customers' needs and ‫ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻠﺒﻮن اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻬﻢ وﻳﺼﻨﻌﻮن أﻳﻀًﺎ‬.‫ج‬
also make a quality product. .‫ﺠﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬
ً ‫ﻣﻨﺘ‬

Q4: What does the writer want to show ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺟﻴﻠﻴﺖ وﻛﻮﻛﺎ‬:٤‫س‬
with the examples of Gillette, Coca-Cola, ‫ﻛﻮﻻ وﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﺮﻛﻨﺰ؟‬
and Travis Perkins?
B. That market and product orientation are .‫ﺤﺎ‬
ً ‫ﻃﺎ واﺿ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺴﻮق ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ارﺗﺒﺎ‬.‫ب‬
clearly connected.

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 📊 ‫اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Look at the graph below and answer the questions based on what you see.
.‫اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ أدﻧﺎه وأﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮاه‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What percentage of spending was on ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬:١‫س‬
food in 1929? ‫؟‬1929
D. 27% ٪27 .‫د‬

Q2: In which year was the percentage of ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻫﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
spending on transportation highest? ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ؟‬
B. 1965 1965 .‫ب‬

420
 🧠 ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The protection of (Q1) Intellectual Property Rights guarantee, secure the individuals’
intellect by protecting their Intellectual Property Rights through awareness as well as
enforcement of laws. The law makers have divided Intellectual Property Rights into four
major categories, including but not limited to Copyright, Patent, Trademarks and Industrial
design.
2- Copyright law protects the rights of creators in their works in fine arts, publishing,
entertainment, and computer software. The laws protect the owner of the work if others
copy, present, or display the owners work without permission. (Q2) In other words, people
must consider both art and science to be legitimate professions.
3- Trademark law protects a word, phrase, symbol or design that is used by an entity to
identify its product or service. Examples are Dunkin Donuts orange and pink sausage style
lettering, Apple’s apple logo, and Adidas’ three stripes. Trademark owners can prevent others
from using their marks, or marks which are confusingly similar so that consumers would not
be able to identify the source. Firms can (Q3) obtain rights in trademarks by being the first to
use a trademark in commerce or being the first to register the mark with the United States
Patent and Trademark Office.
4- Patent law grants protection for new inventions which can be products, processes or
designs and provides a mechanism for protection of the invention. The patent law (Q4)
promotes the sharing of new developments with others to foster innovation. The patent
owner has the right to protect others from producing, using, distributing or importing the
protected item. Essentially the patent is a property right that can be licensed, sold,
mortgaged or assigned.
5- Trade secrets are business practices, formulas, designs or processes used in a business,
designed specifically to provide a competitive advantage to a business. These trade secrets
would not be otherwise known to an “outsider” of the business. An example of this is the
formula for Coca Cola. Trade secrets are protected without registration and appropriate
steps should be taken by the owner to maintain confidentiality.
‫ وﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ذﻛﺎء اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬-١
‫ﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺮﻋﻮن ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ أرﺑﻊ‬ّ ‫ ﻗ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﻋﻲ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ إﻧﻔﺎذ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻻ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ وﺑﺮاءات اﻻﺧﺘﺮاع واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬،‫ﻓﺌﺎت رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ وﺑﺮاﻣﺞ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‬،‫ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬،‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﺒﺪﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻨﻮن اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‬-٢
.‫ ﺗﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ إذا ﻗﺎم اﻵﺧﺮون ﺑﻨﺴﺦ أو ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ أو ﻋﺮض أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ دون إذن‬.‫اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻦ واﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻬﻦ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﺔ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‬

421
 ‫ﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻛﻴﺎن ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ أو‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺤﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ أو ﻋﺒﺎرة أو رﻣًﺰا أو ﺗﺼﻤﻴ ً‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻪ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺣﺮوف ‪ Dunkin Donuts‬ذات اﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﻮردي ﺑﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﺴﺠﻖ‪،‬‬
‫وﺷﻌﺎر‪ ،Apple‬وﺧﻄﻮط ‪ Adidas‬اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ أول ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة أو أن ﺗﻜﻮن أول ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻟﺪى ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺒﺮاءات واﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺮاءات اﻻﺧﺘﺮاع اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺮاﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت أو‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت وﻳﻮﻓﺮ آﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاع‪ .‬ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺮاءات اﻻﺧﺘﺮاع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر‪ .‬ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﺮاءة اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج أو اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أو ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ أو اﺳﺘﻴﺮاد اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاءة اﻻﺧﺘﺮاع ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس ﺣﻖ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺼﻪ أو ﺑﻴﻌﻪ أو رﻫﻨﻪ أو اﻟﺘﻨﺎزل ﻋﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬اﻷﺳﺮار اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت أو ﺻﻴﻎ أو ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺼﺎ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺰة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺮار اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﻟـ "اﻟﺨﺎرج" ﻋﻦ‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﻴ ً‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ‪ .Coca Cola‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺮار اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ دون ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ وﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬
‫اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪Q1: The word intellectual in Paragraph (1‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ذﻫﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (1‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪is closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪A. thinking.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: According to the passage, what made‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻌﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪intellectual property law grow and‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ وﻳﺘﻄﻮر؟‬
‫?‪develop‬‬
‫‪D. an effort to make science and arts more‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﻔﻨﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﺮاًﻓﺎ‬
‫‪professional‬‬
‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﺐ اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (3‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬
‫‪Q3: The word obtaining in Paragraph (3) is‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬
‫‪D. get.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: The word promote in Paragraph (4) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﻌﺰز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (4‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪A. help.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ⚖ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- A paralegal is a person, qualified by education, training or work experience, who is
employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency, or other
entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is
responsible.
2- Paralegals are not licensed as attorneys are. They can be delegated any task normally
performed by a lawyer, as long as the lawyer supervises the work, except those proscribed by
law. For example, paralegals can review and organize client files, conduct factual and legal
research, prepare documents for legal transactions, draft pleadings and discovery notices,
interview clients and witnesses, and assist at closings and trials.
3- (Q1) Only licensed attorneys may give legal advice to consumers of legal services, and
paralegals are prohibited from doing so. The work product of the paralegal becomes the
attorney’s work product. Paralegals also are prohibited from accepting a case, setting a fee,
or (Q1) representing a client in court (unless authorized by the court).
4- Many people who earn their degree in legal studies, such as an online Master of Legal
Studies, may seek a career as paralegal. While passing an exam or certification is not required
to become a paralegal, there are voluntary certifications available to demonstrate knowledge
and expertise in the field.
5- National certification, which is offered by the national professional paralegal associations,
is earned through a combination of education, work experience and successful completion of
a national exam. Once passing the exam, a paralegal becomes a certified paralegal. Currently
there are four exams from which to choose:
• The PACE offered by the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA)
• The PCC also offered by National Federation of Paralegal Associations (Q2) (NFPA)
• The CLA/CP offered by the National Association of Legal Assistants (Q2) (NALA)
• The PP offered by the Association for Legal Professionals (NALS)

‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻪ أو‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺆﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ أو اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ أو اﻟﺨﺒﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬-١
‫اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺤﺎم أو ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﺤﺎﻣﺎة أو ﺷﺮﻛﺔ أو وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ أو ﻛﻴﺎن آﺧﺮ وﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻔﻮض ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺴﺆوًﻻ ﻋﻨﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻷي ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻳﺆدﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺤﺎم‬.‫ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺧﺼﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬-٢
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻈﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬،‫ ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﺸﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ وإﺟﺮاء اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻌﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬،‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫ وﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬،‫ وﻣﺴﻮدة اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻌﺎت وإﺧﻄﺎرات اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬،‫ وإﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
.‫ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﻤﺎت‬،‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﺸﻬﻮد‬
‫ وﻳﺤﻈﺮ‬،‫ ﻳﺠﻮز ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺧﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻮرة اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬-٣
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ‬.‫ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﺎج ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻲ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ُﻳﺤﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻗﻀﻴﺔ أو ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ رﺳﻮم أو ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ )ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺄذن‬
.(‫ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬

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 ‫‪ -٤‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎدﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻠﺰم‬
‫اﺟﺘﻴﺎز اﺧﺘﺒﺎر أو ﺷﻬﺎدة ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺷﻬﺎدات ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻹﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﺨﺒﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻬﺎدة اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺎت ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪي اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺨﺒﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ واﻹﻛﻤﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ ﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن وﻃﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﺟﺘﻴﺎز اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻟًﻴﺎ أرﺑﻌﺔ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ PACE‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ )‪(NFPA‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ُﻳﻘﺪم ‪ PCC‬أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ )‪(NFPA‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ CLA / CP‬اﻟﻤﻘﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ )‪(NALA‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ PP‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ )‪(NALS‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What two things are paralegals unable‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪون‬
‫?‪to do‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻮن اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻬﻤﺎ؟‬
‫‪C. appear in court and give legal advice‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺜﻮل أﻣﺎم اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ وإﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﺸﻮرة اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: Which two organizations established‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أي ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺘﻴﻦ أﻧﺸﺄﺗﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدة ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ؟‬
‫?‪voluntary certification‬‬
‫‪A. NALA and NFPA‬‬ ‫أ‪ NALA .‬و ‪NFPA‬‬

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 🧪 ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Oxygen is the most abundant element on this planet. The earth's crust is 46.6% oxygen by
weight, the oceans are 86% oxygen by weight, and the atmosphere is 21% oxygen by volume.
The name oxygen comes from the Greek stems oxys, "acid," and gennan, "to form or
generate." Thus, oxygen literally means "acid former." This name was introduced by
Lavoisier, who noticed that compounds rich in oxygen, such as SO2 and P4O10, dissolve in
water to give acids.
2- The O2 molecule is not the only elemental form of oxygen. In the presence of lightning or
another source of a spark, O2 molecules dissociate to form oxygen atoms. These O atoms can
react with O2 molecules to form ozone, O3.
3- Oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) are examples of allotropes (from the Greek meaning "in
another manner"). By definition, allotropes are different forms of an element. Because they
have different structures, allotropes have different chemical and physical properties. Even
the length of the (Q1) bonds is different as they are longer in (O3).
4- Ozone is an unstable compound with a sharp, pungent odor that slowly decomposes to
oxygen. At low concentrations, ozone can be relatively pleasant. Exposure to O3 at higher
concentrations leads to coughing, rapid beating of the heart, chest pain, and general body
pain. At concentrations above 1 ppm, ozone is toxic.
5- One of the characteristic properties of ozone is its ability to absorb radiation in the
ultraviolet portion of the spectrum ( > 300 nm), thereby providing a filter that (Q2) shields us
from exposure to high-energy ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. We can understand
the importance of this filter if we think about what happens when radiation from the sun is
absorbed by our skin.
6- In 1974 Molina and Rowland pointed out that chlorofluorocarbons, such as CFCl3 and
CF2Cl2, which had been used as refrigerants and as propellants in aerosol cans, were
beginning to (Q3) accumulate in the atmosphere. In the stratosphere, at altitudes of 10 to 50
km above the earth's surface, chlorofluorocarbons decompose to form Cl atoms and chlorine
oxides such as ClO when they absorb sunlight. Cl atoms and ClO molecules have an odd
number of electrons. As a result, these substances are unusually reactive. In the atmosphere,
they react with ozone or with the oxygen atoms that are needed to form ozone.
7- Molina and Rowland postulated that these substances would eventually deplete the ozone
shield in the stratosphere, with dangerous implications for biological systems that would be
exposed to increased levels of high-energy ultraviolet radiation.
،‫ أﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن‬٪46.6 ‫ ﻗﺸﺮة اﻷرض ﻫﻲ‬.‫ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ وﻓﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬-١
‫ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ اﺳﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬.‫ أﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬٪21 ‫ واﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬،‫ أﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن‬٪86 ‫واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﴼ "اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬."‫ "ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ أو ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬،gennan‫ "ﺣﻤﺾ" و‬،oxys ‫اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
SO2 ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ اﻟﺬي ﻻﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬، Lavoisier‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺳﻢ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬."‫اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ‬
.‫ ﺗﺬوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻹﻋﻄﺎء اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬،P4O10‫و‬

425
 ‫‪ -٢‬ﺟﺰيء ‪ O2‬ﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻷوﻟﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺒﺮق أو أي ﻣﺼﺪر آﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺸﺮارة‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ‪ O2‬ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ذرات ‪ O‬ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ‪ O2‬ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻷوزون‪O3. ،‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ )‪ (O2‬واﻷوزون )‪ (O3‬أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺂﺻﻼت )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ "ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى"(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺘﺂﺻﻼت ﻫﻲ أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺘﺂﺻﻼت‬
‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﻮاص ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ أﻃﻮل ﻓﻲ)‪. (O3‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬اﻷوزون ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ذو راﺋﺤﺔ ﺣﺎدة ﻧﻔﺎذة ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺑﺒﻂء إﻟﻰ أﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰات اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻷوزون ﻟﻄﻴًﻔﺎ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺆدي اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟـ ‪ O3‬ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰات أﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺎل وﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺿﺮﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ وأﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺪر وآﻻم ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰات أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﺟﺰء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮن‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮن اﻷوزون‬
‫ﺳﺎًﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة ﻟﻸوزون ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬
‫)< ‪ 300‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ( ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻳﺤﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ إذا ﻓﻜﺮﻧﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺑﺸﺮﺗﻨﺎ‬
‫إﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1974‬أﺷﺎرت ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻨﺎ وروﻻﻧﺪ إﻟﻰ أن ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ CFCl3‬و‪،CF2Cl‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺒﺮدات وﻛﻮﻗﻮد دﻓﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﺐ اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻣﻦ ‪ 10‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 50‬ﻛﻢ ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮر وأﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﻮر ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ ClO‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬
‫ذرات ‪ Cl‬وﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ‪ ClO‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻓﺮدي ﻣﻦ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺎدي‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻷوزون أو ﻣﻊ ذرات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻷوزون‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬اﻓﺘﺮض ﻣﻮﻟﻴﻨﺎ وروﻻﻧﺪ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺳﺘﺆدي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد درع اﻷوزون ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺪاﻋﻴﺎت ﺧﻄﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: The word bonds in Paragraph (3) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "رواﺑﻂ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (3‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪D. connections.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬رواﺑﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: The word shields in Paragraph (5) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (5‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪C. protects.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﺤﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪Q3: The word accumulate in Paragraph (6‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻳﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (6‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪is closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪A. collect.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﻤﻊ‪.‬‬

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 🔮 ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- People are always asking me for stock tips, and then they want to know how my
predictions have turned out. Their requests reveal the common but fundamentally erroneous
perception that forecasters make predictions. We don’t, of course: Prediction is possible only
in a world in which events are preordained and no amount of action in the present can
influence future outcomes. That world is the stuff of myth and superstition. The one we
inhabit is quite different—little is certain, nothing is preordained, and what we do in the
present affects how events unfold, often in significant, unexpected ways.
2- The role of the forecaster in the real world is quite different from that of the mythical seer.
Prediction is concerned with future certainty; forecasting looks at how hidden currents in the
present signal possible changes in direction for companies, societies, or the world at large.
Thus, the primary goal of forecasting is to identify the full range of possibilities, not a limited
set of illusory certainties. Whether a specific forecast actually turns out to be accurate is only
part of the picture—even a broken clock is right twice a day. Above all, the forecaster’s task is
to map uncertainty, for in a world where our actions in the present influence the future,
uncertainty is opportunity.
3- Unlike a prediction, a forecast must have a logic to it. That’s what lifts forecasting out of
the dark realm of superstition. The forecaster must be able to articulate and defend that
logic. Moreover, the consumer of the forecast must understand enough of the forecast
process and logic to make an independent assessment of its quality—and to properly account
for the opportunities and risks it presents. The wise consumer of a forecast is not a trusting
bystander but a participant and, above all, a critic.
4- Even after you have sorted out your forecasters from the seers and prophets, you still face
the task of distinguishing good forecasts from bad, and that’s where this article comes in. In
the following pages, I try to demythologize the forecasting process so that you can become a
more (Q1) sophisticated and participative consumer of forecasts, rather than a passive
absorber.
5- As a decision maker, you ultimately have to rely on your (Q2) intuition and judgment.
There’s no getting around that in a world of uncertainty. But effective forecasting provides
essential context that informs your intuition. It broadens your understanding by revealing
overlooked possibilities and exposing unexamined assumptions regarding hoped-for
outcomes. At the same time, it narrows the decision space within which you must exercise
your intuition.
6- Change rarely unfolds in a straight line. The most important developments typically follow
the S-curve shape of a power law: Change starts slowly and incrementally, putters along
quietly, and then suddenly explodes, eventually tapering off and even dropping back down.

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‫‪7- Once an inflection point arrives, people commonly underestimate the speed with which‬‬
‫‪change will occur. The fact is, we are all by nature linear thinkers, and (Q3) phenomena‬‬
‫‪governed by the sudden, exponential growth of power laws catch us by surprise again and‬‬
‫‪again. Even if we notice the beginning of a change, we instinctively draw a straight line‬‬
‫‪diagonally through the S curve, and although we eventually arrive in the same spot, we miss‬‬
‫‪both the lag at the start and the explosive growth in the middle. Timing, of course, is‬‬
‫‪everything, and Silicon Valley is littered with the corpses of companies who mistook a clear‬‬
‫‪view for a short distance and others who misjudged the magnitude of the S curve they‬‬
‫‪happened upon.‬‬
‫‪8- Also expect the opportunities to be very different from those the majority predicts, for‬‬
‫‪even the most expected futures tend to arrive in utterly unexpected ways.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﺣﻮل اﻷﺳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺮﻳﺪون ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺗﻨﺒﺆاﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻨﻲ اﻟﻨﺎس داﺋ ً‬
‫ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻮر اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﻃﺊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺌﻴﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆات‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ اﻷﺣﺪاث ﻣﻘﺪرة وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ أن ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎدة اﻷﺳﻄﻮرة واﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‪ .‬إن اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻧﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ‪ -‬اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺪ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺷﻲء ُﻣﻘﺪر ﻣﺴﺒًﻘﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻷﺣﺪاث‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﻬﻤﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬إن دور اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ دور اﻟﺮاﺋﻲ اﻷﺳﻄﻮري‪ .‬ﻳﻬﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ؛ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات اﻟﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت أو اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت أو اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺄﺳﺮه‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‪ ،‬وﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰء ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪ -‬ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻮرة ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺊ ﻓﻲ رﺳﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﻌﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ أﻓﻌﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺧﺎص ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻈﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺊ ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ واﻟﺪﻓﺎع ﻋﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن‬
‫ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻹﺟﺮاء ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﺠﻮدﺗﻪ‪ -‬وﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫ﺟﺎ ﻳﺜﻖ ﺑﻪ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮص واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﻔﺮ ً‬
‫وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺸﺎرك وﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻧﺎﻗﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻚ ﺑﻔﺮز اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺌﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﻦ ﺑﻚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺮاﻓﻴﻦ واﻷﻧﺒﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ زﻟﺖ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆات اﻟﺠﻴﺪة واﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ دور ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬أﺣﺎول إزاﻟﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﻮرة ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻜﺎ ﺳﻠﺒًﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻄﻮرﴽ وﺗﺸﺎرﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆات‪ ،‬ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠ ً‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻚ ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﻗﺮار‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺳﻚ وﺣﻜﻤﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎف ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﻴﺎًﻗﺎ أﺳﺎﺳًﻴﺎ ُﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﺣﺪﺳﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻬﻤﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ وﻛﺸﻒ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺪروﺳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻀﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻤﺎرس ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﺳﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻧﺎدرا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﺎدًة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ S‬ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺒﻂء وﺗﺪرﻳﺠًﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﺑﻬﺪوء‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﻓﺠﺄة‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺑﻞ وﻳﺘﺮاﺟﻊ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -٧‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮد وﺻﻮل ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻻﻧﻌﻄﺎف‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻒ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺤﺪث ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ .‬اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻔﻜﺮون ﺧﻄﻴﻮن‪ ،‬واﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻫﻲ أﻧﻨﺎ ﺟﻤﻴ ً‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻗﻄﺮًﻳﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪،S‬‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴ ً‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺟﺌﻨﺎ ﻣﺮاًرا وﺗﻜﺮاًرا‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻏﺮﻳﺰًﻳﺎ ﺧ ً‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ وﺻﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬ووادي اﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻠﻲء ﺑﺠﺜﺚ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺧﻄﺄت ﻓﻲ‬
‫رؤﻳﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة وﺷﺮﻛﺎت أﺧﺮى أﺧﻄﺄت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ‪ S‬اﻟﺬي وﻗﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺗﻮﻗﻊ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﺮص ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ اﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ أن أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻵﺟﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﺑﻄﺮق ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: The word sophisticated in Paragraph‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (4‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪(4) is closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪C. complicated.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: The word intuition in Paragraph (5) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺪس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (2‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪B. feeling.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‪.‬‬

‫)‪Q3: The word phenomena in Paragraph (7‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻇﻮاﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (7‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪is closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪D. events.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬أﺣﺪاث‪.‬‬

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 👥 ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺒﻨﺎؤون اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Take a moment and imagine you are traveling in a country you’ve never been to before.
Everything—the sights, the smells, the sounds—seems strange. People are speaking a
language you don’t understand and wearing clothes unlike yours. But they greet you with a
smile and you sense that, despite the differences you observe, deep down inside these
people have the same feelings as you. But is this true? Do people from (Q1) opposite ends of
the world really feel the same emotions? (Q2) While most scholars agree that members of
different cultures may vary in the foods they eat, the languages they speak, and the holidays
they celebrate, there is disagreement about the extent to which culture shapes people’s
emotions and feelings—including what people feel, what they express, and what they do
during an emotional event. Understanding how culture shapes people’s emotional lives and
what impact emotion has on psychological health and well-being in different cultures will not
only advance the study of human behavior but will also benefit multicultural societies. Across
a variety of settings—academic, business, medical—people worldwide are coming into more
contact with people from foreign cultures. In order to communicate and function effectively
in such situations, we must understand the ways cultural ideas and practices shape our
emotions.
2- In the 1950s and 1960s, social scientists tended to fall into either one of two camps. The
universalist camp claimed that, despite cultural differences in customs and traditions, at a
fundamental level all humans feel similarly. These universalists believed that emotions
evolved as a response to the environments of our primordial ancestors, (Q3) so they are the
same across all cultures. Indeed, people often describe their emotions as “automatic,”
“natural,” “physiological,” and “instinctual,” supporting the view that emotions are hard-
wired and universal. Universalists point to our prehistoric ancestors as the source of
emotions that all humans share.
3- The social constructivist camp, however, claimed that despite a common evolutionary
heritage, different groups of humans evolved to adapt to their distinctive environments. And
because human environments vary so widely, (Q4) people’s emotions are also culturally
variable. For instance, (Q5) Catherine Lutz, argued that emotional experience is not pre-
cultural but pre-eminently cultural. Social constructivists contended that because cultural
ideas and practices are all-encompassing, people are often unaware of how their feelings are
shaped by their culture. (Q6) Therefore, emotions can feel automatic, natural, physiological,
and instinctual, and yet still be primarily culturally shaped.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ وﺗﺨﻴﻞ أﻧﻚ ﺗﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺰره ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ -‬اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺮواﺋﺢ‪ ،‬اﻷﺻﻮات‪ -‬ﻳﺒﺪو‬
‫ﻏﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻐﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ وﻳﺮﺗﺪون ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻼﺑﺴﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﻴﻮﻧﻚ ﺑﺎﺑﺘﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫وﺗﺸﻌﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻼﺣﻈﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎق ﻫﺆﻻء اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬا ﺻﺤﻴﺢ؟ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻴﺾ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺣًﻘﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ؟ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أن أﻓﺮاد اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻷﻋﻴﺎد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻠﻮن ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺧﻼف ﺣﻮل ﻣﺪى ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻨﺎس ‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻨﺎس وﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺒﺮون ﻋﻨﻪ وﻣﺎذا ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮن ﺧﻼل ﺣﺪث ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻲ‪ .‬إن ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺆدي ﻓﻘﻂ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺳﻴﻔﻴﺪ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ‪ -‬اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ‪ -‬أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎت أﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎت واﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺨﺮاط ﻓﻲ أﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ادﻋﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدات واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ .‬اﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﻫﺆﻻء اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﻮن أن اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﺗﻄﻮرت ﻛﺎﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت أﺳﻼﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻃﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ" و "ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ" و "ﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ" و "ﻏﺮﻳﺰﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺮأي اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ وﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻮن إﻟﻰ أﺳﻼﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﻮر ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ادﻋﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮ اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮاث اﻟﺘﻄﻮري اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻮرت‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة‪ .‬وﻧﻈًﺮا ﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﺛﻘﺎﻓًﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺟﺎدﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﺗﺰ ﺑﺄن اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫واﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻨﺎس أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎرز‪ .‬أﻛﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﻮن اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻮن أﻧﻪ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‬
‫واﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﺎس ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪرﻛﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ وﻓﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ وﻏﺮﻳﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺰال‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﻘﺎﻓًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What idea does the expression ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮرﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة "ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻴﺾ‬:١‫س‬
"opposite ends of the world" in Paragraph ‫(؟‬1) ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
(1) repeat?
C. different cultures ‫ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Which of the following does the writer ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ إﻧﻪ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ؟‬:٢‫س‬
say are facts?
A. People eat different foods and speak ‫ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس أﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن ﻟﻐﺎت‬.‫أ‬
different languages. .‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

Q3: How is the Universalists' view of ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﺮة اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ‬:٣‫س‬
emotions different from the social ‫وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ؟‬
constructivists' view?
B. Universalists believe emotions are ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﻮن أن اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬
common between cultures. .‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‬

Q4: What can we understand about the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﺣﻮل وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ‬:٤‫س‬
social constructivists' view of emotions ‫(؟‬3) ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
from Paragraph (3)?
C. They found differences between .‫ وﺟﺪوا اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‬.‫ج‬
cultures.

Q5: What can we understand about Lutz's ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﻮﺗﺰ‬:٥‫س‬
view of emotions from Paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3) ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Lutz believes emotions are shaped by ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻟﻮﺗﺰ أن اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬.‫أ‬
cultures. .‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‬

‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﺮة اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬:٦‫س‬

Q6: How is the social constructivists' view
‫اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﺮة اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ؟‬
of automatic feelings different from that of
universalists?
.‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻨﺎﺋﻴﻮن أﻧﻨﺎ وﻟﺪﻧﺎ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
B. Constructivists believe we are born with
automatic feelings.

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 🛢 ‫اﻟﺒﺘﺮول‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage 1
1- (Q1) Pipelines, marine carriers, tank trucks, rail tank cars and so forth are used to transport
crude oils, compressed and liquefied hydrocarbon gases, (Q2) liquid petroleum products and
other chemicals across countries: from their point of origin to pipeline terminals, refineries,
distributors and consumers. Crude oils and liquid petroleum products are transported,
handled and stored in their natural liquid state
2- An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment,
especially the marine ecosystems. The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is
released into the oceans or coastal waters. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from
tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum
products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships
such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.
3- Oil spills can be caused by human error, natural disasters, technical failures or deliberate
releases. It is estimated that 30-50% of all oil spills are directly or indirectly caused by human
error, (Q3) with approximately 20-40% of oil spills being attributed to equipment failure or
malfunction (Q4) resulting in serious damage to coastal ecosystems, wildlife habitats and local
communities due to their contamination.
Passage 2
1- (Q1) Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline
networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is
being moved and its destination. The biggest problems with moving petroleum products are
pollution related and the chance of spillage. Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very
toxic to living animals and their surroundings.
2- Pipelines are used to transport oil from wells to refineries and storage facilities, and are
viewed as the most cost efficient way to move oil on land. Pipelines have also been found to
be the safest mode of transport for oil.
3- Oil can also be transported over water. Oil has been shipped over water since the late
1800s. (Q2) Marine Vessels and barges can transport this petroleum all around the world.
Because these vessels can carry a lot of fuel, the amount it costs per barrel to move this oil is
very cheap. These tankers are also the only practical way to move crude oil across the
oceans. Usually, the larger tankers are used to transport this fuel on a global scale, taking fuel
from one continent to the other.
4- Tank cars are another way to move crude oil across a landmass. The oil is loaded into the
tank cars, and are moved by a diesel train across the rails to the refinery or the train’s
planned destination. Trains can carry a massive amount of this oil by using of multiple tank
cars. Tank trucks are used more like rail cars are, but they will usually transport refined fuel to
a fuel station, like a gas station. Trucks are usually used to carry smaller capacities of oil short
distances.

433
‫‪5- Accidental tank vessel spills account for approximately 8-13% of all oil spilled into the‬‬
‫‪oceans. (Q3) The main causes of oil tank vessel spills are collision, grounding, mishandling and‬‬
‫‪sinking, faulty equipment and systems, among others.‬‬
‫‪If the oil is spilled while it is in a ship, tank truck, pipeline or rail car, it can result in fire,‬‬
‫‪poisoning of plants, injuries and fatalities of the crew and citizens. It can destroy marine life‬‬
‫‪as well as make (Q4) the coasts uninhabited due to pollution.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ‪1‬‬
‫‪ُ -1‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺧﻄﻮط اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ واﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ وﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎت اﻟﺼﻬﺎرﻳﺞ وﻋﺮﺑﺎت ﺻﻬﺎرﻳﺞ اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ وﻣﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﺨﺎم واﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮول اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﻫﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﺧﻄﻮط اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ واﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫واﻟﻤﻮزﻋﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﻮت اﻟﺨﺎم واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﺴﺮب اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻫﻮ إﻃﻼق ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮن ﺑﺘﺮوﻟﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ُﻳﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺎدًة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت أو اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼت واﻟﻤﻨﺼﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ اﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮرة )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ واﻟﺪﻳﺰل( وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫وﻣﻨﺼﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻵﺑﺎر‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ً‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‪ ،‬أو اﻧﺴﻜﺎب أي ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت زﻳﺘﻴﺔ أو ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت زﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻧﺴﻜﺎب اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺸﺮي أو ﻛﻮارث ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو أﻋﻄﺎل ﻓﻨﻴﺔ أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت إﻃﻼق‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮات إﻟﻰ أن ‪ ٪50 - 30‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ أو ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﺸﺮي‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪40 - 20‬ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ُﺗﻌﺰى إﻟﻰ ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات أو‬
‫ﻋﻄﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ أﺿﺮار ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ وﻣﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ‪2‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎت وﺳﻔﻦ اﻟﺼﻬﺎرﻳﺞ وﺷﺒﻜﺎت‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ‬
‫ووﺟﻬﺘﻪ‪ .‬أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث وﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎب‪ .‬ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺘﺮوﻟﻲ وﻫﻮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ وﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ُ -٢‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺧﻄﻮط اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺑﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻓﻲ وﻣﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وُﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻄﺮق ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‪ .‬وﻗﺪ وﺟﺪ أن ﺧﻄﻮط اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ أﻣﺎًﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻮق اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺷﺤﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻨﺬ أواﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎدل أن ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺘﺮول ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﺪا‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼت ﻫﻲ أﻳﻀًﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻔﻂ رﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼت اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺠ ً‬
‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎرة إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻋﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﺼﻬﺮﻳﺞ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﺨﺎم ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺮﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺼﻬﺮﻳﺞ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﺎر دﻳﺰل ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﻔﺎة أو اﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎر‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎرات ﺣﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪة ﻋﺮﺑﺎت ﺻﻬﺮﻳﺠﻴﺔ‪ُ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺼﻬﺎرﻳﺞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎدًة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﻤﻜﺮر إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ وﻗﻮد‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎت ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺳﻌﺎت أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻗﺼﻴﺮة‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺰان ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪ 13 - 8‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎت ﺻﻬﺎرﻳﺞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻫﻲ اﻻﺻﻄﺪام‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺾ ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮء اﻟﻤﻨﺎوﻟﺔ واﻟﻐﺮق ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬
‫واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ أﻣﻮر أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫إذا اﻧﺴﻜﺐ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ أﺛﻨﺎء وﺟﻮده ﻓﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ أو ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺔ ﺻﻬﺮﻳﺠﻴﺔ أو ﺧﻂ أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ أو ﻋﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﻄﺎر‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺆدي ذﻟﻚ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﻮب ﺣﺮﻳﻖ وﺗﺴﻤﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ وإﺻﺎﺑﺎت ووﻓﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ أﻓﺮاد اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻢ واﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺪﻣﺮ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺴﻮاﺣﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: According to Passages A and B, how‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ "أ" و‬
‫?‪can oil be transported‬‬ ‫"ب"؟‬
‫‪C. by carriers and trains‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼت واﻟﻘﻄﺎرات‬

‫‪Q2: What do Passages A and B say about‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﺎن "أ" و "ب" ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺘﺮول‬
‫?‪liquid petroleum‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ؟‬
‫‪C. It can be transported across countries.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: According to Passages A and B how can‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ أ‪ ،‬ب ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻃﻼق اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫?‪oil be released into the environment‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. through damaged equipment and‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫‪systems‬‬

‫‪Q4: According to Passages A and B what‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺆدي ﺗﺴﺮب اﻟﻨﻔﻂ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ أ‬
‫?‪have oil releases led to‬‬ ‫و ب؟‬
‫‪A. polluted coasts‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﻮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬

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 📚 ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎت ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- A copyright is meant to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for
limited Times to (Q1) Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings
and Discoveries.
2- Copyright ownership gives the holder of the copyright in an original work of authorship (Q2)
six exclusive rights:
• The right to reproduce and make copies of an original work;
• The right to prepare derivative works based on the original work;
• The right to distribute copies to the public by sale or another form of transfer, such as rental
or lending;
• The right to publicly perform the work;
• The right to publicly display the work, and
• The right to perform sound recordings publicly through digital audio transmission.

3- The categories of things that count as an original work of authorship include literature,
computer programs, dramatic scripts, choreographed or pantomimed work, motion pictures,
video art, graphics, sculptures, and architectural plans. Each of these categories is broadly
construed. When any of these rights are infringed with regard to an original work of
authorship, the holder of the rights may bring a copyright lawsuit to enforce those rights.
4- (Q3) The FBI has added a warning to all the videos, even those created for web use, to
inform viewer that the video is copyrighted, and cannot be legally copied without your
permission. You can see this warning at the beginning of every DVD.
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻖ اﻟﺤﺼﺮي ﻟﻠﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﺗﻬﺪف ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﻔﻨﻮن اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة‬-1
.‫واﻟﻤﺨﺘﺮﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ واﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻔﺘﺮات ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
:‫ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ أﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬-٢
.‫اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎخ ﻋﻤﻞ أﺻﻠﻲ وﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ •
.‫اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ إﻋﺪاد ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺎت ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻒ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ •
.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﺟﻴﺮ أو اﻹﻋﺎرة‬،‫اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ أو أي ﺷﻜﻞ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ •
.‫اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ أداء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻧﻴﺔ‬ •
‫اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬ •
.‫اﻟﺤﻖ ﻓﻲ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ •

،‫ واﻟﻨﺼﻮص اﻟﺪراﻣﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ﻼ أﺻﻠًﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ اﻷدب‬

ً ‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﺌﺎت اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻤ‬-٣
،‫ واﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬،‫ وﻓﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬،‫ واﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬،‫واﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻗﺺ أو اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺎﻧﺘﻮﻣﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺪي‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺌﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬.‫ واﻟﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬،‫واﻟﻤﻨﺤﻮﺗﺎت‬
‫ ﻳﺠﻮز ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق رﻓﻊ دﻋﻮى ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﻮق ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ أﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‬
.‫واﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻹﻧﻔﺎذ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬
‫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤﻫﺎ‬،‫( ﺗﺤﺬﻳًﺮا إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬FBI) ‫ أﺿﺎف ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻲ‬-٤
‫ وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬،‫ ﻹﺑﻼغ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﺄن اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﺤﻤﻲ ﺑﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬،‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬
.DVD ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ رؤﻳﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺮص‬.‫دون إذﻧﻚ‬

436
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is a copyright? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. the right given to authors and inventors ‫ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺨﺘﺮﻋﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬.‫أ‬
for their writings and discoveries ‫واﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬

Q2: How many basic rights does a copyright ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﻮق اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬:٢‫س‬
owner have? ‫ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ؟‬
B. 6 ٦ .‫ب‬

Q3: What do most Americans see at the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺮى ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ أﻗﺮاص‬:٣‫س‬
start of DVDs? ‫؟‬DVD
A. an FBI warning ‫ ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻲ‬.‫أ‬

437
 🏜 ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Hot deserts are an important ecosystem with distinct characteristics and adaptations. They
provide opportunities for development but also cause challenges such as desertification. The
Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world.
2- Hot deserts have an extreme climate and challenging environment. There is very little
biodiversity in hot deserts because of the harsh climate. (Q2) Few species are specialised
enough to survive there. Plants and animals which do survive there have adapted to difficult
conditions. The biotic or living components and the abiotic or non-living components of the
hot desert rely on one another - a change in one will lead to a change in the other.
3- The deserts are some of the hottest spots on earth and have high temperatures
throughout the year. There is no cold season in the hot deserts and the average summer
temperature is around 30°C (86°F). The highest shade temperature recorded is 57°C (136°F).
Hot deserts have two distinct seasons: (Q3) summer when the temperature ranges between
35-40°C and winter when the temperature ranges between 20-30°C.
4- (Q3) Even during the day, there is an obvious change in temperature. For the most part, hot
and dry deserts have high temperatures during the day and low temperatures during the
evening. Some of the world's hot and dry deserts have temperatures reaching 49 degrees
Celsius (120 degrees Fahrenheit) during the day. Often the desert temperature can fall to as
low as negative 18 degrees Celsius (zero degrees Fahrenheit) in the middle of the night.
5- The dryness of the air in hot deserts helps explain (Q3) the wide daily temperature swings.
Water vapor is an important absorber of heat, but, with low amounts of it in the desert
atmosphere, temperatures here are more directly controlled by sunlight: Intense solar
radiation heats things up during the day, but once the sun goes down temperatures quickly
drop.
‫ﺻﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﺗﻜﻴﻔﺎت ﻣﻤﻴﺰة‬ً ‫ ﺗﺒﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻧﻈﺎًﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﺌًﻴﺎ ﻣﻬ‬-١
.‫ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺻﺤﺮاء ﺣﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﺮ‬ ً ‫وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ أﻳ‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ً ‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺟ‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺤﺎرة ﺑﻤﻨﺎخ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ وﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬-٢
‫ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬.‫اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ أو‬.‫ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻜﻴﻔﺖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‬.‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫ أي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬- ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻼأﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
.‫أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ ﻻ‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﺨﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻷرض وﻟﻬﺎ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم‬-٣
86) ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬30 ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺑﺎرد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺤﺎرة وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري‬.(‫ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬136) ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬57 ‫ أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻇﻞ ﻣﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ‬.(‫درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮاوح‬40-35 ‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮاوح درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻴﻦ‬:‫اﻟﺤﺎرة ﺑﻤﻮﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ‬
.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬30-20 ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺤﺎرة‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰء اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻐﻴﺮ واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬،‫ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬-٤
‫ ﺗﺼﻞ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﺑﻌﺾ‬.‫واﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻬﺎر ودرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺎء‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ‬.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬120) ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬49 ‫ﺻﺤﺎري اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺤﺎرة واﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ )ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬18 ‫ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء إﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬

438
 ‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺟﻔﺎف اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻮاﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوي‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺻﺎ ﻣﻬ ً‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﺎ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد أن ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the writer's main purpose‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
‫‪C. to inform‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻎ‬

‫‪Q2: What is one important point that the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫?‪writer mentions‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
‫‪D. The climate and environment of hot‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬إن ﻣﻨﺎخ وﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪deserts are difficult for life.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What is one important point that the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
‫?‪writer mentions‬‬
‫‪D. Temperatures change a lot during the‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﻬﺎر واﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪day and year in hot deserts.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﺤﺎرة‪.‬‬

‫‪439‬‬
 ⚙ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q4) The Five-Year Plan was a road map for Stalin's great goals of industrialization. The
industrial output of the Soviet Union increased by 50 percent in five years; the annual rate of
growth during the first Five-Year Plan was between 15 and 22 percent. There were entirely
new industries built in entirely new cities. Cities such as Moscow and Leningrad doubled in
size in the early 1930s. Stalin attempted a Moscow-White Sea canal connecting Moscow to
the seaports of the north.
2- Yet, this is not to say that this was totally executed without some defects. This
industrialization came at enormous human cost. Large-scale projects in the timber and
mining industries used prison labor. The labor camp system actually became a central
component of the Stalinist economic system. People were arrested and sent to camps on a
very wide variety of charges, including simply having the ill luck of being born to bourgeois or
kulak parents.
3- This camp system held around 3.6 million people by the end of the decade. A man-made
canal, Belomor Canal, connecting Moscow to the seaports of the north was dug by hand, with
human labor used for every part of its construction. Its significance lies in the fact that it was
the first time the labor force was exclusively prisoners. (Q2) It was built using slave labor and
thousands died during its construction. Conditions were horrendous and the NKVD guards
were brutal psychopaths. People were deliberately worked to death in a calculated way of
getting rid of ""class enemies"" who posed a threat to the new Soviet regime. This project
formed the model for the use of prisoner labor that developed into the Gulag system that the
USSR depended upon until its collapse in 1989. And after all the needless deaths, the canal
ended up not being deep enough to take large ships that it was designed for.
4- Every factory had large display boards erected that showed the output of workers. (Q1)
Workers worked very hard to achieve the stated goals. Those that failed to reach the
required targets were publicity criticized and humiliated. Some workers could not cope with
this pressure and absenteeism increased. This led to even more repressive measures being
introduced. Records were kept of workers' lateness, absenteeism and bad workmanship. If
the worker's record was poor, he was accused of trying to sabotage the Five Year Plan and if
found guilty could be shot.
5- Stakhanov was a miner in Donbass, a coal-producing region in Soviet Ukraine. Under the
communist system, all mines were run by the state and had monthly production targets. If
they missed the targets, local managers and Communist Party officials were in trouble. The
mine where Stakhanov worked was one of the worst-performing in the region.
6- Stakhanov He was incredibly competitive. (Q3) He kept thinking how to increase the
productivity of his mine - and eventually he came up with a brilliant solution. So, he came up
with the idea of having one miner constantly picking coal, while another loaded the coal on
the cart, a third miner propped the roof with pit props, and a fourth led the pony in and out.
And instead of the traditional pick, Stakhanov was keen to use a mining drill, which was a
novelty and required specialist training. Drills were extremely heavy, weighing more than
15kg.

440
‫‪7- The manager of the mine had serious doubts about Stakhanov's initiative. However,‬‬
‫‪Stakhanov persuaded his team leader and the local party boss to give it a go. On 30 August‬‬
‫‪1935, at 22:00, Alexei Stakhanov and three colleagues entered the mine, accompanied by the‬‬
‫‪party boss and a local journalist. Six hours later they emerged, triumphant, having produced‬‬
‫‪102 tonnes of coal - more than 14 times the target.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺧﺎرﻃﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻷﻫﺪاف ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ .‬زاد اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %50‬ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات؛ ﺗﺮاوح ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي ﺧﻼل اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 15‬و‪ 22‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪن ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺪن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ وﻟﻴﻨﻴﻨﻐﺮاد ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎت‪ .‬ﺣﺎول ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﻨﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ ورﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻫﺬا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬه ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ دون ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‪ .‬ﺟﺎء ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻷﺧﺸﺎب واﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺠﻮن‪ .‬أﺻﺒﺢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﻜﻮًﻧﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰًﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺴﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ إﻟﻘﺎء اﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص وإرﺳﺎﻟﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺳﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻢ‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮات ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﺪون ﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺟﻮازﻳﻴﻦ أو ﻛﻮﻻك‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﺳﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺨﻴﻢ ﻫﺬا ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 3.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻗﻨﺎة ﺑﻴﻠﻮﻣﻮر‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻤﻦ أﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻮة‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﺠﻨﺎء ﺣﺼﺮًﻳﺎ‪ُ .‬ﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺨﺮة وﻣﺎت اﻵﻻف ﺧﻼل ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﺮوﻋﺔ وﻛﺎن ﺣﺮاس ‪NKVD‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻘﻠًﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺣﺸﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻤﺪا ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﻮت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ "أﻋﺪاء‬
‫ﺟﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ" اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻮا ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪا ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻧﻤﻮذ ً‬
‫اﻟﺴﺠﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻮرت إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻏﻮﻻغ اﻟﺬي اﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻧﻬﻴﺎره ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪.1989‬‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ داﻋﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎة إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻷﺧﺬ ﺳﻔﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻮﺣﺎت ﻋﺮض ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﺠﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاف‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ‪ .‬أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﺸﻠﻮا ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاف اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻮا ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎدات إﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ وإﻫﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وزاد اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ أدى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات‬
‫اﻟﻘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺴﺠﻼت ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل وﺗﻐﻴﺒﻬﻢ وﺳﻮء ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﺳﺠﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺿﻌﻴًﻔﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ اُﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ وإذا ﺛﺒﺘﺖ إداﻧﺘﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻨﺎر ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻛﺎن ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ دوﻧﺒﺎس‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﻢ ﻓﻲ أوﻛﺮاﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻇﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ أﻫﺪاف إﻧﺘﺎج ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬إذا أﺧﻄﺄوا‬
‫اﻷﻫﺪاف‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ وﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻲ اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻣﺄزق‪ .‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻣﻦ أﺳﻮأ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ أداًء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪق‪ .‬ﻇﻞ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ زﻳﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻪ ‪ -‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻣﻨﺎﻓ ً‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻞ راﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة أن ﻳﻘﻮم أﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮم‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﻢ آﺧﺮ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺑﺪﻋﺎﺋﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺮة‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﻮد راﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺜﻘﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺎرج‪ .‬وﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﺣﺮﻳ ً‬
‫ﺼﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﺎت ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن وزﻧﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪15‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﺣﺪﻳًﺜﺎ وﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪرﻳًﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼ ً‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻢ ﺷﻜﻮك ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺒﺎدرة ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬أﻗﻨﻊ ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬
‫ورﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 30‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،1935‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ،22:00‬دﺧﻞ أﻟﻴﻜﺴﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف وﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ زﻣﻼﺋﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺮﻓﻘﺔ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺤﺰب وﺻﺤﻔﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻇﻬﺮوا ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﺘﺠﻮا ‪102‬‬
‫ﻃﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ‪ -‬أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 14‬ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻬﺪف‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important idea related to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬:١‫س‬
the workers that the writer mentions in ‫(؟‬4) ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
paragraph (4)?
D. They were hard working. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﺠﺪ‬.‫د‬

Q2: Why does the writer mention the ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﻨﺎة ﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎر؟‬:٢‫س‬
example of the construction of the Belomar
Canal?
D. to show the difficulty of living under ‫ ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬.‫د‬
Stalin

Q3: What is one important idea mentioned ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻋﻦ‬:٣‫س‬
about Alexei Stakhanov in Paragraph (6)? ‫(؟‬6) ‫أﻟﻴﻜﺴﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. He was an example of a good worker. .‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺜﺎًﻻ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is the main topic of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٤‫س‬
B. Stalin's successful 5-year plan ‫ ﺳﻨﻮات‬5 ‫ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ وﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫ب‬

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 🧠 ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Some experts may define memory as how the mind interprets, stores, and retrieves
information. Memories develop when a person processes an event, causing neurons to send
signals to each other, creating a network of connections of various strengths. (Q1) So, memory
is the reactivation of a specific neuronal pathway, which forms from the changes in the
strength and patterns of connections.
2- All of us desire to possess an excellent memory system that is robust and dependable.
Who, after all, (Q2) likes to face situations of memory failures that lead to so much of anxiety
and embarrassment? After learning about various memory related processes, you certainly
would like to know how your memory can be improved. There are a number of strategies for
improving memory. People with excellent memories and memory championship winners are
not too different from you. They just use a combination of techniques to enable their minds
to memorize things. But if you follow the right techniques, you can remember almost
anything you want.
3- The first technique is called the Memory Palace Technique where every piece of
information that you wish to remember is associated with parts of a location that you are
very familiar with such as your home. Mind Palaces can be used to remember names, faces,
languages, lists, academic material, and pretty much anything under the sun.
4- Another technique is spaced repetition. It’s easier to remember something that you read
yesterday than a paragraph you have read a year back. Hermann Ebbinghaus referred to this
as the forgetting curve. His research into the psychology of memory observed that we forget
most newly acquired information within a few hours or at the most a couple of days.
However, if you reinforce what you learn at regular intervals, it’s easier to retain that piece of
information from the long-term storage areas of your brain. The spaced repetition method is
all about practicing remembering at the right time.
5- (Q3) A useful hack to remember things that you read is to summarize a page or a paragraph
in the margin of the book as you read along. This reinforces absorption into your memory, as
well as helps you quickly remember the contents of the page when you look it up in the
future.
6- (Q4) The idea behind these strategies keeping your mind active is the best way to
strengthen memory. However, (Q5) they would be relatively effective if not accompanies with
exercise, healthy diets and enough sleep.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌّﺮف ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﺮدادﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺎت ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺣﺪًﺛﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ إﺷﺎرات إﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ذات ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬إذا‪ ،‬اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻫﻲ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻣﺴﺎر‬
‫ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮة وأﻧﻤﺎط اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻣﺘﻼك ﻧﻈﺎم ذاﻛﺮة ﻣﻤﺘﺎز ﻗﻮي وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺐ أن‬
‫ﻳﻮاﺟﻪ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻗﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﻖ واﻹﺣﺮاج؟ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ أﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ذاﻛﺮﺗﻚ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‪ .‬اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ذوو اﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ واﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰون ﺑﺒﻄﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﻻ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮن‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا ﻋﻨﻚ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ إذا اﺗﺒﻌﺖ‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أي ﺷﻲء ﺗﺮﻳﺪه ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﺮ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام "ﻗﺼﻮر اﻟﻌﻘﻞ" ﻟﺘﺬﻛﺮ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء واﻟﻮﺟﻮه واﻟﻠﻐﺎت واﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ واﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ وأي ﺷﻲء ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬أﺳﻠﻮب آﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻞ أن ﺗﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺮأﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺮة ﻗﺮأﺗﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‪ .‬أﺷﺎر ﻫﻴﺮﻣﺎن إﺑﻨﻐﻬﺎوس إﻟﻰ ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎن‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺑﺤﺜﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة أﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺪﻳًﺜﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬إذا‬
‫ﻋﺰزت ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮات ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪى ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة ﻟﺘﺬﻛﺮ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺮأﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ أو ﻓﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫ﻗﺮاءﺗﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺰز ﻫﺬا اﻣﺘﺼﺎص ذاﻛﺮﺗﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪك ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪،‬‬‫‪ -٦‬اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ وراء ﻫﺬه اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﻫﻲ إﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻘﻠﻚ ﻧﺸﻴ ً‬
‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which word or words can we use to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ أو اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬:١‫س‬
replace the word so in Paragraph (1)? ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬
‫(؟‬1) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. in the same way ‫ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: How does the writer feel about ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎن؟‬:٢‫س‬
forgetfulness?
D. It could be embarrassing. .‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺮﺟﺎ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What is one way to help remember ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‬:٣‫س‬
things? ‫اﻷﺷﻴﺎء؟‬
B. summarizing ‫ اﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What does the passage say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة؟‬:٤‫س‬
memory?
D. You need to work actively for it. .‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﺸﺎط ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫د‬

Q5: Why does the writer use the word ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬:٥‫س‬
relatively in Paragraph (6)? ‫(؟‬6) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. to show it is slightly effective ‫ ﻹﺛﺒﺎت أﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬.‫أ‬

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 🪱 ‫دودة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- A computer worm is a form of software that can (Q 1) replicate and spread itself on a
network, accessing other computers and devices connected to the (Q2) infected host. Worms
can be malware, often used by hackers to eat up bandwidth or manipulate files or programs
on the system.
2- A worm is different from a virus in that it does not require the host system in order to
replicate. Like a parasitic worm, it can act independently. It can replicate and spread without
the need for human intervention, such as a shared file.
3- Worms can (Q3) modify and delete files, and they can even inject additional malicious
software onto a computer. Sometimes a computer worm’s purpose is only to make copies of
itself over and over — depleting system resources, such as hard drive space or bandwidth, by
overloading a shared network. In addition to wreaking havoc on a computer’s resources,
worms can also steal data, install a backdoor, and allow a hacker to gain control over a
computer and its system settings.
4- Some worms, on the other hand, can be helpful in gauging network sizes and tracking
vulnerabilities. The Welchia worm, for example, infected computers with a certain end-of-life
Windows vulnerability and automatically downloaded security patches for that vulnerability,
deleting itself after a certain period of time.
‫ واﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬،‫ دودة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﺮار وﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬.‫إﻟﻰ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺼﺎب‬
‫ وﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﻠﻮن ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮددي أو اﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت أو اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬،‫ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺿﺎرة‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺪودة‬.‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺪودة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬-٢
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار واﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﺮي‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬،‫اﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻠﻒ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬
.‫ وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺿﺎرة إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺪان ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت وﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ‬-٣
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي‬- ‫ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ دودة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮاًرا وﺗﻜﺮاًرا‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‬
‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻷﻗﺮاص اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ أو اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮددي‬،‫إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺳﺮﻗﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺪان أﻳ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺣﺪاث ﻓﻮﺿﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
.‫ واﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻠﻘﺮاﺻﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ وإﻋﺪادات ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ‬،‫ وﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺎب ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬،‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪﻳﺪان ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎس أﺣﺠﺎم اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت وﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-٤
‫ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺜﻐﺮة أﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم‬Welchia ‫ أﺻﺎب اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫ وﺣﺬف‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ وﻗﺎم ﺑﺘﻨﺰﻳﻞ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎت اﻷﻣﺎن ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋًﻴﺎ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺜﻐﺮة اﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬Windows ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
.‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

446
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word replicate in the passage is ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﻜﺮار" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
B. copy. .‫ ﻳﻨﺴﺦ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The word infected in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬:٢‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
D. damaged. .‫ ﻳﺘﻠﻒ‬.‫د‬

Q3: The word modify in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﻌﺪل" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
C. change. .‫ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬.‫ج‬

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 💻 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Before moving on to the more pragmatic elements of teaching in a digital age, it is
necessary to address the question of whether the development of digital technologies has
actually changed the nature of knowledge, because if that is the case, then this will influence
strongly what needs to be taught as well as how it will be taught.
2- Connectivists such as Siemens and Downes argues that the Internet has changed the
nature of knowledge. They argue that ‘important’ or ‘valid’ knowledge now is different from
prior forms of knowledge, particularly academic knowledge. Downes (2007) has argued that
(Q1) new technologies allow for the de-institutionalization of learning. (Q2) Chris Anderson, the
editor of Wired Magazine and now Curator of Ted Talks, has argued (2008) that massive
meta-data correlations can replace ‘traditional’ scientific approaches to creating new
knowledge:
3- This is a world where massive amounts of data and applied mathematics replace every
other tool that might be brought to bear. Out with every theory of human behavior, from
linguistics to sociology. Forget taxonomy, ontology, and psychology. Who knows why people
do what they do? The point is they do it, and we can track and measure it with
unprecedented fidelity. With enough data, the numbers speak for themselves.
4- Back in the 1960s Marshall McLuhan (1964) argued that (Q3) the medium is the message;
the way information is represented and transmitted is changed and so is our focus and
understanding as information moves between and within different media. If information and
knowledge are now represented and more significantly now flow differently, how does that
affect educational processes such as teaching and learning?
5- One way knowledge is certainly changing is in the way it is represented. It should be
remembered that Socrates (according to Plato) criticized writing because it could not lead to
‘true’ knowledge which came only from verbal dialogue and oratory. (Q4) Writing however is
important because it provides a permanent record of knowledge. (Q5) The printing press was
important because it enabled the written word to spread to many more people. As a
consequence, scholars could challenge and better interpret, through reflection, what others
had written, and more accurately and carefully argue their own positions. Many scholars
believe that one consequence of the development of mass printing was the Renaissance and
the age of enlightenment, and modern academia consequently came to depend very heavily
on the print medium.
6- Now we have other ways to record and transmit knowledge that can be studied and
reflected upon, such as video, audio, animations, and graphics, and the Internet does expand
enormously the speed and range by which these representations of knowledge can be
transmitted.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ واﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ إذا‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻏﻴﺮت ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﺆﺛﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻮة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻪ وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺠﺎدل اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﻤﻨﺰ وداوﻧﺰ ﺑﺄن اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺎدﻟﻮن ﺑﺄن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ "اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ" أو "اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ" ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻵن ﻋﻦ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎدل داوﻧﺰ )‪) (2007‬س ‪ (4‬ﺑﺄن اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬ﺟﺎدل ﻛﺮﻳﺲ‬
‫أﻧﺪرﺳﻮن‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺮر ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ‪ ،Wired‬واﻵن أﻣﻴﻦ ‪(2008) ،Ted Talks‬أن ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ "اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ" ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻫﺬا ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﻞ أداة أﺧﺮى ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع‪ .‬ﻧﻨﺴﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺮف ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻧﻪ؟ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮن‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ وﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻷرﻗﺎم ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﺟﺎدل ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل ﻣﺎﻛﻠﻮﻫﺎن )‪ (1964‬ﺑﺄن اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ؛ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻧﺎ وﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ وداﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬إذا ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻵن‪ ،‬واﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻵن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ؟‬
‫‪ -٥‬إﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ أن‬
‫ﺳﻘﺮاط )وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻷﻓﻼﻃﻮن( اﻧﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ "ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ" واﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎءت ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ داﺋ ً‬
‫اﻟﺤﻮار اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ واﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺳﺠ ً‬
‫ﻣﻜﻨﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺗﺤﺪي ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮون وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮه ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وﺑﺪﻗﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ وﺣﺮص ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن إﺣﺪى ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ وﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﺮ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬اﻵن ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻃﺮق أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ وﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ دراﺳﺘﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ‬
‫واﻟﺼﻮت واﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬وﻳﻮﺳﻊ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ واﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻼت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﺬه‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What can we understand about new ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ‬:١‫س‬
technologies from Paragraph (2)? ‫(؟‬2) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
B. They present various risks to the society. .‫ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which of the following does the writer ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ إﻧﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
say is a fact?
A. Chris Anderson is TED Talks CEO. ‫ ﻛﺮﻳﺲ أﻧﺪرﺳﻮن ﻫﻮ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬي ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫أ‬
.TED Talks

Q3: What word does the expression "the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮرﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة "ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬:٣‫س‬
way information is represented and ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ"؟‬
transmitted" repeat?
B. medium ‫ وﺳﻴﻂ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: How is the writer's view of writing as a ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬:٤‫س‬
medium of knowledge different from ‫ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻘﺮاط؟‬
Socrates' view?
C. He believes it is an effective record of .‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﺳﺠﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬.‫ج‬
knowledge.

Q5: What can we understand about the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ‬:٥‫س‬
printing press from Paragraph (5)? ‫(؟‬4) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
C. That it spread quickly in various .‫ أﻧﻪ اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ دول ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ج‬
countries.

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 ⚙ ‫اﻷﺛﺮ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
1- The Industrial Revolution brought great riches to most of the entrepreneurs who helped
set it in motion. For the millions of workers who crowded into the new factories, however,
the industrial age brought poverty and harsh living conditions.
2- In time, reforms would curb many of the worst abuses of the early industrial age in Europe
and the Americas. As standards of living increased, people at all levels of society would
benefit from industrialization. Until then, working people would suffer with dangerous
working conditions; unsafe, unsanitary, and over- crowded housing; and unrelenting poverty.
A. People Move to New Industrial Cities
3- The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization or the movement of people to cities.
Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers
led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. Almost overnight, small towns around
coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities. Other cities grew up around the factories that
entrepreneurs built in once-quiet market towns.
4- The British market town of Manchester numbered 17,000 people in the 1750s. Within a
few years, it exploded into a center of the textile industry. Its population soared to 40,000 by
1780 and (Q1) 70,000 by 1801. Visitors described the "cloud of coal vapor" that polluted.
B. New Social Classes Emerge
5- The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class. Those in
(Q2) the middle class owned and operated the new factories, mines, and railroads, among
other industries. Their lifestyle was much more comfortable than that of the industrial
working class.
6- When farm families moved to the new industrial cities, they became workers in mines or
factories. Many felt lost and bewildered. They faced tough working conditions in
uncomfortable environments. In time, though, factory and mine workers developed their
own sense of community despite the terrible working conditions.
C. The Industrial Middle Class
7- (Q3) Those who benefited most from the Industrial Revolution were the entrepreneurs who
set it in motion. The Industrial Revolution created this new middle class, or bourgeoisie,
whose members came from a variety of backgrounds. Some were merchants who invested
their growing profits in factories. Others were inventors or skilled artisans who developed
new technologies. Some rose from "rags to riches," a pattern that the age greatly admired.

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‫‪8- Middle-class families lived in well-furnished, spacious homes on paved streets and had a‬‬
‫‪ready supply of water. They wore fancy clothing and ate well. The new middle class took‬‬
‫‪pride in their hard work and their determination to "get ahead." Only a few had sympathy for‬‬
‫‪the poor. Women of the middle class did not leave the home to work but instead focused‬‬
‫‪their energy on raising their children. This contrasted with the wealthy, who had‬‬
‫‪maidservants to look after their children, and the working class, whose children were a part‬‬
‫‪of the workforce.‬‬
‫‪١‬اﻷﺛﺮ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪- ١‬ﺟﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺛﺮوات ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ رواد اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺪوا ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺣﺘﺸﺪوا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ واﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻜﺒﺢ اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻮأ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‬
‫واﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮوف ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﺮة؛ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻵﻣﻨﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺰدﺣﻤﺔ؛ واﻟﻔﻘﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﻠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻠﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﺟﻠﺒﺖ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻀﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ أو ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪن‪ .‬أدت اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﻫﺠﺮة اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰارع إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪن‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺸﻴﺔ وﺿﺤﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﺸﺮت اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﺣﻮل ﻣﻨﺎﺟﻢ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ أو اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺄت ﻣﺪن أﺧﺮى‬
‫ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪات اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎدﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﺸﺴﺘﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ 17000‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻏﻀﻮن ﺳﻨﻮات ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﻧﻔﺠﺮت ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺮﻛًﺰا ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‪ .‬ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ‪ 40.000‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪1780‬‬
‫و ‪ 70000‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪ .1801‬وﺻﻔﻬﺎ اﻟﺰوار "ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻔﺤﻢ" اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬ﻇﻬﻮر ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﺧﻠﻘﺖ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ وﺳﻄﻰ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدون ﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻮن وﻳﺪﻳﺮون اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫أﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻛﺎن أﺳﻠﻮب ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ راﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻠﻮب ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﻋﺎﺋﻼت اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬أﺻﺒﺤﻮا ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ أو اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﺎع واﻟﺤﻴﺮة‪ ،‬وواﺟﻬﻮا ﻇﺮوف ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻳﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮر‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ وﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ إﺣﺴﺎﺳﻬﻢ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮوف اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﻫﻴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪- ٧‬أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدوا أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻢ رواد اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﻃﻠﻘﻮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺧﻠﻘﺖ اﻟﺜﻮرة‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺒﺮﺟﻮازﻳﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺎء أﻋﻀﺎؤﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺗﺠﺎرﴽ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺮوا أرﺑﺎﺣﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن آﺧﺮون ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺮﻋﻴﻦ أو اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻃﻮروا ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬ارﺗﻘﻰ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ "اﻟﺨﺮق إﻟﻰ اﻟﺜﺮاء"‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻧﻤﻂ أﻋﺠﺐ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﻓﻲ ﺷﻮارع ﻣﺮﺻﻮﻓﺔ وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ إﻣﺪادات‬ ‫‪ -٨‬ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﻋﺎﺋﻼت اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎزل واﺳﻌﺔ وﻣﻔﺮوﺷﺔ ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫ﺟﺎﻫﺰة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺮﺗﺪون ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻓﺎﺧﺮة وﻳﺄﻛﻠﻮن ﺟﻴﺪا‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﺨﻮرة‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻬﻢ اﻟﺠﺎد وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ "اﻟﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪًﻣﺎ"‪ .‬اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻔﻮا ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻐﺎدر ﻧﺴﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ رﻛﺰن ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻫﺬا ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻷﺛﺮﻳﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺧﺎدﻣﺎت ﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺰًءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: By 1801, what was the population of ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﺸﺴﺘﺮ؟‬،1801 ‫ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم‬:١‫س‬
Manchester?
B. 70,000 70000 .‫ب‬

Q2: Who owned the new factories, mines, ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي اﻣﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ واﻟﺴﻜﻚ‬:٢‫س‬
and railroads? ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة؟‬
D. the middle class ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬.‫د‬

Q3: Which group of people benefited most ‫ أي ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس اﺳﺘﻔﺎدت أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬:٣‫س‬
from the Industrial Revolution? ‫اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ؟‬
A. entrepreneurs ‫ رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬.‫أ‬

453
 🐪 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Deserts are some of the most widespread yet (Q1) unexplored biomes. They cover about
1/3 of the earth’s surface and are found in 60 of the world’s nations. The largest hot desert
biome (the subtropical Sahara) stretches over 3.5 million square miles or 9 million square
kilometers. However, the Antarctica, which is a polar desert, is the largest desert overall.
Many people assume that deserts cannot support any form of life, (Q2) but they actually
harbor about 4,000 different plants and animal species. Since desert biomes receive little
precipitation per year, the conditions are very hostile for plants and animals as (Q3) they have
to survive with little water.
The desert biomes of the world are located in six biogeographic domains including:
The Australian deserts
2- The Australian deserts consist of a collection of lowlands arid eco-regions in the heartland
of Australia. They are hardly inhabited, and their average population density is lower than
one person per square kilometer. Of all the deserts in the world, Australian deserts have the
lowest human population, by far.
Afrotropic deserts
3- These desert biomes are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, including the southern fringe of
the Arabian Peninsula. The biome receives a lot of pressure from humans, particularly in
Madagascar and the horn of Africa.
The Indo-Malay region
4- The Indo-Malay region consists of 2 hot lowlands including the Indus Valley and the Thar.
These deserts top the world deserts regarding human footprint.
The Neotropic deserts
5- Those located in South America cover an area of about 684, 000 million square miles.
However, only 6 percent of this total area is protected.
The Nearctic deserts
6- These deserts cover an estimated area of 1.04 million square miles in North America. Due
to the expansion of urban corporations like Phoenix in the U.S., (Q4) their average population
is relatively high.
Palearctic domain
7- This domain concentrates the largest range of desserts in the entire world, covering an
area of a staggering 9.9 million square miles. That’s, essentially, 63% of all deserts in the
world. These deserts are famous for their extreme dryness and sheer inaccessibility. The
Sahara desert in Africa covers an area of about 9.9 square miles or approximately 10% of the
African continent. On the flip side, the deserts located in the Central area are characterized
by folded mountains, high landscape heterogeneity, as well as enclosed basins.

454
 ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻜﺸﻔﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎًرا‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬
‫وﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ‪ 60‬دوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺘﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺻﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ )اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء ﺷﺒﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ 3.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ أو ‪ 9‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﺻﺤﺮاء ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺻﺤﺮاء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ .‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮض اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس أن اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫أي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺗﺆوي ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 4000‬ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬
‫ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﺎرى اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺼﺤﺎرى اﻷﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ‬
‫أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎد ﻣﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎن‪ ،‬وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ واﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻢ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻷﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﺎرى اﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻷﺣﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻏﺸﻘﺮ واﻟﻘﺮن‬
‫اﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻻوﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺘﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ وادي اﻟﺴﻨﺪ وﺛﺎر‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﺤﺎرى ﺗﺘﺼﺪر ﺻﺤﺎرى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﺪم اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﺎرى ﻧﻴﻮﺗﺮوﺑﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 684‬أﻟﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪ 6‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺤﺎرى ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻘﺪر ﺑـ ‪ 1.04‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Phoenix‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎل ‪Palearctic‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎرى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺄﺳﺮه‪ ،‬وﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪9.9‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ .‬وﻫﺬا‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ‪ ٪63‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﺤﺎري‬
‫ﺑﺠﻔﺎﻓﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ وﻋﺪم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻓﻲ إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 9.9‬ﻣﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪ 10‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺣﻮاض اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺒﺎل اﻟﻤﻄﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪم ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ً‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What two phrases does the writer use‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرﺗﺎن اﻟﻠﺘﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻴﻘﻮل‬
‫?‪to say that deserts have few people‬‬ ‫إن اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﺑﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس؟‬
‫‪C. unexplored; hardly inhabited‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻜﺸﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎد ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ أﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫?‪Q2: Which of the following is a fact‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. Deserts are large and support a variety‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﺼﺤﺎري ﻛﺒﻴﺮة وﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪of species.‬‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻮاع‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What can we understand about desert‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫?‪species‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. They can survive with little water.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: What can we understand about the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري‬
‫?‪Australian and the Nearctic deserts‬‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. The Nearctic deserts have more people.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس‪.‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ 🌱‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Which two fields extract and use the‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬أي ﺣﻘﻼن ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺎن وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎن أﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺪر ﻣﻦ‬
‫?‪most water‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه؟‬
‫‪D. Agriculture and Domestic use.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: Which year will have the highest‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫?‪consumption of water for industry use‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ؟‬
‫‪A. 2025‬‬ ‫أ‪2025 .‬‬

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 ❄ ‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرات اﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Backcountry winter activities such as skiing and snowmobiling are exhilarating adventures,
but can also have serious risks. This winter, avalanches in the United States have claimed the
lives of seventeen people, including four this past weekend.
2- A product of weather and topography, avalanches depend on the steepness of a terrain. A
slope between 25° and 60° is considered most favorable for a dangerous slide. A steeper
gradient will cause more frequent, but smaller events. Snow, the other key ingredient,
accumulates on mountain slopes in layers, forming a snow-pack over time. Each layer is
different in texture and weight, depending on the moisture content of the snow. Once on the
ground, the snow remains subject to atmospheric conditions. As temperatures rise and fall,
the process of melting and re-freezing can form seams of instability in the snow-pack.
Eventually, something will trigger an (Q1) unstable (Q2) slab to overcome the delicate friction
holding it in place.
3- Triggers can be natural or man-made. Some natural triggers include the weight of
additional snow, sudden changes in temperature, and falling trees. People can set off
avalanches when their activities traverse an unstable snow slab. Once a slab breaks away, it
will cascade down the mountain engulfing anything in its path. So, if you are heading out to
the back woods, it is vital to heed the avalanche warnings in your area.
‫ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﻐﺎﻣﺮات ﻣﺒﻬﺠﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺰﻟﺞ واﻟﺘﺰﻟﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺸﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﻒ‬-١
‫ أودت اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرات اﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺑﺤﻴﺎة ﺳﺒﻌﺔ‬،‫ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺸﺘﺎء‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ‬ً ‫ﺗﻨﻄﻮي أﻳ‬
.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬،‫ﺼﺎ‬
ً ‫ﻋﺸﺮ ﺷﺨ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪة اﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ‬،‫ وﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﻘﺲ واﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرات اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﺳﻴﺆدي اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺎد إﻟﻰ أﺣﺪاث أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮارا‬.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻق اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮ‬60‫ درﺟﺔ و‬25 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪر ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻜﻮًﻧﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺛﻠﺠﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪرات اﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ اﻵﺧﺮ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬.‫وﻟﻜﻦ أﺻﻐﺮ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬.‫ اﻋﺘﻤﺎًدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬،‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻤﺲ واﻟﻮزن‬.‫ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ً ‫ ﻳﻈﻞ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﺧﺎﺿ‬،‫وﺻﻮﻟﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻷرض‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺆدي ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن وإﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻓﻲ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬
.‫إﻟﻰ إﻃﻼق ﻟﻮح ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ زﻳﺎدة وزن‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰات ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬-٣
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس إﻃﻼق اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرات اﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ‬.‫ وﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬،‫ واﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬،‫اﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺪﺣﺮج أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺠﺒﻞ وﻳﺒﺘﻠﻊ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺠﺮد أن ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻠﻮح‬.‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺘﺎز أﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻮح ﺛﻠﺠﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬
‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮات اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬،‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻟﺬا‬.‫أي ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪي ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻚ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word unstable in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
C. loose. .‫ ﻣﺮﺗﺨﻲ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: The word slab in the passage is closest ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
A. chunk. .‫ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬.‫أ‬

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 🥺 ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- According to functionalist theories of emotion, emotions help people manage important
tasks. Fear, for example, mobilizes the body to fight or flee; happiness rewards achieving
goals and builds attachments to other people. What do knowledge emotions do? They
motivate learning, viewed in its broadest sense, during times that the environment is puzzling
or erratic. Sometimes the learning is on a short time scale. Surprise, for example, makes
people stop what they are doing, pay attention to the surprising thing, and evaluate whether
it is dangerous. After a couple seconds, people have learned what they needed to know and
get back to what they were doing. But sometimes the learning takes place over the lifespan.
Interest, for example, motivates people to learn about things over days, weeks, and years.
Finding something interesting motivates “for its own sake” learning and is probably the major
engine of human competence.
2- What causes emotions to happen in the first place? Although it usually feels like something
in the world—(Q1) a good hug, a snake slithering across the driveway, a hot-air balloon shaped
like a question mark—causes an emotion directly, (Q1) emotion theories contend that
emotions come from how we think about what is happening in the world, not what is literally
happening. After all, if things in the world directly caused emotions, everyone would always
have the same emotion in response to something. Appraisal theories propose that each
emotion is caused by a group of appraisals, which are evaluations and judgments of what
events in the world mean for our goals and well-being: Is this relevant to me? Does it further
or hinder my goals? Can I deal with it or do something about it? Did someone do it on
purpose? Different emotions come from different answers to these appraisal questions.
3- With that as a background, in the following sections we’ll consider the nature, causes, and
effects of each knowledge emotion. Afterward, we will consider some of their practical
implications.
4- Nothing gets people’s attention like something startling. Surprise, a simple emotion,
hijacks a person’s mind and body and focuses them on a source of possible danger. When
there’s a loud, unexpected crash, people stop, freeze, and orient to the source of the noise.
Their minds are wiped clean—after something startling, people usually can’t remember what
they had been talking about—and attention is focused on what just happened. By focusing all
the body’s resources on the unexpected event, surprise helps people respond quickly.
5- Surprise has only one appraisal: A single “expectedness check” seems to be involved.
When an event is “high contrast”—it sticks out against the background of what people
expected to perceive or experience—people become surprised.

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‫‪6- Learning about the knowledge emotions expands our ideas about what emotions are and‬‬
‫‪what they do. (Q2) Emotions clearly play important roles in everyday challenges such as‬‬
‫‪responding to threats and building (Q3) relationships. But emotions also aid in other, more‬‬
‫‪intellectual challenges for humans. Compared with other animals, we are born with little‬‬
‫‪knowledge but have the potential for enormous intelligence. Emotions such as surprise,‬‬
‫‪interest, confusion, and awe first signal that something awry has happened that deserves our‬‬
‫‪attention. (Q4) They then motivate us to engage with the new things that strain our‬‬
‫‪understanding of the world and how it works. (Q5) Emotions surely aid fighting and fleeing,‬‬
‫‪but for most of the hours of most of our days, they mostly aid in learning, exploring, and‬‬
‫‪reflecting.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺨﻮف ﻣﺜﻼ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺸﺪ اﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﺎل أو اﻟﻔﺮار‪ .‬ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺊ اﻟﺴﻌﺎدة ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاف وﺗﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻮاﻃﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ؟ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ أوﺳﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺤﻴﺮة أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق زﻣﻨﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄة‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫ن‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻔﻮن ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳﻨﺘﺒﻬﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮن ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن ﺧﻄﻴًﺮا‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺛﻮا ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ واﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺪى اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ .‬اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻷﻳﺎم واﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‬
‫واﻟﺴﻨﻮات‪ .‬إن اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻳﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ "ﻟﺬاﺗﻪ" ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻔﺎءة‬
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول؟ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪو وﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺎق ﺟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻌﺒﺎن ﻳﻨﺰﻟﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﺎد اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم ‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ أن اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬وﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﺣﺮﻓًﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬إذا ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑًﺔ ﻟﺸﻲء ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺘﺮح ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ أن ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ داﺋ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎت‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎت وأﺣﻜﺎم ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻴﻪ اﻷﺣﺪاث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻷﻫﺪاﻓﻨﺎ ورﻓﺎﻫﻴﺘﻨﺎ‪ :‬ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬا ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻲ؟ ﻫﻞ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ أو ﻳﻌﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاﻓﻲ؟ ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ أو اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺸﻲء ﺣﻴﺎل ذﻟﻚ؟ ﻫﻞ ﻗﺎم أﺣﺪﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ؟ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬه‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ذﻟﻚ ﻛﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ وأﺳﺒﺎب وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ آﺛﺎرﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻻ ﺷﻲء ﻳﺠﺬب اﻧﺘﺒﺎه اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺬﻫﻞ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄة‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﺘﻄﻒ ﻋﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫وﺟﺴﺪه وﺗﺮﻛﺰه ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك اﺻﻄﺪام ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ وﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫وﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪون وﻳﺘﻮﺟﻬﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺬﻫﻞ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﺎدًة ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن ﻋﻨﻪ ‪ -‬وﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪث ﻟﻠﺘﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪث ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄة اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄة ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ :‬ﻳﺒﺪو أن ﻫﻨﺎك "ﻓﺤﺺ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ" واﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺣﺪث ﻣﺎ "ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ" ‪ -‬ﻳﺒﺮز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺎس إدراﻛﻪ أو ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻪ ‪ -‬ﻳﺼﺎب اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻫﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ أﻓﻜﺎرﻧﺎ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ وﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ أدواًرا ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪات وﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬﻛﺎء اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺄة واﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم‬
‫واﻻرﺗﺒﺎك واﻟﺮﻫﺒﺔ أوًﻻ إﻟﻰ أن ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﻏﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪث وﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺤﻔﺰوﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺨﺮاط ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻫﻖ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ أن اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺘﺎل واﻟﻔﺮار‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻌﻈﻢ أﻳﺎﻣﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف واﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What can we understand from ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎق‬2) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
Paragraph (2) about a good hug? ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪ؟‬
C. It may cause different feelings in .‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﺎس‬.‫ج‬
different people.

Q2: How are functionalist theories of ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ‬:٢‫س‬
emotions different from appraisal ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ؟‬
theories?
B. According to functionalist theories, ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
emotions help us build relationships or .‫ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت أو اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪات‬
respond to threats.

Q3: What idea does the word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮرﻫﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﻼﻗﺎت" ﻓﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
"relationships" in Paragraph (6) repeat? ‫(؟‬4) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
C. attachments to other people ‫ ﻣﺮﻓﻘﺎت ﻷﺷﺨﺎص آﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What can we understand from the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ؟‬:٤‫س‬
passage about emotions?
B. Emotions make us want to know more ‫ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫ب‬
about the world around us. .‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ‬

Q5: Which of the following is the writer's ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:٥‫س‬
opinion?
D. Emotions help us learn, explore, and ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف‬.‫د‬
reflect. .‫واﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬

462
 📈 ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Hyperinflation is used to describe situations where the prices of all goods and services rise
uncontrollably over a defined time period. In other words, hyperinflation is extremely rapid
inflation. Often, some external event occurs, such as war, uprising, or a global pandemic. A
government prints and injects more money into the domestic economy or to cover budget
deficits. When more money is put into circulation, the real value of the currency decreases
and prices rise which prompts consumers to panic-buy anything that will hold value and thus
create massive shortages. Governments print more money to try and counter the effects,
and it all becomes a vicious cycle.
2- What constitutes hyperinflation is subjective, but economists tend to favor Phillip Cagan’s
definition of a monthly price increase of at least 50%. In fact, there have been some instances
that far surpassed that figure. In Zimbabwe during 2007-2008, prices doubled in about a day,
according to the Cato Institute.
3- In an attempt to avoid paying for higher prices tomorrow due to hyperinflation, individuals
typically begin investing in durable goods such as equipment, machinery, jewelry, etc. In
situations of prolonged hyperinflation, individuals will begin to accumulate perishable goods.
4- However, that practice causes a vicious cycle – (Q1) as prices rise, people keep buying goods
more and more, creating higher demand for goods and further increasing prices, especially
for goods that become unavailable. If hyperinflation continues unabated, it nearly always
causes a major economic collapse.
5- When hyperinflation hits, (Q2) you are incentivized to spend your devaluing currency into
anything that is a better store of value. In extreme cases where prices are doubling in a
matter of days, almost anything non-perishable becomes a store of value. For example, it’s
probably better to buy a couch and store your value in it than in the currency.
6- Zimbabwe is a country that experienced significant hyperinflation in the past. (Q3) In 2007,
the government declared inflation illegal. Anyone who raised the prices for goods and
services was subject to arrest. This amounted to a price freeze, which is usually ineffective in
halting inflation. Officials arrested numerous corporate executives for changing their prices.
Prices in shops and restaurants were still quoted in Zimbabwean dollars, (Q2) but were
adjusted several times a day. Any Zimbabwean who acquired their local currency needed to
exchange it for foreign currency so as not to suffer a significant loss of value. (Q3) Transactors
could evade the price freezes and the mandate to use Zimbabwean dollars through the black
market which served the demand for daily goods such as soap and bread. At one point, a loaf
of bread was Z$550,000,000 in the regular market, when bread was even available; apart
from a trip to another country, the black market was the only option for almost all goods.

463
 ‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أﺳﻌﺎر ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط ﻫﻮ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮب أو اﻧﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ أو وﺑﺎء ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮال وﺿﺨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ أو ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﺠﺰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪاول اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮال‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﺔ وﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺬﻋﺮ ﻟﺸﺮاء أي‬
‫ﺷﻲء ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﺗﻄﺒﻊ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮال ﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻵﺛﺎر‪،‬‬
‫وﻳﺼﺒﺢ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮن إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺐ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬إن ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻀﺨ ً‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﻔﺮ ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﺟﺎن ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺸﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ .٪50‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎوزت ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ‪ ،2008-2007‬ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻔﺖ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻳﻮم واﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وﻓًﻘﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﻛﺎﺗﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻋﺎدًة ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ دﻓﻊ أﺳﻌﺎر أﻋﻠﻰ ﻏ ً‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻵﻻت واﻟﻤﺠﻮﻫﺮات وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط ﻟﻔﺘﺮات ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺒﺪأ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻏﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺄﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ وزﻳﺎدة اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮة‪ .‬إذا اﺳﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط ﺑﻼ ﻫﻮادة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ داﺋ ً‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻀﺮب اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰك ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﻔﺎق ﻋﻤﻠﺘﻚ اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ أي ﺷﻲء ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺨﺰًﻧﺎ‬
‫أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﻘﺼﻮى ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن أﻳﺎم‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ أي ﺷﻲء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻣﺨﺰًﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺷﺮاء أرﻳﻜﺔ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻔﺮط ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2007‬أﻋﻠﻨﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أن اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺮﻓﻊ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻛﺎن ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ ﻟﻸﺳﻌﺎر‪،‬‬
‫وﻫﻮ ﻋﺎدة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ وﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬اﻋﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻮن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ أﺳﻌﺎرﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺰال اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻼت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ُﺗﺴﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺪوﻻر اﻟﺰﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم‪ .‬أي ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺴﺎرة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻬﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﺪ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬
‫واﻟﺘﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام دوﻻرات زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺴﻮداء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺪم اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮن واﻟﺨﺒﺰ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﻗﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺳﻌﺮ رﻏﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻫﻮ ‪ 550.000.000‬دوﻻر زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎن اﻟﺨﺒﺰ ﻣﺘﻮﻓًﺮا؛ ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ رﺣﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﺪ آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻫﻮ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What two things happen when the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﺎن اﻟﻠﺬان ﻳﺤﺪﺛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬:١‫س‬
price of a good goes up? ‫ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ؟‬
D. Consumers will spend more money on ‫ ﺳﻴﻨﻔﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫د‬
the good because they will not change ،‫اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻐﻴﺮوا ﻋﺎداﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
their buying habits and goods with falling .‫وﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﻠﻊ ذات اﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬
prices will be important.

Q2: What are two things that happen when ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﺎن ﻳﺤﺪﺛﺎن ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك‬:٢‫س‬
there is hyperinflation? ‫ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻔﺮط؟‬
D. The government adjusts prices several ‫ ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم‬.‫د‬
times each day and people get rid of cash. .‫وﻳﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻮد‬

Q3: What two things did the Zimbabwean ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﺎن اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي‬:٣‫س‬
government do that increased ‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط؟‬
hyperinflation?
D. Enacted price controls resulting in black ‫ ﺳﻦ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺴﻮداء‬.‫د‬
markets and allowed the people to use .‫واﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﻠﻨﺎس ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻤﻼت اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬
foreign currency.

465
 🩺 ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Team Rubicon is an international non-government organization (NGO) specializing in
disaster response. (Q1) Its headquarters are in Los Angeles, USA. Team Rubicon formed in
January 2010 following the Haiti earthquake, when William McNulty and Jacob "Jake" Wood
led a medical team into Port-au-Prince three days after the earthquake. The first Team
Rubicon was an initial team of eight. (Q2) They gathered funds and medical supplies from
friends and family and flew into the Dominican Republic. They rented a truck, loaded their
gear, and headed west to Haiti. The team treated thousands of patients, traveling to camps
deemed “too dangerous” by other aid organizations. They ventured outside the traditional
scale of disaster response, focusing on those who would be overlooked, untreated.
2- That experience was the beginning of Team Rubicon. Team Rubicon wanted to solve two
problems: (1) Inadequate disaster response which is often slow to respond, has an
antiquated infrastructure, and is not using the best technological solutions or well-trained
members and (2) inadequate veteran reintegration into civilian life. Military veterans'
training, skills, and experience make them well suited to disaster response while helping
others can promote healing and community to alleviate some of the reintegration issues that
drive a high suicide rate among veterans.
3- Since the Haiti earthquake, Team Rubicon has deployed on over 500 operations including
international operations in Pakistan (2010 Pakistan floods), Chile (2010 Chile tsunami), Burma
(2010 Thai-Burma border conflict), Sudan, Ecuador, Nepal, Greece, and Turkey and Hurricane
Dorian in the Bahamas.
4- Domestically, Team Rubicon has responded to large scale disasters such as Hurricane
Matthew, Hurricane Irene, Hurricane Sandy, the tornado destruction of Moore, Oklahoma,
just to name a few.
5- In 2016, Team Rubicon was able to launch a record number of responses. (Q3) They
responded to about 46 disasters. Rubicon believe that an efficient response starts long
before the bat signal goes up. In 2016, they expanded into recovery and mitigation
operations. By pinpointing locations that are at risk for future disasters, they began planning
operations to assist these vulnerable communities while simultaneously providing Team
Rubicon members valuable training in response-like scenarios.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ دوﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (NGO‬ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮارث‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮس أﻧﺠﻠﻮس‪ ،‬اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ 2010‬ﻓﻲ أﻋﻘﺎب زﻟﺰال ﻫﺎﻳﺘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﺎد وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﻣﺎﻛﻨﻮﻟﺘﻲ وﺟﺎﻛﻮب "ﺟﻴﻚ" وود ﻓﺮﻳًﻘﺎ ﻃﺒًﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻮرت أو ﺑﺮﻧﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻳﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن أول ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ أوﻟﻲ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﻓﺮاد‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻌﻮا اﻷﻣﻮال واﻹﻣﺪادات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء واﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ وﺳﺎﻓﺮوا إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺪوﻣﻴﻨﻴﻜﺎن‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺄﺟﺮوا ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺔ وﺣﻤﻠﻮا ﻣﻌﺪاﺗﻬﻢ واﺗﺠﻬﻮا ﻏﺮًﺑﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻫﺎﻳﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ آﻻف اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ‪ ،‬وﺳﺎﻓﺮوا إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮات اﻋﺘﺒﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎت إﻏﺎﺛﺔ أﺧﺮى "ﺧﻄﻴﺮة‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻏﺎﻣﺮوا ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮارث‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻠﻬﻢ‪ ،‬دون ﻋﻼج ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن‪ .‬أراد ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪ (1) :‬اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮارث واﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وذات ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﺪا و )‪ (2‬ﻋﺪم ﺗﺄﻗﻠﻢ أو دﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﻀﺮﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ أو ﺣﺘﻰ أﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﺪرﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬إن ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ وﻗﺪاﻣﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﻴﻦ وﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻬﻢ وﺧﺒﺮاﺗﻬﻢ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮارث ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺸﻔﺎء واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت إﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﻹدﻣﺎج اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺪل اﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎر ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺪاﻣﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺎرﺑﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻨﺬ زﻟﺰال ﻫﺎﻳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬اﺷﺘﺮك ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 500‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن )ﻓﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن ‪ ،(2010‬وﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ )ﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻲ ‪ ،(2010‬وﺑﻮرﻣﺎ )اﻟﺼﺮاع اﻟﺤﺪودي ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪ‬
‫وﺑﻮرﻣﺎ ‪ ،(2010‬واﻟﺴﻮدان‪ ،‬واﻹﻛﻮادور‪ ،‬وﻧﻴﺒﺎل‪ ،‬واﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎن‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ وإﻋﺼﺎر دورﻳﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰر اﻟﺒﺎﻫﺎﻣﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬أﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﻠًﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺠﺎب ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻮارث واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻣﺜﻞ إﻋﺼﺎر ﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮ‪ ،‬وإﻋﺼﺎر إﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وإﻋﺼﺎر‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺪي‪ ،‬وﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ إﻋﺼﺎر ﻣﻮر‪ ،‬أوﻛﻼﻫﻮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻻ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2016‬ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
‫إﻃﻼق ﻋﺪد ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮدود‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﻮا ﻟﺤﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 46‬ﻛﺎرﺛﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن أن اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺒﺪأ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫وﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺨﻄﺮ )إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺨﻔﺎﻓﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﻤﺎن(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2016‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺖ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻲ واﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮارث اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأوا ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻢ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Where is Rubicon's head office‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬أﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ؟‬
‫‪D. Los Angeles‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻟﻮس أﻧﺠﻠﻮس‬

‫‪Q2: From what country did team Rubicon‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﻦ أي ﺑﻠﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻫﺎﻳﺘﻲ؟‬
‫?‪cross into Haiti‬‬
‫‪A. Dominican Republic‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺪوﻣﻴﻨﻴﻜﺎن‬

‫‪Q3: In 2016, how many disasters did‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2016‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﻮارث اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫?‪Rubicon respond to‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ روﺑﻴﻜﻮن؟‬
‫‪C. 46‬‬ ‫د‪46 .‬‬

‫‪467‬‬
 👥 ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻮل واﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) The rise of Genghis Khan and the huge Mongol Empire in the early 13th Century may
have been helped by good weather, scientists suggest. (Q2) American researchers studying the
rings of ancient trees in central Mongolia have discovered that Khan’s rise coincided with the
mildest, wettest weather in more than 1,000 years. Grass grew at a rapid rate, providing
fodder for his war horses. Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes to invade and rule a vast
area. It covered modern-day Korea, China, Russia, eastern Europe, India and south-east Asia.
2- Charismatic leader
The research shows that the years before Genghis Khan's rule were characterised by severe
drought from 1180 to 1190, the study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences said.
3- Present-day Mongolians regard Genghis Khan as the founding father of their country. But
as the empire expanded from 1211 to 1225, Mongolia saw (Q3) an unusual spell of regular
rainfall and mild temperatures. "The transition from extreme drought to extreme moisture
right then strongly suggests that climate played a role in human events," study co-author and
West Virginia University tree-ring scientist Amy Hessl told the AFP news agency.
4- "It wasn't the only thing, but it must have created the ideal conditions for a charismatic
leader to emerge out of the chaos, develop an army and concentrate power. "Where it's arid,
unusual moisture creates unusual plant productivity, and that translates into horsepower.
Genghis was literally able to ride that wave." Allied to the good weather, Genghis Khan was
able to unite disparate tribes into an efficient military unit that rapidly conquered its
neighbours.
5- (Q4) For the oldest samples, Ms Hessl and lead author Neil Pederson, a tree-ring scientist at
Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, concentrated on an unusual group
of stunted Siberian pines found while researching wildfires in Mongolia. The trees were
growing from cracks in an old solid-rock lava flow in the Khangai Mountains, according to a
statement from Columbia. Trees living in such conditions grow more slowly and are
particularly sensitive to weather changes - and as a result provide an abundance of data to
study, scientists say. Some of the trees had lived for more than 1,100 years. the experts say,
and one piece of wood they found had rings going back to about 650 BC.
‫ ﻳﻘﺘﺮح اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء أن ﻇﻬﻮر ﺟﻨﻜﻴﺰ ﺧﺎن واﻹﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺪ‬-١
‫ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻮن أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن ﻳﺪرﺳﻮن ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ ﻣﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺎ أن‬.‫ﺳﺎﻋﺪه اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ وﻓﺮ‬،‫ ﻧﻤﺎ اﻟﻌﺸﺐ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬.‫ ﻋﺎم‬1000 ‫ﺻﻌﻮد ﺧﺎن ﺗﺰاﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻘﺲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل وﻣﻤﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﻏﻄﺖ ﻛﻮرﻳﺎ‬.‫ وﺣﺪ ﺟﻨﻜﻴﺰ ﺧﺎن اﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺰو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ وﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻠﻒ ﻟﺨﻴﻮل اﻟﺤﺮب‬
.‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ واﻟﺼﻴﻦ وروﺳﻴﺎ وأوروﺑﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﻬﻨﺪ وﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق آﺳﻴﺎ‬
‫ زﻋﻴﻢ ﺟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮي‬-٢
،1190 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬1180 ‫أﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أن اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺟﻨﻜﻴﺰ ﺧﺎن اﺗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻔﺎف اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
.‫ﺑﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ُﻧﺸﺮت ﻓﻲ وﻗﺎﺋﻊ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم‬

468
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺟﻨﻜﻴﺰ ﺧﺎن اﻷب اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺲ ﻟﺒﻼدﻫﻢ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 1211‬إﻟﻰ ‪ ،1225‬ﺷﻬﺪت ﻣﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫آﻣﻲ ﻫﻴﺴﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﻋﺎﻟﻤﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﻳﺴﺖ ﻓﻴﺮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪" :‬إن اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻔﺎف اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺑﻘﻮة إﻟﻰ أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ ﻟﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻓﻲ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪".‬‬
‫‪" -٤‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺑﺪ أﻧﻪ ﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺮوج ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﻛﺎرﻳﺰﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‪ ،‬وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺟﻴﺶ وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻘﻮة‪" .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎت‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻘﻮى ﺧﻴﻮل‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﺟﻨﻜﻴﺰ ﻗﺎدرﴽ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ رﻛﻮب ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ"‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺤﺎﻟًﻔﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺟﻨﻜﻴﺰ ﺧﺎن‬
‫ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﻘﺒﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺣﺪة ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﺰو ﺟﻴﺮاﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻗﺪم اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬رﻛﺰت اﻟﺴﻴﺪة ﻫﻴﺴﻞ واﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺪرﺳﻮن‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﻻﻣﻮﻧﺖ دوﻫﺮﺗﻲ ﻟﻸرض ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺒﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬
‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻘﻮق ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺣﻤﻢ ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺒﺎل ﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎي‪ ،‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻴﺎن ﺻﺎدر ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء إن اﻷﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺑﻄﺄ وﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎص ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ‪ -‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ وﻓﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪1100‬‬
‫ﻋﺎم‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء‪ ،‬وﻗﻄﻌﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺸﺐ وﺟﺪوا ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﺗﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 650‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the main topic of the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬
‫‪D. the success of the Mongol empire due to‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻧﺠﺎح إﻣﺒﺮاﻃﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻮل ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪weather conditions‬‬

‫‪Q2: What is one idea related to the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻐﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Mongols that the writer mentions in‬‬ ‫ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪1‬؟‬
‫?‪paragraph 1‬‬
‫‪D. Tree ring scientists study Mongol‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﺪرس ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻤﻐﻮل‪.‬‬
‫‪history.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What is one important idea related to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫‪the period between 1211- 1225 that the‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 1225-1211‬اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪3‬؟‬
‫?‪writer mentions in paragraph 3‬‬
‫‪A. The weather was unusual.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: Why does the writer mention Siberian‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ اﻟﺴﻴﺒﻴﺮي؟‬
‫?‪Pines‬‬
‫‪A. Their tree rings were used in the study.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﻠﻘﺎت ﺷﺠﺮﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪469‬‬
 🏬 ‫ادارة اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Inventory management refers to the process of ordering, storing, using, and selling a
company's inventory. This includes the management of raw materials, components, and
finished products, as well as warehousing and processing of such items. A company's
inventory is, (Q1) thus, one of its most valuable assets. In retail, manufacturing, food services,
and other inventory-intensive sectors, a company's inputs and finished products are the core
of its business. A shortage of inventory when and where it's needed can be extremely
detrimental.
2- At the same time, inventory can be thought of as a liability. A large inventory carries the
risk of spoilage, theft, damage, or shifts in demand. Inventory must be insured, and if it is not
sold in time it may have to be disposed of at clearance prices—or simply destroyed. The just-
in-time (JIT) inventory system, (Q2) however, is a management strategy that comes as a
solution to these problems. It aligns raw-material orders from suppliers directly with
production schedules. Companies employ this inventory strategy to increase efficiency and
decrease waste by receiving goods only as they need them for the production process. This
method requires producers to forecast demand accurately.
3- The just-in-time (JIT) inventory system minimizes inventory and increases efficiency. JIT
production systems cut inventory costs because manufacturers receive materials and parts as
needed for production and do not have to pay storage costs. Manufacturers are also not left
with unwanted inventory if an order is canceled or not fulfilled.
4- JIT is attributed to the Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. Executives at
Toyota in the 1970s reasoned that the company could adapt more quickly and efficiently to
changes in trends or demands for model changes if it did not keep any more inventory in-
store than was immediately needed. Consequently, the manufacturer orders the parts
required to assemble the vehicles only after an order is received in an attempt to (Q3) balance
the cost against the sales and profits.
5-JIT inventory systems have several advantages over traditional models. Production runs are
short, which means that manufacturers can quickly move from one product to another. Also,
(Q4) this method reduces costs by minimizing warehouse needs and increasing their profit.
Companies also spend less money on raw materials because they buy just enough resources
to make the ordered products and no more.
6- The disadvantages of JIT inventory systems involve potential disruptions in the supply
chain. If a raw-materials supplier has a breakdown and cannot deliver the goods promptly,
this could conceivably stall the entire production line. A sudden unexpected order for goods
may delay the delivery of finished products to end clients.
7- Successful companies will embrace the challenges of inventory management in the 21st
century by using the technology that is being offered through the Fourth Industrial
Revolution. (Q5) This will definitely add to the expenses, their benefits are much more
important for the business. Companies will look at inventory as a strategic asset, that when
properly deployed will deliver increased value and competitive advantage.

470
 ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إدارة اﻟﻤﺨﺰون إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﺨﺰون اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻪ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ وﺑﻴﻌﻪ‪ .‬وﻳﺸﻤﻞ ذﻟﻚ إدارة‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم واﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ً‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰون اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ أﺻﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ واﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮى ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺪﺧﻼت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻣﺘﻰ وأﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺿﺎًرا ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ اﻟﺘﺰام‪ .‬ﻳﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺘﻠﻒ أو اﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ‬
‫أو اﻟﺘﻠﻒ أو اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‪ ،‬وإذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﺺ ‪ -‬أو ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ إﺗﻼﻓﻪ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫)‪ ،(JIT‬ﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ إدارة ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻛﺤﻞ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﻮاءﻣﺔ ﻃﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮردﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻊ ﺟﺪاول اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻫﺬه ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة وﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﻼم اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ )‪ (JIT‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون وﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج ‪JIT‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻷن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻷﺟﺰاء ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج وﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺰون ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻐﺎء اﻟﻄﻠﺐ أو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ دﻓﻊ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻻ ُﻳﺘﺮك اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﻮن أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ُ -٤‬ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ‪ JIT‬إﻟﻰ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Toyota Motor Corporation‬اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬رأى اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻮن اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻮن ﻓﻲ ‪Toyota‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت أن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ وﻛﻔﺎءة أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت أو ﻃﻠﺒﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﻄﺮاز إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺄي ﻣﺨﺰون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﻼم أﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت واﻷرﺑﺎح‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺟﺮد ‪ JIT‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻗﺼﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻨﻌﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‪ .‬أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ أﻣﻮاًﻟﺎ أﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮدﻋﺎت وزﻳﺎدة أرﺑﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻔﻖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﺮي ﻣﻮارد ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ أﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻴﻮب أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺟﺮد ‪ JIT‬اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻮرﻳﺪ‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻮرد اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻄﻞ وﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺆدي ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻂ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي‬
‫اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺳﺘﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت إدارة اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺤﺎدي واﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻀﻴﻒ ﻫﺬا ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎت‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪﻫﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ أﺻﻞ إﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺸﺮه ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة وﻣﻴﺰة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which word can we use to replace thus ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻞ‬:١‫س‬
in paragraph 1? ‫؟‬1 ‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫﻜﺬا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
C. Therefore ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Why does the writer use the word ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
however in paragraph 2? ‫؟‬2
A. to show that just in time systems are .‫ ﻹﻇﻬﺎر أن اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﺣًﻘﺎ‬.‫أ‬
actually useful

Q3: What do firms do to avoid keeping ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ‬:٣‫س‬
higher than necessary inventories? ‫ﺑﻤﺨﺰوﻧﺎت أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻼزم؟‬
A. They balance the cost against the sales .‫ ﻳﻮازﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت واﻷرﺑﺎح‬.‫أ‬
and profits.

Q4: What does paragraph 4 say about ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﺠﺮد؟‬4 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
inventories?
A. They help firms reduce costs and ‫ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻔﺾ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ وزﻳﺎدة‬.‫أ‬
increase profits. .‫اﻷرﺑﺎح‬

Q5: How does the writer feel about the ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ‬:٥‫س‬
future of inventories? ‫اﻟﺠﺮد؟‬
A. He believes future inventories will cost .‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﻤﺨﺰوﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻠﻒ أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫أ‬
more.

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 🔥 ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Jet streams are bands of strong wind that generally blow from west to east all across the
globe. They impact weather, air travel and many other things that take place in our
atmosphere. Earth has four primary jet streams: two polar jet streams, near the north and
south poles, and two subtropical jet streams closer to the equator. Jet streams form when
warm air masses meet cold air masses in the atmosphere.
2- So when Earth’s warmer air masses meet cooler air masses, the warmer air rises up higher
in the atmosphere while cooler air sinks down to replace the warm air. This movement
creates an air current, or wind. A jet stream is a type of air current that forms high in the
atmosphere.
3- Jet streams are stronger in winter in the northern and southern hemispheres, because
that's when air temperature differences that drive them tend to be most pronounced. (Q1) So,
when the polar air meets the tropical air, their winds blow from west to east at speeds that
range from 80 to 140 miles per hour (129 to 225 kilometers per hour), but they can reach
more than 275 miles per hour (443 kilometers per hour).
4- An ‘urban heat island (UHI)’ is an urban area that is significantly warmer than its rural
surroundings due to artificial infrastructure and human activities. Whilst urban areas have a
higher proportion of paved ground, rural areas are covered in grass, crops, shrubs or forest.
This vegetation helps to cool the air whereas asphalt and concrete absorb heat, causing
temperatures to rise. Furthermore, buildings and narrow streets trap heat by reducing air
flow. Human activities such as warming buildings and driving cars also add heat to
surroundings. This explains why larger cities tend to experience stronger heat waves; the
centres of London and Paris, for example, regularly record temperatures of around 4°C
higher than rural surroundings at night. Both of these cities, and many others around Europe
and the world, experience heat waves that leads to public health issues.
5- All these factors contribute to (Q2) the urban heat island effect, which is most pronounced
during the night, when temperatures in urban areas can be up to 10°C higher than in rural
areas. This is due to retained heat in structures such as buildings and roads being released
during the night.
6- A team of researchers from Arizona State University has found that releasing (Q2) excess
heat from air conditioners running during the night resulted in higher outside temperatures,
worsening the urban heat island effect and increasing cooling demands.
7- After the horrific heat wave of 2003, which saw up to 15,000 premature deaths across
France, 500 of which were in Paris itself, Paris is taking steps to mitigate the worst effects.
The first step is trying to keep the streets cool—or at least some of them. In addition to its
1,200 permanent public fountains, the city is using 35 fire hydrants that have been fitted with
special drinking devices to provide both cooling and cold drinking water. (Q3) Parks also play a
key role in the plans. Eighteen of them stay open 24/7, with five of those having their hours
extended.

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‫‪8- The city is in the middle of a campaign to manage heat by “demineralising,” softening its‬‬
‫‪surfaces with more porous road and sidewalk coverings, (Q3) planting green roofs, and adding‬‬
‫‪trees wherever possible.to planting green roofs, and adding trees wherever possible.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺮق ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ واﻟﺴﻔﺮ اﻟﺠﻮي واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻏﻼﻓﻨﺎ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬وﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻴﺎرات ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ أوﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻴﺎران ﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎن ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬واﺛﻨﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻛﺘﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ ﺑﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺒﺎردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ دﻓًﺌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض ﺑﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫دﻓًﺌﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة ﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻴﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﺎث ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴﺎر اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﴼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬‫ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻴﺎًرا ﻫﻮاﺋًﻴﺎ أو رﻳ ً‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﻔﺎﺛﺔ أﻗﻮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻔﻲ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ )‪129‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮاء اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺐ رﻳﺎﺣﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺮق ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻣﻦ ‪ 80‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 140‬ﻣﻴ ً‬
‫إﻟﻰ ‪ 225‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘًﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 275‬ﻣﻴًﻠﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ )‪443‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘًﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪" -٤‬ﺟﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ")‪ (UHI‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻀﺮﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ دﻓًﺌﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻷراﺿﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺻﻮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻐﻄﺎة ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺸﺎب أو اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ أو اﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮات أو اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺘﺺ اﻷﺳﻔﻠﺖ واﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺒﺲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺸﻮارع اﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻬﻮاء‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻴﻒ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ وﻗﻴﺎدة اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﺤﺮارة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﻔﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻜﺒﺮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أﻗﻮى؛ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ ﻟﻨﺪن وﺑﺎرﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺤﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 4‬درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﻠﺘﺎ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء أوروﺑﺎ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﺣﺮ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﺰر اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮ ً‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ‪ 10‬درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬وﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﻻﻳﺔ أرﻳﺰوﻧﺎ أن إﻃﻼق اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ أدى إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﺰر اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ وزﻳﺎدة‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎرة اﻟﻤﺮوﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2003‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺪت ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪ 15000‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﻓﺎة ﻣﺒﻜﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫أﻧﺤﺎء ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ 500 ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﺧﻄﻮات ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻮأ اﻵﺛﺎر‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮودة اﻟﺸﻮارع ‪ -‬أو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ‪ 1200‬ﻧﺎﻓﻮرة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ 35‬ﺻﻨﺒﻮًرا ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰة ﺷﺮب ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺸﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة واﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ‬
‫ﻀﺎ دوًرا رﺋﻴﺴًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻂ‪ .‬ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻈﻠﻮن ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻃﻮال أﻳﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻹدارة اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل "إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن"‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﻌﻴﻢ أﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ اﺧﺘﺮاﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮق واﻷرﺻﻔﺔ‪ ،‬زراﻋﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‪ ،‬وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻤﻜًﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‪ ،‬وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ أﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎع‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What two things are needed to have‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﺎث؟‬
‫?‪jet stream winds‬‬
‫‪C. icy arctic air and hot air from the tropics‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻫﻮاء اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪي واﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺪارﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: What two things could increase heat‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﺎن اﻟﻠﺬان ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺰﻳﺪا ﻣﻦ‬
‫?‪waves in European cities‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. The urban heat island effect and more‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫‪usage of air conditioning‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬

‫‪Q3: What are two ways Paris is fighting the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎن اﻟﻠﺘﺎن ﺗﻘﺎوم ﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎرﻳﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫?‪heat wave‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮ؟‬
‫‪D. using plants to make more greenspace‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻹﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت‬
‫‪and keeping public parks open all night‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء وإﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻃﻮال اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬

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 🤼 ‫ﺳﻠﻮك ﻋﺪواﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- "Some aggression is normal, experts say; parents can respond with redirection or
distraction rather than by punishing the child with anger, yelling or spanking.
2- Behavior problems in children, especially aggression and defiance, don’t get a great deal of
sympathy, said Dave Anderson, a psychologist who is senior director of national programs at
the Child Mind Institute in New York City. “For a child to get better requires just as much
empathy and scaffolding as for a child who might be depressed, but behavioral issues inspire
nowhere near as much empathy.”
3- (Q1) There is a persistent belief that these behaviors reflect poor parenting, he said, but in
fact, there is often a strong biological component to behavioral issues, and the responses
which come naturally to most parents faced with these behaviors may not have the desired
results.
4- In a study published last year in the Journal of Pediatrics, Dr. Lorber and his colleagues
looked at 477 children from 6 to 24 months of age, the findings were that hitting or smacking
someone were very common. The prevalence of the behaviors tended to increase over time,
with hitting peaking at 18 months, and kicking and pushing, as well as throwing objects at
people, peaking at 20 months. “Eight of 10 kids were hitting and smacking at 18 months,” Dr.
Lorber said. “The terrible twos started before 2.”
5- On the other hand, hair-pulling decreased with age, as did scratching, and the researchers
speculated that the increased incidence of those behaviors among the younger children may
reflect the close contact they have, since they are usually being held.
6- The researchers suggested that these behaviors are normal in small children, but also
guide parents, right from the beginning, in setting limits and responding in ways that may
help — redirecting or distracting a child — rather than by punishing the child with anger,
yelling or spanking.
7- Though these behaviors are seen in almost all children, those toddlers who continue to (Q2)
act out more frequently and consistently may need more help — and so may their parents
because those problems persist as the children grow, he said. said.
8- Parents should not tolerate physical or verbal abuse masquerading as play. Many parents
have good instincts when it comes to recognizing the difference between normal
roughhousing and physical aggression. These parents can also recognize the difference
between playful teasing and verbal abuse. (Q3) For these parents, my advice is simple: trust
your instincts. If it doesn’t feel right to you, don’t let them do it.
9- If a child is having significant behavior problems, parents should be ready to ignore minor
misbehavior, he said, such as verbal disrespect or whining. So pick your battles, and don’t
give in to the idea that a big punishment is the way to go. “With aggression, lots of parents
have a ‘go big or go home’ approach: My child picked a fight, so no play dates, no TV,”
privileges rescinded indefinitely, Dr. Anderson said. “The reality is that big punishments do
not translate to better behavior.”

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‫‪10- Instead, punishments should be immediate, consistent and used in small doses; parents‬‬
‫‪should look for ways to remove a privilege for a short time, and establish clear expectations‬‬
‫‪for better behavior. Thus, if a child picks a fight with another child at school, a parent might‬‬
‫‪impose a specific consequence (such as no screens for two days), offer a clear discussion of‬‬
‫‪keeping your hands to yourself, and go over some alternative strategies for moments of‬‬
‫‪frustration: take a break, tell a teacher, interact with another peer. And then, having defined‬‬
‫‪the good behaviors, the parents — and perhaps the teacher as well — need to look for‬‬
‫"‪occasions to draw attention to those behaviors.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء إن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﺪوان أﻣﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ؛ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ أو اﻹﻟﻬﺎء ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻀﺐ أو اﻟﺼﺮاخ أو اﻟﻀﺮب‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺎل دﻳﻒ أﻧﺪرﺳﻮن‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ واﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻷول ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺗﺸﺎﻳﻠﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك‪ ،‬إن ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﺪي‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﻘﺪر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﺪر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻔﻞ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺼﺎًﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻫﻨﺎك اﻋﺘﻘﺎد راﺳﺦ ﺑﺄن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺳﻮء ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺑﺎء‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﻜﻮن ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻗﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻵﺑﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺘﺮاوح‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ُﻧﺸﺮت اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻃﺐ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻟﻮرﺑﺮ وزﻣﻼؤه إﻟﻰ ‪ 477‬ﻃﻔ ً‬
‫ﺪا‪ .‬ازداد اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬و ‪ 24‬ﺷﻬًﺮا‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﺿﺮب أو ﺻﻔﻊ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ أﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﺟ ً‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ذروﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻮغ ‪ 18‬ﺷﻬًﺮا‪ ،‬وﺑﻠﻎ ذروة اﻟﺮﻛﻞ واﻟﺪﻓﻊ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ رﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 20‬ﺷﻬًﺮا‪ .‬ﻗﺎل اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻟﻮرﺑﺮ‪" :‬ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮة أﻃﻔﺎل ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻀﺮﺑﻮن وﻳﻀﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ 18‬ﺷﻬًﺮا"‪" .‬ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺮﻫﻴﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪."2‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻧﺘﻒ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﺪش‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻬﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﺑﺄن‬
‫زﻳﺎدة ﺣﺪوث ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺳًﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﺎدًة‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ اﻵﺑﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬اﻗﺘﺮح اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺎر‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﺣﺪود واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ‪ -‬إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ أو ﺗﺸﺘﻴﺖ اﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻪ ‪ -‬ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻀﺐ أو اﻟﺼﺮاخ أو اﻟﻀﺮب‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺎر اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﺳﺎءوا‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر وﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ‪ -‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج آﺑﺎؤﻫﻢ ﻷن ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺑﺎء أﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻣﺤﻮا ﻣﻊ اﻹﺳﺎءة اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻨﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻌﺐ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺑﺎء ﺑﻐﺮاﺋﺰ ﺟﻴﺪة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﻒ اﻟﺨﺸﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ واﻟﻌﺪوان‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﺔ واﻹﺳﺎءة اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﺪي‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺆﻻء اﻵﺑﺎء أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻟﻬﺆﻻء اﻵﺑﺎء‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﻴﺤﺘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﺛﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮاﺋﺰك‪ .‬إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺗﺪﻋﻬﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮن ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﻗﺎل إﻧﻪ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻮاﻟﺪان ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺳﻮء اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪم اﻻﺣﺘﺮام اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ أو اﻷﻧﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا اﺧﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﺎرﻛﻚ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺴﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻜﺮة أن اﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻫﻲ اﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻫﺎب‪ .‬ﻗﺎل اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر أﻧﺪرﺳﻮن‪" :‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻵﺑﺎء ﻧﻬﺞ" اذﻫﺐ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا أو اذﻫﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل "‪ :‬ﻟﻘﺪ اﺧﺘﺎر ﻃﻔﻠﻲ اﻟﻘﺘﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻮاﻋﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﺐ‪ ،‬وﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن"‪" .‬اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ أن اﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك أﻓﻀﻞ"‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -١٠‬وﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎت ﻓﻮرﻳﺔ وﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺠﺮﻋﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة؛ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺑﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮق ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎز ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ووﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت واﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻮك أﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬إذا اﺧﺘﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻄﻔﻞ اﻟﻘﺘﺎل ﻣﻊ ﻃﻔﻞ آﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻔﺮض أﺣﺪ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺷﺎﺷﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻤﺪة ﻳﻮﻣﻴﻦ(‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﺪم ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ ﺣﻮل إﺑﻘﺎء ﻳﺪﻳﻚ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺎول ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‪ ،‬أﺧﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ زﻣﻴﻞ آﺧﺮ‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻹﺣﺒﺎط‪ :‬ﺧﺬ ﻗﺴ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ ‪ -‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻟﻠﻔﺖ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻵﺑﺎء ‪ -‬ورﺑﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Which of the following is a fact‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. Poor parenting is the cause of children's‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻷﺑﻮة واﻷﻣﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﻮء ﺳﻠﻮك‬
‫‪misbehavior.‬‬ ‫اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What word other than misbehave does‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪the writer use for aggressive behavior‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻮء اﻟﺘﺼﺮف؟‬
‫‪A. Act out‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻲء اﻟﺘﺼﺮف‬

‫‪Q3: How is the writer's view about‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك‬
‫‪children's bad behavior different from the‬‬ ‫اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ؟‬
‫?‪parent's view‬‬
‫‪B. The writer believes that parents should‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺑﺎء اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫‪use their instincts to deal with bad‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮاﺋﺰﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻴﺊ‪.‬‬
‫‪behavior.‬‬

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 🫀 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ووﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage A
1- Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. (Q1) Some of these
structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a
microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and
weighed. (Q2) The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” (Q3)
Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the
wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the
dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in
order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is
still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe
structures in living people, however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed.
These techniques allow clinicians to visualize structures inside the living body such as a
cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.
2- Anatomists take two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures: regional
and systemic. Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures
in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. Studying regional anatomy helps us
appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood
vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region. In contrast,
systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is,
a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a
systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles
of the body.
3- Knowledge of anatomical structure of the body is basic to understanding musculoskeletal
function and how both structure and function are (Q4) modified by exercise or disease.
Passage B
1- Whereas anatomy is about structure, physiology is about function. It refers to the physical,
mechanical, and biochemical function of humans. It studies the structures of the body and
the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. This connects health,
medicine, and science in a way that studies how the human body acquaints itself to physical
activity, stress, and diseases. Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency
toward homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by
living things. (Q1) The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked
eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current
advances in (Q2) physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that
reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the
human body.
2- (Q3) 1838 signals the true beginning of physiology. It was the year when the cell theory of
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann arrived on the scene, theorizing that the body was
made up of tiny individual cells. From here on in, the field of physiology opened up, and
progress was made quickly.

479
‫‪3- (Q4) It provides a thorough understanding of normal body function, enabling more effective‬‬
‫‪treatment of abnormal or disease states.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ أ‬
‫ﺪا وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻫﻮ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺟ ً‬
‫ﻤﺎ واﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ إﻻ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ رؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺠ ً‬
‫وﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ووزﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ" ﻣﻦ أﺻﻞ ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﻗﻄﻊ‪ ".‬ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬
‫ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﺮوح اﻟﺠﻨﻮد واﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﻃﺒﺎء ﺑﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﺜﺚ اﻟﻤﻮﺗﻰ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫أﺟﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺳﻤﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻪ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺰال اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺐ‬
‫ودورات اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ وﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﻣﺮاض‪ .‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻷﺣﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﻟﻸﻃﺒﺎء ﺑﺘﺼﻮر اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺤﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻮرم‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻲ أو اﻟﻌﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻮرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﻬﺠﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ :‬اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻷﻋﺼﺎب واﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ‪ -‬أي ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎزي ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎًﻣﺎ ﺟﺴﺪًﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﺼ ً‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻷداء وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﺪة‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣ ً‬
‫اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﺳﺘﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ أﻣًﺮا أﺳﺎﺳًﻴﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ واﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ أو اﻟﻤﺮض‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ب‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻳﺪور ﺣﻮل اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﺪرس ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ .‬ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﻄﺐ واﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺪرس ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣ ً‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ واﻹﺟﻬﺎد واﻷﻣﺮاض‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﺳﺘﺘﺒﺎب‪ .‬اﻻﺳﺘﺘﺒﺎب ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ أن دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة أو ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺮ‪،‬‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ واﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﺎم ‪ 1838‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﺬي وﺻﻠﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺗﻴﺎس ﺷﻼﻳﺪن وﺛﻴﻮدور ﺷﻮان إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻧﻈﺮا أن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﺮدﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا‪ ،‬اﻧﻔﺘﺢ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ إﺣﺮاز ﺗﻘﺪم ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺼﺎﻋ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻬﻤﴼ ﺷﺎﻣ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What do passages A and B say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﺎن أ و ب ﻋﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ‬:١‫س‬
the study of anatomy and Physiology? ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ وﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء؟‬
B. Both involve the use of microscopes. .‫ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﺮ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which of the following best summarize ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ‬:٢‫س‬
anatomy and Physiology from passage A ‫؟‬B ‫ و‬A ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ووﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ‬
and B?
A. Anatomy involves cutting open bodies ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻗﻄﻊ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬.‫أ‬
while Physiology uses lab experiments. ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

Q3: What can be understood from the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬:٣‫س‬
passage about the early period of anatomy ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ وﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬
and Physiology? ‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء؟‬
C. Physiology began over 200 years ago ‫ ﻋﺎم‬200 ‫ ﺑﺪأ ﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﻣﻨﺬ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ج‬
while anatomy began with observing .‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪأ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮد اﻟﺠﺮﺣﻰ‬
wounded soldiers.

Q4: According to passage A and B. it's ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ و ب‬:٤‫س‬
important to know about anatomy and _____ ‫اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ وﻋﻠﻢ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬
Physiology ______
C. To know how organs work and to treat ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء وﻋﻼج اﻷﻣﺮاض‬.‫ج‬
disease

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 💧 ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺪﺑﺎدتة‬
‫ﺠﻻﺟﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺘن ا‬
‫ﺔ واﻣﻟﻜ‬
‫ﻠﺟﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪا اﻟ‬
1- The next time you open a can of soft drink, consider where the water inside it came from.
The H20 in an Indian can of Coca-Cola includes treated rainwater, while the contents in the
Maldives may once have been seawater. The water needs to come from such different
sources for a reason – it’s because there is a global freshwater crisis.
2- Given that 70% of the Earth’s surface is water, and that volume remains constant (at
1,386,000,000 cubic kilometres), how is a water shortage even possible? Well, 97.5% is
seawater unfit for human consumption. And both populations and temperatures are ever-
rising, meaning that the freshwater we do have is under severe pressure.
3- Water demand globally is projected to increase by 55% between 2000 and 2050. Much of
the demand is driven by agriculture, which accounts for 70% of global freshwater use, and
food production will need to grow by 69% by 2035 to feed the growing population. Water
withdrawal for energy, used for cooling power stations, is also expected to increase by over
20%. In other words, the near future presents one big freshwater drain after the next.
4- What’s more? Right now, according to a Nasa-led study, many of the world’s freshwater
sources are being drained faster than they are being replenished.
5- For example, Syria has relatively little overall freshwater in proportion to demands, like the
region as a whole, and experiences high natural hydrologic variability. Over the past century,
there were six significant droughts in Syria, where the average monthly level of winter
precipitation—the major rainfall season—dropped to around one-third of normal. Five of
these droughts lasted only one season; the sixth lasted two. Starting in 2006, however, and
lasting into 2011, Syria experienced a multi-season, multiyear period of extreme drought that
contributed to agricultural failures, economic dislocations, and population displacement. This
dry period has continued and is now being described as the “worst long-term drought and
most severe set of crop failures since agricultural civilizations began in the Fertile Crescent
many millennia ago,” says Gary Nabhan. (Q1) Syria’s freshwater levels decreased by 800 cubic
meters in 44 years only: from 1967 to 2011.
6- On the contrary, some countries have made tremendous efforts to mobilize additional
water resources by building dams desalinating sea water. Morocco, for instance, could boast
of its achievement in dams’ construction and its water strategy that started in absolute
priority since in (Q2) 1967, the year when the freshwater level was the highest. Algeria, the
other large country of the Maghreb region facing this problem, is currently investing in
alternative water resources through a program of construction of desalination plants of sea
water.

482
 ‫‪ -١‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮة اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺮوب ﻏﺎزي‪ ،‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرك ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫‪ H20‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ‪ Coca-Cola‬اﻟﻬﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻷﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰر اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺪﻳﻒ رﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺎم ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ‪ -‬ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ وﺟﻮد أزﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه ﻋﺬﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ أن ‪ ٪70‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎء‪ ،‬وﻳﻈﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﺑًﺘﺎ )ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 1،386،000،000‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻤﻜًﻨﺎ؟ ﺣﺴًﻨﺎ‪ ٪97.5 ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ودرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺰداد اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪55‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 2000‬و‪.2050‬‬
‫وُﻳﻌﺰى ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ‪ ٪70‬ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺳﻴﺤﺘﺎج إﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫ﻀﺎ أن ﻳﺰداد ﺳﺤﺐ‬‫اﻟﻐﺬاء إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪69‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪ 2035‬ﻹﻃﻌﺎم ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ .٪20‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﺳﺘﻨﺰاًﻓﺎ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺗﻠﻮ اﻵﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﺎذا ﺑﻌﺪ؟ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أﺟﺮﺗﻬﺎ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻨﺰاف اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪه‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺗﻘﻠًﺒﺎ ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻮﺟًﻴﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌًﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔ ً‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺣﺎﻻت ﺟﻔﺎف ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺸﻬﺮي ﻟﻬﻄﻮل اﻷﻣﻄﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء ‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﻫﻄﻮل اﻷﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ‪ -‬إﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺛﻠﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺠﻔﺎف ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﺳﺘﻤﺮت ﻟﻤﻮﺳﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﺎدس دام اﺛﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪًءا ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2006‬واﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪،2011‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺪت ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺼﻮل واﻟﺴﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻔﺎف اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬
‫واﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ وﻧﺰوح اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‪ .‬اﺳﺘﻤﺮت ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺠﻔﺎف ﻫﺬه وﺗﻮﺻﻒ اﻵن ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "أﺳﻮأ ﺟﻔﺎف ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺪ وأﺷﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺬ أن ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺤﻀﺎرات اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻼل اﻟﺨﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫آﻻف اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮل ﻏﺎري ﻧﺒﻬﺎن‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 800‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 44‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 1967‬إﻟﻰ ‪.2011‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺬﻟﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﺟﻬﻮًدا ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺴﺪود ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺮب‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬أن ﻳﺘﺒﺎﻫﻰ ﺑﺈﻧﺠﺎزاﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﺪود‬
‫واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺪأت ﻓﻲ اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ‪ ،1967‬وﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﺮب اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺣﺎﻟًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ﺗﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How much did the freshwater levels ‫ ﻛﻢ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ‬:١‫س‬
decrease in Syria between 1967 and 2011? ‫؟‬2011 ‫ و‬1967 ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
C. about 800 cubic meters ‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬800 ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: In which year was the freshwater level ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﻫﻮ‬:٢‫س‬
the highest in Morocco? ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻐﺮب؟‬
A. 1967 1967 .‫أ‬

484
 🦠 ‫ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﺪن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Outdoor air pollution is one of the world’s largest health and environmental problems –
one that tends to worsen for countries as they industralize and transition from low to middle
incomes. The Global Burden of Disease study estimates that 4506193 deaths were attributed
to outdoor air pollution in the latest year. To be able to reduce air pollution, (Q1) we need to
be aware of its causes.
2- Air pollution consists of chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of
humans, animals, and plants. It also damages buildings. There are two main types of air
pollution – indoor air pollution, and outdoor air pollution. Outdoor air pollution is the release
of harmful substances into the outdoor air. Some of the major air pollutants are PM10 and
PM2.5, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, and Sulphur Dioxide.
3- Outdoor air pollutants can form in different ways. Most air pollution is created by people,
taking the form of emissions from factories, cars, planes, or aerosol cans. (Q2) In addition,
some types of air pollution, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, occur
naturally. These are called natural sources.
4- Air pollution is most common in large cities where emissions from many different sources
are concentrated. This air pollution often appears as a cloud making the air murky. It is
called smog. The word "smog" comes from combining the words "smoke" and "fog." Large
cities in poor and developing nations tend to have more air pollution than cities in developed
nations. (Q3) For example, Karachi, Pakistan; New Delhi, India; Beijing, China; Lima, Peru; and
Cairo, Egypt are some of the worlds’ most polluted cities. However, many developed nations
also have air pollution problems. Los Angeles, California, is nicknamed Smog City.
5- We’re always at risk for exposure to airborne pollutants from both indoor and outdoor
sources. To reduce the exposure to both outdoor and indoor air pollutants, we are advised to
reduce the use of personal vehicles in favor of more efficient transport, and lower footprint
transport. (Q4) For example, public transport, bicycles and walking can have a lower pollution
footprint than private passenger vehicles. Encourage the use of bikes and car sharing may be
other strategies. Recycling is an important solution because using plastics once means more
manufacture which leads to more pollution. Every individual, along with governments should
plant trees and support local parks and green spaces. When buying household appliances,
choose energy savers appliances and lightbulbs and unplug items when not in use.

485
 ‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻄﻠﻖ أﺣﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪ -‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ وﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ذوي اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪر‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺐء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮض أن ‪ 4506193‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﻓﺎة ُﺗﻌﺰى إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ أن ﻧﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ دراﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ أو ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬
‫واﻟﻨﺒﺎت‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﺎن رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻠﻮث‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻫﻮ إﻃﻼق ﻣﻮاد ﺿﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ PM10‬و ‪ PM2.5‬واﻷوزون وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ وأول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎس‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻠﺐ اﻟﻬﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮاﺋﻖ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت أو اﻟﺮﻣﺎد ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻛﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬه ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻫﺬا ﻛﺴﺤﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺿﺒﺎﺑًﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻀﺒﺎب اﻟﺪﺧﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﻟﻀﺒﺎب اﻟﺪﺧﺎﻧﻲ" ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻲ "دﺧﺎن" و "ﺿﺒﺎب"‪ .‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة واﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺮاﺗﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎن؛ ﻧﻴﻮدﻟﻬﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻬﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻜﻴﻦ‪ ،‬اﻟﺼﻴﻦ؛ ﻟﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺮو؛ واﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺪن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻠﻮًﺛﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‪ .‬ﻟﻮس أﻧﺠﻠﻮس‪،‬‬ ‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻘﺐ ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻀﺒﺎب اﻟﺪﺧﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻮن ﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺟﻮﴽ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر داﺧﻠﻴﺔ وﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﻧﺤﻦ داﺋ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﺪراﺟﺎت واﻟﻤﺸﻲ أﺛﺮ ﺗﻠﻮث أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺮﻛﺎب اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت واﻟﺴﻴﺎرات ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻷن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻬ ً‬
‫إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﺮ ﺣ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮد‪ ،‬ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬زراﻋﺔ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ودﻋﻢ اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺮاء اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﺮ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة واﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﻮﻓﺮة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻓﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does Paragraph (1) say about air ‫( ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء؟‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
pollution?
C. We need to understand its causes. .‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ أﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: Why does the writer use the words "In ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﺒﺎرة "ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ" ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
addition" in Paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. to give more information about air .‫ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬.‫أ‬
pollution.

Q3: Which word can we use to replace the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬:٣‫س‬
words "for example" in Paragraph (4)? ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
‫(؟‬4)
D. For instance ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫د‬

Q4: How can we reduce outdoor air ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ؟‬:٤‫س‬
pollution?
B. riding bicycles ‫ رﻛﻮب اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

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 🖥 ‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) The Altair 8800 was released in 1975 as the first so-called "minicomputer" available for
personal use. It was developed by a company known as Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
Systems (MITS). The design and setup of the computer, however, was not very user-friendly
at all. Users had to not only assemble the Altair themselves, but write software for it as well.
In order to solve this problem, two young software developers decided to write and market a
software program for the Altair. Bill Gates and Paul Allen's version of the BASIC language
program for the Altair was a success, and Microsoft Corporation was born.
2- After initial success marketing the Altair, Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft
Corporation in 1975. Prior to 1980, Microsoft concentrated primarily on selling its BASIC
programming language to other computer manufacturers. In 1980, though, IBM approached
Microsoft and asked them to develop an operating system to run on their new personal
computers. (Q2) On July 27, 1981, Gates bought the "quick and dirty operating system"
(QDOS) from a company called Seattle Computer Systems. That OS would later become
known as MS-DOS. Later, Microsoft developed MS-DOS to become the legendary early OS,
which quickly became the dominant operating system in the personal computer market.
3- Personal computing was radically changed when Apple introduced the Macintosh model in
1984, a move that helped to launch the home computing era. With its user-friendly
interfaces and point-and-click technology, the Macintosh was extremely popular, particularly
on college campuses.
4- (Q3) The Macintosh II is a personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple
Computer from March 1987 to January 1990. It was the first Macintosh supporting color
graphics. The Macintosh II was the first computer in the Macintosh line without a built-in
display; a monitor rested on top of the case like the IBM Personal Computer. Eighteen
months after its introduction, the Macintosh II was updated with a more powerful CPU and
sold as the Macintosh IIx.
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮه‬.‫ ﻛﺄول ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ" ﻣﺘﺎح ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬1975 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬8800 ‫ ﺻﺪر اﻟﺘﻴﺮ‬-١
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ‬،‫( وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬MITS). ‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﻴﺮ‬.‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ وإﻋﺪاده ﺳﻬﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬
‫ ﻗﺮر ﻣﻄﻮرو ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺷﺎﺑﺎن ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬،‫ ﻟﺤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‬
ً ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ‬،‫ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺑﻴﻞ ﺟﻴﺘﺲ وﺑﻮل أﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﻴﺮ‬Altair. ‫وﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
.‫ ووﻟﺪت ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ‬،‫ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ‬
‫ أﺳﺲ ﺑﻴﻞ ﺟﻴﺘﺲ وﺑﻮل أﻟﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻴﺮ‬-٢
‫ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ‬BASIC ‫ رﻛﺰت ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ‬،1980 ‫ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎم‬.1975
‫ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ وﻃﻠﺒﺖ‬IBM ‫ ﺗﻮاﺻﻠﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬،1980 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬27 ‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‬
.‫( " ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺗﻞ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬QDOS) ‫ اﺷﺘﺮى ﺟﻴﺘﺲ "ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ واﻟﻘﺬر‬،1981
MS-DOS ‫ ﻃﻮرت ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‬MS-DOS. ‫ﺳُﻴﻌﺮف ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻫﺬا ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ واﻟﺬي ﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﻴﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮق‬،‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﻮري اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ‬
. ‫أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

488
 ‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮت اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺬري ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Apple‬ﻃﺮاز ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪،1984‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻮة ﺳﺎﻋﺪت ﻓﻲ إﻃﻼق ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﻮﺳﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻔﻀﻞ واﺟﻬﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺷﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮم اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﻘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ﺷﺎﺋ ً‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ‪ II‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ وﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ‪Apple‬‬
‫‪ Computer‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎرس ‪ 1987‬إﻟﻰ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ .1990‬وﻛﺎن أول ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ‪ II‬أول ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ﺑﺪون ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻋﺮض ﻣﻀﻤﻨﺔ؛ اﺳﺘﻘﺮت اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ‪ IBM‬اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺷﻬًﺮا ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﺣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ‪ II‬ﺑﻮﺣﺪة ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮة وﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ‪.IIx‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What is the name of the first personal‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﺳﻢ أول ﺟﻬﺎز ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ؟‬
‫?‪computer‬‬
‫‪A. Altair 8800‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻴﺮ ‪8800‬‬

‫‪Q2: Which company purchased the Q-DOS‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺷﺘﺮت ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪Q-DOS‬؟‬
‫?‪program‬‬
‫‪C. Microsoft‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﺳﻮﻓﺖ‬

‫‪Q3: In which year was the Macintosh II‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻋﺎم ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺘﻮش ‪II‬؟‬
‫?‪introduced‬‬
‫‪D. 1987‬‬ ‫د‪1987 .‬‬

‫‪489‬‬
 💵 ‫اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- There are some goods that their consumption is unhealthy, such as cigarettes, alcohol and
any addictive drugs. These goods are called demerit goods. Governments always try to
reduce the consumption of demerit goods, (Q1) and one of the most important ways to do
that is to impose high taxes on demerit goods.
2-Governments impose taxes on different kinds of goods and services. Many countries apply
taxes on cars and gas to reduce the harmful effects of using cars on the environment. (Q2) For
example, in UK and China the taxes applied on cars with large engines are higher than the
taxes applied on cars with small engines.
3-Since 2002, different countries have been trying to reduce the use of plastic bags due to
their harmful effects on polluting both land and waterways.
4- Many countries have imposed taxes on plastic bags to discourage their use. Hong Kong
was one of the countries that imposed taxes on plastic bags. (Q3) Taxing plastic bags in Hong
Kong was really effective and had immediate results in reducing the use of plastic bags.
5- To sum up, governments use taxation to (Q4) influence the behavior of individuals, and this
can lead to a healthier population. Also the increasing taxes on cars and gas (Q4) may help
reduce the environmental pollution.
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﺠﺎﺋﺮ واﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎت وأي ﻋﻘﺎﻗﻴﺮ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬-١
‫ ﺗﺤﺎول اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت داﺋﻤﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬.‫ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻹدﻣﺎن‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ وأﺣﺪ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻄﺮق ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻓﺮض ﺿﺮاﺋﺐ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻔﺮض اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬.‫ ﺗﻔﺮض اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬-٢
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات واﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﻀﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة واﻟﺼﻴﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت‬
.‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺮض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬
‫ ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻻﺿﺮارﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ‬2002 ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎم‬-٣
.‫اﻻرض وﻣﺠﺎري اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫ دوﻟﺔ ﻫﻮﻧﺞ ﻛﻮﻧﺞ‬.‫ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬-٤
‫ ﻓﺮض اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻛﻴﺎس‬.‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺞ ﻛﻮﻧﺞ ﻛﺎن ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺎ وأدى إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﺮض اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﺮاد ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺺ اﻟﻘﻮل‬-٥
‫ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺮض اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ واﻟﺴﻴﺎرات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬.‫ﺻﺤﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن‬
.‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important idea related to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬:١‫س‬
demerit goods mentioned in paragraph 1? ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ؟‬
B. Taxes ‫ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which two countries put higher taxes ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﺘﺎن اﻟﻠﺘﺎن ﻓﺮﺿﺘﺎ ﺿﺮاﺋﺐ أﻋﻠﻰ‬:٢‫س‬
on cars with larger engines? ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت؟‬
C. the UK and China ‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What important idea related to plastic ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﻴﺎس‬:٣‫س‬
bags is mentioned in paragraph 4? ‫؟‬4 ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة‬
C. The tax worked almost immediately in .‫ ﻧﺠﺢ ﻓﺮض اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻮﻧﺞ ﻛﻮﻧﺞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻮري‬.‫ج‬
Hong Kong.

Q4: What is the main topic of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٤‫س‬
B. Taxes help change people's behavior and ‫ ﻓﺮض اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻻﻓﺮاد‬.‫ب‬
protect their environment. .‫وﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﻢ‬

491
 💸 ‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The concept of leverage is used by both investors and companies. Investors use leverage
to significantly increase the returns that can be provided on an investment, (Q1) unlike the
old-fashioned investment which usually receive lower returns. (Q2) Leverage is the use of debt
(borrowed capital) in order to undertake an investment or project. The result is to multiply
the potential returns from a project. At the same time, leverage will also multiply the
potential downside risk in case the investment does not pan out.
2- A company, for example, was formed with a $5 million investment from investors—this is
the money the company can use to operate. If the company uses debt financing by
borrowing $20 million, it now has $25 million to invest in business operations and more
opportunity to increase value for shareholders. An automaker could borrow money to build a
new factory. The new factory would enable the automaker to increase the number of cars it
produces and increase profits. (Q3) Instead of being limited to only the $5 million from
investors, the company now has five times the amount to use for growth of the company.
3- Investors and traders use leverage primarily to amplify profits. Winners can become
exponentially more rewarding when your initial investment is multiplied by additional upfront
capital. In addition, using leverage allows you to access more expensive investment options
that you wouldn't otherwise have had access to with a smaller amount of upfront capital.
4- If winning investments are amplified, so are losing investments. Using leverage can result
in much higher downside risk, sometimes resulting in losses greater than your initial capital
investment. On top of that, brokers and contract traders will charge fees, premiums, and
margin rates. Even if you lose on your trade, you'll still be on the hook for extra charges. (Q4)
That’s why some people prefer to go the old way despite the better benefits of the first.
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮون اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺬي‬،‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪﻳﻦ )رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮض( ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم‬.‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ أﻗﻞ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬.‫ واﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬.‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر أو ﻣﺸﺮوع‬
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم ﻧﺠﺎح اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ً ‫اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ أﻳ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎل‬- ‫ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ دوﻻر ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬5 ‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎ‬-٢
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬20 ‫ إذا اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺪﻳﻮن ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻗﺘﺮاض‬.‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن دوﻻر ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮص ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬25 ‫ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬،‫دوﻻر‬
‫ ﺳﻴﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﺎﻧﻊ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻘﺘﺮض ﺻﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﻤﺎل ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ دوﻻر‬5 ‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ أن ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات ﻣﻦ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ وزﻳﺎدة اﻷرﺑﺎح‬
.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻵن ﺧﻤﺴﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ُﻳﻜﺎﻓﺄ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮون واﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﻮن اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﻀﺨﻴﻢ اﻷرﺑﺎح‬-٣
،‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰون ﺑﻌﻮاﺋﺪ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرك اﻷوﻟﻲ ﺑﺮأس ﻣﺎل إﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪًﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺧﻴﺎرات اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬
.‫إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺒﻠﻎ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬

492
 ‫‪ -٤‬إذا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻀﺨﻴﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﺮاﺑﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﺨﺎﺳﺮة ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن إﻟﻰ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرك اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻷوﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻘﺎﺿﻰ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﺎء واﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪون اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬
‫وأﻗﺴﺎط اﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺶ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ إذا ﺧﺴﺮت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺎرﺗﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺘﻈﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﺮﺳﻮم إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻸول‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does Paragraph (1) say about‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (1‬ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ؟‬
‫?‪old- fashioned investments‬‬
‫‪D. They receive lower returns than‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻮن ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ذات اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ‬
‫‪leveraged investments.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: How did leverage solve the issue of low‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺣﻠﺖ اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫?‪investment returns‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﺋﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر؟‬
‫‪B. It allowed people to borrow more‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮاض اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮال‬
‫‪money to invest.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: Why does the writer use the word‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?)‪Instead in Paragraph (2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(2‬؟‬
‫‪B. to show that investments made using‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻹﻇﻬﺎر أن اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺮاﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪leverage can gain greater profits.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ أرﺑﺎ ً‬

‫‪Q4: What does the writer think about old-‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ؟‬
‫?‪fashioned investment‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ أﻣﺮ ﺟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ‬
‫‪D. He thinks it is good, but leverage you a‬‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض أﻓﻀﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪better return.‬‬

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 👵 ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Population growth rate is how fast a population changes in size over time. There are many
factors that influence population change such as birth rate and death rate. (Q1) One of the
most significant factors that can cause growth in population rates is the increase in numbers
of young people living and having children.
2- Central Africa has had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world and this is due to
many reasons. The leading causes of death in the Central Africa include many diseases such
as HIV and AIDS. (Q2) AIDS has led to a drop in the average of expected lifetime. HIV/AIDS
deaths in the Central Africa account for 13 percent of total deaths in the country.
3- We do not know exactly what average life expectancy at birth was in the past, but what we
know is that there’s been a (Q3) rapid increase in life expectancy in many countries
throughout this decade. The (Q4) chief reasons for the increase of life expectancy are the
better medical care and the people’s increasing level of education and income.
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﻌﺪل زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻫﻮ ﺑﺄي ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻳﻨﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬-١
‫ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻮﻻدة وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت وأﺣﺪ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺪل زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻫﻮ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺒﺎب اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن وﻳﻨﺠﺒﻮن أﻃﻔﺎل‬
‫ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب‬.‫ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وذﻟﻚ ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﻛﺜﻴﺮة‬-٢
‫اﻟﻤﺆدﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﺮاض وﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬.‫ أدى ﻣﺮض اﻷﻳﺪز إﻟﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬.‫وﻣﺮض اﻷﻳﺪز‬
. ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬13 ‫وﻣﺮض اﻷﻳﺪز ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮت‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻫﻮ اﻧﻪ‬،‫ ﻧﺤﻦ ﻻ ﻧﻌﺮف ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬-٣
‫ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻫﻨﺎك زﻳﺎدة ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ دول ﻛﺜﺮة ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
.‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What can cause growth in population ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ زﻳﺎدة ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺴﻜﺎن؟‬:١‫س‬
rate?
D. an increase in numbers of young people ‫ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻟﺸﺒﺎب اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن وﻳﻨﺠﺒﻮن‬.‫د‬
living and having children ‫أﻃﻔﺎل‬

Q2: What did AIDS lead to in central Africa? ‫ ﻣﺎذا أدى أدى ﻣﺮض اﻷﻳﺪز ﻓﻲ أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ؟‬:٢‫س‬
B. A drop in the average expected lifetime. ‫ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: The word rapid in Paragraph (3) is ‫ أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬3 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﺳﺮﻳﻊ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
B. quick. .‫ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: The word chief in Paragraph (3) is ‫ أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬3 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )رﺋﻴﺴﻲ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
C. main. .‫ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬.‫ج‬

494
 ‫اﻻﺟﺎزات 🏖‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What was the lowest number of paid‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎن أﻗﻞ ﻋﺪد أﺟﺎزات ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﺟﺮ ﻓﻲ أي‬
‫?‪holidays for any city‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. 6.1 days‬‬ ‫ب‪ 6.1 .‬ﻳﻮم‬

‫‪495‬‬
 🫀 ‫أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻷﻋﺼﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In the body, there are three types of muscle: (Q1) skeletal (striated or voluntary), smooth,
and cardiac.
2- Skeletal muscle, attached to bones, is responsible for skeletal movements These muscles
are under conscious, or voluntary, control. These muscle fibers are striated (having
transverse streaks) and each acts independently of neighboring muscle fibers.
3- The smooth muscle can be described as a type of muscle in the human body that is non-
striated and (Q2) involuntary in action. They are found in the walls of the hollow internal
organs such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, and uterus. Smooth muscles
are of two types. Single-unit (Q2) (visceral) smooth muscle where all the cells function
collectively and simultaneously and multiunit smooth muscle where the cells work
independently.
4- Cardiac muscle, found in the walls of the heart, is also under control of the autonomic
nervous system. The cardiac muscle cell is rectangular in shape. Its contraction is
involuntary, strong, and rhythmical.
5- (Q3) The nervous system is made up of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The
central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. Different parts of
the CNS are interconnected through ascending and descending pathways creating functional
wholes.
6- The peripheral nervous system is composed of 12 pairs of head nerves connected to the
brain and of 31 pairs of spinal nerves attached to the spinal cord. Sensoric nerves transfer
information from body receptors to the CNS. Motoric nerves transport information from the
CNS to muscle fibres.
.‫ وﻋﻀﻼت ﻗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﻠﺴﺎء‬،(‫ ﻋﻀﻼت ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ )ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ أو إرادﻳﺔ‬:‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬-١
‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﺗﺤﺖ‬.‫ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬،‫ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ )ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ( وﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮة واﻋﻴﺔ أو إرادﻳﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ أﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻒ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ وﻻ إرادﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ‬-٣
.‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪران اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ واﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ذات اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة )اﻟﺤﺸﻮﻳﺔ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬
.‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﻋﻀﻼت ﻣﻠﺴﺎء ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻼإرادي‬ ً ‫ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ أﻳ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪران اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬،‫ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬-٤
.‫ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﻘﻠﺼﻪ ﻻ إرادًﻳﺎ وﻗﻮًﻳﺎ وإﻳﻘﺎﻋًﻴﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬-٥
‫ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬.‫( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ واﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬CNS)
.‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﺎرات ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ وﺗﻨﺎزﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

496
‫ﺟﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﺼﺎب‬
‫ﺟﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺮأس اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻣﺎغ و‪ 31‬زو ً‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ‪ 12‬زو ً‬
‫اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﻟﺠﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي إﻟﻰ أﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What are two other muscle names for‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬اذﻛﺮ اﺳﻤﺎن اﺧﺮان ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ؟‬
‫?‪skeletal muscle‬‬
‫‪A. striated and voluntary‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ وﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What are two other names for smooth‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻻﺳﻤﺎن اﻵﺧﺮان ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺴﺎء؟‬
‫?‪muscle‬‬
‫‪D. involuntary and visceral‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻼإرادي واﻟﺤﺸﻮي‬

‫‪Q3: What are two divisions of the nervous‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﺎ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ؟‬
‫?‪system‬‬
‫‪B. central and peripheral‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي واﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ‬

‫‪497‬‬
 🌡 ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Alchemy is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific
tradition that was historically practiced in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.
2- Alchemists attempted to purify, mature, and perfect certain materials. Common aims were
chrysopoeia, the transmutation of "base metals" (e.g., lead) into "noble metals" (particularly
gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; and the creation of panaceas able to cure any
disease. The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to result from the
alchemical magnum opus (“Great Work”).
3 -Islamic and European alchemists developed a basic set of laboratory techniques, theories,
and terms, some of which are still in use today. They did not (Q1) abandon the Ancient Greek
philosophical idea that everything is composed of four elements, and they tended to guard
their work in secrecy, often making use of cyphers and cryptic symbolism. In Europe, the
12th-century translations of medieval Islamic works on science and the rediscovery of
Aristotelian philosophy gave birth to a flourishing tradition of Latin alchemy. This late
medieval tradition of alchemy would go on to play a significant role in the development of
early modern science (particularly chemistry and medicine).
‫ وﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ وﻋﻠﻤﻲ أوﻟﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻤﺎرس ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﴼ‬،‫ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮع ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬-١
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ واﻟﻬﻨﺪ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ وأوروﺑﺎ‬

،‫ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻷﻫﺪاف اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺤﻮان‬.‫ ﺣﺎول اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮن ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ وإﻧﻀﺎﺟﻬﺎ وإﺗﻘﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬-٢
.‫وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ "اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ" )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺮﺻﺎص( إﻟﻰ "ﻣﻌﺎدن ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ" )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺬﻫﺐ(؛ ﺧﻠﻖ إﻛﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻮد‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ُﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻛﻤﺎل ﺟﺴﺪ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن وروﺣﻪ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬.‫وإﻳﺠﺎد دواء ﻋﻼﺟﻲ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼج أي ﻣﺮض‬
.(“‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ )"اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬

‫ ﻃﻮر اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﻮن اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﻮن واﻷوروﺑﻴﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت واﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت واﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬-٣

‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻮا ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻴﻮم‬،‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ وﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ‬،‫ وﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮن إﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄن ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ أدت ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﺸﻴﻔﺮات واﻟﺮﻣﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم وإﻋﺎدة اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻷرﺳﻄﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮر ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﺰدﻫﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ اﻟﺨﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻌﺐ دور ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬.‫اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
.(‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء واﻟﻄﺐ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word abandoned in the passage is ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﺠﺮ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
B. stopped. ‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‬.‫ب‬

498
 🤖 ‫اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- "Automation is not a new phenomenon, and questions about its promise and effects have
long accompanied its advances, as a result of remarkable recent advances in technologies
including robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning. Robots and computers
can not only perform a range of routine physical work activities better and more cheaply than
humans, but are also increasingly capable of accomplishing activities that include cognitive
capabilities. These include making tacit judgments, sensing emotion, or even driving—
activities that used to be considered too difficult to automate successfully. Yet, very few
occupations—less than 5 percent—are candidates for (Q1) comprehensive automation today.
However, almost every occupation has partial automation potential, as a significant
percentage of its activities could be automated. Activities most (Q2) susceptible to automation
involve physical activities in highly structured and predictable environments, as well as the
collection and processing of data. These activities range from miners and landscape
gardeners to commercial bankers, fashion designers, welders—and CEOs.
2- But how quickly will these technologies become a reality in the workplace? And what will
their impact be on employment and on productivity in the global economy? (Q3) Over the past
2 years, the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) has been conducting research on automation
technologies and their potential effects (Q4) in over 46 countries, representing about 80% of
global labor force. Some of their key findings include the following.
3- The pace and extent of automation, and thus its impact on workers, will vary across
different activities, occupations, and wage and skill levels. Many workers will continue to
work alongside machines as various activities are automated. Activities that are likely to be
automated earlier include predictable physical activities, especially prevalent in
manufacturing and retail trade, (Q5) as well as administrative support such as collecting and
processing data, which are activities that exist across the entire spectrum of sectors, skills
and wages. Some forms of automation will be skill-biased, tending to raise the productivity of
high-skill workers even as they reduce the demand for lower-skill and routine-intensive
occupations, such as filing clerks or assembly-line workers.
4- (Q6) Automation will not happen overnight, but it is definitely coming. The factors that will
influence the pace and extent of its adoption are technical feasibility, the cost of developing
and deploying solutions, the labor market dynamics, including the supply, demand, and costs
of human labor as an alternative to automation. Taking all of these factors into account, it is
estimated that it will take decades for automation’s effect on current work activities to (Q7)
ideally play out .
5- (Q8) Automation will have different effects, across geographies and sectors. Technical
automation potential is concentrated in countries with the largest populations and/or high
wages. For example, industries such as manufacturing and agriculture include predictable
physical activities that have a high technical potential to be automated, but lower wage rates
in some developing countries could constrain adoption.

499
 ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬وﻟﻄﺎﻟﻤﺎ راﻓﻘﺖ اﻟﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﺣﻮل وﻋﻮدﻫﺎ وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮاﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻮراﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺮوﺑﻮﺗﺎت واﻟﺬﻛﺎء اﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ )‪ (AI‬واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻵﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺮوﺑﻮﺗﺎت وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ أداء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫وأرﺧﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎدرة أﻳﻀﺎ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺠﺎز اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرات‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻹﺟﺮاءات إﺻﺪار أﺣﻜﺎم ﺿﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‪ ،‬أو ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ‪ -‬اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ُﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﺗﻤﺘﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ‪ -‬أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻴﻮم‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟ ً‬
‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ أﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻊ‬‫اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻸﺗﻤﺘﺔ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ً‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ وﺑﺴﺘﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﻴﻦ وﻣﺼﻤﻤﻲ اﻷزﻳﺎء واﻟﻠﺤﺎم ‪ -‬واﻟﺮؤﺳﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ واﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟ وﻣﺎذا ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ واﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ؟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬أﺟﺮى ﻣﻌﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ )‪ (MGI‬أﺑﺤﺎًﺛﺎ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮاﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 46‬دوﻟﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ ٪80‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﻮا إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺳﺘﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺗﻴﺮة وﻣﺪى اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﻬﻦ وﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺟﻮر واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻵﻻت ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ أﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ُﻳﺮﺟﺢ أن ﺗﺘﻢ أﺗﻤﺘﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ وﺗﺠﺎرة اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻹداري ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات واﻷﺟﻮر‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫أﺷﻜﺎل اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﺎزة ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎرات‪ ،‬وﺗﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ذوي اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻬﻦ ذات اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ واﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺔ اﻟﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت أو‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻟﻦ ﺗﺤﺪث اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺸﻴﺔ وﺿﺤﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎدﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺗﻴﺮة وﻣﺪى‬
‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﺪوى اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﻮل وﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ودﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎت ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ وﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻸﺗﻤﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ أﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪر أن اﻷﻣﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻋﻘﻮًدا ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻸﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن و ‪ /‬أو ذات اﻷﺟﻮر اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺎدﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻬﺎ ذات إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ آﻟًﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻷﺟﻮر اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﺒﻨﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word comprehensive in the ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬:١‫س‬
passage is closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
A. complete. ‫ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What idea do the words "susceptible to ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮرﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة "ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻸﺗﻤﺘﺔ"؟‬:٢‫س‬
automation" repeat?
A. workforce automation ‫ أﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What can we understand from ‫( ﺣﻮل أﺑﺤﺎث‬2) ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
Paragraph (2) about the McKinsey Global ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ؟‬
Institute research?
A. It was a large study. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬.‫أ‬

Q4: Which of the following is a fact? ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟‬:٤‫س‬

B. The report considered information from .‫ دوﻟﺔ‬46 ‫ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻮاردة ﻣﻦ‬.‫ب‬
46 countries.

Q5: What idea do the words ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮرﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة" دﻋﻢ إداري"؟‬:٥‫س‬
"administrative support" repeat?
B. Data processing and data collection ‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q6: Which of the following is an opinion in ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ رأي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٦‫س‬
the passage?
B. Automation of work will become a ‫ أﺗﻤﺘﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ واﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬.‫ب‬
reality for all workers. .‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬

Q7: The word ideally in the passage is ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ‬:٧‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
D. perfectly. .‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫د‬

Q8: What can we understand from ‫( ﺣﻮل‬5) ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٨‫س‬
Paragraph (5) about automation around ‫اﻷﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ؟‬
the world?
C. It will be different in different countries. .‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ج‬

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 📈 ‫ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻔﺮط‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic was the economic crisis in the Weimar Republic
that impoverished millions of German citizens in 1922–23. It caused considerable internal (Q1)
political damage and instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and
Belgium as well as misery for the general populace. (Q2) The right-wing claimed that calling
the army home while it was supposedly undefeated in November of 1918 was the Weimar
government’s biggest mistake that led to the hyperinflation and political damage of the
country.
2- After being defeated in World War I, the new German Weimar government was bound by
the Treaty of Versailles to pay a huge amount of money to the Allies in reparation for the
war. This meant they couldn’t afford to buy imported goods, and the loss of their colonies
meant they couldn’t rely on cheap raw materials. At the same time, billions of marks hoarded
during the war suddenly came back into circulation.
3- The rising cost of goods combined with a dramatic increase in the money supply created
perfect conditions for inflation. Before World War I, the exchange rate was just over four
marks (German currency) to the U.S. dollar. By 1920 the value of the mark was 16 times less.
It stabilized at 69 marks to the dollar for some months. (Q3) Despite all this, the economic
problems were not too severe to control as the Weimar government would say and it was
still in a position to get a grip on the economy; instead, it chose to print yet more money in
order to pay the reparation debt. By November 1923 one U.S. dollar was equivalent to 1,000
billion (a trillion) marks. A wheelbarrow full of money couldn’t buy a newspaper. A new
currency, the Rentenmark was introduced in August 1924, backed by the U.S. gold reserve,
and realistic reparation payments were agreed to .
4- Some people benefited from the hyperinflation. For example, borrowers, such as
businessmen, landowners and those with mortgages, found they were able to pay back their
loans easily with worthless money. Farmers coped well, since their products remained in
demand and they received more money for them. On the other hand, people on fixed
incomes found their incomes did not keep up with prices. (Q4) Some historians believe,
however, that people with savings and those who had lent money were the most badly hit as
their money became worthless.
5- In 1924 the hyperinflation was ended, and the German economy rescued, thanks to a
combination of new political leadership, the issuance of a new, asset-backed currency that
regained the public’s trust, (Q5) and new loans provided by America, under a reparations
rescue package known as the Dawes Plan.
‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﻳﻤﺎر ﻫﻮ اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﻓﻘﺮت ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨﻴﻦ اﻷﻟﻤﺎن‬-١
‫ واﺣﺘﻼل ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬،‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أﺿﺮار ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة وﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼد‬.1923-1922 ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ادﻋﻰ ﺟﻨﺎح اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ أن اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎء اﻟﺠﻴﺶ ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ‬.‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺆس ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ً ‫ ﻓﻀ‬،‫وﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺮور‬
‫ ﻛﺎن أﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﻄﺄ ارﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﻳﻤﺎر واﻟﺬي أدى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط‬1918‫وﻫﻮ ﻟﻢ ُﻳﻬَﺰم ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
. ‫واﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻼد‬

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 ‫‪ -٢‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺰﻳﻤﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﻳﻤﺎر اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪة‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎي ﺑﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻔﺎء ﻛﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن ﺷﺮاء‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮردة‪ ،‬وﺧﺴﺎرة ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮاﺗﻬﻢ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم اﻟﺮﺧﻴﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدت ﻓﺠﺄة ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات اﻟﻤﺎرﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺪاول ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬أدى ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوض اﻟﻨﻘﺪي إﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺎرﻛﺎت )اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺼﺮف ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴ ً‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺪوﻻر اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1920‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺎرك اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ أﻗﻞ ‪ 16‬ﻣﺮة‪ .‬واﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 69‬ﻣﺎرك‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪوﻻر ﻟﻌﺪة أﺷﻬﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬا‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻮل ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺎﻳﻤﺎر‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪ .‬ﺑﺪًﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﺎرت ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻮال ﻟﺘﺴﺪﻳﺪ دﻳﻮن اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ )ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ( ‪،1923‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﺪوﻻر اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻳﻌﺎدل ‪ 1،000‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر )ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮن( ﻣﺎرك‪ .‬ﻋﺮﺑﺔ ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎل ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺷﺮاء ﺻﺤﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ Rentenmark ،‬ﻓﻲ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،1924‬ﻣﺪﻋﻮًﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ اﻟﺬﻫﺐ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ دﻓﻊ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ واﻗﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬وﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺿﻮن‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫وﻣﻼك اﻷراﺿﻲ وذوي اﻟﺮﻫﻮن اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ‪ ،‬أﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﺎدرون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺪاد ﻗﺮوﺿﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﻮال ﻻ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻗﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ وﺣﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬وﺟﺪ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ذوو اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ أن دﺧﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻻ ﺗﻮاﻛﺐ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬أن أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات وأوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أﻗﺮﺿﻮا اﻟﻤﺎل ﻫﻢ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻀﺮرﴽ ﻷن أﻣﻮاﻟﻬﻢ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺑﻼ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1924‬اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط‪ ،‬وُأﻧﻘﺬ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬وإﺻﺪار ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﻮل اﺳﺘﻌﺎدت ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﺮوض اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ إﻧﻘﺎذ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﺎت ُﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﺔ ‪.Dawes‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What phrase other than "economic "‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺨﻼف "اﻷزﻣﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬:١‫س‬
crisis" does the writer use to describe the ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ‬
problems caused by hyperinflation? ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط؟‬
B. political damage ‫ اﻟﻀﺮر اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What can we understand from ‫( ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎرﺿﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
Paragraph (1) about the opponents of the ‫ﻓﺎﻳﻤﺎر؟‬
Weimar government?
A. They blamed the government for losing .‫ أﻟﻘﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرة اﻟﺤﺮب‬.‫أ‬
the war.

Q3: Which of the following is an opinion? ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻴﺮ رأﻳﺎ؟‬:٣‫س‬

D. Germany's problems were NOT as ‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬.‫د‬
severe as its politicians had said. .‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻫﺎ‬

Q4: How is some historians' view of ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ‬:٤‫س‬
hyperinflation victims different from the ‫ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻤﻔﺮط ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ؟‬
common view?
B. They believe that people who had ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪون أن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺪﺧﺮات ﻋﺎﻧﻮا‬.‫ب‬
savings suffered most. .‫أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ‬

Q5: What can we understand from ‫( ﺣﻮل‬5) ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٥‫س‬
Paragraph (5) about the solution to the ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷزﻣﺔ؟‬
crisis?
C. It depended on American money. .‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﻮال اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬.‫ج‬

504
 😱 ‫اﻟﻬﻮس واﻻﺿﻄﺮاب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage A
1- Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, is a mental health condition that
causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows
(depression). (Q1) After a hypomanic episode a bipolar disorder patient usually feel depressed,
tired and needs sleep.
2- There are several types of bipolar and related disorders. (Q2) Symptoms can include mania
or hypomania, depression in addition to unpredictable changes in mood and behavior,
resulting in significant distress and difficulty in life. (Q3) Sometimes, some people might suffer
from depression and mania simultaneously.
3- When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure
in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (less extreme than mania),
you may feel euphoric, full of energy or unusually irritable. (Q4) In certain cases, one might
feel sad and yet very active. These mood swings can affect sleep, energy, activity, judgment,
behavior and the ability to think clearly.
4- Episodes of mood swings may occur rarely or multiple times a year. While most people will
experience some emotional symptoms between episodes, some may not experience any.
5- Although bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, you can manage your mood swings and
other symptoms by following a treatment plan. In most cases, bipolar disorder is treated with
medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy.(
Passage B
1- Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder and mental health condition that causes
intense shifts in mood, energy levels, thinking patterns and behavior. These shifts can last for
hours, days, weeks or months and interrupt your ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
2- There are a few types of bipolar disorder, which involve experiencing significant
fluctuations in mood referred to as hypomanic/manic which usually lead to (Q1) depressive
episodes. However, people with bipolar disorder aren’t always in a hypomanic/manic or
depressive state. They also experience periods of normal mood, known as euthymia.
3- A key feature of bipolar I disorder is manic episodes. To meet the criteria for bipolar I
disorder, (Q2) you must have had at least one manic episode in your life for at least a week (Q3)
with or without ever experiencing a depressive episode.
4- Mania is a condition in which you have a period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood,
as well as extreme changes in emotions, thoughts, energy, talkativeness and activity level. (Q4)
This highly energized level of physical activity might be accompanied by extreme sadness.
These physical and mental behaviors are a change from your usual self and is noticeable by
others.

505
 ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ‬

‫‪ -١‬اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ُﻳﻌﺮف ﺳﺎﺑًﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب اﻟﻬﻮﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺰاﺟﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ )اﻟﻬﻮس أو اﻟﻬﻮس اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ( واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎت )اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب(‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮس اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب واﻟﺘﻌﺐ وﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻮم‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ واﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﻋﺮاض اﻟﻬﻮس‬
‫أو اﻟﻬﻮس اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ واﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰاج واﻟﺴﻠﻮك‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺿﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺎب اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب واﻟﻬﻮس ﻓﻲ آن واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺎب ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺰن أو اﻟﻴﺄس وﺗﻔﻘﺪ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم أو اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻚ اﻟﻤﺰاﺟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻫﻮس أو ﻫﻮس ﺧﻔﻴﻒ )أﻗﻞ ﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮس(‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻬﺠﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ أو اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﺮء ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺰن وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺰاﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻮم واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﻨﺸﺎط واﻟﺤﻜﻢ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك واﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻧﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺰاﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺎدر أو ﻋﺪة ﻣﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻋﺮاض اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﺑﺎت‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ أي أﻋﺮاض ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت ﻣﺰاﺟﻚ واﻷﻋﺮاض اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻼج اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷدوﻳﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرات اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ( ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‬

‫‪ -١‬اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻫﻮ اﺿﻄﺮاب ﻣﺰاﺟﻲ ﻣﺪى اﻟﺤﻴﺎة وﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﺷﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰاج وﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وأﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ واﻟﺴﻠﻮك‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت أو أﻳﺎم أو‬
‫أﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ أو ﺷﻬﻮر وﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﺪرﺗﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻫﻨﺎك أﻧﻮاع ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺰاﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻬﻮس اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ‪ /‬اﻟﻬﻮس وﻧﻮﺑﺎت اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻬﻮس اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ ‪ /‬اﻟﻬﻮس أو اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن‬‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻟﻴﺴﻮا داﺋ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاج اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪.euthymia‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻬﻮس‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻷول‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻨﻮﺑﺔ ﻫﻮس واﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻚ ﻟﻤﺪة‬
‫أﺳﺒﻮع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻊ أو ﺑﺪون ﺣﺪوث ﻧﻮﺑﺔ اﻛﺘﺌﺎب ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻬﻮس ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻣﺰاج ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ أو ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ واﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﻜﻼم وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‪ .‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬
‫اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺼﺤﻮًﺑﺎ ﺑﺤﺰن ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎدة وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪506‬‬
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What can we understand from ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ وب ﻋﻦ‬:١‫س‬
passages A and B about hypomania? ‫اﻟﻬﻮس اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻒ؟‬
A. It may lead to depression. .‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Which of the following are symptoms ‫ أي ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﺮاض اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻋﺮاض اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب‬:٢‫س‬
of bipolar disorder according to passages A ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ وب؟‬
and B?
D. mania and depression ‫ اﻟﻬﻮس واﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب‬.‫د‬

Q3: What can we understand from ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ وب ﻋﻦ‬:٣‫س‬
passages A and B about depression? ‫اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب؟‬
C. People can experience it at the same ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي‬.‫ج‬
time they experience mania. .‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮس‬

Q4: What do passages A and B say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎن أ وب ﻋﻦ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬:٤‫س‬
bipolar disorder? ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ؟‬
A. It can make people feel sad and full of ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﺸﻌﺮون ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺰن واﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬
energy at the same time. .‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ 🤓‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What was the healthy life expectancy‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺪة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎل‬
‫?‪for men in Germany in 1990‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎم ‪1990‬؟‬
‫‪C. about 63 years‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 63‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: How much did women's healthy life‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻢ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل زﻳﺎدة ﻣﺪة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪expectancy increase in India from 1990-‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1990‬إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎم‬
‫?‪2013‬‬ ‫‪2013‬؟‬
‫‪D. by about 9 years‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺑﺤﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 9‬ﺳﻨﻮات‬

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 ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﺨﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ 🌴‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How many hectares of palm area did‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻢ ﻫﻜﺘﺎرا ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ وﺻﻞ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫?‪the Private Estate reach by 2008‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘﺎر اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪2008‬؟‬
‫‪D. 3.5 Million‬‬ ‫د‪ 3.5 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬

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 ‫اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ 🎙‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In which year did the percentage of the‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ وﺻﻠﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أدﻧﻰ‬
‫?‪change reach the lowest level‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى؟‬
‫‪D. 2020‬‬ ‫د‪2020 .‬‬

‫‪510‬‬
 🤑 ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮات‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A millionaire is an individual with a net wealth that is equal to or exceeds one million units of
currency. Australia is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Australia had over 176
thousand millionaires in 2020. The number of millionaires in Australia has not been constant.
The number of millionaires decreased, (Q1) and Australia lost 12,000 millionaires between
2015 and 2016. However, the number of millionaires in Australia has been increasing after
this year, and Australia has become a millionaire factory .
‫ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة‬.‫اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮد اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺛﺮوة ﺻﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي أو ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﻣﻠﻴﻮن وﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ وﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮات‬.2020 ‫ أﻟﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬176 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻦ أﻏﻨﻰ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ وﻣﻊ‬.2016‫ و‬2015 ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬12000 ‫ وﺧﺴﺮت أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬،‫ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮات‬.‫ﻓﻲ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﺛﺎﺑًﺘﺎ‬
.‫ﻌﺎ ﻷﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬ ً ‫ وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺼﻨ‬،‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺎم‬،‫ذﻟﻚ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How many millionaires did Australia ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﺴﺮﺗﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬:١‫س‬
lose between 2015 and 2016? ‫؟‬2016‫ و‬2015 ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
C. 12,000 12.000 .‫ج‬

511
 🍔 ‫اﻟﻐﺬاء واﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage A
1- (Q1) When parents encourage healthy eating choices for their children, that message is
likely to stick with them into adulthood, according to a study in Nutrients. Those who
identified food as a reward for good behavior, felt pressured to “clean their plates” or who
remembered having ample control over their food choices tended to eat more sweets and
salty snacks as an adult. Those who received more guidance, or had parents do most of the
choosing were more likely to have higher consumption of fruits and vegetables as an adult .
2- (Q2) Childhood obesity is currently at its highest due to the huge number of fast-food
outlets and lazy lifestyles. Recent statistics show that 16% of children between the ages of 6
and 11 y are overweight and that an additional 14.3% are at risk of becoming overweight. As
children's body weights have increased, so has their consumption of fast foods and soft
drinks. The proportion of foods that children consumed from restaurants and fast-food
outlets increased by nearly 300% between 1977 and 1996. Children's soft drink consumption
has also increased during those years, and now soft drinks provide soft drink consumers 188
kcal/d beyond the energy intake of non-consumers. (Q3) These changes in food intakes among
children may partly explain the rise in childhood obesity observed in the past few years. It is
believed that the greater energy intakes in children who consume large amounts of soft
drinks and fast foods are not compensated for by increased physical activity or decreased
energy intakes. (Q4) Therefore, cutting down on these things is essential to avoid obesity.
Passage B
1- We wish we could reassure you and say it'll all be OK, but studies have long been clear on
the matter. (Q1) What your kids eat now will shape their health for years — and maybe
decades — to come.
2- (Q3) Poor eating habits have caused a spike in childhood obesity in the last few decades. For
example, children today eat a lot of fast food and drink soft drinks which have a lot of calories
and only few nutrients. Today, more than 17 percent of kids ages 2 to 17 qualify as obese.
That's double what it was 20 years ago.
3- Being overweight has put young people at increased risk of all kinds of health problems
and led to a sharp increase in the diagnosis of conditions such as diabetes, high blood
pressure, elevated blood cholesterol, fatty liver, and even asthma and sleep disorders.
4- In order to help your children, become healthy and fit, give them fruit, vegetables, lean
proteins and whole grains. (Q4) More importantly, they shouldn’t eat fast food or soft drinks.
5- (Q2) It is very difficult, though, for children to follow their parents’ plans for healthy food as
the number of fast-food outlets has increased enormously the past few years. Moreover,
more attractive advertisements are displayed everywhere: on TV, on social media, and in the
streets.

512
 ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ اﻵﺑﺎء أﺑﻨﺎءﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻴﺎرات اﻷﻛﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ أن ﺗﻈﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻮغ‪ ،‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎت‪ .‬أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺣﺪدوا اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻛﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﺮوا ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ "ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ أﻃﺒﺎﻗﻬﻢ" أو اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺬﻛﺮوا أن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺳﻴﻄﺮة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻴﺎراﺗﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮن إﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻮﻳﺎت واﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻛﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‪ .‬أوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻹرﺷﺎدات‪ ،‬أو ﻛﺎن آﺑﺎؤﻫﻢ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻤﻌﻈﻢ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮا أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘﻮا ﻣﺰﻳ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻮاﻛﻪ واﻟﺨﻀﺮوات ﻛﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻫﻲ اﻵن ﻓﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺜﺮة ﻣﻄﺎﻋﻢ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ وأﻧﻤﺎط‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ إﻟﻰ أن ‪ ٪16‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮاوح أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬و‪ 11‬ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻮزن وأن ‪ ٪14.3‬آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﻮن ﻟﺨﻄﺮ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻮزن‪ .‬ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة وزن ﺟﺴﻢ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬زاد‬
‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﻢ ﻟﻸﻃﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‪ .‬زادت ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ وﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪300‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 1977‬و‪ .1996‬ﻛﻤﺎ زاد اﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎل ﺧﻼل ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات‪ ،‬واﻵن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ ‪ 188‬ﺳﻌﺮة ﺣﺮارﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮظ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻧﺔ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪ُ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن زﻳﺎدة ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ واﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ أو اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻣﻮر ﺿﺮوري ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺘﻤﻨﻰ أن ﻧﻄﻤﺌﻨﻜﻢ وﻧﻘﻮل إن ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮام‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻛﺎﻧﺖ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮة‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻪ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻚ اﻵن ﺳﻴﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﺴﻨﻮات ‪ -‬ورﺑﻤﺎ ﻋﻘﻮد ‪ -‬ﻗﺎدﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﺎدات اﻷﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺑﺪاﻧﺔ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﻮد اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ وﻳﺸﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺮات اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ وﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻴﻮم‪ ،‬أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 17‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮاوح أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 2‬و‪ 17‬ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ ﻣﺆﻫﻠﻮن ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 20‬ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻟﻘﺪ أدت زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻮزن إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﺸﺒﺎب ﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ وأدت إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة‬
‫ﺣﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮي وارﺗﻔﺎع ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم وارﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم واﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻲ وﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺮﺑﻮ واﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻮم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮا ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة وﻟﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﻋﻄﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ واﻟﺨﻀﺮوات‬
‫واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن واﻟﺤﺒﻮب اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬واﻷﻫﻢ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬أن ﻳﺘﺒﻊ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﺧﻄﻂ واﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺬاء اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ زاد ﻋﺪد ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟ ً‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺮض إﻋﻼﻧﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن وﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻮارع‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What can we understand from "‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ "أ" و "ب‬:١‫س‬
passages A and B about children's eating ‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎدات اﻷﻛﻞ ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل؟‬
habits?
B. They affect their eating habits as adults. .‫ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎداﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What do passages A and B say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎن "أ" و "ب" ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻴﻮم؟‬:2‫س‬
today's environment?
C. People eat a lot more. .‫ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What do passages A and B say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎن أ وب ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ؟‬:3‫س‬
the cause of obesity?
A. Bad eating habits cause obesity. .‫ ﻋﺎدات اﻷﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺴﻤﻨﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What can we understand from ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ وب ﻋﻦ‬:4‫س‬
passages A and B about soft drinks? ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ؟‬
C. Children should avoid drinking them. .‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺷﺮﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫ج‬

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 🌡 ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) Heat and temperature are a closely related topic, and as such, the difference between
the two can be a bit confusing. (Q2) The core difference is that heat deals with thermal energy,
whereas temperature is more concerned with molecular kinetic energy.
2- (Q3) Heat is the flow of energy from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature
object as described in the second law of thermodynamics. It is the temperature difference
between the two neighboring objects that causes this heat transfer. The heat transfer
continues until the two objects have reached thermal equilibrium and are at the same
temperature. Heat can move from one point to another in three basic ways: by conduction,
by radiation, or by convection.
3- Imagine a very hot mug of coffee with a spoon in it resting on the countertop of a kitchen.
That cup of coffee has a very high temperature and the surroundings (countertop, air in the
kitchen, etc.) have a temperature that is much lower. The cup of coffee will gradually cool
down over time. At 80°C, you wouldn't even think about drinking the coffee; even the coffee
mug will likely be too hot to touch. Over time, both the coffee mug and the coffee will cool
down, reach a drinkable temperature and eventually reach room temperature.
4- The coffee and the mug are transferring heat to the surroundings. (Q4) This transfer of heat
occurs from the hot coffee and hot mug to the surrounding air. The fact that the coffee
lowers its temperature is a sign that the average kinetic energy of its particles is decreasing.
The coffee is losing energy. The mug is also lowering its temperature; the average kinetic
energy of its particles is also decreasing. The mug is also losing energy. The energy that is lost
by the coffee and the mug is being transferred to the colder surroundings. This transfer of
energy from the coffee and the mug to the surrounding air and countertop is heat.
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬،‫ﻃﺎ وﺛﻴًﻘﺎ‬ً ‫ اﻟﺤﺮارة ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎن ارﺗﺒﺎ‬-1
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن درﺟﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻔﺮق اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻜﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﻲء‬ ً ‫أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺑ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﻬﺘﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ذي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ذي درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﻗﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮف‬-2
‫ إن اﺧﺘﻼف درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻤﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺤﺮاري وﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻫﺬا‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ أو ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎع أو‬:‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى ﺑﺜﻼث ﻃﺮق أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬.‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري‬
‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﻨﺠﺎن اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﻫﺬا‬.‫ﺪا ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ‬ ً ‫ ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﻛﻮب ﻗﻬﻮة ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﺟ‬-3
.‫ إﻟﺦ( أﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬،‫ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ‬،‫ﺪا ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ )ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ً ‫ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟ‬
‫ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮب اﻟﻘﻬﻮة؛ ﺣﺘﻰ‬،‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬80 ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬.‫ﺳﻴﺒﺮد ﻓﻨﺠﺎن اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﺗﺪرﻳﺠًﻴﺎ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ وﻳﺼﻼن إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﻳﺒﺮد ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻨﺠﺎن اﻟﻘﻬﻮة واﻟﻘﻬﻮة‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫ﺪا ﻟﻠﻤﺲ‬ ً ‫ﻛﻮب اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺧًﻨﺎ ﺟ‬
.‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮب وﻳﺼﻼن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬

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 ‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻘﻬﻮة واﻟﻘﺪح ﻳﻨﻘﻼن اﻟﺤﺮارة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪث ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻬﻮة اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻘﺪح اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﺗﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﺗﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻜﻮب ﻳﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻘﻬﻮة‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻜﻮب ﻳﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أﻳ ً‬
‫واﻟﻜﻮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة‪ .‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻬﻮة واﻟﻜﻮب إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫وﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the main topic of the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬
‫‪C. the movement of heat.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What is one important point about‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪heat that the writer mentions in Paragraph‬‬ ‫ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(1‬؟‬
‫?)‪(1‬‬
‫‪A. Heat is not the same as temperature.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What does the writer want to show by‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻨﺠﺎن ﻗﻬﻮة‬
‫?‪the example of a hot coffee cup‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﻦ؟‬
‫‪B. the main rule of heat transfer.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: What is one important idea about heat‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪transfer that the writer mentions in‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(4‬؟‬
‫?)‪Paragraph (4‬‬
‫‪D. direction of heat transfer‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﺗﺠﺎه اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

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 🛢 ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Mining is a (Q1) worthwhile process. Mined materials are needed to construct roads and
hospitals, to build cars and houses, and to provide the many other goods and services that
consumers enjoy.
2- In the mining process, useful materials are (Q2) extracted from the earth. Some examples of
materials that are mined include coal, gold, and iron. Refining is the process of making
different products from a basic product such as oil or sugar. The refined products are really
(Q3) desirable as all people need them.

‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ اﻻرض ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻄﺮق‬.‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺮة ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم‬- ١
‫ وﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫ وﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات واﻟﻤﻨﺎزل‬،‫واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎت‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬-٢
‫ اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ أو‬.‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ واﻟﺬﻫﺐ واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
.‫ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺮرة ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﺣًﻘﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص‬.‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word worthwhile in paragraph (1) ‫ أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬1 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺟﺪﻳﺮة ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
is closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
D. useful .‫ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‬.‫د‬
‫ أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬2 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻬﺎ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
Q2: The word extracted in Paragraph (2) is _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
closest in meaning to _____ .‫ إزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬.‫أ‬
A. removed
‫ أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬2 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
Q3: The word desirable in Paragraph (2) is _____ ‫ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
closest in meaning to ______ .‫ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬.‫د‬
D. required.

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 ☄ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Life as we know it would be impossible if not for the greenhouse effect, the process
through which heat is absorbed and re-radiated in that atmosphere. The intensity of a
planet’s greenhouse effect is determined by the relative abundance of greenhouse gases in
its atmosphere. Without greenhouse gases, most of Earth’s heat would be lost to outer
space, and our planet would quickly turn into a giant ball of ice.
2- The greenhouse effect can be explained in several steps. It all begins with the sun emitting
electromagnetic waves in the form of ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared radiation towards
the earth, with a common wavelength of around 500 nm. This wavelength maximum of the
spectrum is only scarcely absorbed by the atmosphere, since greenhouse gases like water,
carbon dioxide, methane and ozone are permeable for the short-wave radiation. (Q1) The
atmosphere and clouds reflect around 26% of the solar energy back into space and absorb
19%. After passing the atmosphere, the remaining solar energy hits the Earth’s surface,
where only 4% of the energy is reflected back into space, while the rest is absorbed. The
photons induce their energy into the surface and cause a heating effect. The heated surface
then emits infrared radiation with a wavelength of 10.000 nm.
3- Humans directly affect the greenhouse effect through activities that result in greenhouse
gas emissions. Some human activities increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. Releasing greenhouse gases intensifies the greenhouse effect, and increases
Earth’s average air temperatures (also known as global warming).
4- (Q2) Man-made gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and water vapor
significantly affect the amount of energy in the Earth system, even though they make up a
tiny percentage of Earth’s atmosphere. Solar radiation that passes through the atmosphere
and reaches Earth’s surface is either reflected or absorbed. Reflected sunlight doesn’t add
any heat to the Earth system because this energy bounces back into space.
‫ وﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﻻ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬-1
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺪة ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬.‫اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﺤﺮارة وإﻋﺎدة إﺷﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫ ﺳﺘﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬،‫ ﺑﺪون ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬.‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﻓﺮة اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻼﻓﻪ اﻟﺠﻮي‬
.‫ وﺳﻴﺘﺤﻮل ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻛﺮة ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬،‫ﺣﺮارة اﻷرض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﺒﺪأ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة ﺧﻄﻮات‬-2
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻛﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ أﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ وﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ وﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﺺ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻫﺬا اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ‬.‫ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬500 ‫ ﺑﻄﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻷرض‬
‫ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن واﻷوزون ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬،‫اﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ إﻻ ﻧﺎدًرا‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬٪26 ‫ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي واﻟﻐﻴﻮم ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺮاق ﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮة‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ‬،‫ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬.٪19 ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء وﺗﻤﺘﺺ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎت ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬٪4 ‫ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺨﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﺑﻄﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ‬ ُ ‫ ﺛﻢ ُﻳﺼﺪر اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ وﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ‬
.‫ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬10.000

518
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻏﺎزات‬
‫اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‪ .‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬ﻳﺆدي إﻃﻼق‬
‫ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‪ ،‬وﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري(‪.‬‬
‫)اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أﻳ ً‬
‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وأﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوز وﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻷرض‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫ﻟﻸرض‪ .‬ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ أو ﻳﻤﺘﺺ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي وﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ أي ﺣﺮارة إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻷرض ﻷن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: How much energy is reflected into‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻜﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫‪space by the earth's atmosphere and the‬‬ ‫ﻟﻸرض وﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء؟‬
‫?‪earth's surface‬‬
‫‪A. 26% (by atmosphere) and 4% (by‬‬ ‫أ‪) ٪26 .‬اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي( و‪) ٪4‬اﻟﺴﻄﺢ(‬
‫)‪surface‬‬

‫‪Q2: Which three man-made gases have had‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫?‪the greatest greenhouse effect‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري؟‬
‫‪B. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن وأﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوز‬
‫‪oxide‬‬

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 📈 ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- An industry comprises the systematic production of goods and services for sale. A
country's economy is determined by its industry. (Q1) There are three types of economic
sectors: primary, secondary, and tertiary.
2 -The primary sector is concerned with the extraction of natural resources or raw materials
from the earth. The economic operations of a primary sector are usually dependent on the
nature of that particular place. These industries create products that will be sold or supplied
to the general public. A primary industry's economic operations revolve around using the
planet's natural resources, such as vegetation, earth water, and minerals. Mining, farming,
and fishing are examples of primary industries. This extraction yields raw materials and staple
foods, coal, wood, iron, and corn.
3- (Q2) After primary industries have accumulated raw materials, secondary industries enter
into the picture. (Q3) The construction and manufacturing industries are primarily included in
the secondary industry. The transition of raw materials into finished items is part of the
secondary sector. For example, wood is used to make furniture, steel is used to make
automobiles, and textiles are used to make clothing.
4 -Tertiary industries market secondary industries' products to consumers. They are usually
not involved in creating products but rather in the provision of services to the general public
and other industries. The creation of different nature services, such as experiences,
discussion, access, is the most significant feature of the tertiary sector.
5- (Q4) The industries of the Tertiary sector include investment, finance, insurance, banking,
wholesale, retail, transportation, real estate services; resale trade; professional, legal, hotels,
personal services; tourism, restaurants, repair and maintenance services, police, security,
defence services, administrative, consulting, entertainment, media, information technology,
health, social welfare and so on.
6- (Q5) Primary industry tends to dominate the economies of undeveloped and developing
nations, but as secondary and tertiary industries are developed, its share of the economic
output tends to decrease".
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬.‫ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ‬-1
.‫ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬.‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬.‫ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻷوﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻷرض‬-2
‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎع اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬
‫ ﺗﺪور اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬.‫أو ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ وﺻﻴﺪ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻫﻲ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ وﻣﻴﺎه اﻷرض واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬،‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬
.‫ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم واﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﺤﻢ واﻟﺨﺸﺐ واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﺬرة‬.‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﺗﺮاﻛﻤﺖ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم‬-3
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬،‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﺛﺎث‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫ﺗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺟﺰًءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‬
.‫ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ‬،‫اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬

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 ‫‪ -4‬ﺗﻘﻮم اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة ﻻ ﻳﺸﺎرﻛﻮن ﻓﻲ‬
‫إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮى ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﻨﻮك‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ؛ ﺗﺠﺎرة إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺒﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﺎدق واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ؛ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ‪ ،‬وﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﺻﻼح واﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ‪ ،‬واﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻹدارﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرات‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬واﻹﻋﻼم‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the main topic of the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. Economic activity occurs in three stages.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What is one important idea related to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪the secondary stage of production in‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(3‬؟‬
‫?)‪Paragraph (3‬‬
‫‪B. primary‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Q3: What is one important idea in‬‬ ‫س‪ :3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(3‬‬
‫‪Paragraph (3) related to the secondary‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎج؟‬
‫?‪stage of production‬‬
‫‪C. New goods are made.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: Which stage of production are hotels‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق ﻣﺜﺎًﻻ‬
‫?‪an example of‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؟‬
‫‪C. Tertiary‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Q5: What is one important idea related to‬‬ ‫س‪ :5‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪jobs in developing countries in Paragraph‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(6‬؟‬
‫?)‪(6‬‬
‫‪B. Most are in stage 1.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪.1‬‬

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 🌊 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The ocean (Q1) is a huge body of saltwater that covers about 71 percent of Earth’s surface. An
estimated 97 percent of the world’s water is found in the ocean. Because of this, the ocean
has considerable impact on weather, temperature, and the food supply of humans and other
organisms. Oceans are very (Q2) important because they regulate our climate, and generate
most of the oxygen we breathe.
‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪر‬.‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬71 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬،‫ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‬97 ‫ﺑﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫ﺪا ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ‬
ً ‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺟ‬.‫ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻹﻣﺪادات اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
.‫ وﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺘﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:١‫س‬
D. to inform ‫ أن ﻳﺨﺒﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:٢‫س‬
writer mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
C. Oceans are extremely important. .‫ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ج‬

522
 🥱 ‫اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻮم‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Sleep disorders are conditions that result in changes in the way that you sleep. A sleep
disorder can affect your overall health. A lot of people have sleeping disorders, and (Q1) from
10 to 15 percent of adults have problems falling asleep.
2- Narcolepsy is one of the fairly rare sleeping disorders. (Q2) Only 1 in 2000 people suffers
from narcolepsy. People who have narcolepsy suffer from extreme sleepiness and falling
asleep suddenly during the day.
3- One of the most serious sleeping disorders is sleep apnea, in which breathing repeatedly
stops and starts (Q3) The Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy did a study on sleep apnea
to find the cause of sleep apnea and develop new treatments.
4- Different studies were done to discover the causes of apnea. Wilse Webb and Scott
Campbell (Q4) did a study on different types of twins to figure if there’s a genetic link with
sleep apnea.
5- Other studies were done on a wide range of people, and the results of those studies
showed that (Q5) men, especially overweight men, are two to three times more likely to have
sleep apnea than women.
‫ اﺿﺮاب اﻟﻨﻮم ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻮم ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻮم‬-١
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻳﺠﺪون‬15 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬10 ‫ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮم وﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮم‬
. ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮم‬
‫ ﺷﺨﺺ‬2000 ‫ ﺷﺨﺺ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ‬.‫ داء اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻘﻬﺮي ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻧﺎدرة‬-٢
‫ واﻻﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻮن ﺑﺪاء اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻘﻬﺮي ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ اﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ داء اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻘﻬﺮي‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻌﺎس واﻟﻐﻔﻮ ﻓﺠﺄة ﺧﻼل اﻟﻴﻮم‬
‫ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺧﻄﺮ اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻮم ﻫﻮ "اﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮﻣﻲ" وأﺛﻨﺎﺋﻪ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ وﻳﺒﺪأ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬-٣
‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد ﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻮم ﻗﺎم ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ داء ""اﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮﻣﻲ" ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬.‫ﻣﺘﻜﺮر‬
. ‫اﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ واﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻃﺮق ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻌﻼج‬
‫ واﻳﻠﺲ وﻳﺐ و ﺳﻜﻮت‬."‫ ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﺳﺒﺎب داء "اﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮﻣﻲ‬-٤
.‫( أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮأم ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺳﺒﺐ ﺟﻴﻨﻲ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺪاء‬4‫ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ)س‬
،‫ دراﺳﺎت اﺧﺮى ﺗﻤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻻﺷﺨﺎص وﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻇﻬﺮت ان اﻟﺮﺟﺎل‬-٥
‫ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺪاء "اﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮﻣﻲ" ﻣﻦ‬،‫وﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ اﻟﺮﺟﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻮزن‬
.‫اﻟﻨﺴﺎء ﺑﺤﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ او ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬

523
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What percentage of adults have‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺠﺪون ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫?‪problems falling asleep‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮم؟‬
‫‪C. 10-15 percent‬‬ ‫ج‪ 15 – 10 .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: How many people suffer from‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ داء اﻟﻨﻮم‬
‫?‪narcolepsy‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻬﺮي؟‬
‫‪D. 1 in 2000 people‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬واﺣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ‪ 2000‬أﺷﺨﺎص‬

‫?‪Q3: Who did a study on sleep apnea‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ داء "اﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮﻣﻲ"؟‬
‫‪D. The Stanford University Center for‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد ﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻨﻮم‬
‫‪Narcolepsy‬‬

‫‪Q4: Who did Wilse Webb and Scott‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬واﻳﻠﺲ وﻳﺐ وﺳﻜﻮت ﻛﺎﻣﺒﻞ ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ‬
‫?‪Campbell study‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ؟‬
‫‪B. different types of twins‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮأم‬

‫?‪Q5: Who usually experiences sleep apnea‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺪاء "اﻧﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮﻣﻲ"؟‬
‫‪A. fat men‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺮﺟﺎل اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫‪524‬‬
 🌿 ‫ﻧﻘﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Purity is the quality of being free from anything that contaminates or pollutes. There are
many factors that can pollute the environment and make it (Q1) impure. To reduce pollution,
governments have imposed (Q2) legislation to ban a lot of pollutants.
2- Every person should do their part to keep the environment pure and safe. So, it’s best to
do the little we can do to change our environment positively. As individuals, we can start by
making attempts to keep the environment clean.
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﻨﻘﺎء ﻫﻮ ﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻠﻮث‬-١
.‫ ﻓﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت ﻟﺤﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‬.‫وﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺬل اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺪوره ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ وآﻣﻨﺔ‬-٢
.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺒﺪأ ﺑﺒﺬل ﻣﺤﺎوﻻت ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﺄﻓﺮاد‬.‫اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word Impure in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
A. dirty .‫ ﻣﺘﺴﺨﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The word legislation in paragraph (1) is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ أﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
B. law .‫ اﻋﻼن‬.‫أ‬

525
 👾 ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
A virus is an infectious agent of a small size and simple composition that can live and multiply
only in living cells. This means that (Q1) viruses need a host to live and reproduce. Viruses rely
on the cells of other organisms to survive, because they can’t capture or store energy
themselves. In other words they cannot function outside a host organism. That’s why (Q2)
they are only alive when they are inside of a living host which could be any organism on
earth. This means no life form is safe from infection by a virus. (Q3) By the help of our cells, a
virus can get nutrients and energy and force the cell to make millions of copies of it.
‫اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪي ﻟﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻳﻌﻴﺶ وﻳﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ داﺧﻞ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﻴﺎ وﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬.‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﺠﻮ ﻹﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أو أن ﺗﺨﺰﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺎت أﺧﺮى ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت أن ﺗﻤﺎرس اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺧﺮج ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ داﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﻲ واﻟﺬي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن أي ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬.‫ وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪوى اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت‬.‫اﻷرض‬
.‫اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس أن ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وأن ﻳﺠﺒﺮ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ أن ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻣﻨﻪ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of the following is a fact? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ؟‬:١‫س‬
C. Viruses need a host to live and ‫ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت ﺗﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﻴﺎ‬.‫ج‬
reproduce. .‫وﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬

Q2: What can we understand from ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ‬:٢‫س‬
Paragraph (1) about viruses? ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت؟‬
D. They are only alive when they are inside .‫ اﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺣﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ داﺧﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﻲ‬.‫د‬
of a host.

Q3: What idea do the words "with a little ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮرﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة "ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬:٣‫س‬
help from our cells" repeat? ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻧﺎ"؟‬
A. Viruses need a host to live. .‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﺶ‬.‫أ‬

526
 📈 ‫أﺳﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Stock control, otherwise known as inventory control, is used to show how much stock you
have at any one time, and how you keep track of it.
2- It applies to every item you use to produce a product or service, from raw materials to
finished goods. It covers stock at every stage of the production process, from purchase and
delivery to using and re-ordering the stock.
3- The aim of stock control is to minimise the cost of holding stocks while ensuring that there
are enough materials for production to continue and to meet customer demand.
4- This topic looks at efficient management of the movement and storage of goods and
material, including when to order and store goods to meet operational requirements, how to
inspect and receive goods in order to have a balanced flow of stores, and managing stock
recording, stock control and stocktaking. (Q2) Therefore, the duty of the inventory control
department is to focus on the fine balance of holding enough inventory to ensure the
business operates effectively while avoiding the overstocking that ties up valuable cashflow
and leads to waste.
.‫ وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻪ‬،‫ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ أي وﻗﺖ‬-1
.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻨﺘﺞ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺔ‬-2
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮاء واﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وإﻋﺎدة ﻃﻠﺐ‬،‫ﻳﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‬
‫ اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﺎن وﺟﻮد ﻣﻮاد ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻠﺔ‬-3
.‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ وﻗﺖ ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬،‫ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻹدارة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ واﻟﻤﻮاد‬-4
‫ وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ واﺳﺘﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬،‫وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن واﺟﺐ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ واﻟﻤﺨﺰون اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ واﻟﺠﺮد‬،‫ وإدارة ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون‬،‫ﻣﺘﻮازن ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎزن‬
‫ف ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﻋﻤﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ‬ٍ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺰون ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻤﺨﺰون ﻛﺎ‬
.‫اﻹﻓﺮاط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي اﻟﻘّﻴﻢ وﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﺪر‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻫﺪف اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. to explain ‫ أن ﻳﺸﺮح‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is one important idea that the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:٢‫س‬
writer mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
D. The stock control department aims to ‫ ﺗﻬﺪف إدارة ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻮازن‬.‫د‬
achieve the correct balance of stocks. .‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺰون‬

527
 🧪 ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
It is important to be able to separate mixtures (Q1) to obtain a desired component from the
mixture and to be able to better understand how each component contributes to the
properties, chemical and physical, of the resulting mixture. Most of the chemical reactions in
real life occur in mixtures, but purifying a mixture into its components allows scientists to
study how each part behaves and to make improvements to the reactions. Here are a
number of common separation techniques:
Filtration
The filtration process is generally used to separate a suspension mixture where small solid
particles are suspended in liquid or air. In the case of filtering water, the water is forced
through a paper that is made up of a very fine mesh of fibers. The water that has been run
through the filter is called the filtrate. The particles that are removed from the water by the
filter are called the residue. (Q2) For example, muddy water is poured through a funnel lined
with filter paper to remove the small sand and clay particles. (Q3) So, filters work best when
they prevent solids from going through them.
Centrifuge
In some cases, there are suspension mixtures where the solid particles are too fine to be
separated with a filter. In these cases, sometimes a centrifuge is used. Centrifuges are
mechanical devices that spin at very high speeds. (Q4) These high speeds allow the solid
particles in suspensions to settle (sink to the bottom) very quickly. The liquid parts split off
and can be decanted. For example, rather than wait for sand to slowly settle to the bottom of
water, a centrifuge can cause the sand to settle in a matter of seconds.
Some examples of how centrifuges are used include separating blood into plasma and red
cells, separating cream from milk, and separating uranium isotopes for nuclear power plants.
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ وأن ﺗﻜﻮن‬
. ‫ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ‬،‫ﺗﺤﺪث ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬.‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮف ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء وإﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬
:‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‬
‫ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬
‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ دﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ورﻗﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ أو اﻟﻬﻮاء‬
‫ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﻜﺐ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﻤﻊ ﻣﺒﻄﻦ ﺑﻮرق‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬،‫ إذن‬.‫ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻹزاﻟﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﻄﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬
.‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮور ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬

528
 ‫ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬
‫ﺪا ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز ﻃﺮد ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‪ .‬أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬
‫ﺪا‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ أﺟﻬﺰة ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺪور ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺎت ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار )ﺗﻐﺮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع( ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ اﻟﺮﻣﺎل ﺑﺒﻂء ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻓﻲ‬
‫ن‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺮﻣﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻏﻀﻮن ﺛﻮا ٍ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺪم إﻟﻰ ﺑﻼزﻣﺎ وﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﺮاء‪،‬‬
‫وﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ‪ ،‬وﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻴﻮراﻧﻴﻮم ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does the writer think about the‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﺋﻂ؟‬
‫?‪process of separating mixtures‬‬
‫‪C. He thinks it's important because it helps‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﻼص ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪to take out the substances that have‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪benefits.‬‬

‫‪Q2: Which words can we use to replace the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬
‫?)‪words "for example" in Paragraph (2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(2‬؟‬
‫‪C. for instance‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬

‫‪Q3: What does Paragraph (2) say about‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (2‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ؟‬
‫?‪filtering‬‬
‫‪D. It works best when the filter paper is‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ورق اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‬
‫‪able to stop the solid from passing.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: How does centrifuging solve the‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺤﻞ اﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫‪problem of separating very small solids‬‬ ‫ﺪا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ؟‬
‫اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﺟ ً‬
‫?‪from a liquid‬‬
‫‪A. It moves the liquid around very quickly‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫‪to get the solids to stay at the bottom.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎع‪.‬‬

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 🌱 ‫اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) Some historians have called the diffusion of new crops and agricultural methods to the
West through Muslim Spain an agricultural revolution because they had a major impact not
only on agricultural production but also on incomes, population levels, urban growth,
distribution of labor, industrial output, clothing, cooking, and diet. Moreover, agricultural
technologies Muslims took to Spain eventually reached the New World. As many as 40
percent of the Spanish immigrants to South and Central America between 1493 and 1600
were from Andalusia (Muslim Spain), and they took with them their crops and irrigation
technology. The most important of these crops were sukker (sugar) and qutn (cotton), which
became two of the most prominent “cash crops” in the world during the late Middle Ages
and the Renaissance. Cash crops are grown for export, not for local consumption, and these
crops can be highly profitable to those who grow them, particularly if a cheap labor force is
available. Other crops that are thought to be brought by Muslims are coffee.
2- The first cultivation of coffee has been traced to about 1100 in the area of Arabia along the
Red Sea. There are several legends about a shepherd who noticed his goats behaving in a
strange manner after eating the red coffee beans. According to one legend, he took some of
the beans to his village, where everyone liked the way the berries kept them awake during
prayer. Initially, coffee was brewed from green unroasted beans, which created a beverage
similar to tea.
‫ وﺻﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺆرﺧﻴﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ واﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬-1
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬ ً ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺛﻮرة زراﻋﻴﺔ ﻷن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴًﺮا ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ‬
.‫وﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﺎن واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺤﻀﺮي وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ واﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ واﻟﻄﺒﺦ واﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬
‫ وﺻﻠﺖ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺧﺬﻫﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮن إﻟﻰ إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬
1493 ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ اﻹﺳﺒﺎن إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬40 ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ‬.‫ وﻗﺪ أﺧﺬوا ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻠﻬﻢ وﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺮي‬،(‫ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ )إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬1600‫و‬
‫ اﻟﻠﺬان أﺻﺒﺤﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺑﺮز ""اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ"" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،(‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ )اﻟﺴﻜﺮ( واﻟﻘﻄﻦ )اﻟﻘﻄﻦ‬
،‫ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‬،‫ ُﺗﺰرع اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‬.‫ﺧﻼل أواﺧﺮ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ وﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‬
.‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮت ﻗﻮة ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ رﺧﻴﺼﺔ‬،‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻷوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺰرﻋﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﺒﻮﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﻬﻮة‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك‬.‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل اﻟﺒﺤﺮ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬1100 ‫ ﺗﻢ إرﺟﺎع أول زراﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬-2
.‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺮاﻋﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻻﺣﻆ أن ﻣﺎﻋﺰه ﺗﺘﺼﺮف ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻨﺎول ﺣﺒﻮب اﻟﺒﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ أﺣﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺑﻘﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ‬،‫ أﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺒﻮب اﻟﺒﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء إﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﻳﺘﻪ‬،‫وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻹﺣﺪى اﻷﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى‬،‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻬﻮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﺼﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻈﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺼﻼة‬
ً ‫اﻟﺘﻮت ﻣﺴﺘﻴﻘ‬
.‫إﻟﻰ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻣﺸﺮوب ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺸﺎي‬

530
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important idea in the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:١‫س‬
passage?
D. Muslim traders introduced new crops to ‫ أدﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻮن ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة إﻟﻰ أوروﺑﺎ‬.‫د‬
Europe

Q2: What is the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:٢‫س‬

B. to inform ‫ ﻟﻺﺑﻼغ‬.‫ب‬

531
 📈 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the
historical (Q1) shift from high birth (Q2) rates and high death rates in societies with minimal
technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates
and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic
development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.
2- One of the big lessons from the demographic history of countries is that population
explosions are temporary. For many countries, the demographic transition has already
ended, and as the global fertility rate has now halved we know that the world as a whole is
approaching the end of rapid population growth.
3- As we explore at the beginning of the entry on population growth, the global population
grew only very slowly up to 1700 – only 0.04% per year. In the many millennia up to that
point in history very high mortality of children counteracted high fertility. The world was in
the first stage of the demographic transition.
4- Once health improved and mortality declined things changed quickly. Particularly over the
course of the 20th century: Over the last 100 years global population more than quadrupled.
5- Over the course of two centuries, the world population has witnessed a 7-fold increase.
Population growth is still fast: every year, 140 million are born, and 58 million die. The
difference is the number of people that we add to the world population in a year: 82 million.
6- The annual population growth rate of the global population peaked around half a century
ago. Peak population growth was reached in 1968 with an annual growth of 2.1%. Since then,
(Q3) the increase of the world population has slowed and today it is stable by just over 1%
growth rate per year as the world as a whole is experiencing the closing of a massive
demographic transition.
7- (Q4) The United Nations projects that global population will reach 9.7 billion people in 2050
because the growth rate will be above zero. But population growth will almost come to an
end at 10.8 billion in 2100.
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة وﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺎ‬-١
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ذات اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﻣﻮاﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ‬،‫)ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء( واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ذات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺪروس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺪول أن اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬-٢
‫ وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ اﻵن‬،‫ اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‬
.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻳﻘﺘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬،‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺒﻂء ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬-٣
‫ أدى ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺪل وﻓﻴﺎت اﻷﻃﻔﺎل إﻟﻰ‬،‫ آﻻف اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ‬٪0.04 - 1700
.‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬.‫إﻋﺎﻗﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ‬

532
 ‫‪ -٤‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺗﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ وﺗﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮت اﻷﻣﻮر ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎص‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار ﻗﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ زﻳﺎدة ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﺳﺒﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺰال اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ‪ 140‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮًﻧﺎ وﻳﻤﻮت ‪ 58‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮًﻧﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﻀﻴﻔﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﺳ ﺮﻳ ً‬
‫ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‪ 82 :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي ﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ذروﺗﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﺮن‪ .‬ﺗﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ذروة‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1968‬ﺑﻨﻤﻮ ﺳﻨﻮي ﻗﺪره ‪ .٪2.1‬ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺄت اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٪1‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺄﺳﺮه إﻏﻼق ﺗﺤﻮل‬‫وﻫﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴ ً‬
‫دﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة أن ﻳﺼﻞ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ إﻟﻰ ‪ 9.7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2050‬ﻷن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻮق اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 10.8‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪.2100‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: The word shift in Paragraph (1) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (1‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪C. change.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: The word rates in paragraph (1) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﻌﺪﻻت" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪ (1‬ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____‬
‫‪B. amounts‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻴﺎت‬

‫‪Q3: What will lead countries to have a‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﻘﻮد اﻟﺒﻠﺪان إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﻤﻮ‬
‫?‪stable population growth‬‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ؟‬
‫‪D. completing the demographic transition‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬

‫‪Q4: Why will the population continue to‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2050‬؟‬
‫?‪grow in 2050‬‬
‫‪D. because the growth rate will be more‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻷن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫‪than zero‬‬

‫‪533‬‬
 📊 ‫إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Researchers are usually interested in describing the attributes of a population; numbers
that describe the population are called parameters. Two parameters that are frequently of
interest are the mean and variance of the population. Unfortunately, it’s rarely possible to
obtain information from every member of a population to calculate a parameter.
Consequently, researchers use subsets of the population called samples to estimate
parameters. Numbers calculated from sample data are called statistics. (Q1) Typically, sample
statistics are used to estimate population parameters.
2- Sample accuracy refers to the extent to which sample statistics correctly estimate the
population parameter. We typically used the terms biased and unbiased to describe the
accuracy of sample statistics. Consider a scenario where we take many thousands of samples
from the same population. For each sample, we calculate a statistic (e.g., the mean). (Q2) If the
average of the sample statistics equals the population parameter then we refer to the
statistic as being unbiased. In contrast, if the average of the sample statistics does not equal
the population parameter then we refer to the statistic as being biased.
3- Sampling is used in statistical analysis methodologies to gain insights and observations
about a population group. Statisticians can use a variety of sampling methods to build
samples that seek to meet the goals of their research studies. Representative samples are
one type of sampling method.
4- (Q3) A representative sample is a subset of a population that seeks to accurately reflect the
characteristics of the larger group. For example, a classroom of 30 students with 15 males
and 15 females could generate a representative sample that might include six students: three
males and three females. Samples are useful in statistical analysis when population sizes are
large because they contain smaller, manageable versions of the larger group.
5- (Q4) Right sampling is essential to conduct insightful market research as it makes statistics
more accurate.
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺎﻣﻼن‬.‫ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻋﺎدة ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﺳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ؛ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬-١
‫ ﻧﺎدًرا ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬،‫ ﻟﺴﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ وﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
.‫ اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬
.‫ﻋﺎدًة ﻣﺎ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
ً‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﻋﺎدة‬.‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺪى ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬-٢
‫ ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرك ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻴﺰة وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻴﺰة ﻟﻮﺻﻒ دﻗﺔ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ إذا‬.(‫ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬،‫ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺪة آﻻف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺴﺎوي ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻹﺣﺼﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ‬
.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻹﺣﺼﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ‬،‫ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺎوي ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎب رؤى وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬-٣
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
.‫ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮع واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮق أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أﻫﺪاف دراﺳﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ دراﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 30‬ﻃﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ 15‬ذﻛًﺮا و‪ 15‬إﻧﺎًﺛﺎ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻃﻼب‪ :‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ذﻛﻮر وﺛﻼث إﻧﺎث‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن أﺣﺠﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ إﺻﺪارات أﺻﻐﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﻌﺪ أﺧﺬ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ أﻣًﺮا ﺿﺮورًﻳﺎ ﻹﺟﺮاء أﺑﺤﺎث ﺳﻮق ﺛﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does the passage say about‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻦ اﻹﺣﺼﺎء؟‬
‫?‪statistics‬‬
‫‪C. They accurately estimate a parameter.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﺪرون اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q2: Why does the writer use the word If in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ إذا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(2‬؟‬
‫?)‪Paragraph (2‬‬
‫‪D. To show that you would select a sample‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ أﻧﻚ ﺳﺘﺨﺘﺎر ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻷﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ إﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫‪because you want to find the average.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What does the writer think the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎرة ﻳﺠﺐ أن‬
‫?‪selected sample should do‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ؟‬
‫‪A. closely represent the population‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺐ‬

‫?‪Q4: How can statistics be more accurate‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. by using the right sample.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬

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 🤓 ‫اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ أﻓﻼﻃﻮن وأرﺳﻄﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The earliest psychologists that we know about are the Greek philosophers Plato (428–347
BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC). These philosophers asked many of the same questions that
today’s psychologists ask; for instance, they questioned the distinction between nature and
nurture and the existence of free will.
2- European philosophers continued to ask these fundamental questions during the
Renaissance. For instance, the French philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) also
considered the issue of free will, arguing in its favor and believing that the mind controls the
body through the pineal gland in the brain (an idea that made some sense at the time but
was later proved incorrect). Descartes also believed in the existence of innate natural
abilities. A scientist as well as a philosopher, Descartes dissected animals and was among the
first to understand that the nerves controlled the muscles. (Q1) He also addressed the
relationship between mind (the mental aspects of life) and body (the physical aspects of life).
Descartes believed in the principle of dualism: that the mind is fundamentally different from
the mechanical body. Other European philosophers, including Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679),
John Locke (1632–1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), also weighed in on these
issues.
3- The fundamental problem that these philosophers faced was that they had few methods
for settling their claims. Most philosophers didn’t conduct any research on these questions,
in part because they didn’t yet know how to do it, and in part because they weren’t sure it
was even possible to objectively study human experience. But dramatic changes came during
the 1800s with the help of the first two research psychologists: the German psychologist
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), who developed a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany,
and the American psychologist William James (1842–1910), who founded a psychology
laboratory at Harvard University.
4- Wundt’s research in his laboratory in Liepzig focused on the nature of consciousness itself.
Wundt and his students believed that it was possible to analyze the basic elements of the
mind and to classify our conscious experiences scientifically. Wundt began the field known as
structuralism, a school of psychology whose goal was to identify the basic elements or
“structures” of psychological experience. Its goal was to create a “periodic table” of the
“elements of sensations,” similar to the periodic table of elements that had recently been
created in chemistry.

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‫‪5- Structuralists used the method of introspection to attempt to create a map of the‬‬
‫‪elements of consciousness. (Q2) Introspection involves asking research participants to describe‬‬
‫‪exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks, such as viewing colors, reading a‬‬
‫‪page in a book, or performing a math problem. A participant who is reading a book might‬‬
‫‪report, for instance, that he saw some black and colored straight and curved marks on a‬‬
‫‪white background. In other studies, the structuralists used newly invented reaction time‬‬
‫‪instruments to systematically assess not only what the participants were thinking but how‬‬
‫‪long it took them to do so. Wundt discovered that it took people longer to report what sound‬‬
‫‪they had just heard than to simply respond that they had heard the sound. These studies‬‬
‫‪marked the first time researchers realized that there is a difference between the sensation of‬‬
‫‪a stimulus and the perception of that stimulus, and the idea of using reaction times to study‬‬
‫‪mental events has now become a mainstay of cognitive psychology.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬أﻗﺪم ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﻢ اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮن أﻓﻼﻃﻮن )‪ 347-428‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد( وأرﺳﻄﻮ‬
‫)‪ 322-384‬ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﻼد(‪ .‬ﻃﺮح ﻫﺆﻻء اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم؛ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻜﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺸﺌﺔ ووﺟﻮد اﻹرادة اﻟﺤﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﺳﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ اﻷوروﺑﻴﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮح ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻹرادة اﻟﺤﺮة‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎدًﻟﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮف اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ رﻳﻨﻴﻪ دﻳﻜﺎرت )‪ (1650-1596‬أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺪا أن اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ )وﻫﻲ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺘﻘ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ( وﻟﻜﻦ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ(‪ .‬ﻛﺎن دﻳﻜﺎرت ﻳﺆﻣﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﻟﻔﻴﻠﺴﻮف دﻳﻜﺎرت ﺑﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت وﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ أول ﻣﻦ أدرك أن اﻷﻋﺼﺎب‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﺮق إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ )اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة( واﻟﺠﺴﺪ )اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة(‪ .‬ﻛﺎن دﻳﻜﺎرت ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻤﺒﺪأ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ :‬أن اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺧﺘﻼًﻓﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮًﻳﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎم ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ أوروﺑﻴﻮن آﺧﺮون‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﻣﺎس ﻫﻮﺑﺰ )‪ ،(1679-1588‬وﺟﻮن ﻟﻮك )‪-1632‬‬
‫‪ ،(1704‬وﺟﺎن ﺟﺎك روﺳﻮ )‪ ،(1778-1712‬ﺑﺈﺑﺪاء رأﻳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ واﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻫﺆﻻء اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ أن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻃﺮًﻗﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ادﻋﺎءاﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺠﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ أي ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﻮل ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﺟﺰﺋًﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮا ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬وﺟﺰﺋًﻴﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻟﺪراﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة أول ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻴﻠﻬﻠﻢ وﻧﺪت )‪ ،(1920-1832‬اﻟﺬي ﻃﻮر ﻣﺨﺘﺒًﺮا ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻻﻳﺒﺰﻳﻎ ﺑﺄﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ﺟﻴﻤﺲ )‪ ،(1910-1842‬اﻟﺬي أﺳﺲ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻫﺎرﻓﺎرد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬رﻛﺰت أﺑﺤﺎث وﻧﺪت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮه ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﺰﻳﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ وﻧﺪت وﻃﻼﺑﻪ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻞ وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻨﺎ اﻟﻮاﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤًﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺪأ وﻧﺪت اﻟﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻛﺎن ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ أو "اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ" ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻫﺪﻓﻪ إﻧﺸﺎء "ﺟﺪول دوري" ﻟـ "ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ"‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮار اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎؤﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺧًﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪537‬‬
 ‫‪ -٥‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﻮن ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻄﺎن ﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻄﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺒﺮه ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﺎم ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة‬
‫اﻷﻟﻮان أو ﻗﺮاءة ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﺎب أو ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرك اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﺮأ ﻛﺘﺎًﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬أﻧﻪ رأى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﻮداء واﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻀﺎء‪ .‬ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺎت‬
‫أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﻮن أدوات وﻗﺖ رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮة ﺣﺪﻳًﺜﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻔﻜﺮ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬اﻛﺘﺸﻒ وﻧﺪت أن اﻷﻣﺮ اﺳﺘﻐﺮق‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﻮن وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫وﻗًﺘﺎ أﻃﻮل ﻟﻺﺑﻼغ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﺬي ﺳﻤﻌﻮه ﻟﻠﺘﻮ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮد ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﺳﻤﻌﻮا اﻟﺼﻮت‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ أدرك ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﺮًﻗﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﺣﺴﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ وإدراك ذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ‪ ،‬وأﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻓﻜﺮة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أوﻗﺎت رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ دﻋﺎﻣﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does Descartes' principle of‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺒﺪأ دﻳﻜﺎرت ﻟﻼزدواﺟﻴﺔ؟‬
‫?‪duality deal with‬‬
‫‪A. body and mind‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺠﺴﺪ واﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬

‫‪Q2: What three examples did the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫?‪structuralists use to explain introspection‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﻮن ﻟﺸﺮح اﻻﺳﺘﺒﻄﺎن؟‬
‫‪B. viewing colors, reading a book and‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة اﻷﻟﻮان وﻗﺮاءة ﻛﺘﺎب وأداء ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫‪performing a math problem.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 🏢 ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺤﺪودة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage A
Advantages of Private Limited Company
When it comes to starting a company, there are a few options to choose from. The most
common are Sole Trader, Partnership, and Private Limited Company. There are many
advantages of a private limited company.
A private limited company can have a minimum of two members to start it off. (Q1) A private
limited company can have a maximum of 50 members. To ensure their rights, share transfers
are restricted and can only be one when granted permissions.
The most significant advantage of a private limited company is that the owners have limited
liability. This means that the shareholders' assets are protected if the company goes into
liquidation. If the company goes bankrupt, the owners are only liable for the amount they
have invested in the company. (Q2) Any company's money remains with the company and
does not fall on the owners' shoulders. However, shareholders cannot sell their shares
without having the permission to.
Another advantage private limited companies have on sole traders is raising capital. (Q3) It is
generally easier to raise capital from investors and lenders than sole traders but one cannot
get huge sums of money as partnerships do.
Passage B
Disadvantages of private limited companies
Private limited company is an ideal business entity for a majority of medium and large sized
business, as it offers a host of advantages (Q1) from liability protection to easy transferability.
However, operating as a private limited company is not ideal for all businesses, especially
micro or small enterprises.
Registering a private limited company involves a process and costs which are not applicable
for an unregistered entity like proprietorship. However, once registered, private limited
company enjoys a wide variety of powers and rights, making process for opening bank
account or getting a payment gateway, easy. (Q3) A private limited company can raise money
to invest through loans but not as big amounts as partnerships.
Restrictions on right of the shareholders to transfer shares are usually in two forms:
Pre-emption rights give existing members the right of first refusal on any shares that become
available within the company. (Q1) Therefore, if any shareholder wishes to transfer shares, the
other members will have the option to purchase those shares before they can be offered to
anyone else. If any existing members decline the option to buy the available shares, they can
be offered to other people outside of the company. (Q2) The Director may have the powers to
refuse registration of transfer of shares under certain circumstances – prescribed in the
Articles of Association.

539
 ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ‬
‫ﻣﺰاﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎﺟﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮد واﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودة ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﻦ ﻟﺒﺪء ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻀﻢ ‪50‬‬
‫ﻮا ﻛﺤﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ‪ .‬ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﻞ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻬﻢ‬‫ﻋﻀ ً‬
‫اﻷذوﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰة اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻫﻲ أن أﺻﺤﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن‬
‫أﺻﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ إذا ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬إذا أﻓﻠﺴﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻮن ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺮوه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ أﻣﻮال اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﻻ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ أﺻﺤﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻊ أﺳﻬﻤﻬﻢ دون اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ إذن ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰة أﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ زﻳﺎدة رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻮًﻣﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫رأس اﻟﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ واﻟﻤﻘﺮﺿﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮء اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎوئ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻛﻴﺎًﻧﺎ ﺗﺠﺎرًﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻟًﻴﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ واﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟًﻴﺎ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﺎن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮد اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎت واﻟﺤﻘﻮق‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ أو اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻮاﺑﺔ دﻓﻊ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻷﻣﻮال ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮوض وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻤﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺮاﻛﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻴﻮد اﻟﻤﻔﺮوﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﻨﺢ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻖ اﻟﺸﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أي أﺳﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬إذا رﻏﺐ أي‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﻴﺎر ﺷﺮاء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫آﺧﺮ‪ .‬إذا رﻓﺾ أي ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﻴﺎر ﺷﺮاء اﻷﺳﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﺨﺎص آﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﺮ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎت رﻓﺾ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮص‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What do passages A and B say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎن" أ "و" ب "ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻲ‬:١‫س‬
the shareholders of a private limited ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة؟‬
company?
C. There can be many shareholders, but ‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬.‫ج‬
they need permission from other ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ إذن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬
shareholders to sell their shares. .‫أﺳﻬﻤﻬﻢ‬

Q2: What do passages A and B say about a ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎن" أ "و" ب "ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬:٢‫س‬
private limited company? ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة؟‬
A. Its shareholders have low personal ‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮن ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬
financial risk, but they must get permission ‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ إذن ﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
to sell their shares. .‫أﺳﻬﻤﻬﻢ‬

Q3: What do passages A and B say about a ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎن )أ( و )ب( ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬:٣‫س‬
private limited company obtaining capital ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر رأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻲ؟‬
investment?
C. It can raise more than a sole trader, but ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺠﻤﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ وﺣﻴﺪ‬.‫ج‬
it is difficult to raise extremely large sums. .‫اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬

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 📊 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) Economics is divided into two categories: microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Microeconomics is the study of individuals and business decisions, while macroeconomics
looks at the decisions of countries and governments.
2- Microeconomics is the study of decisions made by people and businesses regarding the
allocation of resources, and prices at which they trade goods and services. It considers taxes,
regulations, and government legislation.
3- Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand and other forces that determine price
levels in the economy. Microeconomics tries to understand human choices, decisions, and
the allocation of resources.
4- Macroeconomics, on the other hand, studies the behavior of a country and how its policies
impact the economy as a whole. It analyzes entire industries and economies, rather than
individuals or specific companies. It tries to answer questions such as “What should the rate
of inflation be?” or “What stimulates economic growth?”
5- (Q2) Macroeconomics examines economy-wide phenomena such as gross domestic product
(GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rates of growth,
and price levels. In addition, macroeconomists develop models explaining the relationships
between these factors.
6- These models, and the forecasts they produce, are used by government entities to aid in
constructing and evaluating economic, monetary, and fiscal policy. (Q2) Businesses use the
models to set strategies in domestic and global markets, and investors use them to predict
and plan for movements in various asset classes.
7- To sum up, microeconomics is the study of how individuals and companies make decisions
to allocate (Q3) scarcity. Macroeconomics is the study of an economy as a whole.
‫ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ اﻷﻓﺮاد‬.‫ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬:‫ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد إﻟﻰ ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻦ‬-١
.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺮارات اﻟﺪول واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‬،‫واﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ اﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬-٢
.‫ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ واﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ واﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬.‫واﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺎﺟﺮون ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬
.‫ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﻄﻠﺐ واﻟﻘﻮى اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬-٣
.‫ﻳﺤﺎول اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات واﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
‫ ﻳﺤﻠﻞ‬.‫ ﻳﺪرس اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺳﻠﻮك ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ وﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻛﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-٤
‫ ﻳﺤﺎول اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻣﺎذا‬.‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد أو اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‬،‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدات ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬
"‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ؟" أو "ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي؟‬
‫( وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬GDP) ‫ ﻳﺪرس اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬-٥
‫ ﻳﻄﻮر ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ واﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ وﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻷﺳﻌﺎر‬
.‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺗﺸﺮح اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬

542
 ‫‪ -٦‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮون ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻓﺌﺎت اﻷﺻﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪ ،‬اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻟﻘﺮارات ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﻨﺪرة‪ .‬اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻛﻜﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What is the writer's main purpose in‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬
‫?‪the passage‬‬
‫‪D. to inform about microeconomics and‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻟﻺﺑﻼغ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫‪macroeconomics.‬‬

‫‪Q2: What is one important idea that the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫?‪writer mentions about macroeconomics‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺣﻮل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ؟‬
‫‪B. It studies national and global economy.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﺪرس اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ واﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬

‫‪Q3: What is one important idea that the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫?‪writer mentions about scarcity‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺪرة؟‬
‫‪A. lack of resources‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬

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 ✍ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Academic writing is a formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications.
You’ll encounter it in journal articles and books on academic topics, and you’ll be expected to
write your essays, research papers, and dissertation in academic style. Academic writing
follows the same writing process as other types of texts, but it has specific conventions in
terms of content, structure and style. (Q1) The four main types of writing styles are persuasive,
narrative, expository, and descriptive. Each of these four writing genres has a distinct aim,
and they all require different types of writing skills. You may also have heard them referred to
in an academic setting as modes of discourse or rhetorical modes. Institutions of higher
learning teach nine traditional rhetorical modes, but the majority of pieces we are called
upon to write will have one of these four main purposes.
Expository writing
It is probably the most common writing genre you will come across throughout your day. In
an expository piece, a topic will be introduced and laid out in a logical order without
reference to the author’s personal opinions. Expository writing can be found in textbooks,
journalism (except for opinion and editorial articles) business writing, technical writing,
essays instructions.
Descriptive Writing
The aim of descriptive writing is to help the reader visualize, in detail, a character, event,
place, or all of these things at once. The author might describe the scene in terms of all five
senses. Descriptive writing allows the writer a great deal more artistic freedom than
expository writing does. (Q2) Descriptive writing can be found in fiction, poetry, (Q3)
advertising, journal and diary writing.
Persuasive Writing
(Q4)Persuasive writing is the most frequently used in academic writing. Its aim is to influence
the reader to assume the author’s point of view. The author will express personal opinions in
the piece and arm him- or herself with evidence so that the reader will agree with him or her.
Persuasive writing can be found in advertising, opinion and editorial pieces, reviews & job
applications.
Narrative Writing
(Q5)The purpose of narrative writing is to tell a story, whether that story is real or imaginary
and share it with the readers. Pieces in a narrative style will have characters, and through the
narrative, the reader learns what happens to them. Narrative writing can also include
dialogue. Narrative writing can be found in all types of fiction (e.g., novels, short stories,
novellas), poetry, biographies, human interest stories, anecdotes.

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 ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب رﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮرات اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﺼﺎدﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺠﻼت واﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وُﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻚ وأوراﻗﻚ اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ‬
‫وأﻃﺮوﺣﺘﻚ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب أﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى واﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ واﻷﺳﻠﻮب‪ .‬اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺔ وﺳﺮدﻳﺔ وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ ووﺻﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﺪف ﻣﻤﻴﺰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎق أﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻲ‬ ‫وﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ أﻧﻮاًﻋﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬رﺑﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﻌﺘﻬﻢ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ أﻧﻤﺎط ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﺎب أو اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮم ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ أﻧﻤﺎط‬
‫ﺑﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ُﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ أﺣﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫رﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺼﺎدﻓﻬﺎ ﻃﻮال ﻳﻮﻣﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ووﺿﻌﻪ ﺑﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ دون اﻟﺮﺟﻮع إﻟﻰ آراء اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻣﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﺮأي واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ( وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻮر‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ أو ﺣﺪًﺛﺎ أو ﻣﻜﺎًﻧﺎ أو ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺤﻮاس اﻟﺨﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻴﺢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻗﺪًرا ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب‬
‫اﻟﻘﺼﺼﻲ واﻟﺸﻌﺮ واﻹﻋﻼن وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻼت واﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻨﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻟﻴﻔﺘﺮض وﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻋﻦ آراﺋﻪ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ وﻳﺴﻠﺢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ أو ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻷدﻟﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت واﻟﺮأي واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺮدﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺮد ﻗﺼﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ أو ﺧﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮاء‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ ذات اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺴﺮدي ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﺮد ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺣﻮاًرا‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺮدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺮد أﻳ ً‬
‫)ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت واﻟﻘﺼﺺ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮة واﻟﺮواﻳﺎت( واﻟﺸﻌﺮ واﻟﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ وﻗﺼﺺ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺒﺸﺮي واﻟﺤﻜﺎﻳﺎت‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. Academic writing uses different types of ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ أﻧﻮاًﻋﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫أ‬
writing styles. .‫أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬

Q2: Which sentence gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
Paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3)
A. Descriptive writing is often found in ،‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﺨﻴﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫أ‬
fiction, though it can make an appearance ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب‬
in nonfiction as well. .‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻲ أﻳ‬

Q3: What does Paragraph (3) say about ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ؟‬3) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
descriptive writing?
B. lt sometimes appears in works of .‫ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬
nonfiction.

Q4: Which sentence gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
Paragraph (4)? ‫(؟‬4)
A. Persuasive writing is the main style of ‫ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﻗﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫أ‬
writing used in academic papers. .‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻷوراق اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬

Q5: What does Paragraph (5) say about ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﺮدﻳﺔ؟‬5) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٥‫س‬
narrative writing?
C. It creates a story that it shares with the .‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺗﺸﺎرﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺎرئ‬.‫ج‬
reader.

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 🛍 ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) The term marketing, what is commonly known as attracting customers, incorporates
knowledge gained by studying the management of exchange relationships and is the business
process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants.
2- What is one of the most often overlooked elements in a company’s international
marketing strategy that can determine the success or failure of a product or service in
overseas markets? The answer is one word – culture. Cultural awareness allows you to
communicate more clearly, build stronger relationships and create a sense of trust, belonging
and identification. A lack of cultural awareness, on the other hand, increases the risk of
making offensive mistakes that can damage your reputation and customer relationship. (Q2)
Most mistakes are done through face-to-face communications and become less in online
meetings.
3- Offensive advertising is an at and/or a process that violates the norm. Basically, offensive
advertising includes messages that transgress laws and customs, breach a moral or social
code or outrage the moral or physical senses.
4- Two of the offensive types of ads mostly used in the Western literature are sexism and
racial discrimination. The first one is related to the discrimination against 3 people based on
their gender and specially prejudice towards women. The second one, racial discrimination,
refers to insulting people based on their race, usually in the manner of devaluing the
customs, religions and cultures of the minority.
5- Other issues of body language commonly worth considering are the aspects of “personal
space” and physical contact. (Q3) Typically, to be comfortable, members of Western cultures
desire a couple of feet of personal space. In some Asian cultures, more space may be desired.
In Middle Eastern culture and some others, there may be much more physical contact as a
norm, particularly between males. Contact between different genders however may be more
limited in the Middle East than in Western norms. All of these norms however, are subject to
significant variation dependent on the individuals in question and their exact relationship
with one another. For example, a major difference in bargaining style between American and
South American business people is the personal space. In the case of digital marketing,
jumping in to your customers as much as possible is what it takes to connect with them.
6- (Q4) LG has learnt its lesson. It has succeeded because exporting its products to all the
countries all over is an integral part of its Global Strategy.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﺬب اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دراﺳﺔ إدارة‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل وﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﺗﻮﻗﻊ وﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ورﻏﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺪد ﻧﺠﺎح أو ﻓﺸﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ أو ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ؟ اﻟﺠﻮاب ﻛﻠﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة ‪ -‬اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺣﺎ وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻼﻗﺎت أﻗﻮى وﺧﻠﻖ ﺷﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻘﺔ واﻻﻧﺘﻤﺎء واﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮ ً‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ارﺗﻜﺎب أﺧﻄﺎء ﻣﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺴﻤﻌﺘﻚ‬
‫وﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻚ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺪث ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت وﺟﻬﴼ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ وﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬اﻹﻋﻼن اﻟﻤﺴﻲء ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ واﻷﻋﺮاف أو ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ أﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ أو اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ أو ﺗﺴﻲء إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻮاس اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ أو اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬اﺛﻨﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻷدب اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮي‪ .‬اﻷول ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺿﺪ ‪ 3‬أﺷﺨﺎص ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﺟﻨﺴﻬﻢ وﺗﺤﻴﺰﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﺿﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮأة‪ .‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮي‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ إﻫﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻋﺮﻗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎدات ودﻳﺎﻧﺎت وﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻤﻮًﻣﺎ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ "اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ"‬
‫واﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺪي‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻏﺐ أﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮق‬
‫اﻷوﺳﻂ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺠﺴﺪي ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪة‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻛﻮر‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺟﻨﺎس اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﺮاف‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻔﺎوض ﺑﻴﻦ رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻚ‬
‫ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﻌﻠﻤﺖ ‪ LG‬اﻟﺪرس‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻧﺠﺤﺖ ﻷن ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء ﺟﺰء ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is one important idea about ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
marketing in Paragraph (1)? ‫(؟‬1) ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. consumers ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is one important idea about ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬:٢‫س‬
offensive behavior in Paragraph (2)? ‫(؟‬2) ‫اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
C. face-to-face ‫ وﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What is a major difference in ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻔﺎوض‬:٣‫س‬

bargaining style between American and ‫ﺑﻴﻦ رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ وأﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ؟‬
South American businesspeople?
D. personal space ‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q4: What makes LG so internationally ‫ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬LG ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬:٤‫س‬

successful? ‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ؟‬
A. They sell most of their products abroad. .‫ ﻳﺒﻴﻌﻮن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬.‫أ‬

Q5: What is the main topic of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٥‫س‬
D. Careful attention to cultural differences ‫ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬.‫د‬
leads to success in business ‫اﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬

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 🦠 ‫أﻣﺮاض ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Louis Pasteur is a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the
principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization. His research in
chemistry led to remarkable breakthroughs in the understanding of the causes and
preventions of diseases, which laid down the foundations of hygiene, public health and much
of modern medicine. His works are credited to saving millions of lives through the
developments of vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He is regarded as one of the founders of
modern bacteriology and has been honored as the "father of bacteriology" and as the "father
of microbiology".
2- In his research, (Q1) Pasteur and a minority of other scientists believed that diseases arose
from the activities of microorganisms—germ theory. Opponents believed that diseases,
particularly major killer diseases, arose in the first instance from a weakness or imbalance in
the internal state and quality of the afflicted individual. In the 1860s, Pasteur was able to
determine (Q2) that two microorganisms produced toxins that led to the devastating blight
that had destroyed and killed the silkworms that were the basis for France’s then-important
silk industry.
3- A careful reading of Pasteur’s presentations to the Academy of Sciences reveals that
Pasteur was entirely mistaken as to how immunity occurs, as he thought that appropriately
attenuated microbes would deplete the host of vital trace nutrients absolutely required for
their viability and (Q3) growth. Even so, he focused attention on immunity, preparing the
ground for others who followed.
4- Pasteur’s career shows him to have been a great experimenter, far less concerned with the
theory of disease and immune (Q4) response than with dealing directly with diseases by
creating new vaccines. Later he speculated that microbes could (Q5) produce chemical
substances toxic to themselves that circulated throughout the body, thus pointing to the use
of toxins and antitoxins in vaccines.
5- due to Pasteur’s work, microbes could be discriminated by the use of very fine filters.
Those microbes that could be removed by filtration were relatively large and could be
cultivated outside the body and observed to form colonies observable by the naked eye.
These microbes were subsequently classified as belonging to the Kingdom of Bacteria. Other
poisons were smaller and passed through the filters into the filtrate. These became know as
viruses, and a filterable agent was the working definition of a virus until the 1940s and 1950s,
when the electron microscope allowed a magnification of 10 million times, powerful enough
to enable their visualization.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻮر ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ وﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮر ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺨﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ واﻟﺒﺴﺘﺮة‪ .‬أدى ﺑﺤﺜﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء إﻟﻰ اﺧﺘﺮاﻗﺎت ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻷﻣﺮاض‬
‫واﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ أرﺳﻰ أﺳﺲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‪ُ .‬ﺗﻌﺰى أﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ إﻟﻰ إﻧﻘﺎذ‬
‫ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻷرواح ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎت داء اﻟﻜﻠﺐ واﻟﺠﻤﺮة اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﺣﺪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ وﺗﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﻤﻪ ﻛـ "أب ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ" و "أب ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﺤﺜﻪ‪ ،‬اﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ وأﻗﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ أن اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻧﺸﺄت ﻣﻦ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ـ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎرﺿﻮن أن اﻷﻣﺮاض‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺄت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ أو ﺧﻠﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ وﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺼﺎب‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أن ﻛﺎﺋﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺠﺎن ﺳﻤﻮًﻣﺎ أدت إﻟﻰ اﻵﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻣﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ دﻣﺮت وﻗﺘﻠﺖ دﻳﺪان اﻟﻘﺰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﺳﺎس ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ آﻧﺬاك‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺘﺄﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺮوض ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم أن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺨﻄًﺌﺎ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﻫﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ أن‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﻔﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺰرة اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ وﻧﻤﻮﻫﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺪا اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺒﻌﻮه‪.‬‬‫رﻛﺰ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻬ ً‬
‫ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬وأﻗﻞ اﻫﺘﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺮض اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺠﺮًﺑﺎ ﻋﻈﻴ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺑﺘﻜﺎر ﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻬﻦ ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻤﻮم وﻣﻀﺎدات‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﻮم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻘﺎﺣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎت دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إزاﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ زراﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺠﺴﻢ وﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮات ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم اﻷﺧﺮى أﺻﻐﺮ وﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺢ‪ .‬أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻌﺮف‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻴﺮوﺳﺎت‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮوس ﺣﺘﻰ اﻷرﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﺑﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ ‪ 10‬ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺮة‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻮرﻫﺎ‪".‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What happened because of Louis ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺣﺪث ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻴﺮ ﺣﻮل‬:١‫س‬
Pasteur's research about bacteria? ‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ؟‬
A. People learned how diseases can start. .‫ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻷﻣﺮاض‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What do toxins made by one species of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻪ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻧﻮع واﺣﺪ‬:٢‫س‬
bacteria cause? ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ؟‬
D. an illness that can kill ‫ ﻣﺮض ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻘﺘﻞ‬.‫د‬

Q3: The word growth in paragraph (3) is ‫( ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬3) ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
D. development. .‫ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q4: The word response in paragraph (4) is ‫( ﻫﻲ‬4) ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ" اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
B. reply. ‫ اﻟﺮد‬.‫ب‬

Q5: The word produce in paragraph (4) is ‫( ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬4) ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٥‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
A. create ‫ ﺧﻠﻖ‬.‫أ‬

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 🥱 ‫اﻟﻨﻮم ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎل واﻟﻨﺴﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
The impact of sleep deprivation
The average person spends around a third of their life asleep. It gives your body time to
replenish its energy stores, make repairs and store memories. Generally speaking, 18 - 65
year-olds should get around 7-9 hours’ sleep per day.
The Sleep Council is an impartial organisation that looks at how you can adopt healthier sleep
habits. They say that lack of sleep is having a seriously damaging effect on our mental and
physical health, with research showing that lack of sleep erodes concentration and problem-
solving ability.
Sleep deprivation and sickness absence
Generally speaking, human beings can live longer without food (about 11 days) than they can
without sleep.
Lack of sleep has obvious health implications but has also been found to raise mortality risk
by 13%, not to mention the increased chance of accidents occurring at work.
The Rand Europe report also found that insufficient sleep reduced workplace productivity. In
relation to absence management, (Q1) staff who slept less than six hours per day lost more
days per year than staff who slept seven to eight hours.
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮﻣﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻨﺢ ﺟﺴﻤﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺨﺎزن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وإﺟﺮاء‬.‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻧﺎﺋﻤﺎ‬
‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬65‫ و‬18 ‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺤﺼﻞ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮاوح أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬.‫اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﺬﻛﺮﻳﺎت‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم ﻳﻮﻣًﻴﺎ‬9-7 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن إن ﻗﻠﺔ‬.‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰة ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﺎدات ﻧﻮم ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‬The Sleep Council
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻇﻬﺮت اﻷﺑﺤﺎث أن ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻮم ﺗﺆدي‬،‫اﻟﻨﻮم ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺿﺎر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬
.‫إﻟﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ واﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻣﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم واﻟﻐﻴﺎب اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫ ﻗﻠﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ( ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺪون ﻧﻮم‬11 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ أن ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮا أﻃﻮل ﺑﺪون ﻃﻌﺎم )ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ زﻳﺎدة‬،٪13 ‫ﻀﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
ً ‫اﻟﻨﻮم ﻟﻬﺎ آﺛﺎر ﺻﺤﻴﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ُوﺟﺪ أﻳ‬
.‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ وﻗﻮع ﺣﻮادث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
،‫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈدارة اﻟﻐﻴﺎب‬.‫ﻛﻤﺎ وﺟﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ راﻧﺪ ﻳﻮروب أن ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﻮم ﻗﻠﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻳﻔﻘﺪون أﻳﺎًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮن ﺳﺒﻊ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻤﺎن ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which group has the lowest number of ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ أﻗﻞ ﻋﺪد أﻳﺎم‬:١‫س‬
days absent? ‫ﻏﻴﺎب؟‬
A. Men and women who sleep between 7 .‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬8‫ و‬7 ‫ اﻟﺮﺟﺎل واﻟﻨﺴﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺎﻣﻮن ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬
and 8 hours.

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 🩺 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Forensic science is a critical element of the criminal justice system. Forensic scientists (Q1)
examine and (Q2) analyze evidence from crime scenes and elsewhere to develop objective
findings that can assist in the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of crime or
absolve an innocent person from suspicion.
2- Common forensic science laboratory disciplines include forensic molecular biology (DNA),
forensic chemistry, trace evidence examination (hairs and fibers, paints and polymers, glass,
soil, etc.), latent fingerprint examination, firearms and toolmarks examination, handwriting
analysis, fire and explosives examinations, forensic toxicology, and digital evidence. Some
forensic disciplines practiced outside forensic laboratories include forensic pathology,
forensic nursing, forensic psychiatry, forensic entomology, and forensic engineering.
Practitioners of these disciplines are most often found in medical examiner or coroner
offices, in universities, or in private practices.
3- The Department of Justice maintains forensic laboratories at the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Federal
Bureau of Investigation. The Department, through the National Institute of Justice, is a
sponsor of cutting-edge research. Its labs serve as a model for government forensic agencies
at the federal, state and local levels. The Department strives to set the global standard for
excellence in forensic science and to advance the practice and use of forensic science by the
broader community.
‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻳﻔﺤﺼﻮن‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬-١
‫وﻳﺤﻠﻠﻮا اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺮح اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ وأﻣﺎﻛﻦ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﻲ اﻟﺠﺮاﺋﻢ وﻣﻘﺎﺿﺎﺗﻬﻢ أو إﻋﻔﺎء ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺮيء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻚ‬
‫ واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬، (DNA) ‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬-٢
،(‫ وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬،‫ واﻟﺰﺟﺎج‬،‫ واﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮات‬،‫ وﻓﺤﺺ أدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ )اﻟﺸﻌﺮ واﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬،‫اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ واﻟﺤﺮﻳﻖ و‬،‫ وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻴﺪ‬،‫ وﻓﺤﺺ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﺎرﻳﺔ وﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻷدوات‬،‫وﻓﺤﺺ ﺑﺼﻤﺎت اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎت اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺎرس‬.‫ﻓﺤﻮﺻﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮات وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ واﻷدﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ واﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫ﺧﺎرج ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮات اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﻮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت ﻓﻲ‬.‫ وﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬،‫ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬،‫اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬
.‫ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻔﺎﺣﺺ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ أو ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﺎدات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ وزارة اﻟﻌﺪل ﺑﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮات ﻟﻠﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻜﺤﻮل واﻟﺘﺒﻎ واﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮات‬-٣
‫ ﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺪاﻟﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻮزارة‬.‫وإدارة ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺪرات وﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮاﺗﻬﺎ ﻛﻨﻤﻮذج ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺮاﻋﻲ ﻷﺣﺪث اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬
‫ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﻻﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
.‫وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻠﻮم اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷوﺳﻊ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word evidence in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
C. facts. .‫ ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: The word examine in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
D. test ‫ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬.‫د‬

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 😵💫 ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Hypnotic susceptibility measures how easily a person can be hypnotized. Several types of
scales are used; however, the most common are the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic
Susceptibility and the (Q1) Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, which is known for its
appropriacy and reliability.
2- The Harvard Group Scale (HGSS), as the name implies, is administered predominantly to
large groups of people while the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS) is administered
to individuals. No scale can be seen as completely reliable due to the nature of hypnosis.
3- (Q2) Everyone is hypnotizable but you need to give yourself permission to be relaxed. It has
been argued that no person can be hypnotized if they do not want to be; therefore, a person
who scores very low may not want to be hypnotized, making the actual test score averages
lower than they otherwise would be.
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﺪة أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ؛‬.‫ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ ﻣﺪى ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬-١
،‫ ﻓﺈن اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﺎرﻓﺎرد ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ وﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ‬،‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬
.‫واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﻤﺪى ﻣﻼءﻣﺘﻬﺎ وﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ ُﻳﺪار ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ اﻻﺳﻢ‬، (HGSS) ‫ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﺎرﻓﺎرد‬-٢
‫ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر أي ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﻮﺛﻮق ﺑﻪ‬.‫( ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد‬SHSS) ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ُﻳﺪار ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻮﻣﺔ‬
.‫ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ أﻧﻪ ﻻ‬.‫ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ أن ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎء‬-٣
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺎت‬،‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻢ أي ﺷﺨﺺ إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ؛ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ درﺟﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬،‫ﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
ً ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟ‬
.‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of the following is the writer's ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:١‫س‬
opinion?
C. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility ‫ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺳﺘﺎﻧﻔﻮرد ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬.‫ج‬
Scale is a good test. .‫ﺟﻴﺪ‬

Q2: What can we understand about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ‬:٢‫س‬

hypnosis? ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ؟‬
A. Everyone is hypnotizable. .‫ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬.‫أ‬

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 😎 ‫ﻗﻴﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Passage A
1- Leadership is critical for organizational success. Leadership styles vary between industries
and organizations. The two prominent leadership styles are transformational and
transactional. Transformational leaders are a source of inspiration and vision for subordinates
and bringing change in an organization. They enhance organizational performance,
motivation and employees’ morale in an organization by sharing their vision and strategies
with employees.
2- Transactional leaders, on the other hand, motivate their employees through an exchange
process. Employees that accomplish their job requirements are rewarded while others are
punished. Therefore, transactional leaders focus on motivating employees through the
punishment and reward mechanism.
3- (Q1) A study has found out that transformational leadership style has a positive effect on
job satisfaction, whereas transactional leadership style has an insignificant effect on job
satisfaction.
4- Communication in the workplace is crucial for its success. Talking at people, instead of
talking to them causes apathy and lack of motivation in employees, which reflects in their
overall engagement and job performance. Motivated, engaged, and productive employees
are the ones who feel that their voice is heard — who feel that they are working with the
management, and not for the management. (Q2) In other words, unlike one-way
communication, two-way communication encompasses both upward (from employees to
leader) and downward communication (from leader to employees).
5- (Q3) Leadership theories also impact the decision-making process. They provide a
framework for thinking about decisions and the various factors that need to be considered in
order for a business to make the best possible choice. A transformational theory might
suggest that a leader can inspire employees to come up with innovative solutions to
problems.
Passage B
1- (Q1) Prior studies indicate that job satisfaction significantly depends on the leadership style.
Flexible organizations have a participative management style with an interactive environment
and a satisfied workforce. The transformational leadership style is highly effective in
enhancing job satisfaction.
2- Two-way and one-way communication are two very important types of internal
communication. They both have a part to play in building an open and efficient
communication system in the workplace. Two-way communication happens when
organizations enable their employees to join the company conversations, freely share their
thoughts, opinions and, concerns. Not only does it prevent valuable employees from leaving,
but it further boosts their performance by making them want to work, rather than have to
work. (Q2) That is why leadership styles prefer the two-way communication and use it.

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‫‪3- (Q3) Furthermore, leadership style may affect the decision-making style and skills of‬‬
‫‪manager. Decisions made by business leaders can determine whether an organization‬‬
‫‪ultimately succeeds or fails. A glance at recent news articles will show plenty of examples of‬‬
‫‪poor decisions that sent companies into a downward spiral. In fact, there’s a 95 percent‬‬
‫‪correlation between companies that excel at effective decision-making and those with strong‬‬
‫‪financial performance, according to research by Bain & Co., a global management‬‬
‫‪consultancy in Boston.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ‪1‬‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة أﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎح اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎن اﻟﺒﺎرزان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﻫﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ وﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﻮن ﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻺﻟﻬﺎم واﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮؤوﺳﻴﻦ وإﺣﺪاث اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺰز اﻷداء اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ واﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ واﻟﺮوح اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ رؤﻳﺘﻬﻢ واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﻗﺎدة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل‪ .‬ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺄ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻮن اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺠﺰون ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ُﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ اﻵﺧﺮون‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻗﺎدة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل آﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ إﻟﻰ أن أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫أﺳﻠﻮب ﻗﻴﺎدة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣﻪ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻼﻣﺒﺎﻻة وﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ وأداﺋﻬﻢ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻤﺴﻮن واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﻮن واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻮن ﻫﻢ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻌﺮون أن ﺻﻮﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﻤﻮع ‪-‬‬
‫واﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻌﺮون أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻣﻊ اﻹدارة وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹدارة‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﻼف اﻻﺗﺼﺎل أﺣﺎدي اﻻﺗﺠﺎه‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪي )ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻒ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ( واﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺘﻨﺎزﻟﻲ )ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻛ ً‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ إﻃﺎًرا ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮارات واﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺧﻴﺎر ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻠﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻠﻮل ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮة ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب إدارة ﺗﺸﺎرﻛﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ وﻗﻮة ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ راﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﺎن دوًرا ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه وأﺣﺎدي اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻬﻤﺎن ﺟ ً‬
‫ﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮح وﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪث اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻤ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺎدﺛﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ أﻓﻜﺎرﻫﻢ وآراﺋﻬﻢ واﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺠﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ذوي اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﺎدرة ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ إﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺰز أداءﻫﻢ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺿﻄﺮار إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬا ﺗﻔﻀﻞ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة أﺳﻠﻮب اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ أﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻠﻮب اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار وﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻘﺮارات اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﻗﺎدة اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺳﺘﻨﺠﺢ أو ﺗﻔﺸﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﻈﺮة ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻻت اﻹﺧﺒﺎرﻳﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ دﻓﻌﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ دواﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺤﺪار ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What can we understand from ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ وب ﻋﻦ‬:١‫س‬
passages A and B about leadership? ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة؟‬
A. It results in a satisfied workforce. .‫ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻗﻮة ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ راﺿﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: According to passages A and B, what ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺬي‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ وب‬:٢‫س‬
type of communication can take place ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة؟‬
leadership styles?
C. two-way ‫ اﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What can we understand from ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﻴﻦ أ وب ﻋﻦ‬:٣‫س‬
Passages A and B about leadership styles? ‫أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎدة؟‬
B. They influence how decisions are made. .‫ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات‬.‫ب‬

559
 🩺 ‫اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) Ibn Sina or Avicenna, both names are correct, the name just changes from one
language to another. He was born in AH 370/AD 980 near Bukhara in Central Asia, where his
father governed a village in one of the royal estates. (Q2) At thirteen, Ibn Sina began a study of
medicine and at the age of sixteen, he became a distinguished (Q3) physician. (Q4) He was
working hard all day with his patients. He was really (Q5) proficient, (Q6) and his medical
expertise brought him to the attention of the Sultan of Bukhara, Nuh Ibn Mansur, whom he
treated successfully by his medical skills; as a result, he was given permission to use the
sultan’s library and its rare manuscripts, allowing him to continue his research into modes of
knowledge.

2- He wrote different books in different areas. (Q7) The most important of which was an
encyclopedia of medicine in five books called Qanun Fit Tibb, which was completed in 1025.
He also produced at least two major works on logic. The first one, Al-Mantiq, translated as
The Propositional Logic of Ibn Sina, was a commentary on Aristotle’s Prior Analytics. The
other, Al-Isharat w Al-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions), seems to be written in the
‘indicative mode’ where the reader must participate by working out the steps leading from
the stated premises to proposed conclusions.

3- He also produced a research paper on definitions and a summary of the theoretical

sciences, together with a number of psychological, religious, and other works. His work was
on astronomy, medicine, philology and zoology. (Q8) He wrote 5 books in law, too. He also
wrote literary works such as poems. (Q9) All his books were translated into many languages.
His biographer also mentions numerous short works on logic and metaphysics. Ibn Sina’s
philosophical and medical work and his political involvement continued (Q10) until his death at
the age of 56 years.

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 ‫‪ -1‬ﻳﺪﻋﻰ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ أو اﻓﻴﺴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼ اﻻﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﻟﺪ ﻋﺎم ‪ 370‬ﻫـ ‪/‬‬
‫‪ 980‬م ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺎرى ﺑﺂﺳﻴﺎ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎن واﻟﺪه ﻳﺤﻜﻢ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮة‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ وﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ اﻟﺴﺎدﺳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮة أﺻﺒﺢ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﴼ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﴽ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﺪ ﻃﻮال‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺿﺎه‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﺣﻘﴼ ﺑﺎرﻋﴼ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﻟﻔﺘﺖ ﺧﺒﺮﺗﻪ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻧﺘﺒﺎه ﺳﻠﻄﺎن ﺑﺨﺎري ﻧﻮح ﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﺠﻪ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح ﺑﻤﻬﺎراﺗﻪ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻪ اﻹذن ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎن وﻣﺨﻄﻮﻃﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎدرة‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻤﻮاﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﻪ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ اﻛﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﺎم ‪ .1025‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‪ .‬اﻷول‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ اﻹرﺷﺎدي ﻻﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﺗﻌﻠﻴًﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻷرﺳﻄﻮ‪ .‬واﻵﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫"اﻹﺷﺎرات واﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎت"‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﺒﺪو أﻧﻪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ "اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻹرﺷﺎدي" ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻤﺆدﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬أﻧﺘﺞ ورﻗﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت وﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﻠﻚ واﻟﻄﺐ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‪ .‬ﻟﻪ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن أﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺘﺐ‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﻋﻤﺎًﻟﺎ أدﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﺼﺎﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺎت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺳﻴﺮﺗﻪ اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ واﻟﻤﻴﺘﺎﻓﻴﺰﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ .‬اﺳﺘﻤﺮت أﻋﻤﺎل اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ وﻓﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻳﻨﺎﻫﺰ ‪ 56‬ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Why is his name in English different? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ؟‬:١‫س‬
C. because names change according to the .‫ ﻷن اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬.‫ج‬
language.

Q2: After a study for many years, he _____ ‫ أﺻﺒﺢ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ دراﺳﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﻮات ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‬:٢‫س‬
became a _____
B. physician. .‫ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: Physicians in Paragraph one most _______ ‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﺟﺢ‬١ ‫ اﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
probably means _______
A. doctors. .‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What does paragraph 1 say about ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎة اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ؟‬1 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
Avicenna’s life?
D. He became a hard-working doctor. .‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻃﺒﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻬﺪا‬.‫د‬

Q5: What does proficient mean in this ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:٥‫س‬
passage?
A. skilled ‫ ﻣﺎﻫﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What did Avicenna do after he studied ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻞ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ أن درس اﻟﻄﺐ؟‬:٦‫س‬
Medicine?
A. He became the doctor of the ruler of .‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺨﺎري‬.‫أ‬
Bhukhara.

Q7: How many volumes does his book Al ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺠﻠﺪات ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ؟‬:٧‫س‬
Qanun Fit-Tibb have?
A. 5 volumes ‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺪات‬5 .‫أ‬

Q8: Ibn Sina wrote ____ books in law. .‫ ﻛﺘﺐ اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ____ ﻛﺘًﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬:٨‫س‬
B. 5 5 .‫ب‬

Q9: What does passage 3 say about his ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ؟‬٣ ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٩‫س‬
books?
A. They were translated to many .‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬.‫أ‬
languages.

Q10: Ibn Sina died when he was ____ ____ ‫ ﻣﺎت اﺑﻦ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن‬:١٠‫س‬
B. 56 years old. .‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬56 .‫ب‬

562
 🌤 ‫ﻣﻨﺎخ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the Middle East. It spans the vast majority of the
Arabian Peninsula. There are three climatic zones in the kingdom. This explains the weather
diversity all over the kingdom .
2- Temperature in the Eastern Province like in Abha seldom rises above 35 °C (95.0 °F) during
the course of the year. (Q1,2) Abha has the highest percentage of rainfall annually. It is known
as the city with the most rainfall of the year.
3-(Q3) The eastern and central parts of Saudi Arabia, on the other hand, experience the
highest number of dust storms per year. it can completely block out the sun, making it nearly
impossible to see just a few feet in front of you like in (Q4) Qassim. It always has dust storms.
4- With temperatures sometimes topping 48 degrees during the summer, (Q5,6) Makkah is
known to be the hottest city in Saudi Arabia. Medina, too, falls in a hot desert climate region.
Summers are extremely hot and dry with daytime temperatures averaging about 43 °C with
nights about 29 °C. Temperatures above 45 °C are not unusual between June and September.
Winters are milder, with temperatures from 12 °C at night to 25 °C in the day. There is very
little rainfall, which falls almost entirely between November and May. In summer, the wind is
north-western, while in the spring and winters, is south-western. Because the wind, it
sometimes becomes dusty.
‫ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻪ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ دوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ‬-١
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺗﻨﻮع اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ درﺟﺔ‬95.0) ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬35 ‫ ﻧﺎدرﴽ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬-٢
‫ ُﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ أﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ‬.‫ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ( ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺎم‬
.‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﻄﻮل ﻟﻸﻣﻄﺎر ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-٣
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ رؤﻳﺔ ﺑﻀﻌﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﺠﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ‬
‫ داﺋﻤﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻮاﺻﻒ ﺗﺮاﺑﻴﺔ‬.‫أﻗﺪام ﻓﻘﻂ أﻣﺎﻣﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬
‫ ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﻣﻜﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺪن‬،‫ درﺟﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ‬48 ‫ ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن إﻟﻰ‬-4
‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﺻﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ ﺣﺎرة‬ ً ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻮرة أﻳ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ درﺟﺔ‬29 ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﻠﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬43 ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬:‫ﺣﺎر وﺟﺎف ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺧﻼل اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺘﺎء أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ وﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ‬45 ‫ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻮق‬.‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻬﻄﻞ‬.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎر‬25 ‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ‬12 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮاوح درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ‬،‫اﻋﺘﺪاًﻟﺎ‬
‫ وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﻓﻲ‬.‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﻄﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﻬﺮي ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ وﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬،‫اﻷﻣﻄﺎر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻷﺟﻮاء أﺣﻴﺎًﻧﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ واﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‬،‫اﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻐﺒﺮة‬

563
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of these areas has the highest ‫ أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﻄﻮل‬:١‫س‬
possibility of rain? ‫أﻣﻄﺎر؟‬
B. Abha ‫ اﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the rainiest city? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﺪن أﻣﻄﺎرا؟‬:٢‫س‬

D. Abha ‫ أﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫د‬

Q3: Cities with no visibility from dust storms? ‫ ﻣﺪن اﻟﺮوﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺒﺎب؟‬:٣‫س‬
B. Central and East ‫ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ واﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q4: Under certain conditions, which causes ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬:٤‫س‬
blocking of vision in one of the following ‫اﻧﻌﺪام اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
areas?
B. dust in Qassim ‫ اﻟﺘﺮاب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: Mention a city which has the hottest ‫ اذﻛﺮ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻃﻘﺴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎر؟‬:٥‫س‬
weather?
A. Makkah ‫ ﻣﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: What is the weather in Makkah and ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺔ واﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ؟‬:٦‫س‬
Madinah like?
A. Hot and dusty ‫ ﺣﺎر وﻣﻐﺒﺮ‬.‫أ‬

564
 📑 ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) The paper we use today is made by machine. Trees are cut up and processed into a
mixture called wood pulp. (Q2) The pulp, which contains tiny fibres, is pressed and rolled out
to form sheets of paper .
2- The first man -made material was not paper. About 4,000 years ago, (Q2) the ancient
Egyptians took the fibrous stems of the papyrus plants, flattened them, laid (Q3) them
crosswise and pressed them down to stick them together. When dried, (Q4) they made a piece
of papyrus that could be written on.
3- (Q5) Paper was first made in China around the year 105 CE by a man called Ts’ailun. He
found a way to make paper from the stringy (tough) inner bark of the mulberry tree. (Q6) The
bark was pounded in water to separate the fibres. This mixture was then poured into a
bamboo tray to let the water drain out. After that, the soft mat of paper was moved into a
smooth, flat surface to dry. Later, someone discovered that the paper could be improved by
brushing it with starch to make it stronger .
4- Chinese traders travelled around Asia as far as Samarkand. (Q7) There, they met with Arab
merchants who learned the secret of making paper and took it to Spain. Afterwards, the art
of papermaking spread throughout the rest of Europe .
5- Since then, many kinds of machines have been invented and improved methods were
discovered for making paper. One of the most important, for example, was a machine
developed in France in 1798. This machine could make a continuous sheet or web of paper.
Before, paper could only be produced in separate sheets .
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻟﺐ‬.‫ اﻟﻮرق اﻟﺬي ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﺑﺎﻵﻟﺔ‬-1
.‫ وﻟﻔﻪ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرق‬،‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻟﻴﺎف دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻠﺐ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬
‫ أﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮن اﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء‬،‫ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻀﺖ‬4000 ‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ أول ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرق‬-2
‫ وﺿﻐﻄﻮﻫﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﻔﻞ‬،‫ ووﺿﻌﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮض‬،‫ وﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻرض‬،‫اﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎن اﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺒﺮدى‬
.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺟﻔﺖ ﺻﻨﻌﻮا ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ورق اﻟﺒﺮدي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻟﺘﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ وﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ رﺟﻞ ُﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺗﺴﻴﻠﻮن‬105 ‫ ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻋﺎم‬-3
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻮرق ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺤﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ اﻟﺨﻴﻄﻲ )اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ( ﻟﺸﺠﺮة اﻟﺘﻮت‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺣﺼﻴﺮة‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻜﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺰران ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎح ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ِ ‫ﺳ‬
ُ ‫ ﺛﻢ‬.‫اﻷﻟﻴﺎف‬
‫ اﻛﺘﺸﻒ أﺣﺪﻫﻢ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ‬،‫ ﻻﺣًﻘﺎ‬.‫ﻮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺠﻒ‬ ٍ ‫اﻟﻮرق اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ أﻣﻠﺲ وﻣﺴﺘ‬
.‫ﺑﺪﻫﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎ ﻟﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ أﻗﻮى‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﺘﻘﻮا ﺑﺘﺠﺎر ﻋﺮب ﻋﺮﻓﻮا ﺳﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق وأﺧﺬوه‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮن ﺣﻮل آﺳﻴﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺳﻤﺮﻗﻨﺪ‬-4
.‫ اﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء أوروﺑﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫إﻟﻰ إﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ‬.‫ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاع أﻧﻮاع ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻵﻻت وﺗﻢ اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﻦ‬-5
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻵﻟﺔ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ‬.1798 ‫ آﻟﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻫﺬه اﻵﻻت‬
. ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻮرق ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ أوراق ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬.‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ أو ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرق‬

565
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is this passage about? ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. The making of paper ‫ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق‬.‫أ‬

Q2: According to the text, which component is ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻛﻞ‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ‬:٢‫س‬
necessary for making both paper and papyrus? ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرق واﻟﺒﺮدي؟‬
D. fibrous material ‫ ﻣﺎدة ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q3: The word "them" in paragraph 2 refers to _____ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬2 ‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
_____
‫ ورق اﻟﺒﺮدي‬.‫ج‬
C. papyrus stems

Q4: According to paragraph 2, what did the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻮن‬،2 ‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
early Egyptians use to make their writing ‫اﻷواﺋﻞ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﻢ؟‬
material?
D. papyrus ‫ ﺑﺮدﻳﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q5: According to the text, the first real paper ‫(؟‬3) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٥‫س‬
was made in ______
A. China. .‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q6: Which sentence in paragraph 3 contains a ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬3 ‫ أي ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٦‫س‬
word meaning “to strike repeatedly, especially ‫ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﺪ أو ﺑﺄداة"؟‬،‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ "اﻟﻀﺮب ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر‬
with a hand or a tool”?
B. sentence No.3 3 ‫ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ رﻗﻢ‬.‫ب‬

Q7: According to the text, who introduced the ‫ _____ ﻫﻢ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮا ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ‬:٧‫س‬
paper-making process to Europe are _____ .‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق إﻟﻰ أوروﺑﺎ‬
B. the Arabs. .‫ اﻟﻌﺮب‬.‫ب‬

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 🧶 ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ واﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Knitting has been around for a very long time. Scholars think it was probably invented in
the Middle East around the fifth century CE, and then it spread to other parts of the world. It
can be done by hand, or by a device called a knitting machine that mechanizes the (Q3)
function of pulling threads through loops to create stitches. Machines can be round or
horizontal and use many steel needles mounted on a frame called a needle bar. They can be
small or large circular machines that take up an entire room .
2 -Some of us enjoy knitting, while others prefer crocheting. The beauty of both is that you
can really connect with the yarn and the pattern for the project, and the end result is truly a
personalized labor of love. The meditative act of repeating stitching is one that tends to be
very relaxing and mentally stimulating, too. (Q4) The techniques and tools are different from
one to another, but both of them require practice in order to excel in skill .
3 -Weaving Machines give you more production by less effort. (Q5) Although machines are
much faster, hand weaving gives you personalized products, hence it is great for smaller
projects, decorations, and repairs. You can choose exactly where the stitches go, the length
of the stitches, and exactly how you want to attach fabric. (Q6) It takes a lot of effort and skills
to produce handmade textile which can be seen with the progress of the woven item. That's
why the handmade things are more valuable. Handmade socks are the ultimate gift of love.
(Q7) Crochet socks are fabulous! Gone are the days when socks were only knitted. There are
lots of fabulous crocheted sock patterns to explore. Gloves, too, can be knitted and
crocheted. There is a wide range of amazing patterns for weaving gloves .
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن أﻧﻪ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ اﺧﺘﺮاﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺪا‬ً ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺟ‬-1
‫ أو‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ‬.‫ ﺛﻢ اﻧﺘﺸﺮت إﻟﻰ أﺟﺰاء أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ اﻟﻤﻴﻼدي‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﺨﻴﻮط ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻏﺮز‬
‫أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮة أو أﻓﻘﻴﺔ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺑﺮ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻃﺎر ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن آﻻت داﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة أو ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ اﻹﺑﺮة‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺟﻤﺎل ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺣًﻘﺎ‬.‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺒﻚ واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ‬-2
‫ إن‬.‫ واﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣًﻘﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺐ‬،‫ﺗﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻐﺰل واﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬
‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺄﻣﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻐﺮز ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻴﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﻳﺤﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻣﺤﻔًﺰا ﻋﻘﻠًﻴﺎ أﻳﻀًﺎ‬
.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﻮق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرة‬،‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ واﻷدوات ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪة إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬
‫ إﻻ أن‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻵﻻت أﺳﺮع ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬.‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﺑﺠﻬﺪ أﻗﻞ‬
ً ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﺰﻳ‬-3
.‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻮ راﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة واﻟﺪﻳﻜﻮرات واﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت‬، ‫اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻴﺪوي ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻚ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
.‫ وﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ إرﻓﺎق اﻟﻘﻤﺎش‬،‫ وﻃﻮل اﻟﻐﺮز‬،‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﺗﺬﻫﺐ إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﻐﺮز ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻷﻣﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫ اﻟﺠﻮارب اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺪﻳﺔ‬.‫ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮج‬
.‫ ﺟﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ راﺋﻌﺔ! ﻟﻘﺪ وﻟﺖ اﻷﻳﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻮارب ﻣﺤﺒﻮﻛﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺐ اﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺣﻴﺎﻛﺔ اﻟﻘﻔﺎزات وﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أﻳ‬.‫ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻤﺎط ﺟﻮارب اﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ‬
.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻤﺪﻫﺸﺔ ﻟﻨﺴﺞ اﻟﻘﻔﺎزات‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ‬

567
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is a good title for this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. The appreciation of fabrics ‫ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬.‫أ‬
Q2: What is not mentioned about the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬
knitting? ‫ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ‬.‫أ‬
A. history of crochet

Q3: What is the meaning of word ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "وﻇﻴﻔﺔ"؟‬:٣‫س‬

“function”?
A. process ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is the difference between ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺮوﺷﻴﻪ واﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ؟‬:٤‫س‬

crochet and knitting?
B. method ‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q5: What’s the difference between ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺔ ﻳﺪوًﻳﺎ‬:٥‫س‬
handwoven fabrics and machine made ‫واﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ آﻟًﻴﺎ؟‬
fabrics?
A. Machine made fabrics are made a lot .‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ اﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ آﻟًﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع‬.‫أ‬
faster.

Q6: Why do people prefer handicrafts or ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺤﺮف اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ؟‬:٦‫س‬
handmade?
D. Because they see the efforts being .‫ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺮون اﻟﺠﻬﻮد ﺗﺒﺬل أﻣﺎﻣﻬﻢ‬.‫ د‬.‫د‬
made in front of them.

Q7: Which statement is not true about ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬:٧‫س‬
paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3) ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Knitting is the only way socks and gloves ‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﺠﻮارب‬.‫أ‬
can be made. ‫واﻟﻘﻔﺎزات‬

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 🎎 ‫اﻻم اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Language is what distinguishes humans from animals. It is our way to communicate with
each other. Humans start to learn their language when they are born. (Q1) Language is not just
spoken words; it is the carrier of our culture, thoughts, feelings and identity. We never face a
problem when we are at our homeland. However, when people emigrate to another country,
the conflict of language between the generations starts because the second generation is not
interested in learning their native language and thus lose their identity
2- The problem is so evident when people emigrate to America. Many immigrants that came
from different countries to succeed in the States (Q2) suffer in a lot of areas such as getting a
job and trying to speak English. That’s why they want their children to speak English, not only
at school, but also at home in order to become more successful. (Q3) Because of this situation,
their children lose their ethnic identity and even worse: they ignore their parents whose
English is not very good.
3- For example, my aunt, who has been living in Chicago for fifteen years, has three children
and they were all born in the States. (Q4) The eighteen-year-old daughter speaks English as a
native speaker and she speaks Korean very well too. (Q5a) She has no problem talking with her
parents, but she still doesn’t understand Korean jokes, and some times there are some
misunderstandings. The second daughter is fourteen years old, (Q6b) and she doesn’t want to
speak Korean. My aunt often gets upset with her because (Q6c) she is very (Q7) Americanized
and (Q8) they cannot understand each other. Even when my aunt punishes her, this daughter
does not understand what my aunt is talking about. I felt sympathy for my aunt whenever my
fourteen years old cousin said, “Mom, what is your problem?” The third child is a twelve-
year-old son. He speaks English to his parents and My aunt can't speak Korean with him or
with the second daughter. He also has a problem in communicating with his parents. (Q9) My
aunt is trying to teach him to speak both languages very well, but it is very hard for him
because he speaks English all day and (Q10) does not understand why he should learn to speak
Korean.
4- I think most immigrants are trying to preserve their native language in their new country,
but this doesn’t help very much in getting a good job. My aunt didn’t teach Korean to her
children in order to help them succeed in the U.S. Though the second generation is born in
the new country, they often get confused about their identity because they look different
from others, and also if they visit their parent’s country, they will probably feel different from
other people there too. My cousins told me that when they visited Korea a few years ago,
they felt different from other Koreans. They could even feel it just strolling around the street
because they wore different clothes and walked differently.
5- We must realize that language is important and valuable for many reasons. Immigrants
should make an effort not to be ignored by their children and to make their children
understand their heritage by teaching them the parents’ language. (Q12) This is very
important, not only for the harmony of the family, but also in helping the second generation
establish their identity.

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‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻴﺰ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻨﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﺪأ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻟﺪون‪ .‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻨﺎ وأﻓﻜﺎرﻧﺎ وﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺪا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ وﻃﻨﻨﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺮ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﺪ آﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪأ‬
‫وﻫﻮﻳﺘﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻧﻮاﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ أﺑ ً‬
‫اﻟﺼﺮاع اﻟﻠﻐﻮي ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﺟﻴﺎل ﻷن اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﻢ اﻷم وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻔﻘﺪون ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺘﻀﺢ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺮ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮا ﻣﻦ دول‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ وﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﺮﻳﺪون أن ﻳﺘﺤﺪث أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮﺿﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻘﺪ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮا أﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ ً‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺪا‪.‬‬
‫واﻷﺳﻮأ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ :‬إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻮن واﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﻐﺘﻬﻢ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة ﺟ ً‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﺪى ﻋﻤﺘﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻃﻔﺎل‪،‬‬
‫وﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﻢ وﻟﺪوا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬اﻻﺑﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﻣﻊ واﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺪا أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﺎ اﻷم وﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫ﻣﺎ زاﻟﺖ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﻜﺎت اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺳﻮء ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ‪ .‬اﻻﺑﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ أرﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺪا وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺰﻋﺞ ﻋﻤﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﻣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻻﺑﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﺷﻌﺮت‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ اﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‪" ،‬أﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺘﻚ؟"‬
‫اﻟﻄﻔﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﺑﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮه‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻪ وﻋﻤﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻪ أو ﻣﻊ اﻻﺑﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ واﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺎول ﻋﻤﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﻜﻠﺘﺎ اﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻃﻮال اﻟﻴﻮم و ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬أﻋﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺎوﻟﻮن اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﻢ اﻷم ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪﻫﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻤﺘﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ ﻷﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻀﺎ إذا ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﺰﻳﺎرة ﺑﻠﺪ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄن ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺒﺪون ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وأﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ .‬أﺧﺒﺮﻧﻲ أﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﺘﻲ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ زاروا ﻛﻮرﻳﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮوا ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺮوا ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻌﺮون ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺎرع ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﺮﺗﺪون ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻳﻤﺸﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻬﻢ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺪرك أن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ وﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻷﺳﺒﺎب ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺒﺬل اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮون ﺟﻬ ً‬
‫أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﻢ وأن ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻮا أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮن ﺗﺮاﺛﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪا‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ اﻷﺳﺮة‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺛﺒﺎت ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main idea of this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:1‫س‬
A. The importance of languages. .‫ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is the meaning of the word “suffer” ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:2‫س‬
in the text?
C. have problems. .‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What is the cause of miscommunication ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﻮء اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ وأﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﻢ؟‬:٣‫س‬
between parents and their kids?
C. 1st generation Americans ‫ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻷول ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ج‬

Q4: How many languages can the 18-year-old ‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬18 ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺎة اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬:٤‫س‬
girl speak? ‫أن ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ؟‬
A. two, English and Korean ‫ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ‬،‫ اﺛﻨﺘﺎن‬.‫أ‬

Q5: Who does the mother talk Korean to? ‫ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث اﻷم اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ؟‬:٥‫س‬
C. Her eldest daughter ‫ اﺑﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‬.‫ج‬

Q6: What is NOT a reason of the 14-years-old ‫ أﺣﺪ اﻵﺗﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻻﺑﻨﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ‬:٦‫س‬
daughter’s problem with her mother? ‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ ﻣﻊ واﻟﺪﺗﻬﺎ؟‬14 ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
A. She does not love her mother. .‫ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺐ واﻟﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫أ‬

Q7: What does the word “Americanized ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮون أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن"؟‬:٧‫س‬
immigrants” mean?
A. people who speak and act like Americans. ‫ اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮن وﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫أ‬

Q8: What does “they” mean in paragraph (3)? ‫(؟‬3) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ" ﻫﻢ "ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٨‫س‬
D. the second daughter and her mom
‫ اﻻﺑﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ وواﻟﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫د‬
Q9: What is true about the youngest child? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻃﻔﻞ؟‬:٩‫س‬
B. He doesn’t speak Korean at all. ‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬.‫ب‬

Q10: What is NOT true according to the third ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬:١٠‫س‬
paragraph?
C. The second-generation immigrants are ‫ اﻟﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺼﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬.‫ج‬
eager to learn their parents’ native language ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻷم ﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬

Q11: Which of the following is NOT in the ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:١١‫س‬
passage?
B. American friends will not see them as ‫ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺮاﻫﻢ اﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻢ‬.‫ب‬
Korean American. .‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻮن ﻛﻮرﻳﻮن‬

Q12: Why did the aunt try to teach her kids ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ أﻃﻔﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ‬:١٢‫س‬
how to speak Korean? ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮن اﻟﻜﻮرﻳﺔ؟‬
A. to help them establish a Korean identity ‫ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻮرﻳﺔ‬.‫أ‬

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 🍪 ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﻴﺰ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
(Q2)Cookies are not computer programs. They are simply small files that pass information
from your web browser to a website on the internet. These files contain information about
your previous visits to the website, including pages you visited, settings you choose or
information that you provided. (Q3) Cookies pose very little to no security risk and protect
your privacy because they are limited to the actions that you take and information you
provide during your visit. It doesn’t provide any access to information stored locally on your
machine. If you wish to prevent websites from accessing cookies via your browser you can
simply change the settings or switch to a browser that disables cookies and online tracking by
default.
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ‬.‫ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬
‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل زﻳﺎراﺗﻚ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ وﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺰﻳﺎرﺗﻬﺎ أو اﻹﻋﺪادات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺎرﻫﺎ أو اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬، ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺪا أو ﻣﻌﺪوﻣﺔ وﺗﺤﻤﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻚ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ أﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟ‬.‫ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ أي وﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء زﻳﺎرﺗﻚ‬
‫ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻣﺤﻠًﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎزك‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻹﻋﺪادات أو اﻟﺘﺒﺪﻳﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻳﻌﻄﻞ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت‬، ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺤﻚ‬
.‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط واﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿًﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main purpose of the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:1‫س‬
passage?
D. to explain ‫ ﻟﻠﺸﺮح‬.‫د‬

Q2: What is the one important idea the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:٢‫س‬
writer mentions?
C. Cookies are different from programs. .‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What is the passage mainly talking ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻨﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ؟‬:٣‫س‬
about?
A. Cookies are secure and they protect your .‫ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط آﻣﻨﺔ وﺗﺤﻤﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺘﻚ‬.‫أ‬
privacy.

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 ⚙ ‫ﺧﻄﻂ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) The Five-Year Plan was a road map for Stalin's great goals of industrialization (Q2) which
aimed at improving the economy of the Soviet Union. The industrial output of the Soviet
Union increased by 50 percent in five years; the annual rate of growth during the first Five-
Year Plan was between 15 and 22 percent. There were entirely new industries built in entirely
new cities. Cities such as Moscow and Leningrad doubled in size in the early 1930s.
2- Yet, this is not to say that this was totally executed without some defects. This
industrialization came at enormous human cost. People were arrested and sent to camps on
a very wide variety of charges, including simply having the ill luck of being born to bourgeois
or kulak parents. (Q3) People had to work hard for fear of severe punishment that might lead
to death.
3- This camp system held around 3.6 million people by the end of the decade. A man-made
canal, Belomor Canal, connecting Moscow to the seaports of the north was dug by hand, with
human labor used for every part of its construction. Its significance lies in the fact that it was
the first time the labor force was exclusively prisoners. (Q4) It was built using slave labor and
thousands died during its construction. Conditions were horrendous and the NKVD guards
were brutal psychopaths. People were deliberately worked to death in a calculated way of
getting rid of "class enemies" who posed a threat to the new Soviet regime. Their life
conditions did not improve. On the contrary, there were increasing and needless deaths. And
after all the needless deaths, the canal ended up not being deep enough to take large ships
that it was designed for.
4- “Factory workers, both men and women, who wanted to find a place to live in and around
towns like Stalingrad, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, had to live in earth shelters they dug out
in the neighboring hills. (Q5) If people could live and do useful work in such living conditions
and during enormous shortages of food and goods of first demand, this could only be
explained by the fact that the Russians aren’t used to anything but suffering and hardship.”
That’s what German diplomat Gustav Hilger wrote about the times of industrialization in the
USSR, the times when the first five-year plans were implemented.
5- Stakhanov was a miner in Donbass, a coal-producing region in Soviet Ukraine. Under the
communist system, all mines were run by the state and had monthly production targets. If
they missed the targets, local managers and Communist Party officials were in trouble. The
mine where Stakhanov worked was one of the worst-performing in the region.
6- Stakhanov He was incredibly competitive. (Q6) He kept thinking how to increase the
productivity of his mine - and eventually he came up with a brilliant solution. So, he came up
with the idea of having one miner constantly picking coal, while another loaded the coal on
the cart, a third miner propped the roof with pit props, and a fourth led the pony in and out.
And instead of the traditional pick, Stakhanov was keen to use a mining drill, which was a
novelty and required specialist training. Drills were extremely heavy, weighing more than
15kg.

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‫‪7- The manager of the mine had serious doubts about Stakhanov's initiative. However,‬‬
‫‪Stakhanov persuaded his team leader and the local party boss to give it a go. On 30 August‬‬
‫‪1935, at 22:00, Alexei Stakhanov and three colleagues entered the mine, accompanied by the‬‬
‫‪party boss and a local journalist. Six hours later they emerged, triumphant, having produced‬‬
‫‪102 tonnes of coal - more than 14 times the target.‬‬
‫‪8- The second plan in 1933 focused on the steel production of the Soviet Union. (Q7) However,‬‬
‫‪workers worked really hard when there were bonuses.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﺎرﻃﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻷﻫﺪاف ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬زاد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 50‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮات؛ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي ﺧﻼل اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 15‬و‪ 22‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎؤﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪن ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﻤﺎًﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺪن ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ وﻟﻴﻨﻴﻨﻐﺮاد ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻫﺬا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬه ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ دون ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻌﻴﻮب‪ .‬ﺟﺎء ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ إﻟﻘﺎء اﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص وإرﺳﺎﻟﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮات ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺳﻮء اﻟﺤﻆ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﻮﻟﺪون ﻷﺑﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺟﻮازﻳﻴﻦ أو ﻛﻮﻻك‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺎس أن‬
‫ﻳﺠﺘﻬﺪوا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺎب اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﺳﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺨﻴﻤﺎت ﻫﺬا ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 3.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻗﻨﺎة ﺑﻴﻠﻮﻣﻮر‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺳﻜﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻜﻤﻦ أﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻤﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻮة‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺳﺠﻨﺎء ﺣﺼﺮًﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﺪت ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺨﺮة وﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ اﻵﻻف‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻣﺮوﻋﺔ وﻛﺎن ﺣﺮاس ‪NKVD‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻘﻠًﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺣﺸﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻤﺪا ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﻮت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ "أﻋﺪاء‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ" اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻮا ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪا ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻇﺮوف ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك وﻓﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻻ داﻋﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ داﻋﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻷﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ُ‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪ ،‬رﺟﺎًﻻ وﻧﺴﺎًء‪ ،‬اﻟﺬﻳﻦ أرادوا إﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ وﺣﻮل ﻣﺪن ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻨﺠﺮاد‬
‫وﻣﺎﻏﻨﻴﺘﻮﻏﻮرﺳﻚ وﻧﻮﻓﻮﻛﻮزﻧﺘﺴﻚ‪ ،‬اﺿﻄﺮوا ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻼﺟﺊ ﺗﺮاﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻔﺮوﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻼل اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻌﻴﺶ واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻨﻘﺺ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻠﻊ ذات اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻷول‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ إﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن اﻟﺮوس ﻟﻴﺴﻮا‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺎدﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺷﻲء ﺳﻮى اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﺎة واﻟﻤﺸﻘﺔ‪" .‬ﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ اﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻲ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺟﻮﺳﺘﺎف ﻫﻴﻠﺠﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫أوﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬اﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻛﺎن ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﻢ ﻓﻲ دوﻧﺒﺎس‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﻢ ﻓﻲ أوﻛﺮاﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻇﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ أﻫﺪاف إﻧﺘﺎج ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬إذا ﻓﺸﻠﻮا ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاف‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ وﻣﺴﺆوﻟﻲ اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻣﺄزق‪ .‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻣﻦ أﺳﻮأ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ أداًء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺴﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪق‪ .‬ﻇﻞ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ زﻳﺎدة إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺠﻤﻪ ‪ -‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻣﻨﺎﻓ ً‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻞ راﺋﻊ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺮة أن ﻳﻘﻮم أﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮم‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﻢ آﺧﺮ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺠﻢ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺴﻘﻒ ﺑﺪﻋﺎﺋﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺮة‪ ،‬وﻳﻘﻮد راﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺜﻘﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ واﻟﺨﺎرج‪ .‬وﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﺣﺮﻳ ً‬
‫ﺼﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺎب ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن وزﻧﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪15‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻛﺎن ﺣﺪﻳًﺜﺎ وﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﺨﺼ ً‬
‫ﻛﺠﻢ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ -7‬ﻛﺎن ﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻢ ﺷﻜﻮك ﺟﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺒﺎدرة ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬أﻗﻨﻊ ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻗﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﻪ ورﺋﻴﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 30‬أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،1935‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ،22:00‬دﺧﻞ أﻟﻴﻜﺴﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف وﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫زﻣﻼﺋﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺮﻓﻘﺔ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺤﺰب وﺻﺤﻔﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻇﻬﺮوا ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﺘﺠﻮا ‪ 102‬ﻃﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ ‪ -‬أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 14‬ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻬﺪف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬رﻛﺰت اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1933‬ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬إﻻ أن اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻮا ﺑﺠﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﻼوات ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: What is the main topic of the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺺ؟‬
‫‪B. Stalin's successful 5-year plan‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺧﻄﺔ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ‬

‫?‪Q2: What was the aim of 5 year plans‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻂ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. Improve the Soviet Economy‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‬

‫‪Q3: What is one important idea related to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪the workers that the writer mentions in‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ واﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(2‬؟‬
‫?)‪paragraph (2‬‬
‫‪D. They were hard working.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﺠﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q4: Why does the writer mention the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﻨﺎة ﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎر؟‬
‫‪example of the construction of the Belomar‬‬
‫?‪Canal‬‬
‫‪D. to show the difficulty of living under‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪Stalin‬‬

‫‪Q5: Soviet workers:‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪D. standard of living did not improve‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻢ‬

‫‪Q6: What is one important idea mentioned‬‬ ‫س‪ :٦‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻋﻦ‬
‫?)‪about Alexei Stakhanov in Paragraph (6‬‬ ‫أﻟﻴﻜﺴﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﺧﺎﻧﻮف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة )‪(6‬؟‬
‫‪A. He was an example of a good worker.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻣﺜﺎًﻻ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q7: Which statement supports the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٧‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺪف اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪production goal in paragraph 8‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪8‬؟‬
‫‪B. Goals were met when bonuses were‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاف ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂت‬
‫‪given.‬‬

‫‪Q8: What was the main idea of the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٨‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ؟‬
‫?‪passage‬‬
‫‪D. The effect of the 5-year plan‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬

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 💽 ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- (Q1) Freeware is copyrighted computer software which is made available for use free of
charge, for an unlimited time. So, you can download it immediately without paying a penny.
Authors of freeware often want to "give something to the community", but also want to
retain control of any future development of the software. Before you can download
freeware, you’ll generally be asked if you agree to the program’s terms of use. (Q2) If you give
your approval and proceed to download the software, you are legally obligated to follow the
software license agreement. Typically, the license agreement will specify that it is for
personal use, individual use, non-commercial use, academic use, non-profit use, commercial
use, or a combination of uses.
2 -The term shareware refers to commercial software that is copyrighted, (Q3) but which may
be copied for others for the purpose of their trying it out with the understanding that they
will pay for it if they continue to use it. (Q4) Shareware gives the consumer a chance to get to
know the software for free for a certain period. After which the user may be asked to
purchase it.
3- (Q5) To sum up, freeware is software that is provided to users free of cost, while shareware
is a software that is provided free for a period of time in which you can try it before you have
to pay for it.
‫ وﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻏﻴﺮ‬،‫ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ وﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺠﺎًﻧﺎ‬-1
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻮ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﻨﺰﻳﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮر دون دﻓﻊ ﻓﻠﺲ واﺣﺪ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻣﺤﺪودة‬
.‫ﻀﺎ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أي ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ً ‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﺮﻳﺪون أﻳ‬،"‫"إﻋﻄﺎء ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺳﺆاﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻋﻤﺎ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮوط‬،‫ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺰﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﻣﻠﺰم ﻗﺎﻧﻮًﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬،‫ إذا أﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺘﻚ وﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺰﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬.‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ أو‬،‫ أو ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﺮدي‬،‫ ﺳﺘﺤﺪد اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﺎدًة‬.‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ أو‬،‫ أو ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬،‫ أو ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻲ‬،‫ أو ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﻛﺎدﻳﻤﻲ‬،‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬
.‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬
‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻬﺎ‬-2
‫ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬.‫ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻐﺮض ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﺳﻴﺪﻓﻌﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ إذا اﺳﺘﻤﺮوا ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ وﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ُﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺠﺎًﻧﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺮاﺋﻪ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮه ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎًﻧﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‬-3
.‫ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮه ﻣﺠﺎًﻧﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻀﻄﺮ إﻟﻰ دﻓﻊ ﺛﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which sentence gives the main idea of ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬:1‫س‬
Paragraph (1)? ‫(؟‬1) ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Freeware is software a user can download ‫ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫أ‬
from the internet free of charge. .‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻨﺰﻳﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﺠﺎًﻧﺎ‬

Q2: What does Paragraph (1) say about ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
freeware?
B. It has rules that users must follow. ‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬.‫ب‬
.‫اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬

Q3: Which of the following statements about ‫ أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬:٣‫س‬
shareware Paragraph (2) support? ‫(؟‬2) ‫ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮي ﺗﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
A. Users can try it before buying it. .‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮاﺋﻪ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What does Paragraph (2) say about ‫( ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬2) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
shareware's trial period? ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ؟‬
D. You can use the software for a limited time. .‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﺤﺪودة‬.‫د‬

Q5: What did the author say is the difference ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻗﺎل اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ؟‬:٥‫س‬
between the both types?
A. Shareware has a trial and you pay after it ‫ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ وﺗﺪﻓﻊ‬.‫أ‬
ends and freeware doesn’t have a trial. ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

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 📈 ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the
historical (Q1) shift from high birth (Q2) rates and high death rates in societies with minimal
technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates
and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic
development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.
2- One of the big lessons from the demographic history of countries is that population
explosions are temporary. For many countries, the demographic transition has already
ended, and as the global fertility rate has now halved we know that the world as a whole is
approaching the end of rapid population growth.
3- As we explore at the beginning of the entry on population growth, the global population
grew only very slowly up to 1700 – only 0.04% per year. In the many millennia up to that
point in history very high mortality of children counteracted high fertility. The world was in
the first stage of the demographic transition.
4- Once health improved and mortality declined things changed quickly. Particularly over the
course of the 20th century: Over the last 100 years global population more than quadrupled.
5- Over the course of two centuries, the world population has witnessed a 7-fold increase.
Population growth is still fast: every year, 140 million are born, and 58 million die. The
difference is the number of people that we add to the world population in a year: 82 million.
6- The annual population growth rate of the global population peaked around half a century
ago. Peak population growth was reached in 1968 with an annual growth of 2.1%. Since then,
the increase of the world population has slowed and today (Q3) it is stable by just over 1%
growth rate per year as the world as a whole is experiencing the closing of a massive
demographic transition.
7- 7 Billion Actions is a worldwide campaign established by the United Nations Population
Fund (UNFPA) in 2011 to commemorate the world population milestone of 7 billion people.
UNFPA is a United Nations organization that works on population and development issues,
with an emphasis on reproductive health and gender equality. 7 Billion Actions works with
multiple corporations, organizations and individuals to address the 7 Key Issues such as
poverty, gender equality, youth, ageing, urbanization, environment, and reproductive health
and rights. The UN has declared the World Population surpassing 7 billion on 31 October
2011.
8- (Q4) The latest 7 Billion Actions suggest that the world’s population is 7.7 billion and it could
grow to around 8.5 billion in 2030 and (Q5) 9.7 billion in 2050 (Q6) because the growth rate will
be above zero. It will reach a peak of around 10.4 billion people during the 2080s. The
population is expected to remain at that level until 2100.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮة وﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ذات اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫)ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎء( واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻤﻮاﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ذات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﺪروس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺪول أن اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﻬﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺪ اﻧﺨﻔﺾ اﻵن‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻳﻘﺘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺒﻂء ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﺘﻰ وﺻﻞ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1700‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪0.04‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ آﻻف اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‪ ،‬أدى ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﺪل‬
‫وﻓﻴﺎت اﻷﻃﻔﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺑﻤﺠﺮد ﺗﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ وﺗﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﺮت اﻷﻣﻮر ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎص‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻗﺮﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ زﻳﺎدة ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﺳﺒﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺰال اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫ﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ‪ 140‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮًﻧﺎ وﻳﻤﻮت ‪ 58‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮًﻧﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻧﻀﻴﻔﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺮﻳ ً‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‪ 82 :‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮي ﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ذروﺗﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﺮن‪ .‬ﺗﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ذروة‬
‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1968‬ﺑﻨﻤﻮ ﺳﻨﻮي ﻗﺪره ‪ .٪2.1‬ﻣﻨﺬ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺄت اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٪ 1‬ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺳﻨﻮًﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﻜﻞ إﻏﻼق ﺗﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﻟﻴﻮم ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮة ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴ ً‬
‫دﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ أﺳﺴﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن )‪ (UNFPA‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2011‬ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎل‬
‫ﺑﺬﻛﺮى ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺻﻨﺪوق اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺎواة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر إﺟﺮاءات ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت واﻷﻓﺮاد ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻘﺮ واﻟﻤﺴﺎواة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﻦ واﻟﺸﺒﺎب واﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻀﺮ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺤﻘﻮق‪.‬‬
‫أﻋﻠﻨﺖ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة أن ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ‪ 7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﻓﻲ ‪ 31‬أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪.2011‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ أﺣﺪث إﺟﺮاء ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات إﻟﻰ أن ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 7.7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻧﺴﻤﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 8.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2030‬و‪ 9.7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2050‬ﻷن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻮق اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ .‬وﺳﻴﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫ذروﺗﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 10.4‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﺷﺨﺺ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻈﻞ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪.2100‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word shift in Paragraph (1) is ‫( ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬1) ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
C. change. .‫ج اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬

Q2: The word rates in paragraph (1) is ‫( ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ‬1) ‫ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
B. amounts. .‫ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What will lead countries to have a ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺳﻴﻘﻮد اﻟﺒﻠﺪان إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﻤﻮ‬:٣‫س‬
stable population growth? ‫ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ؟‬
D. completing the demographic transition ‫ اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬.‫د‬

Q4: What is the population now? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻵن؟‬:4‫س‬

A. 7.7 Billion ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬7.7 .‫أ‬

Q5: What does 7 Billion Action expect the ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر أﻛﺸﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد‬7 ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻌﻪ‬:٥‫س‬
world population to be in 2050? ‫؟‬2050 ‫ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
C. 9.7 billion ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬9.7 .‫ج‬

Q6: Why will the population continue to ‫؟‬2050 ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬:٦‫س‬
grow in 2050?
D. because the growth rate will be more ‫ ﻷن ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬.‫د‬
than zero

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 🧬 ‫اﻟﺤﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Have you ever wondered how your brain can order your hand to move? This is exactly what
the spinal cord does as it consists of nerves that carry the information up and down through
(Q1) neural paths between the brain and the rest of the body. In other words, it (Q2) connects
the brain to nerves throughout the body. So, when you touch something hot or you touch
the (Q3) flame, (Q4) your sensory neurons and interneurons send information to your brain
which makes you take your hand away. (Q5) However, if the spinal cord suffers a series of
injuries, for example, (Q6) if the spinal cord is cut because of an accident, the brain will stop
receiving information.
Descending Motor Pathways
The reflex circuits demonstrate that sophisticated neural processing occurs at the lowest
level of the motor hierarchy. These automatic reflexes can be modulated, however, by higher
levels of the hierarchy. For example, when touching an iron to see if it is hot, your flexor
reflex may be hypersensitive. As a result, you pull your hand away repeatedly before even
touching the iron, anticipating that it may be hot. Conversely, if you remove a hot dish from
the oven and the heat starts to go through the oven mitt, you will suppress the flexor
response so that you do not drop your dinner as you rush to put it down on a table. These
modulations (both facilitatory and inhibitory) of the spinal reflexes arise from the (Q7)
descending pathways from the brainstem and cortex. Voluntary movement and some
sensory-driven reflex actions are also controlled by the descending pathways. The
corticospinal system controls motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord. The
corticobulbar system controls brainstem nuclei that innervate cranial muscles.
‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﺎءﻟﺖ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻌﻘﻠﻚ أن ﻳﺄﻣﺮ ﻳﺪك ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺮك؟ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻋﺼﺎب ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻷﻋﻠﻰ وﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ وﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻤﺲ‬، ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺼﺎب ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ واﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻋﻘﻠﻚ‬،‫ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﺳﺎﺧًﻨﺎ أو ﺗﻠﻤﺲ اﻟﻠﻬﺐ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎت‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﻳﺪك ﺑﻌﻴ‬
.‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬،‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل إذا ﺗﻢ ﻗﻄﻊ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺎدث‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎرات اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﺎزﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ أن اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ﺗﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪ أدﻧﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ردود اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﺬه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﻤﺲ ﻣﻜﻮاة ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ‬
،‫ﺪا ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﻠﻤﺲ اﻟﻤﻜﻮاة‬ ً ‫ ﺗﺴﺤﺐ ﻳﺪك ﺑﻌﻴ‬،‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ إذا ﻗﻤﺖ ﺑﺈزاﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮن وﺑﺪأت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻌﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗ‬
‫ ﻓﺴﻮف ﺗﻜﺒﺢ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﺸﺎءك وأﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺮع ﻓﻲ وﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺮور ﻋﺒﺮ ﻗﻔﺎز اﻟﻔﺮن‬
‫ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت )اﻟﺘﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺜﺒﻄﺔ( ﻟﺮدود اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻬﺎﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻹرادﻳﺔ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ‬ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ أﻳ‬.‫ﺟﺬع اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ واﻟﻘﺸﺮة‬
‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﺸﺮي اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺤﻮاس ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻬﺎﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮى ﺟﺬع اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺼﺐ‬corticobulbar ‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم‬.‫واﻟﻌﺼﺒﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
.‫ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What helps information travel up and ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬:1‫س‬
down the spine? ‫ﺻﻌﻮدا وﻫﺒﻮﻃﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻔﻘﺮي؟‬
B. neural paths ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: The word "connect" is closest in meaning ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺮﺑﻂ" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ؟‬:2‫س‬
to?
C. join ‫ ﻳﺼﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q3: The word flame means? ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ؟‬:3‫س‬

A. Fire ‫ ﻧﺎر‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What eventually makes you take your hand ‫ﺪا‬

ً ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﻳﺪك ﺑﻌﻴ‬:4‫س‬
away from something hot? ‫ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲء ﺳﺎﺧﻦ؟‬
A. sensory neurons and interneurons .‫ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ و اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: When would your brain stop receiving ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ دﻣﺎﻏﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬:٥‫س‬
information from the spinal cord? ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ؟‬
A. If there was a serious damage to the spinal .‫ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺿﺮر ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺨﺎع اﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬.‫أ‬
cord.

Q6: The word desending in paregrogh 1 is ‫ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬1 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٦‫س‬
dosest is nearing to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟـ‬
A. falling ‫ ﻫﺒﻮط‬.‫أ‬

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 🤼 ‫ﺳﻠﻮك ﻋﺪواﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Behavior problems in children, especially aggression and defiance, don’t get a great deal of
sympathy, said Dave Anderson. There is a persistent belief that these behaviors reflect poor
parenting, he said, which is true. Physically, poor parenting, such as child abuse, including
physical abuse, emotional abuse, or emotional neglect, can harm a child or put them or
others in dangerous situations.
2- Psychologically, bad parenting skills lead to children’s development and mental health
problems. (Q1) Dysfunctional parenting can cause two major types of mental health issues:
internalizing problems such as depression, anxiety, or personality disorders, and externalizing
problems, such as aggression and violence. Another reason is thought to be a strong
biological component to behavioral issues, (Q2) and the responses which come naturally to
most parents faced with these behaviors may not have the desired results.
3- In a study published last year in the Journal of Pediatrics, Dr. Lorber and his colleagues
looked at 477 children from 6 to 24 months of age, asking their mothers to report on how
often in the past month the children had shown specific behaviors ranging from kicking and
hitting to pulling hair, biting and even hurting animals.
4- These behaviors were very common, with some actions (hitting or smacking someone)
much more common than others (hurting animals). The prevalence of the behaviors tended
to increase over time, with hitting peaking at 18 months, and kicking and pushing, as well as
throwing objects at people, peaking at 20 months. “Eight of 10 kids were hitting and
smacking at 18 months,” Dr. Lorber said. “The terrible twos started before 2.”
5- Not only were more toddlers hitting as they got older, but they were hitting more
frequently, so that the 24-month-olds were reported to be hitting nearly four to six days a
week. On the other hand, hair-pulling decreased with age, as did scratching, and the
researchers speculated that the increased incidence of those behaviors among the younger
children may reflect the close contact they have, since they are usually being held.
6- Though these behaviors are seen in almost all children, those toddlers who (Q3) act out
more frequently and consistently may need more help — and so may their parents. “These
behaviors are not inconsequential,” Dr. Lorber said. “Kids who are more aggressive also tend
to be more tantrummy, more irritable.”
7- And those problems persist as the children grow, he said. “Although aggression is
normative, some kids do it a lot more than others,” Dr. Lorber said. “The kids who are really
high frequency — it’s happening every day, multiple behaviors are happening every day —
those are probably the kids who have passed some threshold where that would warrant
special additional attention. (Q4) The problem is that most parents do not know how to
prevent bad behaviors. But they shouldn’t give up. The best way is to (Q5) gather all the
information you can, and then use your common sense and your instincts to make a decision
that feels right. If the problem persists, parents need to ask for expert’s help.”

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‫‪ -١‬ﻗﺎل دﻳﻒ أﻧﺪرﺳﻮن إن ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﺪي‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﻘﺪر ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺨﺎ ﺑﺄن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻷﺑﻮة واﻷﻣﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‪ .‬وﻗﺎل إن ﻫﻨﺎك اﻋﺘﻘﺎًدا راﺳ ً‬
‫ﺟﺴﺪًﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي ﺳﻮء اﻷﺑﻮة واﻷﻣﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ إﺳﺎءة ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻻﻋﺘﺪاء اﻟﺠﺴﺪي أو‬
‫اﻹﺳﺎءة اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ أو اﻹﻫﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ إﻟﺤﺎق اﻟﻀﺮر ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻔﻞ أو وﺿﻌﻬﻢ أو اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﺧﻄﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆدي ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻷﺑﻮة واﻷﻣﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل وﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ اﻷﺑﻮة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب أو اﻟﻘﻠﻖ أو اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺸﻜﻼت ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺳﺒﺐ آﺧﺮ‬
‫ُﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﻮن ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻗﻮي ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻵﺑﺎء اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻮن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ُﻧﺸﺮت اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻃﺐ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻟﻮرﺑﺮ وزﻣﻼؤه إﻟﻰ ‪ 477‬ﻃﻔًﻠﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮاوح أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 6‬و‪ 24‬ﺷﻬًﺮا‪ ،‬وﻃﻠﺒﻮا ﻣﻦ أﻣﻬﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ أﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻛﻞ واﻟﻀﺮب إﻟﻰ ﺷﺪ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ وﻋﺾ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت وﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫إﻳﺬاﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪا‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل )ﺿﺮب أو ﺻﻔﻊ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ( أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺟ ً‬
‫)إﻳﺬاء اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت(‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻴﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻠﻮغ اﻟﺬروة ﻟﻠﻀﺮب ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻮغ ‪18‬‬
‫ﺷﻬًﺮا‪ ،‬واﻟﺮﻛﻞ واﻟﺪﻓﻊ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻠﻎ ذروة رﻣﻲ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 20‬ﺷﻬًﺮا‪ .‬ﻗﺎل اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻟﻮرﺑﺮ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺸﺮة أﻃﻔﺎل ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻀﺮﺑﻮن ﻳﺼﻔﻌﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ ‪ 18‬ﺷﻬًﺮا"‪" .‬ﺑﺪأ ﺳﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺮﻫﻴﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺎر اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻀﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا‬
‫ﻳﻀﺮﺑﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮاًرا‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ أن اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮن ‪ 24‬ﺷﻬًﺮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻳﻀﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ أﻳﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺷﺪ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺪش‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻬﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﺑﺄن زﻳﺎدة ﺣﺪوث ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺳًﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺣﺘﻀﺎﻧﻬﻢ وﺣﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﺎدًة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻫﺆﻻء اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺎر اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺪواﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر وﻣﺘﺴﻖ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ‪ -‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج آﺑﺎؤﻫﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ إﻟﻰ أن‬
‫ﻗﺎل اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻟﻮرﺑﺮ‪" :‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ"‪" .‬اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺪواﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮن أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﻀﺐ وﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬وﻗﺎل إن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‪ .‬ﻗﺎل اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻟﻮرﺑﺮ‪" :‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻌﺪوان أﻣﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎري‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻮﻧﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ"‪" .‬اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا ﺣًﻘﺎ ‪ -‬أي إﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺪث‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﺪث اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم ‪ -‬ﻫﺆﻻء ﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرﺟﺢ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺎوزوا اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ﺻﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ أن ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻵﺑﺎء ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮن ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻨﻌﻮن‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ذﻟﻚ اﻫﺘﻤﺎًﻣﺎ إﺿﺎﻓًﻴﺎ ﺧﺎ ً‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺴﻠﻤﻮا‪ .‬أﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺤﺎ‪ .‬إذا اﺳﺘﻤﺮت اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻵﺑﺎء إﻟﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﻄﺮة اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ وﻏﺮاﺋﺰك ﻻﺗﺨﺎذ ﻗﺮار ﻳﺒﺪو ﺻﺤﻴ ً‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء "‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which of the following is a fact? ‫ أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. Poor parenting is the cause of children's ‫ اﻷﺑﻮة واﻷﻣﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺳﻮء ﺳﻠﻮك‬.‫أ‬
misbehavior. .‫اﻷﻃﻔﺎل‬

Q2: What can we undertand about parents ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
form paragraph 2? ‫؟‬2
C. Parents fail to deal with bad behavior ‫ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻴﺊ‬.‫ج‬
appropriately. .‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

Q3: What word other than misbehave does ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﻮء اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﺘﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
the writer use for aggressive behavior? ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻲ؟‬
A. act out ‫ ﻳﺘﺼﺮف‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What can we understand about ‫؟‬7 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻵﺑﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
parents from paragraph 7?
A. They fail to prevent bad behavior. ‫ ﻳﻔﺸﻞ اﻵﺑﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻴﺊ‬.‫أ‬

Q5: How is the writer's view about ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮك‬:٥‫س‬
children's bad behavior different from the ‫اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ؟‬
parent's view?
B. The writer believes that parents should ‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬.‫ب‬
use their instincts to deal with bad .‫ﻏﺮاﺋﺰﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻴﺊ‬
behavior.

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 👨⚕ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), or a medical
doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting,
maintaining or restoring health through the examination, diagnosis, and treatment of
disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Other responsibilities include:
giving advice on diet, hygiene, and preventative care, (Q1) examining patients, prescribing
medications, ordering, giving, and interpreting diagnostic tests, along with taking and keeping
medical histories.
2- There are generally two types of physicians: medical doctors (MD) and doctors of
osteopathic medicine (DO). They use the same methods of treatment, including drugs and
surgery, but DOs also focus on the body’s musculoskeletal system, preventative medicine,
and holistic patient care.
‫ أو اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﻫﻮ أﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻳﻤﺎرس‬،(‫ ﻣﻤﺎرس ﻃﺒﻲ )ﺑﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻨﻮﻟﺚ‬،(‫ ﻃﺒﻴﺐ )ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬-١
‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ أو اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أو اﺳﺘﻌﺎدﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺤﺺ واﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ واﻟﻌﻼج‬،‫اﻟﻄﺐ‬
‫ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻮرة‬:‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض واﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻋﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ واﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ ووﺻﻒ اﻷدوﻳﺔ وﻃﻠﺐ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬
.‫ ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ أﺧﺬ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻄﺒﻲ واﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻪ‬،‫اﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ وإﻋﻄﺎءﻫﺎ وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫( إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن‬DO). ‫( وأﻃﺒﺎء اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻤﻲ‬MD) ‫ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء‬:‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﺒﺎء‬-٢
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
ً ‫ ﻟﻜﻦ أﻃﺒﺎء اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻤﻲ ﻳﺮﻛﺰون أﻳ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻷدوﻳﺔ واﻟﺠﺮاﺣﺔ‬،‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﻃﺮق اﻟﻌﻼج‬
.‫ واﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺿﻰ‬،‫ واﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does “examining” mean in ‫(؟‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻓﺤﺺ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
paragraph (1)? ‫ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‬.‫ب‬
B. looking
‫ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
Q2: What is this passage about? ‫ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‬.‫أ‬
A. Medical doctor

586
 📘 ‫ﻓﻬﺮس‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
An index page was given where there were 5 units with their titles. For example:

(Q1) Unit 1 The religion of the Native Americans

(Q2) Unit 2 The society of Native Americans
Unit 3 The Diversity of Native American Religion
Unit 4 Native American culture areas
Unit 5 Native American History

:‫ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬.‫ وﺣﺪات ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻨﻬﺎ‬5 ‫أﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﻓﻬﺮس ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك‬

‫دﻳﻦ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‬ 1 ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‬ 2 ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮع اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ 3 ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ 4 ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ‬ 5 ‫وﺣﺪة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which unit would talk about the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ ﻃﻘﻮس اﻟﺼﻼة‬:١‫س‬
praying rituals of Native Americans? ‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ؟‬
A. Unit 1 1 ‫ وﺣﺪة‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Which unit would talk about the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬:٢‫س‬
dramatic change in the society of the ‫اﻟﺪراﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﻴﻦ؟‬
Native Americans?
B. Unit 2 2 ‫ وﺣﺪة‬.‫ب‬

587
 🌴 ‫أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The date tree is a large palm tree native to the Euphrates basin that has been cultivated
for millennia for its stone fruit, the date. This palm tree is emblematic of Saharan oases and
nomads used to consume its fruit for its energising properties.
2- Farmers grow date palm trees not only for its fruit but also for its leaves and ornamental
value as well. Not only are the fruit used for a variety of culinary purposes, but the leaves
have also been used to weave baskets. Various parts of this plant have been used medicinally
to treat a variety of ailments. Even date oil, extracted from the stone, is highly valued in (Q4d)
the cosmetics industry. So, we can see that date palm trees are (Q2) versatile. The date palm
tree offers fruit, fibre, sheltering material, and fuel demonstrating (Q3) its versatility and great
importance.
3- Date Palm Leaves Uses:
1. Weaving baskets
(Q4a)

2. In North Africa, palm trees are commonly used for (Q4b) making huts.
3. Mature leaves are also made into mats, screens, baskets, and fans.
4. Processed leaves can be used for the insulating board.
5. Dried leaf petioles are a source of cellulose pulp, used for walking sticks, brooms,
fishing floats, and fuel.
6. Leaf-sheaths are prized for their scent, and fiber from them is also used for rope,
coarse cloth, and large hats.
‫ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺷﺠﺮة ﻧﺨﻴﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻮض اﻟﻔﺮات ﺗﻤﺖ زراﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻵﻻف اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺛﻤﺎرﻫﺎ‬-١
‫ ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ رﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻮاﺣﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ واﻟﺒﺪو اﻟﺬﻳﻦ اﻋﺘﺎدوا أن ﻳﺄﻛﻠﻮا ﺛﻤﺎرﻫﺎ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ‬،‫ذات اﻟﻨﻮاة‬
. ‫ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫ ﻻ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻷوراﻗﻬﺎ وﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺰرع اﻟﻤﺰارﻋﻮن أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺛﻤﺎرﻫﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ‬-٢
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺞ‬ ً ‫ ﺑﻞ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷوراق أﻳ‬،‫ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻏﺮاض اﻟﻄﻬﻲ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫ أﺷﺠﺎر‬.‫ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﺰاء ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﻃﺒًﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﻼج ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض‬.‫اﻟﺴﻼل‬
‫ ذو ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاة‬،‫ ﺣﺘﻰ زﻳﺖ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ‬.‫اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت‬
‫ وﻫﻜﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺮى أن ﺷﺠﺮة اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ واﻷﻟﻴﺎف وﻣﻮاد اﻹﻳﻮاء واﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬.‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
:‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت أوراق اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﺴﻼل‬ .1
.‫ ﻳﺸﻴﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﻮاخ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ .2
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺼﺎﺋﺮ وﺷﺎﺷﺎت وﺳﻼل وﻣﺮاوح‬ ً ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ اﻷوراق اﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ أﻳ‬ .3
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻛﻠﻮح ﻋﺎزل‬ .4
،‫ واﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺲ‬،‫ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻛﻌﺼﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﻲ‬،‫أﻋﻨﺎق اﻷوراق اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮز‬ .5
.‫ واﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬،‫وﻋﻮاﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺒﺎل واﻟﻘﻤﺎش اﻟﺨﺸﻦ‬ً ‫ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﻟﻴﺎف ﻣﻨﻬﺎ أﻳ‬،‫ُﺗﻌﺪ أﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻷوراق ﺛﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ .6
.‫واﻟﻘﺒﻌﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬

588
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Which statement is not mentioned in ‫(؟‬1) ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻓﺤﺺ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
the passage?
D. Dates are eaten all around the world. .‫ ﻳﺆﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What does “versatile” mean in passage ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬:٢‫س‬
(2)? ‫(؟‬٢)
A. useful ‫ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is a fitting title for this passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:٣‫س‬
A. Versatility of date palm trees ‫ ﺗﻌﺪد اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: What is not mentioned about the use ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ؟‬:٤‫س‬
of palm trees?
C. Inscription ‫ ﻧﻘﺶ‬.‫ج‬

589
 🌦 ‫اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Today, Thursday, is very windy and cold. (Q1) There is a chance of some rain too, so don’t
leave home without your umbrella, especially if you leave between 8 - 9 pm when it is
expected to rain heavily! The temperature is around 10° centigrade. In the east, it’s rainy all
day today, I’m afraid. There may be a thunderstorm in the afternoon. The temperature is a
bit higher, at around 13°C.
2- In the west and middle of the country, the weather is dry but cloudy. So no rain for you,
but it is quite windy and the temperature is just 10°C. The south of the country has the best
weather today. It’s cloudy most of the time but sunny this afternoon. The temperature is
around 15°C .
3- Tomorrow is expected to be sunny and warm. So, you can enjoy the sunshine. (Q2) The
temperature will continue to increase throughout the week where it reaches the highest
temperature of 22°C on Tuesday. Then it is expected to drop, again.
‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻐﺎدر اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬،‫ﻀﺎ‬ً ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﺴﻘﻮط ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر أﻳ‬.‫ﺪا‬ ً ‫ اﻟﺠﻮ ﻋﺎﺻﻒ وﺑﺎرد ﺟ‬،‫ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺨﻤﻴﺲ‬-1
‫ ﻣﺴﺎًء ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﻬﻄﻞ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر ﺑﻐﺰازة! ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬9-8 ‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إذا ﻏﺎدرت ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﻈﻠﺘﻚ‬
‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺔ‬.‫ أﺧﺸﻰ أن اﻟﺠﻮ ﻣﻤﻄﺮ ﻃﻮال اﻟﻴﻮم‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮق‬.‫ درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬10 ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬13 ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ﻼ‬
ً ‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴ‬.‫رﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﻮ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻬﻄﻞ اﻷﻣﻄﺎر‬.‫ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﻘﺲ ﺟﺎًﻓﺎ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻏﺎﺋﻢ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮب ووﺳﻂ اﻟﺒﻼد‬-2
.‫ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﺒﻼد ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﻘﺲ اﻟﻴﻮم‬.‫ درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬10 ‫ﻋﺎﺻﻔﺎ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺳﺘﻜﻮن‬
.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬15 ‫ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻮ ﻏﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺸﻤﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ وﺳﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ درﺟﺎت‬.‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎع ﺑﺄﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬،‫ ﻟﺬا‬.‫ﺴﺎ وداﻓًﺌﺎ‬ ً ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻐﺪ ﻣﺸﻤ‬-3
‫ ﺛﻢ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﻮم اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺎء‬22 ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻃﻮال اﻷﺳﺒﻮع ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﻨﺪ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What time can we most expect rain ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﻄﻮل اﻷﻣﻄﺎر‬:١‫س‬
today? ‫اﻟﻴﻮم؟‬
B. 20:00 - 21:00 21:00 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬20:00 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: Which day is it the hottest? ‫ أي ﻳﻮم ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺮارة؟‬:٢‫س‬

A. Tuesday ‫ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺎء‬.‫أ‬

590
 🌱 ‫ﻧﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- A previously well, 17-year-old, unmarried, Sinhalese school girl (Q1) divulged the secret of
the sweet-looking A. precatarius plant as one of the most poisonous plants.
2- Following a family dispute, she had chewed and swallowed four seeds of this plant
unaware of the fatal outcome. The following day, she had developed painful lower abdominal
cramps with small-volume watery diarrhoea. The day after, she had mild chills without much
diarrhoea. On the fourth day, abdominal cramps and small-volume mucoid to watery
diarrhoea had returned and persisted, making her seek medical attention. She had no fever
or vomiting. She had no previous or family history of thrombotic conditions, nor was she on
any medications.
3- At admission, she was thin-built, conscious, rational, and had stable vitals. She started to
have generalised flaccidity with intermittent, brief (about 10 seconds) episodes of tonicity
and involuntary movements of the extremities, hyporeflexia, and episodes of involuntary
blinking. After two weeks, neurological examination revealed flaccid limbs, hyporeflexia,
cognitive dysfunction manifested by amnesia and poor attention, drowsiness, and difficult
phonation. It is important to note that our patient was brought for medical care with three
days of symptoms of abrin poisoning, reflecting the public unawareness of the (Q2)
catastrophic consequences of the poisoning. Had she not come at the correct time, a fatality
may not have been prevented.
. ‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ وﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺰوﺟﺔ ﺳﺮ اﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻞ أ‬17 ‫ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻓﺘﺎة ﺳﻨﻬﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬-١
. ‫ ﻛﻮاﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﺳﻤّﻴﺔ‬precatarius
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم‬.‫ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻤﻀﻎ واﺑﺘﻼع أرﺑﻊ ﺑﺬور ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪرﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺗﻠﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺰاع ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬-2
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم‬.‫ أﺻﻴﺒﺖ ﺑﺘﺸﻨﺠﺎت ﻣﺆﻟﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻬﺎل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬،‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻋﺎدت وﺗﻮاﺻﻠﺖ ﺗﺸﻨﺠﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬.‫ أﺻﻴﺒﺖ ﺑﻘﺸﻌﺮﻳﺮة ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ دون إﺳﻬﺎل ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ رﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻣﻊ اﺳﻬﺎل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎط‬
. ‫ وﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول أي أدوﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ أو ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺎت‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﻰ أو اﻟﻘﻲء‬
‫ ﺑﺪأت ﻓﻲ‬.‫ وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮة‬،‫ وﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫ واﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺤﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ‬-3
‫ن( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ واﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻼإرادﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻃﺮاف‬
ٍ ‫ ﺛﻮا‬10 ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻫﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻣﻊ ﻧﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ وﺟﻴﺰة )ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﺸﻒ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻫﻞ اﻷﻃﺮاف‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬.‫وﻧﻘﺺ اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس وﻧﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻮﻣﻴﺾ اﻟﻼإرادي‬
‫وﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺎت واﻟﺨﻠﻞ اﻹدراﻛﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة وﺿﻌﻒ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه واﻟﻨﻌﺎس وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻣﺮﻳﻀﺘﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ إﺣﻀﺎرﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻳﺎم ﻣﻦ أﻋﺮاض اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ‬.‫اﻟﻨﻄﻖ‬
،‫ ﻟﻮ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺄت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﺪم وﻋﻲ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮاﻗﺐ اﻟﻜﺎرﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻤﻢ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻷﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬
.‫ﻓﺮﺑﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة‬

591
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does “divulged”, in paragraph 1, ‫؟‬1 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة "ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ" ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
mean?
A. revealed ‫ ﻛﺸﻒ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What does catastrophic in paragraph 3, ‫؟‬3 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻛﺎرﺛﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
mean?
C. Devastating ‫ ﻣﺪﻣﺮة‬.‫ج‬

592
 📉 ‫ واﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‬19 ‫ﻛﻮﻓﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The COVID-19 Pandemic has blindsided many businesses and with very good reason.
Amidst the chaos and uncertainty, only the nimble and flexible have the greatest hope for
survival. There are different approaches that could help businesses respond or thrive in the
current COVID-19 climate and social media marketing plays a key role in the successful
implementation of these approaches.
2- (Q1) With most of the population staying at home it is important, wherever possible, for
businesses to adapt to their customers' changing requirements and (Q2) desires; to adjust
their offerings to help their customers engage with their brand and products from home due
to the current circumstances. This means making purchasing online or over the phone, a
simple and convenient process and home delivery readily available and affordable. (Q3) Online
shopping has become significantly important since the spread of Covid 19 in 2020. Only those
businesses which could adapt their advertisements to the change of their customers needs
could thrive while others faded away and vanished.
3- Creating a paid advertising campaign on social media platforms such as Facebook and
Instagram can be highly targeted to reach people within a specific geographical area, from
specific age groups and with interests relating directly to your brand. Also, remember to have
the Facebook pixel installed in your website so that ads can be retargeted to people who
have visited your website. This is the most cost-effective way to advertise on Facebook and
Instagram.
4- Now is the time to increase your social media activities to help and entertain customers
while they are stuck at home. Creating helpful content to show customers how they can get
by at home until they can use your products again, is one of the best ways to strengthen
customer relations.
5- Depending on your business, helpful content could be recipes coming from a cafe or
restaurant, home workouts from a gym, home treatments from a beauty therapist. Of
course, it needs to be relevant and appropriate for your business.
6- Customers will be grateful that you provided a fun and useful experience for them while
they have been stuck at home. In fact, the Edelman Trust Barometer Special Report also
found that since the beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic more than one-third of consumers
(82% in China, 60% in India) said that they have started using a new brand because of the
innovative or compassionate way that it has responded." (Q4) It also showed that in Britain,
about 30% of online sales increased in February, 2020 (Q5) demonstrating the efficient value
of social media marketing.

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ ‪ COVID-19‬ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪاث ﺻﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﻟﺴﺒﺐ وﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺧﻀﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ وﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻮى اﻷذﻛﻴﺎء واﻟﻤﺮﻧﻴﻦ أﻛﺒﺮ أﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ أو اﻻزدﻫﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎخ ‪ COVID-19‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ دوًرا رﺋﻴﺴًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎء ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ أﻣﻜﻦ‪ ،‬أن ﺗﺘﻜﻴﻒ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ورﻏﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ؛ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﺮوﺿﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﺮاء ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ أو ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ وﻣﺮﻳﺤﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎزل ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ وﺑﺄﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﻋﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪ Covid 19‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ .2020‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻬ ً‬
‫إﻋﻼﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺰدﻫﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻼﺷﻰ اﻵﺧﺮون وﻳﺨﺘﻔﻮن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن إﻧﺸﺎء ﺣﻤﻠﺔ إﻋﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺼﺎت اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Facebook‬و‬
‫‪ Instagram‬ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪًﻓﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻋﻤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ‪ Facebook pixel‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻣﻊ اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎت ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺘﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ زاروا ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ‪ .‬ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼن ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Facebook‬و‪Instagram.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺣﺎن اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻵن ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة أﻧﺸﻄﺔ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة وﺗﺴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء أﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺗﻮاﺟﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺪ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻚ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬أﺣﺪ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬اﻋﺘﻤﺎًدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ وﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻬﻰ أو ﻣﻄﻌﻢ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﺎت ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺔ أﻟﻌﺎب رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻼﺟﺎت ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫وﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻣﻤﺘﻨﻴﻦ ﻷﻧﻚ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﻌﺔ وﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻋﺎﻟﻘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻀﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ ‪ ،COVID-19‬ﻗﺎل أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪ ،‬وﺟﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ‪ Edelman Trust Barometer‬اﻟﺨﺎص أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺛﻠﺚ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ )‪ ٪82‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪ ٪60 ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ( أﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﺪأوا ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮة أو اﻟﻌﻄﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻇﻬﺮت أن ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ ٪30‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ زادت ﻓﻲ ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ ‪ ،2020‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is important for business to do ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ؟‬:١‫س‬
when marketing?
A. Keep up with the changing needs and ‫ ﻣﻮاﻛﺒﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ورﻏﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬.‫أ‬
wants of customer

Q2: What does desires mean in paragraph ‫؟‬2 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
2?
B. Interests ‫ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What does the paragraph say about ‫ واﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﻋﺒﺮ‬١٩-‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻓﻴﺪ‬:٣‫س‬
Covid 19 and online shopping? ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ؟‬
C. It changed significantly in 2020. 2020 ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﺮت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What % did online sales in the UK ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ زادت اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ‬:٤‫س‬
increase to in February of 2020? ‫؟‬2020 ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة إﻟﻰ ﻓﺒﺮاﻳﺮ‬
D. 30% ٪30 .‫د‬

Q5: What does the paragraph say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬:٥‫س‬
social media marketing? ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؟‬
A. It is effective. ‫ إﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎل‬.‫أ‬

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 💪 ‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Endurance activities, often referred to as aerobic, increase your breathing and heart rates.
These activities help keep you healthy. Some activities that build endurance include: running,
swimming and jogging. Among all races in the world, East Africans usually win the major
marathons. And Kenyans have the fastest running speed. There are several factors that can
explain the extraordinary success of the Kenyan distance runners including, (Q1) environment
and genetics.
2- The term aerobic actually means "with oxygen," which means that breathing controls the
amount of oxygen that can help muscles to burn fuel and move. The most common sports
that require an aerobic energy system are (Q2) running and cycling. The aerobic energy system
uses oxygen to produce energy. This energy is then stored and used for longer periods of
exercise. The body uses carbohydrates and fats while producing energy using this method.
3- Power is one of the most important factors in sports and athletics. Power is the ability to
perform strength based movements quickly. Power also is defined as the rate of performing
work. It measures how much energy is created in each second that passes. To calculate
power we use (Q3) distance, force, time. Power = (Distance × Force) ÷ Time.
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬.‫ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ وﺿﺮﺑﺎت ﻗﻠﺒﻚ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻷﻳﺮوﺑﻴﻚ‬،‫ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬-1
‫ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺑﻘﺎﺋﻚ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‬
‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻮز ﺷﺮق إﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.‫ اﻟﺠﺮي واﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ واﻟﻬﺮوﻟﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ وﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﻮن ﺑﺄﺳﺮع ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮي‬.‫ﺳﺒﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺎراﺛﻮن اﻟﻜﺒﺮى‬
.‫أن ﺗﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﻨﺠﺎح اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻌﺪاﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﻮراﺛﺔ‬

‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬،"‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻷﻳﺮوﺑﻴﻚ " ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬-2
‫ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺎت ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻈﺎًﻣﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﻮد واﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬.‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﺮي ورﻛﻮب اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮات أﻃﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات واﻟﺪﻫﻮن أﺛﻨﺎء إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬

‫ اﻟﻘﻮة ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ أداء اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫اﻟﻘﻮة ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ وأﻟﻌﺎب اﻟﻘﻮى‬- 3
‫ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪل أداء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ً ‫ ُﺗﻌﱠﺮف اﻟﻘﻮة أﻳ‬.‫اﻟﻘﻮة ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
. ‫ اﻟﻘﺪرة = )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ × اﻟﻘﻮة( ÷ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻘﻮة ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﻘﻮة واﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺮ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What makes Kenyans have the fastest ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﺄﺳﺮع ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬:١‫س‬
running speed? ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮي؟‬
B. environment and genetics ‫ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﻮراﺛﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What are the sports that require an ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬:٢‫س‬
aerobic energy system? ‫ﻫﻮاﺋﻴﺔ؟‬
D. running and cycling ‫ اﻟﺠﺮي ورﻛﻮب اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What is used to calculate power? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻘﺪرة؟‬:٣‫س‬

A. distance, force, time ‫ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬،‫ اﻟﻘﻮة‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬.‫أ‬

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 🐄 ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺮوة اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The livestock sector is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural economy,
particularly in the developing world. The global demand for meat, including beef, pork,
chicken, and lamb, has tripled in the past 50 years – due primarily to a growing global
population. This increased demand for meat is paralleled by rising temperatures and sea
levels, i.e. global warming.
2- While on the surface these might seem like two separate phenomena, a closer look reveals
the undeniable link between meat production and climate change. (Q1) The relationship
between the livestock industry – the rearing of animals to produce dairy and meat products –
and climate change is becoming more apparent with population growth and globalization
influencing a global shift towards the so-called Western Diet, (Q2) which is basically pounds
and pounds of meat (usually red meat) paired with high amounts of saturated fat and sugar.
3- A new study adds to the evidence that eating red meat on a regular basis may shorten
your lifespan. (Q2) Past research has tied red meat to increased risks of diabetes,
cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. The studies have also pointed to an elevated risk
of mortality from red meat intake.
4- Factory farms are the largest user of land resources globally with 80% of total agricultural
land used to grow the crops that feed animals. On a global scale, a meat-based diet requires
almost three times more land than a plant-based diet. As populations continue to grow and
meat demand increases, more and more deforestation is likely to occur, too, to make room
for pasture lands for beef cattle. Forests are crucial to maintaining biodiversity in wildlife and
also are important carbon sink lands, absorbing carbon dioxide from the environment.
5- Cutting down trees releases all the absorbed CO2 – putting it back into the atmosphere –
and irrevocably damages wildlife habitats – contributing to an increase in endangered species
by rupturing whole ecosystems paired with biodiversity loss. (Q3) Meat Production uses a lot
of water; approximately 10% of water flow worldwide is used for rearing livestock. This is a
considerable amount when we consider the threat of water scarcity as populations increase
and climate-change induced droughts become more frequent.
6- While the consequences of climate change are immense and often difficult to digest, being
more informed about the impact of your individual choices can make all the difference.
Knowing the meat and dairy industry’s negative environmental impact might give you the
motivation you need to reduce your animal product consumption and welcome more greens
and grains into your diet. (Q4) However, the grain prices keep rising due to the livestock
farming which make it even harder for the poor to afford them. This cycle gets vicious with
the passing of time: the increased prices of grains increase the prices of the livestock feeding
and thus products, as well. To break this cycle, it is advisable for people to cut down on
eating red meat to help reduce not only grains prices, global warming but also water
consumption.

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 ‫ﻮا‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﺜﺮوة اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺳﺮع ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ ﻧﻤ ً‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻟﺤﻮم اﻟﺒﻘﺮ وﻟﺤﻢ اﻟﺨﻨﺰﻳﺮ واﻟﺪﺟﺎج واﻟﻀﺄن‪ ،‬ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮات‬
‫ﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪ -‬وﻳﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ أﺳﺎ ً‬
‫اﻟﻠﺤﻮم ﻳﺘﻮازى ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬أي اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪو ﻫﺎﺗﺎن اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺗﺎن ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻧﻈﺮة ﻓﺎﺣﺼﺔ ﺗﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫إﻧﻜﺎره ﺑﻴﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻠﺤﻮم وﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺮوة اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻷﻟﺒﺎن واﻟﻠﺤﻮم ‪ -‬وﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮ ً‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أرﻃﺎل وأرﻃﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم )ﻋﺎدة اﻟﻠﺤﻮم‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء( ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ واﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻀﻴﻒ دراﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻠﺤﻮم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ‪ .‬رﺑﻄﺖ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﺮض اﻟﺴﻜﺮي وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
‫واﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﺷﺎرت اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻠﺤﻮم‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺰارع اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﻮارد اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ ٪80‬ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﺬي اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻹﻓﺴﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ وزﻳﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﺤﻮم‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ واﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﻋﻲ ﻟﻸﺑﻘﺎر‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ض ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻷﺣﻮاض اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ أرا ٍ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻳﺆدي ﻗﻄﻊ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر إﻟﻰ إﻃﻼق ﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺺ ‪ -‬وإﻋﺎدﺗﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ‪ -‬وإﻟﺤﺎق‬
‫أﺿﺮار ﻻ رﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻬﺪدة ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺮاض ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻤﺰﻳﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﻔﻘﺪان اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻠﺤﻮم ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ ٪10‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﺘﺪﻓﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا ﻗﺪًرا ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﺪرة اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺴﻜﺎن وﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺠﻔﺎف اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ وﻳﺼﻌﺐ اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن زﻳﺎدة اﻃﻼﻋﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎراﺗﻚ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﻓﺮًﻗﺎ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺤﻮم واﻷﻟﺒﺎن اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻀﺮ‬
‫واﻟﺤﺒﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻚ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‪ .‬إﻻ أن أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺤﺒﻮب ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ :‬ﻓﺎرﺗﻔﺎع أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺤﺒﻮب ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻨﺼﺢ اﻟﻨﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫زﻳﺎدة أﺳﻌﺎر ﻋﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻠﺤﻮم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺤﺒﻮب واﻻﺣﺘﺮار اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does paragraph 2 say about ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬2 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
livestock farming regarding the ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؟‬
environment?
A. It causes global warming. ‫ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What do paragraphs 2 and 3 say about ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬3‫ و‬2 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎن‬:٢‫س‬
eating too much red meat? ‫اﻟﻠﺤﻮم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء؟‬
D. It is unhealthy. ‫ إﻧﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻲ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What does paragraph 5 say about ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ؟‬٥ ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
livestock Farming?
B. It wastes too much water. ‫ ﺗﻬﺪر اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What does paragraph 6 say about ‫ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬6 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬
livestock farming affecting poor? ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء؟‬
C. It increases the price of grains so the ‫ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‬.‫ج‬
poor can no longer afford it. .‫ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬

600
 🧑💻 ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Remote working is becoming more popular than ever. A study released by the Swiss office
provider IWG found that 70% of professionals work remotely at least one day a week, while
53% work remotely for at least half of the week. Some multinationals have their entire staff
working remotely, with no fixed office presence at all, which can result in having employees
situated all over the world.
2- New technology makes all this possible. While there are certainly benefits, there are also a
number of pitfalls. As remote working becomes the new normal for many, it’s important
companies adapt and put the right policies in place to ensure their employees feel part of the
team and don’t burn out.
3- But there are also growing concerns that people’s mental health and well-being can take a
hit when working remotely. There are hidden (Q1) drawbacks to remote working. In the UK,
businesses lose £100m every year due to workplace stress, depression and anxiety. Research
shows that being “always on” and accessible by technology while working remotely leads to
the (Q2) blurring of work and non-work boundaries, particularly if you work from home. A
2017 United Nations report found that 41% of remote workers reported high stress levels,
compared to just 25% of office workers.
4- Feelings of isolation, loneliness and being unable to “switch off”, as well as the lack of
social support, were the more significant issues raised about how virtual working was
managed. Interviewees said a lack of feedback from line managers and senior colleagues
gave them no (Q3) benchmark to judge progress, which led to increased feelings of anxiety
and a concern as to whether they were “up to standard .”
‫ وﺟﺪت دراﺳﺔ ﺻﺎدرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺰود اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ‬.‫ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ أي وﻗﺖ ﻣﻀﻰ‬-١
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻴﻮم واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع‬٪70 ‫ أن‬IWG ‫اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮي‬
‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎت ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻋﻦ ُﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻧﺼﻒ اﻷﺳﺒﻮع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‬٪53
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬،‫ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
.‫أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ‬
ً ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك أﻳ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬.‫ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬا ﻣﻤﻜﻨﴼ‬-٢
‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ أن ﺗﺘﻜﻴﻒ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬،‫ﺪا ﻟﻠﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ً ‫ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ُﺑﻌﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ أﻣًﺮا ﻃﺒﻴﻌًﻴﺎ ﺟﺪﻳ‬.‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎت‬
‫وﺗﻀﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺷﻌﻮر ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ وأﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻌﺮون ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻬﺎك‬
.(‫)اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺨﺎوف ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس واﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻀﺮر ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
ً ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎك أﻳ‬-٣
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺟﻨﻴﻪ‬100 ‫ ﺗﺨﺴﺮ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﻴﻮب ﺧﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬.‫ﻋﻦ ُﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث أن ﻛﻮﻧﻚ "ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ‬.‫إﺳﺘﺮﻟﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب واﻟﻘﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻤﺎ" وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ُﺑﻌﺪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪم وﺿﻮح‬ً ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ داﺋ‬
2017 ‫ وﺟﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻌﺎم‬.‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ إذا ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‬،‫ﺣﺪود اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
.‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ‬٪25 ‫ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑـ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ أﺑﻠﻐﻮا ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت إﺟﻬﺎد ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬٪41 ‫أن‬

601
 ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫‪- ٤‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ واﻟﻮﺣﺪة وﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ "اﻻﻧﻐﻼق"‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ً‬
‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺛﻴﺮت أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ إدارة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻗﺎل اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺘﻬﻢ إن ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ وﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺰﻣﻼء ﻟﻢ ﻳﻤﻨﺤﻬﻢ أي ﻣﻌﻴﺎر ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ أدى‬
‫إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﻖ واﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﻮا "ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ‪".‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What does drawback in paragraph 3‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة ‪3‬؟‬
‫?‪mean‬‬
‫‪B. disadvantage‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺎوئ‬

‫‪Q2: What does blurring in paragraph 3‬‬ ‫س‪ :2‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة ‪3‬؟‬
‫?‪mean‬‬
‫‪C. confusing‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻴﺮ‬

‫‪Q3: What does benchmark in paragraph 4‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺮة ‪4‬؟‬
‫?‪mean‬‬
‫‪A. judgement‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫‪602‬‬
 🗓 ‫ﺟﺪول اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- There are several theories that study how media companies influence public opinion and
discourse. For nearly forty years, the (Q1) prevailing theory in the study of media and politics
suggested that the media had little, if any, impact on the opinions of Americans. However,
with studies being conducted in the field, there was enough evidence to believe that the idea
that what the public thinks about is set by the media. This is what the Agenda setting theory
believes. It was first introduced by Dr. Maxwell McCombs and Dr. Donald Shaw in 1972.
2 -The agenda-setting aspect forms an essential tenet of mass communications. The mass
media’s way of weighing one issue as more significant than the other, and reporting it to
make people think about it forms the core of the Agenda Setting Theory. It is the way
through which one can bring cognitive change by affecting the thinking of the people through
(Q2) projecting what the State wants on the news.

3 -The mass media’s discretion on the importance of a piece of news is determined by a host
of other factors, one of them being a popular opinion. Whenever there is a need by the
influential bodies of a State to get the people on board with them on the ideological ground,
it becomes news. People believe it is crucial and align themselves with the State (Q3) ideology.
Thus, agenda-setting nullifies the prospects of intelligent reporting and news fall prey to the
media’s discretion .
‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪرس ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻹﻋﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮأي واﻟﺨﻄﺎب اﻟﻌﺎم‬-١
‫ أﺷﺎرت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻹﻋﻼم واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم‬،‫ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ آراء اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‬،‫ إن وﺟﺪ‬،‫ﺿﺌﻴﻞ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ وﺿﻊ‬.‫ﺪد ﻣﻦ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم‬ ‫ﺣ ﱢ‬
ُ ‫اﻷدﻟﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﺄن ﻓﻜﺮة أن ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﻗﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺎﻛﺴﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﻮﻣﺒﺲ واﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر دوﻧﺎﻟﺪ ﺷﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ﺟﺪول اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
.1972
‫ إن ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬.‫ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ وﺿﻊ ﺟﺪول اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺒﺪًأ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﴼ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬-٢
‫ واﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻳﻔﻜﺮون ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬،‫إﺣﺪى اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ إﺣﺪاث ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ وﺿﻊ اﻷﺟﻨﺪة‬
.‫اﻟﻨﺎس ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ إﺳﻘﺎط ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪه اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺧﺒﺎر‬
‫ أﺣﺪﻫﺎ رأي‬،‫ ﺗﺘﺤﺪد ﺣﺮﻳﺔ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﺧﺮى‬-٣
‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺷﺮاك اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺿﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺷﻌﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن وﺿﻊ ﺟﺪول‬،‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻨﺎس أﻧﻪ أﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ وﻳﻨﺤﺎزون إﻟﻰ ﻓﻜﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ أﺧﺒﺎًرا‬،‫ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬
.‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻳﻠﻐﻲ آﻓﺎق اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ اﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ وﺗﻘﻊ اﻷﺧﺒﺎر ﻓﺮﻳﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم‬

603
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does prevailing in the paragraph ‫؟‬١ ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
mean?
D. predominant ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What does projecting in the paragraph 2 ‫؟‬٢ ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻹﺳﻘﺎط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
mean?
B. imposing ‫ ﻓﺮض‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What does ideology in the paragraph 3 ‫؟‬٣ ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٣‫س‬
mean?
A. belief ‫ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد‬.‫أ‬

604
 🔪 ‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.
(Q1) The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally
accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes.
The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something
is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is
that a (Q2) crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an (Q2) illegal act that is harmful not only to
some individual but also to a community, society, or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts
are forbidden and punishable by law. Therefore, an act is a crime only when it is in (Q2)
violation of criminal law.
2- The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide.
What precisely is a criminal offence is defined by the criminal law of each relevant
jurisdiction. While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code, in some
common law nations no such comprehensive statute exists. (Q3) So, it would be a great move
if the countries all over the world would agree on a clearer and more comprehensive
definition of the word crime.
‫ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ أو ﺳﻠﻄﺔ أﺧﺮى‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن‬،‫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ أي ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ وﻣﻘﺒﻮل ﻋﺎﻟﻤًﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬،‫اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺮأي اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ أﻧﺸﺄﻫﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎرﻳﻒ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻷﻏﺮاض ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ أي ﺷﻲء ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ إذا ﺗﻢ إﻋﻼﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ذي اﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن؛ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ‬
‫ أو اﻟﺠﻨﺤﺔ )أو اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﻫﻮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ‬،‫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬.‫واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه‬.(‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ أو ﻟﻠﺪوﻟﺔ )ﺧﻄﺄ ﻋﺎم‬ً ‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ أو أﻳ‬ً ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﺮاد وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎك اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﻤﻨﻮع وﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
.‫اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻓﻜﺮة ﺗﻘﻮل ﺑﺄن اﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﺘﻞ واﻻﻏﺘﺼﺎب واﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻈﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء‬-٢
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ وﻻﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ دول‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﻟﻮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮاﺋﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬.‫ذات ﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﺧﻄﻮة راﺋﻌﺔ إذا اﺗﻔﻘﺖ اﻟﺪول ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬،‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻌﺎم‬
.‫ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬،‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ أوﺿﺢ وأﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻤﻮًﻻ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is a fact according to the writer? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. Crime is a general term. .‫ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺎم‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What are alternate words used for ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎل‬:2‫س‬
illegal acts? ‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
C. Crime and violation ‫ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ واﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎك‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What does the writer think about the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻔﻜﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ؟‬:٣‫س‬
definition of crime?
B. It can be made clearer. .‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ‬.‫ب‬

605
 🌻 ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- In the 1600s, the Belgian physician Jan van Helmont devised an experiment to find out if
plants grew by taking material out of the soil. Van Helmont determined the mass of a pot of
dry soil and a small seedling. Then, he planted the seedling in the pot of soil. He watered it
regularly. At the end of five years, the seedling, which by then had grown into a small tree,
had gained about 75 kg. The mass of the soil, however, was almost unchanged.
2- He concluded that “164 pounds of wood, barks, and roots arose out of water only,”
because that was only thing that he had added. (Q1) Obviously, he knew nothing of
photosynthesis, in which carbon from the air, water & minerals from the soil are used to
generate new plant tissue with the presence of sunlight.
3- Although van Helmont did not realize it, carbon dioxide in the air made a major
contribution to the mass of his tree. The carbon in carbon dioxide is used to make sugars and
other carbohydrates in photosynthesis. (Q2) Moreover, he could not grasp the role minerals
and the sun light play in photosynthesis. Van Helmont had only part of the story, but he
made a major contribution to science. Now, photosynthesis is one of the basic facts in
biology which is defined as the process during which (Q3) light energy is captured and used to
convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
It helps plants make their own food to survive and grow. Plants not only make their own
food, but also provide all the other living creatures with the (Q4) fuel they need to live.
‫ اﺑﺘﻜﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ اﻟﺒﻠﺠﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﺎن ﻓﺎن ﻫﻴﻠﻤﻮﻧﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬-١
‫ ﺛﻢ‬.‫ ﺣﺪد ﻓﺎن ﻫﻴﻠﻤﻮﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ إﻧﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ وﺷﺘﻠﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬.‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ اﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ اﻟﺸﺘﻼت‬،‫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات‬.‫ ﻛﺎن ﻳﺴﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬.‫زرع اﻟﺸﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺎء اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
.‫ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻛﺠﻢ‬75 ‫ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬،‫ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺠﺮة ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺸﺐ واﻟﻠﺤﺎء واﻟﺠﺬور ﻧﺸﺄت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻘﻂ" ﻷن ﻫﺬا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ً ‫ رﻃ‬164" ‫ وﺧﻠﺺ إﻟﻰ أن‬-٢
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬،‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺷﻴًﺌﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺬي أﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
.‫واﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬

‫ إﻻ أن ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻓﺎن ﻫﻴﻠﻤﻮﻧﺖ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪرك ذﻟﻚ‬-٣
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬.‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺷﺠﺮﺗﻪ‬
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺪرك دور اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻓﻲ‬.‫واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬
.‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪم ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬،‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺪى ﻓﺎن ﻫﻴﻠﻤﻮﻧﺖ ﺳﻮى ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺼﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ اﻵن أﺣﺪ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣﻴﺎء واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ‬،‫اﻵن‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻨﻊ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ‬.‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن إﻟﻰ أﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ وﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺰود ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ‬،‫ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻘﺎء واﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
. ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: How is the author's view of "increase in ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻋﻦ "زﻳﺎدة‬:١‫س‬
mass" in trees different from the Dutch ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ" ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪي‬
scientist, Helmont's? ‫ﻫﻴﻠﻤﻮﻧﺖ؟‬
C. It is due to the water, minerals, carbon ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬.‫ج‬
dionxide, and sun light. .‫وﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬

Q2: What can we understand from ‫( ﻋﻦ‬3) ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
Paragraph (3) about Helmont's ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻫﻴﻠﻤﻮﻧﺖ؟‬
experiment?
C. It failed because it did not pay attention .‫ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫ج‬
to all things plants needed.

Q3: What can we understand from the ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺺ ﺣﻮل ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬:٣‫س‬
passage about the source of food ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻐﺬاء؟‬
hypothesis?
C. Food comes from four sources. .‫ اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺼﺎدر‬.‫ج‬

Q4: What word other than food does the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺨﻼف اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬:٤‫س‬
writer use to talk about the need of all ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ؟‬
living things?
B. fuel ‫ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬.‫ب‬

607
 🐠 ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Fish are aquatic vertebrates. They usually have gills, paired fins, a long body covered with
scales, and tend to be cold-blooded. (Q1) Fish come in different colours and shapes. There are
many kinds of fish: the small, the big. the black and the coloured.
2- There are actually 3 main classes, groups, or types of fish: bony fish, jawless fish, and
cartilaginous fish. Fish are the most diverse group among the vertebrates, with over 33,000
different types of fish species. However, not all aquatic creatures which (Q2) resemble fish are
considered fish. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are aquatic mammals, for example.
3- All of the fish take oxygen from the water they swim in. They take (Q3) it with their gills. Fish
scientists are called Ichthyologist. (Q4) They have discovered many types of strange fish and
they are expected to discover new species of fish in the coming years.
‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺧﻴﺎﺷﻴﻢ وزﻋﺎﻧﻒ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ وﺟﺴﻢ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻐﻄﻰ‬.‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻫﻲ ﻓﻘﺎرﻳﺎت ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻫﻨﺎك أﻧﻮاع‬.‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﺑﺄﻟﻮان وأﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ﺑﻘﺸﻮر وﻳﻤﻴﻠﻮن إﻟﻰ أن ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﻦ ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد‬
.‫ اﻷﺳﻮد واﻟﻤﻠﻮن‬.‫ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة واﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬:‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬
‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻴﺔ واﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬:‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﺛﻼث ﻓﺌﺎت أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت أو أﻧﻮاع رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬-٢
‫ ﻣﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻮًﻋﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺎرﻳﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻚ واﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻐﻀﺮوﻓﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻛﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك أﺳﻤﺎ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬33000
.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬،‫اﻟﺤﻴﺘﺎن واﻟﺪﻻﻓﻴﻦ وﺧﻨﺎزﻳﺮ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬.‫ وﺗﺄﺧﺬه ﻣﻊ ﺧﻴﺎﺷﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﻞ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺬي ﺗﺴﺒﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ‬-٣
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻮا اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻔﻮا‬.Ichthyologist ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﺳﻢ‬
.‫أﻧﻮاًﻋﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻨﺺ؟‬:١‫س‬
A. the types of fish ‫ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The word resemble in Paragraph 2 is ‫ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬2 ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:2‫س‬
closest in meaning to _____ _____ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
B. look like ‫ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: The pronoun, it, in Paragraph 3 refers _____ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬3 ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬،it ،‫ ﻳﻌﻮد اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ‬:٣‫س‬
to _____
D. oxygen. .‫ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬.‫د‬

Q4: According to Paragraph 3, it is ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺠﺪ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬،3 ‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة‬:٤‫س‬

expected that in the near future, the _____ ‫اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
scientists will find more _____
A. fish ‫ ﺳﻤﻚ‬.‫أ‬

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 ☀ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ د‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
Vitamin D or the sunshine vitamin is an important nutrient for the body. (Q1) Vitamin D
deficiency can lead to weak bones and increase risk of osteoporosis, bone pain and arthritis.
And if a new study is to be believed, then the vitamin can lead to aggressive behaviour in
adolescents. Conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan, the study found a link
between Vitamin D deficiency in young kids to aggression in their adolescent age. The
sunshine vitamin is synthesised in the body in the presence of sunlight. The body needs it to
absorb calcium and make bones stronger. (Q2) That’s why the people living in Antarctica suffer
from vitamin D deficiency because there isn’t enough sunlight. In a study that was carried in
Antarctica, 90% of the 130 expeditioners had a lower bone density at the hip by 2%.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ د‬.‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ د أو ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻏﺬاﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ وإذا ﺻﺪﻗﻨﺎ‬.‫إﻟﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم وزﻳﺎدة ﺧﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻬﺸﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم وآﻻم اﻟﻌﻈﺎم واﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫ ووﺟﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك ﻋﺪواﻧﻲ ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺮاﻫﻘﻴﻦ‬،‫دراﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫أﺟﺮاﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻐﺎن ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ د ﻟﺪى اﻷﻃﻔﺎل اﻟﺼﻐﺎر واﻟﻌﺪواﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻫﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ‬.‫ﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم وﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
٪90 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى‬،‫ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺘﺎرﻛﺘﻴﻜﺎ‬.‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ د ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
.٪2 ‫ ﺑﻌﺜﺔ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻈﺎم أﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮرك ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬130 ‫ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does vitamin D deficiency lead ‫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺆدي ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ د؟‬:١‫س‬
to?
A. weaker bones ‫ ﻋﻈﺎم أﺿﻌﻒ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: Why do countries in the Antarctica ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬:2‫س‬
have a vitamin D deficiency? ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ )د(؟‬
C. There isn’t enough sunlight. .‫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬.‫ج‬

609
 🌿 ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Humans and plants have a complex relationship extending far back into our joint history.
(Q1) This legacy can be seen today as plants provide nutrition, fiber, pharmaceuticals, and
energy for people across the globe. Plants are central to our well-being, not only as food, but
also as key components of our cultures, religions, and medicines.
2- Plant domestication and agriculture allowed human society to develop and our
settlements to become more complex. The word ‘plant’ encompasses a wide range of living
organisms, all of which belong to the kingdom Plantae and share a range of characteristics.
(Q2) From the big, flat paddles of the South American monstera to the tiny, round bobbles of
the African string-of-beads plant, leaves come in a bewildering variety of shapes and sizes.
3- Plant biodiversity is invaluable because it balances ecosystems, protects watersheds,
mitigates erosion, moderates climate, and provides shelter for animals. They include
flowering plants (trees, shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants), as well as the gymnosperms
(which include conifers), ferns and related species, the bryophytes (mosses and liverworts)
(Q3) and also the floating lotus on the surface of the water.

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻹرث اﻟﻴﻮم ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬.‫ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﺗﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻨﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك‬-١
‫ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ واﻷﻟﻴﺎف واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻛﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺗﻨﺎ ودﻳﺎﻧﺎﺗﻨﺎ وأدوﻳﺘﻨﺎ‬
ً ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ‬،‫ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻛﻐﺬاء‬،‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺘﻨﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬.‫ﺪا‬ً ‫ ﺳﻤﺢ ﺗﺪﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي وأن ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎﺗﻨﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴ‬-٢
‫ وﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﻼﻧﺘﺎي وﺗﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬،‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﺒﺎت" ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎدﻳﻒ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﻮش أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻜﺮات اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
.‫ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻷوراق ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل واﻷﺣﺠﺎم‬،‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮة ﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﺧﻴﻮط اﻟﺨﺮز اﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‬
،‫ وﻳﺤﻤﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬،‫ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪر ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻮازن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬-٣
‫ وﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻤﺰﻫﺮة )اﻷﺷﺠﺎر‬.‫ وﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺄوى ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت‬،‫ وﻳﻬﺪئ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬،‫وﻳﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺎرﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﺬور )اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺎت( واﻟﺴﺮاﺧﺲ‬،(‫واﻟﺸﺠﻴﺮات واﻷﻋﺸﺎب واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ واﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻄﺤﻠﺒﻴﺔ )اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ وﺣﺸﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ( وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻠﻮﺗﺲ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬،‫واﻷﻧﻮاع ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does paragraph 1 talk about? ‫؟‬1 ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﻪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:١‫س‬
B. People differ in using plants. .‫ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What is the main idea? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ؟‬:2‫س‬

A. Plants are found in different places. .‫ ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is special about the Lotus flower? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻴﺰ زﻫﺮة اﻟﻠﻮﺗﺲ؟‬:٣‫س‬
D. It floats on water. ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﻔﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫د‬

610
 🍬 ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
When you eat or drink too much sugar, the extra insulin in your bloodstream can affect your
arteries all over your body. It causes their walls to get inflamed, grow thicker than normal and
more stiff, this stresses your heart and damages it over time. (Q1) This can lead to heart
disease, like heart failure, heart attacks, and strokes.
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆﺛﺮ اﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮاﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ أو ﺗﺸﺮب اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻬﺪ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﺟﺪراﻧﻬﺎ وزﻳﺎدة ﺳﻤﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد وﺗﻴﺒﺴﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء ﺟﺴﻤﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺼﻮر اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﻨﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬.‫ﻗﻠﺒﻚ وﻳﺘﻠﻔﻪ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
.‫واﻟﺴﻜﺘﺎت اﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What health problem does sugar ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ‬:١‫س‬
cause? ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮ؟‬
C. It causes heart diseases. .‫ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ أﻣﺮاض اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬.‫ج‬

611
 🤕 ‫اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia, a general term for memory loss and
other cognitive abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease can
affect memory, thinking skills and other mental abilities.
2 -The most common early symptom of Alzheimer's is difficulty remembering newly learned
information. The symptoms of Alzheimer's disease progress slowly over several years. Some
of the most common symptoms of Alzheimer's are: problems with speech or language, (Q1)
tremors in hands, changes in mood and disturbed sleep.
3 -Alzheimer’s is not just memory loss. Alzheimer’s kills. Deaths from Alzheimer’s have
doubled between 2000 and 2019. (Q2) The ages of deaths caused by Alzheimer's range from
30-80. Alzheimer's disease is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. The mortality
rate from Alzheimer’s in the overall population is (Q3) 6%.
‫ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﺎم ﻟﻔﻘﺪان اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة واﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺮف‬-1
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة وﻣﻬﺎرات‬.‫اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺮة ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ واﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر‬.‫ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻷﻋﺮاض ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة ﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺪﻳًﺜﺎ‬-2
:‫ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻋﺮاض اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻫﻲ‬.‫أﻋﺮاض ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﺒﻂء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻋﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات‬
.‫ وﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺰاج واﺿﻄﺮاب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻮم‬،‫ ورﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬،‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻼم أو اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻔﺖ اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮض‬.‫ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻳﻘﺘﻞ‬.‫ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻓﻘﺪان ﻟﻠﺬاﻛﺮة‬-3
‫ ﻣﺮض‬.80 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬30 ‫ وﺗﺘﺮاوح أﻋﻤﺎر اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ‬.2019‫ و‬2000 ‫اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮض‬.‫اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
.٪6 ‫اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What are the symptoms of ‫ ﻣﺎ أﻋﺮاض ﻣﺮض اﻟﺰﻫﺎﻳﻤﺮ؟‬:١‫س‬
Alzheimer’s?
B. Tremors in hands ‫ رﻋﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: What are the ages of deaths in ‫؟‬3 ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ أﻋﻤﺎر اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬:٢‫س‬
paragraph 3?
D. Their ages range from 30-80 .‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬80-30 ‫ ﺗﺘﺮاوح أﻋﻤﺎرﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫د‬

Q3: What is the mortality rate? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎت؟‬:٣‫س‬

A. 6 % ٪6 .‫أ‬

612
 📰 ‫إﻋﻼن وﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
(Q1)Ocean Blue Travels is seeking individuals to join our reservation staff to assist Ocean Blue
Travels members in the planning of their vacation travel, with a focus on first-call resolution
in a fast-paced call center environment. (Q2) Candidates have to have a bachelor’s degree.
They must be fluent in English. It is preferable to speak French or Spanish. Candidates should
have communication skills.
‫ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻔﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻷزرق ﻋﻦ أﻓﺮاد ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻤﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﺰ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة أﻋﻀﺎﺋﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺴﻔﺮﻫﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﺟﺎزة‬
.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻮن ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺠﻴﺪوا اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺨﻄﻰ‬
.‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺮﺷﺤﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﺎرات اﺗﺼﺎل‬.‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ أو اﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What company made this announcement? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ أﺻﺪرت ﻫﺬا اﻹﻋﻼن؟‬:١‫س‬
A. A travel agency ‫ وﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻔﺮ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What are the requirements for this ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻹﻋﻼن؟‬:٢‫س‬

announcement?
D. Fluent in English and a bachelor’s degree ‫ ﻳﺠﻴﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻮرﻳﻮس‬.‫د‬

Q3: What is not mentioned in the ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ذﻛﺮه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ؟‬:٣‫س‬

announcement? ‫ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ‬.‫ج‬
C. Salary

613
 📱 ‫ﺳﻨﺎب ﺷﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Social media has become an integral part of the Internet, and it’s no different in India than
it is anywhere else. The digital landscape in India is evolving, and social media use in India
follows suit with every small change. Social media have come to play an increasingly large
role in the lives of Indians, from their relationships to their careers to the ways they spend
their free time. Social media in India has grown by leaps and bounds over the past few years,
with more users logging on every day to share their experiences and thoughts with the world,
build their personal brands, and learn about others through content shared by them or their
peers.
2- WhatsApp is the most popular messenger app in India with around 534.30 active users.
Meta-owned WhatsApp has 81.20% of the country’s total internet users. The second most
popular on the list is Telegram (374.40 million users), with 56.90% penetration. The third is
Facebook Messenger (324.39 million users), which is really popular among teenagers, has
49.30% users. Fourth in the list of 2022 social media chat apps is Snapchat with 42.90% users.
3- The average Indian social media user spends 17 hours on the platforms each week. On
average, Indian users spend 2.4 hours on social media a day (slightly below the global
average of 2.5 hours a day). Media consumers in India spent as many as 108 minutes per day
on average on YouTube, making it the most popular online media. Meanwhile, the short
video format app TikTok had the least frequent consumption with users spending a little over
20 minutes on the platform per day. (Q1) Indians spend about 2% of their time on Snapchat .
‫ وﻻ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻋﻦ أي ﻣﻜﺎن‬،‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺰًءا ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬-١
‫ وﻳﺘﺒﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﺣﺬوه ﻣﻊ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬.‫آﺧﺮ‬
،‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻬﻨﻮد‬.‫ﻛﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻧﻤﺖ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻀﻮن ﺑﻬﺎ أوﻗﺎت ﻓﺮاﻏﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﺎم اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪم وﺳﺎق ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬
،‫ وﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم ﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻬﻢ وأﻓﻜﺎرﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
.‫واﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﺎرﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ أو أﻗﺮاﻧﻬﻢ‬
.‫ﻄﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪًﻣﺎ ﻧﺸ‬534.30 ‫ اﻟﻮاﺗﺴﺎب ﻫﻮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻠﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬-٢
‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼد‬٪81.20‫ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻮاﺗﺴﺎب‬
‫ واﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻴﺴﺒﻮك ﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﺮ‬.٪56.90 ‫ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﺧﺘﺮاق ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬،(‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬374.40) ‫ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﻐﺮام ﻣﻊ‬
.‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬٪49.30 ‫ إذ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‬،‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﻫﻘﻴﻦ‬،(‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬324.39)
٪42.90 ‫ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﺪردﺷﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺳﻨﺎب ﺷﺎت ﻣﻊ‬2022 ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﺎت ﻛﻞ أﺳﺒﻮع‬17 ‫ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪي‬-٣
‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ )أﻗﻞ‬2.4 ‫ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن اﻟﻬﻨﻮد‬،‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬.(‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮم‬2.5 ‫ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﻫﻮ‬
‫ وﻓﻲ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬،‫ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻮﻣًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﻮﺗﻴﻮب‬108
‫ ﻛﺎن ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ اﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﻮك أﻗﻞ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬%2 ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ اﻟﻬﻨﻮد ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن‬.‫ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﺔ ﻳﻮﻣًﻴﺎ‬20 ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ‬ ً ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻴ‬
.‫وﻗﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻨﺎب ﺷﺎت‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What percentage of social media‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ‬
‫?‪minutes do Indians spend using snapchat‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻀﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻬﻨﻮد ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﻨﺎب ﺷﺎت؟‬
‫‪C. 2%‬‬ ‫ج‪٪2 .‬‬

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 🗺 ‫ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Singapore is a small island nation located in Southeast Asia. Despite its small size,
Singapore has emerged as a highly successful country, (Q1) thanks in large part to its focus on
trade and tourism. These two areas have contributed significantly to the country's success
and continue to be a driving force behind its economic growth.
2- One of the key reasons why Singapore has been so successful is its thriving trade industry.
The country has always been strategically located at the crossroads of major shipping lanes,
which has allowed it to develop into a major hub for international trade. Singapore has
invested heavily in its infrastructure and transportation networks, which has helped to attract
businesses from all over the world. Today, Singapore is home to one of the busiest ports in
the world and is a major center for international trade.
3- Another area that has contributed to Singapore's success is its booming tourism industry.
The city is home to a number of world-class attractions, (Q2) including the famous Bukit Timah
Nature Reserve and the central Catchment areas, which offer visitors a chance to explore
Singapore's rich natural beauty. The city is also known for its vibrant nightlife, bustling
shopping districts, and delicious local cuisine, all of which help to attract millions of visitors
each year.
4- But Singapore's success is not just the result of its focus on trade and tourism. (Q3) In the
early days, the country's economy was built on strong trade policies and industrial
development. The government recognized the importance of developing a robust
manufacturing sector, and invested heavily in infrastructure and education to help support
this goal. Today, Singapore is a global leader in electronics manufacturing, with many of the
world's largest tech companies operating in the country.
5- In addition to its focus on trade and tourism, Singapore has also been recognized for its
commitment to innovation and sustainability. The government has implemented a number of
policies aimed at reducing the city's carbon footprint, such as investing in green technologies
and encouraging the use of public transportation. These efforts have helped to make
Singapore one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world.
6- In conclusion, Singapore's success can be attributed to a number of factors, including its
focus on trade and tourism, its commitment to industrial development and innovation, and
its dedication to sustainability. Despite its small size, Singapore has emerged as a major
player on the global stage, and its future looks bright as it continues to build on its many
strengths.
‫ إﻻ أن‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬.‫ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﻫﻲ دوﻟﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق آﺳﻴﺎ‬- ١
‫ وﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻫﺎﺗﺎن‬.‫ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬،‫ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﻇﻬﺮت ﻛﺪوﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺘﺎن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺒﻠﺪ وﻻ ﺗﺰاﻻن ﻗﻮة داﻓﻌﺔ وراء ﻧﻤﻮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻫﺎ‬
‫ وﻗﺪ‬.‫ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬- ٢
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻤﻤﺮات اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ داﺋ‬
‫ وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺮت ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮر إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫وﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺬب اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬واﻟﻴﻮم‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ ازدﺣﺎًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وﻣﺮﻛًﺰا رﺋﻴﺴًﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫‪- ٣‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮة ﺑﻮﻛﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻤﺎه واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮض اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﺰوار ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﺠﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﻐﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة وﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﺰدﺣﻤﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺄﻛﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬة‪ ،‬وﻛﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺬب ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺰوار ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺠﺎح ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﻳﺎم اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺒﻼد ﻣﺒﻨًﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬أدرﻛﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﺎع ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻗﻮي ‪،‬‬
‫واﺳﺘﺜﻤﺮت ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ دﻋﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﺪف‪ .‬اﻟﻴﻮم ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ راﺋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺒﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺴﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﻻﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف أﻳ ً‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻔﺬت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﺪًدا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء وﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪت ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻬﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺘﺎم ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ُﻳﻌﺰى ﻧﺠﺎح ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬
‫واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺮزت ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة ﻛﻼﻋﺐ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺮح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺒﺪو ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺮًﻗﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪة‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What two areas made Singapore a‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻن اﻟﻠﺬان ﺟﻌﻼ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮرة دوﻟﺔ‬
‫?‪successful country‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ؟‬
‫‪C. trade and tourism‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: What two attractions are fund worth of the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺟﺬب اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫?‪city‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. Bukit Timah and the central Catchment areas‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﻛﻴﺖ ﺗﻴﻤﺎه وﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Q3: In early days what helped strengthen the‬‬
‫?‪economy‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪B. strong trade policy and industrial‬‬ ‫اﻷﻳﺎم اﻷوﻟﻰ؟‬
‫‪development‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

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 🏖 ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Tourism has become a major industry in Jamaica, contributing significantly to the country's
economy. In 2019, (Q1) tourism generated over $1.3 billion in revenue and employed
approximately 170,000 people. With its stunning beaches, vibrant culture, and tropical
climate, Jamaica attracts millions of visitors from around the world each year.
2- However, the tourism industry can also be unpredictable, (Q2) and workers who depend on
it for their livelihoods may be left unemployed for months during periods of low tourism. This
was particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a significant decrease
in tourism and left many workers struggling to make ends meet. To mitigate the impact of
these downturns, the Jamaican government has sought to diversify the economy and create
alternative employment opportunities.
3- Despite the challenges, Jamaica's tourism industry remains an important part of the
country's (Q4) identity and culture. The industry has helped to showcase Jamaica's unique
cultural heritage, including its music, cuisine, and traditions, to the world. In recent years, the
country has also focused on promoting sustainable tourism practices that prioritize
environmental preservation and community development, ensuring that the industry
continues to benefit both tourists and locals alike.
4- Overall, tourism has played a (Q3) major role in Jamaica's economic and cultural
development. As the country looks to the future, it will continue to seek ways to strengthen
and diversify its tourism industry, while also ensuring that the benefits are shared by all.
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺒﻼد‬،‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ‬- ١
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺷﻮاﻃﺌﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﺷﺨﺺ‬170،000 ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر ﻓﻲ اﻹﻳﺮادات وﺷﻐﻠﺖ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬1.3 ‫ ﺗﻮﻟﺪت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬،2019
‫ ﺗﺠﺬب ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺰوار ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫اﻟﺨﻼﺑﺔ وﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة وﻣﻨﺎﺧﻬﺎ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ واﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪون ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺴﺒﻞ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬- ٢
‫ﺤﺎ‬ً ‫ وﻛﺎن ذﻟﻚ واﺿ‬.‫ﻋﻴﺸﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﻘﻮن ﻋﺎﻃﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺪة أﺷﻬﺮ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ وﺗﺮﻛﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬-19 ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﺧﻼل ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ; ﻛﻮﻓﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻌﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎت‬.‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎل ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺤﻮن ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻜﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﻼل‬
.‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد وﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻼد‬ ً ‫ ﻓﺈن ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺟﺰًءا ﻣﻬ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬- ٣
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬،‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮض اﻟﺘﺮاث اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ‬.‫وﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ً ‫ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺒﻼد أﻳ‬،‫ وﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬.‫ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫واﻟﻤﺄﻛﻮﻻت واﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
.‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎح واﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ وﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻠﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ دوًرا رﺋﻴﺴًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ‬- ٤
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺿﻤﺎن ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ وﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
.‫اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What did tourism lead to in Jamaica? ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي أدت إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ؟‬:١‫س‬
C. $1.3 billion added to economy ‫ ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر إﻟﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬1.3 ‫ اﺿﺎﻓﺖ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What happened to workers depended on ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺣﺪث ﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪون ﻋﻠﻰ‬:٢‫س‬
tourism? ‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ؟‬
D. They are unemployed for months when ‫ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻋﺎﻃﻠﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﺪة أﺷﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ‬.‫د‬
there are few tourists ‫ﻇﻞ وﺟﻮد ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎح‬

Q3: The word "major" is closest in meaning to ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "رﺋﻴﺴﻲ" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬:٣‫س‬
_____ _____‫إﻟﻰ‬
A. important ‫ ﻣﻬﻢ‬.‫أ‬

Q4: The word "identity" is closest in meaning to ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻫﻮﻳﺔ" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬:٤‫س‬
_____ _____
C. name ‫ اﻻﺳﻢ‬.‫ج‬

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 🧪 ‫اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in the brain. (Q1)
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry information from one cell to another.
They are important for the normal functioning of the brain and are involved in various
processes such as mood regulation, movement control, and reward processing.
2- One of the most well-known functions of dopamine is its role in movement control. For
example, people with Parkinson's disease have a deficiency of dopamine in the brain, which
leads to movement problems such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty initiating movements.
(Q2) This is why dopamine is often associated with health, and its role in maintaining health
and well-being is crucial.
3- Apart from its role in movement control, dopamine is also involved in the brain's reward
system. When we experience something pleasurable, such as eating delicious food or
receiving a compliment, dopamine is released in the brain. This creates a feeling of pleasure
and reinforces the behavior that led to the reward. This is why dopamine is often referred to
as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter.
4- However, dopamine is not always a good thing. Abnormal levels of dopamine have been
linked to various mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. For
example, people with depression may have lower levels of dopamine in the brain, which can
contribute to their low mood and lack of motivation.
5- There are several ways to boost dopamine levels naturally. Exercise, for example, has been
shown to increase dopamine release in the brain. Eating a healthy diet rich in protein,
omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants can also help boost dopamine levels. Additionally,
activities that bring pleasure, such as listening to music or spending time with loved ones, can
also stimulate dopamine release.
6- In conclusion, dopamine is an important neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in
maintaining health and well-being. Its effects on movement control, reward processing, and
mood regulation make it a key player in the brain's functioning. By understanding the role of
dopamine in the brain, we can take steps to boost its levels naturally and promote overall
health and happiness.
‫ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺳﻼت ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬ً ‫اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺎت ﻧﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻣﻬ‬-١
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ وﺗﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬
.‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺰاج واﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ‬
،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮة ﻟﻠﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ دوره ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬- ٢
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻮن ﺑﻤﺮض ﺑﺎرﻛﻨﺴﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أن اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻرﺗﻌﺎش واﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺪء اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ ودوره ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
.‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺄة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺸﺎرك اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ أﻳ‬،‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ دوره ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬- ٣
‫ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻃﻼق اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﻠﺬﻳﺬ أو ﺗﻠﻘﻲ إﻃﺮاء‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺸﻲء ﻣﻤﺘﻊ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أن اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻪ‬.‫ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﺷﻌﻮًرا ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺎدة وﻳﻌﺰز اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺬي أدى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰة‬
"‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺪا‪ .‬ﺗﻢ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻤﺎ أﻣًﺮا ﺟﻴ ً‬
‫‪- ٤‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ داﺋ ً‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب واﻟﻘﻠﻖ واﻹدﻣﺎن‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى‬
‫اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺰاﺟﻬﻢ وﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﺘﻤﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﺗﺒﺎع ﻧﻈﺎم ﻏﺬاﺋﻲ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ وأﺣﻤﺎض أوﻣﻴﻐﺎ ‪ 3‬اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ وﻣﻀﺎدات اﻷﻛﺴﺪة ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ أو ﻗﻀﺎء اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻣﻊ أﺣﺒﺎﺋﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬أن ﺗﺤﻔﺰ‬
‫إﻓﺮاز اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻣﻬ ً‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺘﺎم ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺎﻗًﻠﺎ ﻋﺼﺒًﻴﺎ ﻣﻬ ً‬
‫إن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮه ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂت وﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺰاﺟﻴﺔ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻻﻋًﺒﺎ رﺋﻴﺴًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﻬﻢ دور اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﺧﻄﻮات ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﺴﻌﺎدة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What is the important idea related to‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫?"‪"neurotransmitters‬‬ ‫"اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ"؟‬
‫‪C. take information from cell to cell‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬

‫‪Q2: What do writer want to show by example‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻤﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﺮض‬
‫?‪of parkinson’s‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎرﻛﻨﺴﻮن؟‬
‫‪D. dopamine and health‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﺪوﺑﺎﻣﻴﻦ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬

‫‪621‬‬
 🦠 ‫ﻗﻬﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Cancer is a disease that occurs when abnormal cells in the body begin to divide and grow
uncontrollably. In many cases, (Q1) cancer can be treated and even cured through surgery,
which involves the removal of the affected tissues or organs. Depending on the stage of
cancer and other factors, additional treatments like chemotherapy or radiation therapy may
also be necessary.
2- One challenge in treating cancer is avoiding damage to healthy cells in the process. To
address this, (Q2) scientists are constantly working to improve their understanding of cell cycle
proteins, which play a critical role in regulating cell growth and division. By better
understanding these proteins, researchers hope to develop more targeted therapies that can
selectively kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.
3- However, it's important to note that chemotherapy, (Q3) while effective in many cases, also
has its dangers. Chemotherapy drugs can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, hair
loss, and weakened immune function. Despite these challenges, (Q4) ongoing research and
advances in cancer treatments give reason for hope that we will continue to improve our
understanding and treatment of this complex disease.
‫ ﻓﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮض ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﻼ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬-١
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ إزاﻟﺔ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ أو‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻼج اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن وﺣﺘﻰ ﺷﻔﺎؤه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﺔ‬،‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎت إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ً ‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ أﻳ‬،‫ اﻋﺘﻤﺎًدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ أﺧﺮى‬.‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺘﻀﺮرة‬
.‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ أو اﻟﻌﻼج اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬
،‫ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﺪي‬.‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺤﺪًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻹﺿﺮار ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬- ٢
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دورًا‬،‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ دورة اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺄﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ وﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺣﺎﺳ‬
.‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺟﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﴼ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺘﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﻴﴼ دون إﻟﺤﺎق اﻟﻀﺮر ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬
،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎًﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬،‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬- ٣
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻐﺜﻴﺎن‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷدوﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء أن ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه‬
ً ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻪ أﻳ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة واﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬.‫وﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﺸﻌﺮ وﺿﻌﻒ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
.‫ﻋﻼﺟﺎت اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺳﺒًﺒﺎ ﻟﻸﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ وﻋﻼﺟﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺮض اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does paragraph (1) say about cancer? ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن؟‬:١‫س‬
B. Can be normally removed by Surgery ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إزاﻟﺘﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q2: How can scientists avoid destroying healthy ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺗﺠﻨﺐ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬:٢‫س‬
cells? ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ؟‬
D. better understanding cell cycle proteins ‫ ﻓﻬﻢ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت دورة اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q3: Why does writer use "however"? ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ "ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ"؟‬:٣‫س‬
A. To say chemotherapy has its dangers ‫ ﻟﻴﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮه‬.‫أ‬

Q4: How does the writer feel about our

understanding of cancer? ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺣﻴﺎل ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ‬:٤‫س‬
B. hopeful ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻃﺎن؟‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻞ‬.‫ب‬

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 📉 ‫اﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮر اﻟﺤﻀﺮي ﻓﻲ دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Once a hub of American industry, Detroit has been in a state of urban decline for decades.
The city's population has dropped dramatically since its heyday in the mid-20th century, and
many of its once-bustling neighborhoods now lie empty and abandoned.
2- One of the factors that contributed to Detroit's decline was the loss of manufacturing jobs,
which were once a mainstay of the city's economy. As factories closed and moved elsewhere,
many of Detroit's residents were left without work, and the city's tax base shrank.
3- (Q1) In an effort to attract new businesses and investment, Detroit has implemented a
number of measures, including offering low rents and tax cuts to companies that set up shop
in the city. While this has brought some new businesses to Detroit, it has not been enough to
reverse the trend of urban decline.
4- The result of this decline has been a city that is rife with (Q2) vacant lots, abandoned
buildings, and high crime rates. Many of Detroit's once-vibrant neighborhoods now resemble
ghost towns, with few signs of life or economic activity.
5- Despite these challenges, there are some signs of hope for Detroit's future. The city has
seen some new development in recent years, particularly in the downtown area, and there
are efforts underway to revitalize some of Detroit's neglected neighborhoods. While the road
ahead is long and difficult, many believe that Detroit has the potential to once again become
a thriving, prosperous city.
.‫ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺤﻀﺮي ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﻘﻮد‬،‫ﻣﺮة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬-١
‫ واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺣﻴﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺬ ذروﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻵن ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎت ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ وﻣﻬﺠﻮرة‬
،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺤﺪار دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻓﺮص اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬- ٢
‫ ﺗﺮك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ إﻏﻼق اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ واﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ أﺧﺮى‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ رﻛﻴﺰة اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
.‫ وﺗﺮاﺟﻌﺖ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬،‫ﺳﻜﺎن دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ ﺑﺪون ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬،‫ اﺗﺨﺬت دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ ﻋﺪًدا ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات‬،‫ﺑﺠﻬﻮد ﻟﺠﺬب اﻷﻋﻤﺎل واﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬- ٣
‫ وﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ أﺣﻀﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ‬.‫إﻳﺠﺎرات ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﺗﺨﻔﻴﻀﺎت ﺿﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻓًﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﻜﺲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﺤﻀﺮي‬،‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة إﻟﻰ دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ‬
‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻔﺎرﻏﺔ واﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻬﺠﻮرة وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬،‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻻﻧﺤﺪار‬- ٤
‫ ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬،‫ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺣﻴﺎء دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ اﻟﻨﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻵن اﻟﻤﺪن اﻷﺷﺒﺎح‬.‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة أو اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫ ﺷﻬﺪت اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬.‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻷﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ‬،‫وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬- ٥
‫ وﻫﻨﺎك ﺟﻬﻮد ﻣﺒﺬوﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬
.‫ﻹﺣﻴﺎء ﺑﻌﺾ أﺣﻴﺎء دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﻠﺔ‬

624
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What is the reason for low rent and tax ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻹﻳﺠﺎر واﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﺎت‬:١‫س‬
cuts? ‫اﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ؟‬
A. to bring companies to Detroit ‫ ﻟﺠﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ دﻳﺘﺮوﻳﺖ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The word "Vacant" is closest in meaning to ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺷﺎﻏﺮ" ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬:٢‫س‬
______ ______
C. empty ‫ ﻓﺎرغ‬.‫ج‬

625
 📚 ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻛﺘﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Shackles from the Deep is a historical book written by (Q1) Michael Cottman. The book tells
the story of the British slave ship, Henrietta Marie, which sank in (Q2) the Florida straits (Q3) in
1700. The author takes the reader on a journey of discovery, as he dives deep into the history
of the Henrietta Marie and the legacy of slavery in America.
2- Cottman's research is thorough and meticulous, and his writing is both engaging and
informative. He uses a combination of historical accounts, personal stories, and his own
experiences as a diver to paint a vivid picture of the horrors of slavery and the lives of the
people who were enslaved on board the Henrietta Marie.
3- Overall, Shackles from the Deep is a powerful and thought-provoking book that sheds light
on an important chapter in American history. It is a must-read for anyone interested in the
legacy of slavery, the African American experience, and the history of the Atlantic slave trade.
Cottman's passion for his subject matter is evident on every page, and his writing is both
informative and emotionally resonant.
، ‫ ﻳﺮوي اﻟﻜﺘﺎب ﻗﺼﺔ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻷﻏﻼل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻲ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻤﺎن‬-١
، ‫ وﻳﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬.1700 ‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺮﻗﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪا ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬، ‫ﻫﻨﺮﻳﺘﺎ ﻣﺎري‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻐﻮص ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎق ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻫﻨﺮﻳﺘﺎ ﻣﺎري وإرث اﻟﻌﺒﻮدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺠﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮواﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺰﻳ‬.‫ وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ ﺟﺬاﺑﺔ وﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬، ‫ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﻮﺗﻤﺎن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ودﻗﻴﻖ‬- ٢
‫واﻟﻘﺼﺺ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ وﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻪ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﻐﻮاص ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺻﻮرة ﺣﻴﺔ ﻷﻫﻮال اﻟﻌﺒﻮدﻳﺔ وﺣﻴﺎة اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﺒﺎدﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻨﺮﻳﺘﺎ ﻣﺎري‬
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺘﺎب `` ﺷﺎﻛﻠﺰ ﻓﺮوم ذا دﻳﺐ ' ﻛﺘﺎًﺑﺎ ﻗﻮًﻳﺎ وﻣﺤﻔًﺰا ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻳﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ‬، ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬- ٣
‫ وﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻞ‬، ‫ إﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻗﺮاءﺗﻪ ﻷي ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺈرث اﻟﻌﺒﻮدﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
، ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺷﻐﻒ ﻛﻮﺗﻤﺎن ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬.‫ وﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺠﺎرة اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬، ‫أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‬
.‫وﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وذات ﺻﺪى ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: Who is the author of Shackles from the ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎب "أﻏﻼل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ"؟‬:١‫س‬
Deep? ‫ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻛﻮﺗﻤﺎن‬.‫أ‬
A. Michael Cottman
‫ أﻳﻦ ﻏﺮﻗﺖ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
Q2: Where did the british slave ship sink? ‫ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺪا‬.‫ج‬
C. Florida straits
‫ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻏﺮﻗﺖ ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻴﻖ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬:٣‫س‬
Q3: When did the british slave ship sink? ١٧٠٠ .‫د‬
D. 1700

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 🐙 ‫اﻻﺧﻄﺒﻮط‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The octopus is a fascinating creature that inhabits many of the world's oceans. These
cephalopods can vary in size, with (Q1) the larger octopuses reaching weights of up to 32
kilograms. Despite their size, these creatures are incredibly intelligent and have been known
to display complex behaviors such as tool use and problem-solving.
2- In their natural habitats, octopuses can be found in a variety of environments, from
shallow coral reefs to deep-sea trenches. They are incredibly adept at blending into their
surroundings, using their camouflage abilities to avoid predators and hunt for prey. They
have a remarkable ability to change their skin color and texture to match their environment,
making them virtually invisible to their prey.
3- Octopuses are opportunistic predators and will feed on a variety of prey, including crabs,
shrimp, and fish. (Q2) They are particularly fond of (Q3) abalone, a type of mollusk found along
rocky shorelines. Abalone is a prized delicacy for many cultures and is considered a luxury
food item in many parts of the world.
4- In conclusion, the octopus is a remarkable creature with a range of impressive abilities.
From their impressive size to their incredible intelligence and hunting skills, these creatures
continue to fascinate scientists and casual observers alike. While their diet may include a
variety of foods, it is clear that they are well adapted to their environments and play an
important role in the ecosystems they inhabit.
،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺎت‬.‫اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮط ﻫﻮ ﻣﺨﻠﻮق راﺋﻊ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬-١
‫ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ‬.‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﺟﺮاًﻣﺎ‬32 ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎت اﻷﻛﺑر إﻟﻰ وزن ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ‬
. ‫اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت ذﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷدوات وﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺎب‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬- ٢
‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺪراﺗﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎ‬ ً ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎرﻋﺔ ﺟ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻨﺎدق اﻟﺒﺤﺎر اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮن ﺑﺸﺮﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻪ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎت واﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﴼ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮاﺋﺴﻬﺎ‬،‫وﻧﺴﻴﺠﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎت ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎت ﻓﺮﺻﻴﺔ وﺳﺘﺘﻐﺬى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺴﺔ‬- ٣
‫ وﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺧﻮﻳﺎت ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص اﻷﺑﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ‬.‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺎن واﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬
‫ اﻷﺑﺎﻟﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻌﺎم ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻏﺬاﺋﻲ ﻓﺎﺧﺮ‬.‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﺸﻮاﻃﺊ اﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ‬
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺬﻛﺎء‬.‫ اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮط ﻫﻮ ﻣﺨﻠﻮق راﺋﻊ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻤﺬﻫﻠﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬- ٤
‫ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت ﻣﺎ زاﻟﺖ ﺗﺜﻴﺮ إﻋﺠﺎب اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫اﻟﺮاﺋﻊ واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﻢ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ‬.‫ﺪ ﺳﻮاء‬ ٍ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن‬ ً ‫ﺪا ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﻬﻢ وﻳﻠﻌﺒﻮن دوًرا ﻣﻬ‬
ً ‫أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻴﻔﻮن ﺟﻴ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬

627
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪Q1: The larger octopuses can weigh up to‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺼﻞ وزن اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎت اﻷﻛﺒﺮ إﻟﻰ‬
‫‪A. 32 kilograms.‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــ‬
‫أ‪ ٣٢ .‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام‬
‫‪Q2: The pronoun “ they” in paragraph 2 refers‬‬
‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫‪D. octopuses‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــ‬
‫د‪ .‬اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎت‬
‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪Q3: The word “abalone” probably means‬‬
‫‪B. a kind of fish‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﺑﺎﻟﻮن" رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ـــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ب‪ .‬ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬
‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪Q4: Paragraph 3 is mainly talking about the‬‬
‫‪of octopuses.‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪A. food‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــ اﻷﺧﻄﺒﻮﻃﺎت‪.‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬ﻃﻌﺎم‬

‫‪628‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺰواج واﻟﻄﻼق 📊‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Which state had the most marriages‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ‬
‫?‪per 1000 people in 2014‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺠﺎت ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪٢٠١٤‬؟‬
‫‪A. Columbia‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬

‫?‪Q2: Which state had the fewest divorces‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أي وﻻﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ أﻗﻞ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﻼق؟‬
‫‪C. lowa‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻟﻮا‬

‫‪629‬‬
 🇺🇸 ‫واﺷﻨﻄﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Washington DC, the capital of the United States, is a city steeped in history and brimming
with iconic landmarks. One of the most significant areas in the city is the Federal Triangle, a
carefully designed district that houses some of the capital's most important buildings.
Developed chiefly between 1928 and 1938 under the direction of Secretary of the Treasury
Andrew Mellon's "Mellon Board,"(Q1) the Federal Triangle is home to several neoclassical
buildings, including the Department of Commerce, the Reagan Building, and the Old Post
Office, which was constructed between 1891 and 1899. These buildings serve as office
spaces for government workers and stand as a testament to the city's architectural prowess.
2- In addition to the Federal Triangle, Washington DC is also known for its impressive
libraries. (Q2) Two of the most prominent libraries in the city are the Library of Congress
and the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library. The Library of Congress, established in
1800, is the largest library in the world and serves as the main research arm of the United
States Congress. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, on the other hand, is the
central facility of the District of Columbia Public Library system and is dedicated to the
memory of the civil rights leader.
3- The planning of Washington DC is attributed to two key figures: (Q3) Pierre Charles
L'Enfant and Andrew Ellicott. L'Enfant, a French-born architect and engineer, was
commissioned by George Washington to design the city in 1791. His vision for the capital was
a grand, spacious city with wide avenues, public squares, and monumental buildings.
However, L'Enfant's plan was not without its challenges, and he was eventually dismissed
from the project in 1792.
4- Following L'Enfant's dismissal, Andrew Ellicott, a prominent American surveyor, took over
the task of completing the city's design. Ellicott made several modifications to L'Enfant's
original plan, including the addition of a more extensive street grid and the reorientation of
certain streets to better align with the natural topography. Despite these changes, Ellicott's
final plan retained much of L'Enfant's original vision for the city.
5- Today, Washington DC stands as a testament to the foresight and ingenuity of its planners.
The city's wide avenues, public squares, and monumental buildings continue to inspire awe
and admiration from visitors and residents alike. The Federal Triangle, the Library of
Congress, and the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library are just a few examples of the
city's architectural and cultural treasures.
6- In conclusion, Washington DC is a city that embodies the spirit of the United States, with
its rich history, iconic landmarks, and impressive institutions. The Federal Triangle, the Library
of Congress, and the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library are just a few of the many
attractions that make the city a must-visit destination. The vision of Pierre Charles L'Enfant
and the modifications made by Andrew Ellicott have shaped the city into the remarkable
capital it is today.

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 ‫‪- ١‬واﺷﻨﻄﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻏﺎرﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ وﺗﺰﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة‪ .‬واﺣﺪة‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ ، Federal Triangle‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺑﻌ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 1928‬و ‪ 1938‬ﺗﺤﺖ إﺷﺮاف وزﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺰاﻧﺔ أﻧﺪرو ﻣﻴﻠﻮن "ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﻴﻠﻮن"‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫وزارة اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‪ ،‬وﻣﺒﻨﻰ رﻳﻐﺎن‪ ،‬وﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪه ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 1891‬و ‪ُ .1899‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻴﻦ وﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺮاﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ واﺷﻨﻄﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ‪ .‬اﺛﻨﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮس وﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﻎ ﺟﻮﻧﻴﻮر اﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎرﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﺠﺮس ﻋﺎم ‪ ، 1800‬وﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺬراع اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﻐﺮس‬
‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﻎ ﺟﻮﻧﻴﻮر اﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺮﺳﺔ ﻟﺬﻛﺮى زﻋﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ُ- ٣‬ﻳﻌﺰى ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ واﺷﻨﻄﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻟﻴﻨﻔﺎﻧﺖ وأﻧﺪرو إﻟﻴﻜﻮت‪ .‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ‪ ، L’Enfant‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺟﻮرج واﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪ .1791‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ رؤﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة وواﺳﻌﺔ ذات ﻃﺮق واﺳﻌﺔ وﺳﺎﺣﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺧﻄﺔ ‪ L'Enfant‬ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪1792‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﺑﻌﺪ إﻗﺎﻟﺔ‪ ، L’Enfant‬ﺗﻮﻟﻰ أﻧﺪرو إﻟﻴﻜﻮت ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎح اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ اﻟﺒﺎرز ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أﺟﺮى ‪ Ellicott‬اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺔ ‪ L'Enfant‬اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺷﻮارع أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫اﺗﺴﺎًﻋﺎ وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﻮارع ﻟﺘﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات‪ ،‬اﺣﺘﻔﻈﺖ ﺧﻄﺔ ‪ Ellicott‬اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ رؤﻳﺔ ‪ L'Enfant‬اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٥‬اﻟﻴﻮم‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻒ واﺷﻨﻄﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻛﺸﻬﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ وﺑﺮاﻋﺔ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﺷﻮارع اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺪ ﺳﻮاء‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺪ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺳﻌﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر إﻟﻬﺎم وإﻋﺠﺎب اﻟﺰوار واﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ ٍ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻲ وﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮس وﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﺞ اﻻﺑﻦ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﺠﺮد أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻨﻮز اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺘﺎم‪ ،‬واﺷﻨﻄﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺗﺠﺴﺪ روح اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ اﻟﺜﺮي وﻣﻌﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ Federal Triangle‬وﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮس وﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ‪Martin‬‬
‫‪Luther King Jr. Memorial Library‬ﻣﺠﺮد ﻋﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺠﺬب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺎرﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﺖ رؤﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻟﻴﻨﻔﺎﻧﺖ واﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺟﺮاﻫﺎ أﻧﺪرو إﻟﻴﻜﻮت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻴﻮم‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What buildings make up the Federal‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫?‪Triangle‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻲ؟‬
‫‪A. Department of Commerce, the Reagan‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬وزارة اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة وﻣﺒﻨﻰ رﻳﻐﺎن وﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫‪Building, and the Old Post Office.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬

‫‪Q2: What are two big libraries in Washington‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺘﺎن اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺗﺎن ﻓﻲ واﺷﻨﻄﻦ‬
‫?‪DC‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. Library of Congress and the Martin Luther‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﺮس وﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻣﺎرﺗﻦ ﻟﻮﺛﺮ ﻛﻴﻨﻎ‬
‫‪King Jr. Memorial Library.‬‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻦ اﻟﺘﺬﻛﺎرﻳﺔ‬

‫?‪Q3: Who are the planners of Washington DC‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﻮ واﺷﻨﻄﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. Pierre Charles L'Enfant and Andrew Ellicott.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﺎرﻟﺰ ﻟﻴﻨﻔﺎﻧﺖ وأﻧﺪرو إﻟﻴﻜﻮت‬

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 🌊 ‫ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا‬
🌊‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- Niagara Falls is one of the world's most impressive natural wonders, drawing millions of
tourists each year. The falls are made up of three separate waterfalls: Horseshoe Falls,
American Falls, and Bridal Veil Falls. The falls are located on the Niagara River that flows
between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and they serve as a border between Canada and the
United States.
2- The height and volume of water that flows over the falls are a (Q1) feat of nature that is
awe-inspiring to witness. The Horseshoe Falls, also known as the Canadian Falls, is the largest
of the three and stands approximately 57 meters high. The American Falls is slightly smaller,
standing at 21 meters high, while the Bridal Veil Falls measures only 15 meters high.
Combined, the three falls produce the highest flow rate of any waterfall in the world, making
Niagara Falls a truly remarkable sight to behold.
3- While Niagara Falls is known for its natural beauty, it has also been the site of many
impressive human feats throughout history. In the 1800s, daredevils attempted to go over
the falls in barrels or other contraptions, risking their lives to (Q2) retrieve fame and fortune.
Although many of these attempts were unsuccessful and even fatal, they did capture the
public's imagination and added to the allure of Niagara Falls as a site of daring adventure.
4- Today, visitors to Niagara Falls can experience the falls in a variety of ways, from taking a
boat tour on the Maid of the Mist to walking along the Niagara Falls State Park observation
deck. The falls are also lit up at night, creating a spectacular display of lights and colors that is
truly breathtaking. Additionally, the Niagara Falls area offers a wide range of activities,
including casinos, museums, and outdoor adventures like hiking and kayaking.
5- In conclusion, Niagara Falls is a natural wonder that is both beautiful and impressive. Its
sheer size and power are a testament to the incredible forces of nature, and the history of
human attempts to conquer the falls only adds to its allure. Whether you are seeking
adventure or simply want to admire the natural beauty of the falls, Niagara Falls is a must-see
destination that will leave you in awe.
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺠﺬب ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ‬،‫ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا ﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻌﺠﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ إﺛﺎرة ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬- ١
،‫ واﻟﺸﻼﻻت اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺷﻼﻻت ﺣﺪوة اﻟﺤﺼﺎن‬:‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﻼﻻت ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﺷﻼﻻت ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎح ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ وﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺤﻴﺮة إﻳﺮي وﺑﺤﻴﺮة أوﻧﺘﺎرﻳﻮ‬.‫وﺷﻼﻻت ﺑﺮاﻳﺪل ﻓﻴﻞ‬
. ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺪود ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪا واﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ ﺷﻼﻻت‬.‫إن ارﺗﻔﺎع وﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺬ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ وﻣﺬﻫﻞ أن ﻧﺸﻬﺪه‬- ٢
‫ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ وﻳﺒﻠﻎ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت اﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﺔ‬ ً ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أﻳ‬،‫ﺣﺪوة اﻟﺤﺼﺎن‬
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺷﻼﻻت ﺑﺮاﻳﺪل‬،‫ ﻣﺘًﺮا‬21 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻼ‬
ً ‫ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻗﻠﻴ‬.‫ ﻣﺘًﺮا‬57 ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺸﻼﻻت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻷي ﺷﻼل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬.‫ ﻣﺘًﺮا ﻓﻘﻂ‬15 ‫ﻓﻴﻞ‬
. ‫ﻌﺎ ﺣًﻘﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻪ‬
ً ‫ﺪا راﺋ‬
ً ‫ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا ﻣﺸﻬ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ً ‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻮﻗ‬ً ‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻳ‬،‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا ﺑﺠﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬- ٣
‫ ﺣﺎول اﻟﻤﺘﻬﻮرون ﺗﺠﺎوز اﻟﺴﻘﻮط ﻓﻲ ﺑﺮاﻣﻴﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬.‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎب ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﺸﻬﺮة واﻟﺜﺮوة‬،‫أو ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬

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‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻻت ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﺎﺷﻠﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺤﻮذت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻴﺎل اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر وأﺿﻔﺖ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺷﻼﻻت‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا ﻛﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮة اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬اﻟﻴﻮم‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺰوار ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط ﺑﻌﺪة ﻃﺮق‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺠﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎرب ﻓﻲ ‪Maid of the‬‬
‫‪Mist‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻨﺼﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ‪ Niagara Falls State Park.‬ﺗﻀﺎء اﻟﺸﻼﻻت أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﻸﺿﻮاء واﻷﻟﻮان ﻳﺨﻄﻒ اﻷﻧﻔﺎس ﺣًﻘﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا‬ ‫ﺿﺎ راﺋ ً‬
‫ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﻋﺮ ً‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻜﺎزﻳﻨﻮﻫﺎت واﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ واﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻳﺎك ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺘﺎم‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا ﻣﻦ ﻋﺠﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ واﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎب‪ .‬إن ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ وﻗﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺷﻬﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮى اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻫﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻻت اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻘﻮط ﻳﻀﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﻮاء ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﺎﻣﺮة أو ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎع ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻼﻻت‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺷﻼﻻت ﻧﻴﺎﺟﺮا ﻫﻲ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ زﻳﺎرﺗﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻫﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What buildings make up the Federal‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ "ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺬ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪٢‬؟‬
‫?‪Triangle‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫‪A. Stunt‬‬

‫‪Q2: What does “retrieve” mean in paragraph‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪٣‬؟‬
‫?‪3‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫‪B. Recover‬‬

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 🏣 ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺟﺮ ذات ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- supermarkets has gained momentum in recent years, with a focus on reducing or
eliminating packaging waste in the grocery industry. These stores offer a range of products
that are either package-free or packaged in reusable containers, encouraging customers to
bring their own reusable bags and containers to reduce single-use waste.
2- One of the driving forces behind the zero waste movement is the growing awareness of
the environmental impact of waste, particularly plastic waste. Consumers are increasingly
concerned about the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfills and oceans, and are
seeking out more sustainable options. This has put pressure on companies to find
alternatives to single-use plastics, such as paper straws. (Q1) Big companies like Starbucks
have made the switch to paper straws in response to this pressure, as part of their
commitment to reducing their environmental impact.
3- However, zero waste supermarkets go beyond simply replacing single-use plastics with
more sustainable options. (Q2) They aim to fundamentally change the way we approach
consumption and waste, by encouraging a shift towards a circular economy. This involves
designing products and systems that are restorative and regenerative, rather than linear and
wasteful. By creating a closed loop system where waste is minimized and resources are
reused, zero waste supermarkets offer a more sustainable alternative to traditional grocery
stores, and are helping to drive the shift towards a more circular economy.

‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ أو اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ اﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ زﺧﻤﴼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬- ١
‫ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن إﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺒﻘﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ إﺣﻀﺎر اﻷﻛﻴﺎس واﻟﺤﺎوﻳﺎت‬،‫اﻟﻌﺒﻮات أو ﻣﻌﺒﺄة ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎوﻳﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة‬
‫ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬،‫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﺪاﻓﻌﺔ وراء ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻫﻮ اﻟﻮﻋﻲ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬- ٢
‫ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﺑﻘﻠﻖ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﺄن ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ وﻗﺪ أدى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬.‫ وﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮن ﻋﻦ ﺧﻴﺎرات أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪاﻓﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‬
‫ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﺶ اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ذات اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺘﺎرﺑﻜﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺶ اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز ﻣﺠﺮد اﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬- ٣
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬.‫ذات اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺑﺨﻴﺎرات أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬا ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬،‫اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك واﻟﻬﺪر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺬري‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻧﺸﺎء ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬.‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻬﺪرة‬،‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺎﻟﺤﻴﺔ وﻣﺘﺠﺪدة‬
‫ﻼ أﻛﺜﺮ‬
ً ‫ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﺑﺪﻳ‬،‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت وإﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
‫ وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ دﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد أﻛﺜﺮ داﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻼت اﻟﺒﻘﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What made big companies like Starbucks ‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻣﺜﻞ‬:١‫س‬
switch to paper straws? ‫ﺳﺘﺎرﺑﻜﺲ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻮرﻗﻴﺔ؟‬
A. The movement of Zero Waste Supermarkets ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺤﻼت ذات ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What does pronoun "they" refer to? ‫ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ "ﻫﻢ"؟‬:٢‫س‬
C. Zero Waste Supermarkets ‫ ﻣﺤﻼت ذات ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬.‫ج‬

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 🗣 ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Human language is a complex and fascinating aspect of our lives, allowing us to
communicate, express ourselves, and connect with others. It is a powerful tool that not only
enables us to share information but also to build relationships and foster understanding. One
of the most intriguing aspects of human language is the ability to speak multiple languages,
which can have a significant impact on an individual's learning speed. (Q1) Bilingual
students, for example, often demonstrate a faster learning pace compared to their
monolingual counterparts.
2- In recent years, there has been a debate surrounding bilingual education and its
effectiveness. Some argue that bilingual schools should be banned, while others believe they
offer valuable opportunities for students to develop their language skills. One reason for the
push to ban bilingual schools is the belief that they may hinder the learning process.
However, it is important to note that (Q2) there are also other reasons for this stance, such
as concerns about cultural assimilation and resource allocation.
3- Despite the ongoing debate,(Q3) the current trend in the United States does not favor
banning bilingual schools.This is likely due to the recognition of the benefits that bilingual
education can provide, such as increased cognitive flexibility and improved problem-solving
skills. As a result, many educational institutions continue to support and promote bilingual
programs.
4- Another interesting aspect of human language is the use of sign language, which allows
individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to communicate effectively. (Q4) American Sign
Language (ASL) is one of the most widely used sign languages around the world. Its
popularity can be attributed to its comprehensive vocabulary and grammatical structure,
which enable users to express a wide range of ideas and emotions.
5- In addition to spoken and signed languages, human language also encompasses written
forms of communication. Writing systems have evolved over time, allowing us to record and
share information across generations and geographical boundaries. This has played a crucial
role in the development of human civilization, enabling the spread of knowledge and the
preservation of cultural heritage.
6- As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of understanding and
appreciating diverse languages and cultures cannot be overstated. This includes not only
spoken and written languages but also the various forms of nonverbal communication that
exist across cultures. By fostering a greater appreciation for the richness and complexity of
human language, we can promote empathy, tolerance, and understanding among people
from all walks of life.
7- In conclusion, human language is a multifaceted and dynamic aspect of our existence that
serves as a foundation for communication, expression, and connection. From spoken and
signed languages to written forms of communication, the diverse range of human languages
offers a wealth of opportunities for learning and growth. As we continue to navigate an
increasingly globalized world, it is essential that we embrace the power of language to bridge
divides and foster understanding among people from all backgrounds.

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 ‫‪- ١‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ وراﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬
‫واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ أداة ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ إﺛﺎرة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﻠﻐﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮد‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻄﻼب‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﻮ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ وﺗﻴﺮة ﺗﻌﻠﻢ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮاﺋﻬﻢ أﺣﺎدﻳﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻧﻘﺎش ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ وﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺎدل اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺻﺎ ﻗّﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻬﻢ‬‫ﺣﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارس ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮ ً‬
‫اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬أﺣﺪ أﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﺤﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارس ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻀﺎ أﺳﺒﺎًﺑﺎ أﺧﺮى ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎوف ﺑﺸﺄن اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن ﻫﻨﺎك أﻳ ً‬
‫وﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ اﻟﻤﻮارد ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪل اﻟﺪاﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻻ ﻳﺤﺒﺬ ﺣﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارس ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﺬا ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ زﻳﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ وﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﺎرات ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫دﻋﻢ وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﺟﺎﻧﺐ آﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد اﻟﺼﻢ أو ﺿﻌﺎف‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل‪ .‬ﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (ASL‬ﻫﻲ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻐﺎت اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺳﺘﺨﺪاًﻣﺎ ﺣﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ُﺗﻌﺰى ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺘﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﺮداﺗﻪ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﺑﻨﻴﺘﻪ اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻟﻌﻮاﻃﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ وﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮرت أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﺟﻴﺎل واﻟﺤﺪود‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻣﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻟﻌﺐ ﻫﺬا دوًرا ﺣﺎﺳ ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاث اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﺗﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻢ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻀﺎ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ واﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ أﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﺜﺮاء اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٧‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺘﺎم‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺎﻧًﺒﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻷوﺟﻪ ودﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜًﻴﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻮدﻧﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ أﺳﺎس ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻮﻗﺔ وﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺎت اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺛﺮوة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮص ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ واﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻳﺰداد ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻀﺮوري أن ﻧﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﺮ اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎت وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺎت‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What is the only difference between‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ أﺣﺎدي‬
‫?‪monolingual student and bilingual students‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. Learning speed‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬

‫?‪Q2: What does “also” mean in paragraph 2‬‬ ‫ﻀﺎ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬

‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "أﻳ ً‬
‫‪C. That there is more than one reason for‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪banning bilingual schools‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أن ﻫﻨﺎك أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻟﺤﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارس‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

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Q3: What does the author say about banning ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺪارس‬:٣‫س‬
bilingual schools? ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬
D. It is not favored in the US now ‫ إﻧﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻵن‬.‫د‬

Q4: What does the author say about American ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬:٤‫س‬
sign language? ‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ؟‬
A. American sign language is used around the ‫ ﻟﻐﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ‬.‫أ‬
world the most ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬

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 🍟 ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Food waste has become a pressing issue in today's society, with numerous factors
contributing to its alarming scale. Among the contributors to this problem are restaurants,
which often find themselves discarding excessive amounts of food. (Q1) One of the primary
reasons for restaurants' involvement in food waste stems from their inability to serve
older dishes to customers, leading to the disposal of surplus food items that would
otherwise go uneaten.
2- Restaurants face the challenge of maintaining high standards of quality and freshness,
ensuring that their patrons receive the best dining experience. Consequently, when food
items reach a certain age or become unsuitable for immediate consumption, restaurants
often opt to discard them rather than risk serving subpar meals. This cautious approach aims
to maintain customer satisfaction but inadvertently contributes to the growing food waste
problem.
3- However, there are alternative solutions that restaurants could adopt instead of simply
throwing away excess food. (Q2) One such approach involves collaborating with local
charitable organizations or food banks to donate the surplus food. By redirecting these
unused resources to people in need, restaurants can help alleviate hunger and reduce food
waste simultaneously. This step not only demonstrates social responsibility but also presents
an opportunity to contribute to the well-being of the community.
4- If restaurants were to stop throwing away food and embrace alternative practices,(Q3)
several positive outcomes could be achieved. Firstly, the problem of food waste would be
significantly curbed, leading to a reduction in the amount of perfectly edible food ending up
in landfills. This change would address the ethical and environmental concerns associated
with food waste, helping to conserve resources and mitigate the adverse effects of food
production on the planet.
5- Moreover, by donating excess food to individuals facing food insecurity, restaurants can
play an active role in combating hunger within their local communities. These donations can
provide a lifeline to those in need, ensuring that nutritious meals are accessible to all,
regardless of their financial circumstances. In this way, restaurants can leverage their position
as food providers to foster a sense of social solidarity and contribute to the welfare of society
as a whole.
‫ ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻴﻮم‬- ١
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ‬.‫ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﺞ‬
‫ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮرط اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻳﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺗﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت زاﺋﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ‬،‫ﻋﺪم ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻷﻃﺒﺎق اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﻻ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬،‫ ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﺪي اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟﻨﻀﺎرة‬- ٢
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ أو‬،‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬.‫ﺣﺼﻮل روادﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬،‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻔﻮري‬
‫ ﻳﻬﺪف ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﺤﺬر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ رﺿﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺼﺪ‬.‫وﺟﺒﺎت دون اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪة‬

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 ‫‪ - ٣‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﻠﻮل ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫أﺣﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﺨﻴﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ أو ﺑﻨﻮك اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻮع وﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ رﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﺪم أﻳ ً‬
‫‪ - ٤‬إذا ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم وﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬أوًﻻ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻸﻛﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ أن ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎوف‬
‫اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد وﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻀﺎرة‬
‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻐﺬاء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺒﺮع ﺑﺎﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻮن اﻧﻌﺪام اﻷﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻄﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﺠﻮع داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ أن ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻧﺸ ً‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﺎت ﺷﺮﻳﺎن ﺣﻴﺎة ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ أن اﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻇﺮوﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﻃﻌﺎم ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﺎﻣﻦ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ رﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻜﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What does the author say is the reason‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬
‫‪restaurants contribute to the food waste‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم؟‬
‫?‪problem‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﺮﻣﻮن ﻃﻌﺎًﻣﺎ إﺿﺎﻓًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻻ‬
‫‪D. They throw away extra food in the garbage‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮن ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻃﻌﺎم ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء‬
‫‪because they can’t give old food to the‬‬
‫‪customers‬‬

‫‪Q2: What does the author say restaurants‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫?‪could do instead of throwing the food away‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم؟‬
‫‪A. They could give away the food to people in‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ إﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺘﺎﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪need‬‬

‫‪Q3: What does the author say will be fixed if‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ إﺻﻼﺣﻪ إذا‬
‫?‪restaurants stop throwing food away‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻋﻦ رﻣﻲ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم؟‬
‫‪D. The Food Waste Problem‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﺪر اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬

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 🎲 ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬

🎲 ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Probability and randomness are two concepts that are closely related and often used in
conjunction with one another. (Q1) Probability is the study of the likelihood of an event
occurring, while randomness refers to the unpredictable nature of events. Together, these
concepts help us understand the world around us and make predictions about future
outcomes.
2- Probability is a fundamental concept in mathematics and is used to predict the likelihood
of an event occurring. It is often expressed as a number between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating
that an event is impossible and 1 indicating that an event is certain. Probability is used in a
wide range of fields, including science, engineering, finance, and economics, to make
predictions about future outcomes.
3- However, probability is not always a perfect predictor of future events. (Q2) Randomness,
or the unpredictable nature of events, can sometimes lead to unexpected and inaccurate
outcomes. For example, a coin toss is often used as an example of randomness. (Q3) While
the probability of a coin landing heads or tails is 50%, the actual outcome of a coin toss is
unpredictable and can vary from one toss to the next.
.‫ﻃﺎ وﺛﻴًﻘﺎ وﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎن ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ً ‫ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎن ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎن ارﺗﺒﺎ‬- ١
.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﺪاث‬،‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﻮ دراﺳﺔ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻗﻮع ﺣﺪث ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣ‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬.‫ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻗﻮع ﺣﺪث ﻣﺎ‬- ٢
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ‬.‫ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺤﺪث ﻣﺆﻛﺪ‬1 ‫ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺤﺪث ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ وﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬0 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬،1‫ و‬0 ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻛﺮﻗﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ‬،‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‬
‫ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻨﺒﺆات ﺣﻮل اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ أو‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﺆﺷًﺮا ﻣﺜﺎﻟًﻴﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﺪاث اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻴﺲ داﺋ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬- ٣
،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﺪاث ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن إﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﺒﻮط اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ أو‬،‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻹرم اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻬﺎ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ رﻣﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‬،٪50 ‫ذﻳﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: What does paragraph 1 say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل؟‬:١‫س‬
probability? ‫ ﻳﺪرس اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻗﻮع اﻟﺤﺪث‬.‫أ‬
A. It studies of the likelihood of an event
occurring
‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ؟‬:٢‫س‬
Q2: What does paragraph 3 say about ‫ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬.‫أ‬
randomness?
A. It will not give an accurate result
‫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺜﺎل ﻗﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬:٣‫س‬
Q3: What is the coin toss example used to ‫ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ؟‬
prove? ٥٠٪ ‫ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻫﻮ‬.‫د‬
D. Probability is 50%

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 🏆 ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﺠﺎح‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Profitability and success in business are often seen as synonymous. (Q1)Traditionally, the
primary goal of a company was to maximize profits, a perspective that was deeply
ingrained in the corporate world. This viewpoint, however, is not without its critics. Some
argue that this singular focus on profit is a narrow interpretation of a company's social
responsibility. They contend that a company's role extends beyond mere profit generation,
encompassing a broader spectrum of responsibilities towards various stakeholders.
2- In the modern business landscape, the concept of good management has evolved
significantly. The traditional view, which prioritized profit maximization above all else, has
given way to a more holistic approach. (Q2) Today's successful managers understand that a
company's success is not solely measured by its bottom line. Instead, they recognize the
importance of considering the benefits of all stakeholders, including employees,
customers, the community, and the environment. This shift in perspective has led to a
more sustainable and inclusive model of business success.
3- (Q3) The context within which a business operates is crucial in shaping its approach
towards profitability and success. It is not enough for a company to merely exist within its
environment; it must also interact with and respond to the various elements within it. This
includes understanding the needs and expectations of its stakeholders, the regulatory
landscape, market trends, and societal norms, among others.
4- The understanding of this context can significantly influence a company's strategies and
decisions. For instance, a company operating in a highly regulated industry might prioritize
compliance and risk management, while one in a rapidly evolving market might focus on
innovation and agility. Similarly, a company in a socially conscious community might place a
higher emphasis on corporate social responsibility. Thus, the context can shape a company's
approach towards profitability and success.

‫ ﻛﺎن اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬،‫ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪًﻳﺎ‬.‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺮادﻓﺎن‬- ١
‫ ﻟﻜﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺬه ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ وﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر راﺳﺦ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬،‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ اﻷرﺑﺎح‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺎدل اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺿﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ وﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﻄﺎًﻗﺎ أوﺳﻊ‬،‫ وﻫﻢ ﻳﺆﻛﺪون أن دور اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻷرﺑﺎح‬.‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬.‫ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻹدارة اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬- ٢
‫ ﻳﺪرك اﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮون‬.‫ أﻓﺴﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﻨﻬﺞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫أﻋﻄﺖ اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء‬
‫ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺪرﻛﻮن أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬،‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﻮن اﻟﻴﻮم أن ﻧﺠﺎح اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺎس ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ أدى ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬.‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ واﻟﻌﻤﻼء واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر إﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﻮذج أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﺎح اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ أن‬.‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎق اﻟﺬي ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ أﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺠﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﺠﺎح‬- ٣
‫ﻀﺎ أن ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ً ‫ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ؛ ﻳﺠﺐ أﻳ‬
، ‫ واﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺴﻮق‬،‫ واﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬،‫ وﻫﺬا ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت وﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬.‫داﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ أﻣﻮر أﺧﺮى‬، ‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬

642
‫‪- ٤‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﺎق ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ وﻗﺮاراﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻣﺘﺜﺎل وإدارة اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮق ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر وﺧﻔﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ واع اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋًﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴًﺰا أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎق ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﺠﺎح‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪Q1: Which of these sentences is an opinion‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻞ رأي؟‬
‫‪D. Maximizing profit represents the only social‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﺮﺑﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪responsibility of a company‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: How is the modern view of good‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺮة اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻺدارة اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬
‫‪management different from the traditional‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. considers benefit of all stakeholders‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬

‫‪Q3: What can we understand in paragraph 3‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫‪about the context within which the business‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎق اﻟﺬي ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ؟‬
‫‪operates‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫‪D. It's important‬‬

‫‪643‬‬
 😞 ‫اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب‬
‫😞ت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎ‬
1- Depression is a complex mental health disorder that affects millions of people worldwide.
It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest in activities, and a
decreased ability to function in daily life. Understanding depression requires a deep dive into
its symptoms, causes, and effects, which can vary greatly from person to person.
2- The severity of depression can range from mild to severe, and it is often the intensity and
duration of symptoms that determine when a person is considered clinically depressed. (Q1)
One key indicator is when an individual's symptoms are so severe that they require
medication to manage. This is not to say that everyone who experiences depression will
need medication, but it is a common treatment method for those with moderate to severe
depression.
3- (Q2) Depression is intrinsically linked to mood. It is more than just feeling sad or having
a bad day; it is a persistent state of low mood that pervades all aspects of an individual's
life. This mood can be so overpowering that it affects one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
It can make once enjoyable activities seem uninteresting and can make even the simplest
tasks seem overwhelming.
4- One of the most severe consequences of depression (Q3) is its potential to cause
thoughts of suicide and death. This is a stark reminder of the seriousness of this mental
health disorder. It is not merely a state of feeling down or blue; it is a debilitating condition
that can lead to life-threatening situations if not properly addressed.
5- Depression, however, is treatable. A combination of medication, psychotherapy, and
lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. It is crucial for
anyone experiencing symptoms of depression to seek help from a healthcare professional.
Early intervention can make a significant difference in the course of the illness.

‫ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻤﺸﺎﻋﺮ‬.‫اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻫﻮ اﺿﻄﺮاب ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬- ١
‫ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻬﻢ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺰن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة وﻓﻘﺪان اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺧﺘﻼًﻓﺎ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻣﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻵﺧﺮ‬،‫اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب اﻟﻐﻮص اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ أﻋﺮاﺿﻪ وأﺳﺒﺎﺑﻪ وآﺛﺎره‬
‫ وﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺷﺪة اﻷﻋﺮاض وﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺷﺪة اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة‬- ٢
‫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮات اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻋﺮاض اﻟﻔﺮد‬.‫ﺗﺤﺪد ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻜﺘﺌًﺒﺎ إﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜًﻴﺎ‬
،‫ ﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﺳﻴﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ دواء‬.‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ دواًء ﻹدارﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻼج ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺪل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ إﻧﻪ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺰن أو ﻳﻮم ﺳﻲء؛ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬.‫اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺰاج‬- ٣
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺰاج ﻃﺎﻏﻴﴼ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬.‫ﻣﺰاﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﺗﺴﻮد ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻔﺮد‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة ﺗﺒﺪو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﺘﻌﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﺮء وﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮه وﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ أﺑﺴﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم ﺗﺒﺪو ﻣﺮﺑﻜﺔ‬
‫ وﻫﺬا ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ ﺻﺎرخ ﺑﺨﻄﻮرة‬.‫ﻣﻦ أﺷﺪ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎر واﻟﻤﻮت‬- ٤
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﻖ أو اﻟﻜﺂﺑﺔ؛ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻜﺔ‬.‫اﺿﻄﺮاب اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮاﻗﻒ ﺗﻬﺪد اﻟﺤﻴﺎة إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬

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 ‫‪- ٥‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻼﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷدوﻳﺔ واﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻷﻋﺮاض وﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺎن ﻷي ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ أﻋﺮاض‬
‫اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب أن ﻳﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻦ أﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﺮًﻗﺎ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺮض‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What does paragraph 2 say about when a‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻰ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬
‫?‪person is considered depressed‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻜﺘﺌًﺒﺎ؟‬
‫‪A. When they require medication‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ دواء‬

‫?‪Q2: What does paragraph 3 say about mood‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪B. Depression is linked to mood‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰاﺟﻴﺔ؟‬
‫ب‪ .‬اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺰاﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Q3: What does paragraph 4 say depression‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ أن اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب‬
‫?‪causes‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ؟‬
‫‪D. Thoughts of suicide and death‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻓﻜﺎر اﻧﺘﺤﺎر وﻣﻮت‬

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 ‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﺸﺎي ☕‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت ☕‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: Which country consumed the most tea‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻬﻠﻜﺖ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫?‪in 2016‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎي ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪٢٠١٦‬؟‬
‫‪A. Turkey‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ‬

‫‪Q2: Which country consumed almost 5‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻬﻠﻜﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ 5‬أرﻃﺎل‬
‫?‪pounds of tea in 2016‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺎي ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪٢٠١٦‬؟‬
‫‪B. Ireland‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬أﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪا‬

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 😎 ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Personality development is a complex and ongoing process that is influenced by a range of
factors, including genetics, upbringing, and life experiences. According to psychologists, the
human (Q1) psyche is composed of three primary components: the id, the ego, and the
superego. These three components work together to shape an individual's thoughts,
behaviors, and emotions.
2- (Q2) The ego is often seen as the central component of personality, representing an
individual's sense of self and their ability to navigate the world around them. It is responsible
for mediating between the impulsive, (Q3) irrational demands of the id and the moral and
social constraints of the superego. Through this process of negotiation and balancing, the ego
helps to shape an individual's personality and behavior, allowing them to function effectively
in society. However, personality development is not a static process, and it continues
throughout an individual's life as they encounter new challenges and experiences.

،‫ واﻟﺘﻨﺸﺌﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮراﺛﺔ‬،‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬- ١
،‫ واﻻﻧﺎ‬،‫ اﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬:‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬.‫واﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺤﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻔﺮد وﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺗﻪ وﻋﻮاﻃﻔﻪ‬ً ‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣ‬.‫واﻷﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ إﺣﺴﺎس اﻟﻔﺮد ﺑﺎﻟﺬات وﻗﺪرﺗﻪ‬،‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬- ٢
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻻﻧﺪﻓﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻷﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎوض واﻟﻤﻮازﻧﺔ ﻫﺬه‬.‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﻘﻴﻮد اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮد وﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ‬
‫ وﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻃﻮال ﺣﻴﺎة اﻟﻔﺮد ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻮاﺟﻪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎت وﺗﺠﺎرب ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬،‫اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: The word “psyche” in the passage is closest ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
in meaning to ‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ـــــــــــــ‬
C. mind ‫ ﻋﻘﻞ‬.‫ج‬

Q2: The word “ego” in the passage is closest in ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﻷﻧﺎ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
meaning to ‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ــــــــــــــ‬
D. Self ‫ اﻟﺬات‬.‫د‬

Q3: The word “irrational” in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
closest in meaning to ‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ــــــــــــــــ‬
A. unreasonable ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‬.‫أ‬

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 📬 ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The Pony Express was created to deliver mail faster than any other means of
transportation at the time. It was established at a time when the United States was
expanding westward, and (Q1) the discovery of gold in California in 1848 had led to a
surge in migration to the region. The Pony Express provided a reliable and quick way to
communicate between the east and the west, (Q2) with riders covering the 1,800 miles
between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, in just 10 days.
2- The riders of the Pony Express were known for their bravery and determination. They rode
through dangerous terrain and hostile territory, facing bandits and harsh weather
conditions. (Q3) One of the most famous Pony Express riders was William F. Cody, also
known as Buffalo Bill. Cody was only 14 years old when he began working for the Pony
Express, and he quickly became known for his speed and endurance. He later became a
famous showman and founded his own Wild West show.
3- Despite its short existence, the Pony Express played a significant role in the history of the
United States. It helped to unite the country and speed up communication between the east
and the west. It was a symbol of the pioneering spirit of the American people, and its riders
became legends in their own time.
4- The Pony Express was established in 1860 and ran for only 19 months before it was
replaced by the telegraph.

.‫ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ "ﺑﻮﻧﻲ إﻛﺴﺒﺮﻳﺲ" ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ أي وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬- ١
‫ وﻗﺪ أدى اﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﻐﺮب‬
‫ وﻗﺪم "ﺑﻮﻧﻲ إﻛﺴﺒﺮﻳﺲ" ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﺔ وﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ اﻟﻬﺠﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬1848
،‫ وﺳﺎﻛﺮاﻣﻨﺘﻮ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﺰوري‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﻮزﻳﻒ‬1800 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﺳﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬،‫اﻟﺸﺮق واﻟﻐﺮب‬
‫ أﻳﺎم ﻓﻘﻂ‬10 ‫ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ‬
،‫ رﻛﺒﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮق ﺧﻄﻴﺮة وأراﺿﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻬﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺎن "ﺑﻮﻧﻲ إﻛﺴﺒﺮﻳﺲ" ﺑﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻬﻢ وإﺻﺮارﻫﻢ‬ ِ ‫اﺷُﺘ‬- ٢
‫ أﺣﺪ أﺷﻬﺮ‬،"‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺑﺎﻓﺎﻟﻮ ﺑﻴﻞ‬،‫ ﻛﻮدي‬.‫ وﻛﺎن وﻳﻠﻴﺎم ف‬.‫ﺻﺎ وﻇﺮوًﻓﺎ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻴﻦ ﻟﺼﻮ‬
‫ وﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ‬،"‫ ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺑﺪأ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ "ﺑﻮﻧﻲ إﻛﺴﺒﺮﻳﺲ‬14 ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻛﻮدي ﻋﻤﺮه‬."‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎن "ﺑﻮﻧﻲ إﻛﺴﺒﺮﻳﺲ‬
‫ﺿﺎ ﺷﻬﻴًﺮا وأﺳﺲ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ اﻟﺨﺎص ﻟﻠﻐﺮب‬ ً ‫ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﺮ‬،‫ وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬.‫أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺸﻬﻮًرا ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺘﻪ وﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮي‬
.‫ ﻓﺈن "ﺑﻮﻧﻲ إﻛﺴﺒﺮﻳﺲ" ﻟﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻫﺎًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮده ﻟﻤﺪة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة‬- ٣
،‫ وﻛﺎن رﻣًﺰا ﻟﺮوح رواد اﻟﻐﺮب اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺒﻼد وﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺮق واﻟﻐﺮب‬
‫وأﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ أﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮﻫﻢ‬
‫ ﺷﻬًﺮا ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﺪاﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻐﺮاف‬19 ‫ واﺳﺘﻤﺮت ﻟﻤﺪة‬1860 ‫ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ "ﺑﻮﻧﻲ إﻛﺴﺒﺮﻳﺲ" ﻋﺎم‬- ٤

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: When did they discover gold in California? ‫ ﻣﺘﻰ اﻛﺘﺸﻔﻮا اﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ؟‬:١‫س‬
B. 1848 ١٨٤٨ .‫ب‬

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Q2: How long did a stagecoach take to travel ‫ ﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺮ‬:٢‫س‬
from New York to California? ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك إﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮرﻧﻴﺎ؟‬
D. 10 days ‫ أﻳﺎم‬١٠ .‫د‬

Q3: Which of these was the surname of a ‫ أي ﻣﻦ ﻫﺆﻻء ﻛﺎن ﻟﻘﺐ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻮﻧﻲ‬:٣‫س‬
famous Pony Express rider? ‫اﻛﺴﺒﺮس اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ؟‬
D. Cody ‫ ﻛﻮدي‬.‫د‬

649
 ⚡ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Universal gravitation is a fundamental concept that has shaped our understanding of the
physical world. It is a principle that governs the interactions between all objects in the
universe, from the smallest particles to the largest celestial bodies. This concept, first
proposed by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century, has been instrumental in explaining
phenomena such as the motion of planets, the tides, and the trajectory of spacecraft.
2- According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, every particle of matter in the universe
attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their
masses. (Q2) This means that the greater the mass of the objects, the stronger the
gravitational pull between them. For instance, the Earth, being more massive than an apple,
exerts a greater gravitational pull on the apple, causing it to fall to the ground.
3- It has been used to calculate the orbits of planets around the sun, predict the existence of
Neptune before it was observed, and even to measure the mass of the Earth. Furthermore, it
has been instrumental in the development of Einstein's theory of general relativity, which
further refines our understanding of gravity.
4- Newton's groundbreaking realization was (Q3) that gravity is not confined to Earth but
exists everywhere in the universe. This means that the same force that causes an apple to
fall from a tree also keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth and the planets in orbit around
the sun. This understanding has allowed us to predict and explain a wide range of
phenomena, from the motion of galaxies to the bending of light by massive objects. It is a
testament to the power of scientific inquiry and the profound interconnectedness of the
universe.
‫ إﻧﻪ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻳﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬.‫ﻜﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺎدي‬ ّ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺷ‬- ١
‫ اﻟﺬي اﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ اﻟﺴﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم‬.‫ ﻣﻦ أﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت إﻟﻰ أﻛﺒﺮ اﻷﺟﺮام اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺪا ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮح ﻇﻮاﻫﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ واﻟﻤﺪ‬ ً ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻣﻔﻴ‬،‫إﺳﺤﺎق ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫واﻟﺠﺰر وﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن ﻛﻞ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻳﺠﺬب ﻛﻞ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ آﺧﺮ ﺑﻘﻮة‬،‫وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺠﺬب اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻨﻴﻮﺗﻦ‬- ٢
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ زادت ﻗﻮة اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬.‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮدًﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺎرس ﻗﻮة ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺣﺔ‬،‫ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻟﻜﻮن اﻷرض أﺿﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺣﺔ‬،‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻘﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‬
‫ وﺣﺘﻰ‬،‫ واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻧﺒﺘﻮن ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻪ‬،‫ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﺪارات اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬- ٣
،‫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ دور ﻓﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻷﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻷرض‬
‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻘﻠﺖ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺒﺮ‬
.‫ﻛﺎن إدراك ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪ ﻫﻮ أن اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻮن‬- ٤
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪار ﺣﻮل‬
ً ‫ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻘﻮط اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺠﺮة ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ أﻳ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ‬.‫اﻷرض واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪار ﺣﻮل اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﻬﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺮات إﻟﻰ اﻧﺤﻨﺎء اﻟﻀﻮء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬،‫وﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What is the writer’s main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:١‫س‬

A. to inform ‫ اﻹﺑﻼغ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is one important idea that the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:٢‫س‬
mention in paragraph 2? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
B. that mass affects gravitational attraction. ‫ أن اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ‬.‫ب‬

Q3: What is one important point that the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:٣‫س‬
mentions in paragraph 4? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ؟‬
D. Newton found gravity exists everywhere. ‫ وﺟﺪ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ أن اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ‬.‫د‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬

651
 🤝 ‫اﻻﺗﻔﺎق اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬
🤝‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
1- The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and
regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933
and 1939. It was a response to the Great Depression, aiming to provide relief for the
unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy, and reform of the financial system to
prevent a repeat depression. (Q1) The New Deal had a significant impact on the American
economy, helping to stabilize it and set the stage for future growth.
2- One of the most notable aspects of the New Deal was the establishment of (Q2) the Social
Security Act. This act was designed to provide financial assistance to those who were
unable to work due to disability, old age, or other reasons. The Social Security system,
funded by payroll taxes, provided a safety net for these individuals, ensuring they had a
source of income even when they could not earn one themselves.
3- (Q3) For example, consider the case of a disabled individual who is unable to work.
Under the Social Security Act, this individual would receive a monthly stipend, providing
them with the means to cover their basic needs. This is just one example of how the New
Deal sought to provide support and stability to the most vulnerable members of society.
4- The New Deal also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which
insured bank deposits and helped restore public confidence in the banking system. (Q4) So,
in the event of a bank failure, depositors would not lose their savings. (Q5) The writer
believes that the FDIC, like many other New Deal programs, had a positive effect on the
American economy and society. It helped to prevent bank runs and fostered a more stable
and secure financial environment, contributing to the overall improvement of the US
economy during this challenging period.
،‫ واﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم‬،‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ‬- ١
‫ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.1939‫ و‬1933 ‫واﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮاﻧﻜﻠﻴﻦ روزﻓﻠﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ وإﺻﻼح اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬،‫ اﻧﺘﻌﺎش اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬،‫ ﺑﻬﺪف ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻹﻏﺎﺛﺔ ﻟـ اﻟﻌﺎﻃﻠﻮن واﻟﻔﻘﺮاء‬،‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺴﺎد اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻜﺴﺎد‬
. ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺮاره وﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬.‫ﻛﺎن ﻣﻦ أﺑﺮز ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة إﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬- ٢
‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ أو اﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ أو ﻷﺳﺒﺎب أﺧﺮى‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻬﻢ‬،‫ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ أﻣﺎن ﻟﻬﺆﻻء اﻷﻓﺮاد‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﺮواﺗﺐ‬،‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
. ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر دﺧﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻛﺴﺐ واﺣﺪ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬.‫ اﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﻌﺎق ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬- ٣
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻪ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﺤﺼﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﺮد ﻋﻠﻰ راﺗﺐ ﺷﻬﺮي‬،‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺜﺎل واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻌﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ "اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة" إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬.‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
. ‫واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﻌﻔﴼ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬، (FDIC) ‫ﻀﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺪراﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ‬ ً ‫أﻧﺸﺄت اﻟﺼﻔﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة أﻳ‬- ٤
،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﻚ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻮداﺋﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ وﺳﺎﻋﺪت ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة ﺛﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﺧﺮى‬، FDIC‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن‬.‫ﻟﻦ ﻳﺨﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮدﻋﻮن ﻣﺪﺧﺮاﺗﻬﻢ‬

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 ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك وﻋﺰز ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاًرا وأﻣﺎًﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What does the passage say about the New‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ؟‬
‫?‪Deal‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪D. It helped to improve the US economy.‬‬
‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻟﺬوي اﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫‪Q2: Who provides money to disables people‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟‬
‫?‪who are unable to work‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫‪C. Social Security‬‬
‫س‪ :٣‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﺒﺎرة "ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫‪Q3: Why does the writer use the phrase “for‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
‫?)‪example” in paragraph (3‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻟﺸﺮح ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻗﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎل‬
‫‪C. to explain how disabled people get money.‬‬
‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫‪Q4: Which word can replace the word “so” in‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻟﺬﻟﻚ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ؟‬
‫?)‪paragraph (4‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫‪B. therefore‬‬
‫س‪ :٥‬ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫?‪Q5: What does the writer think about the FDIC‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺪراﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. He believes it had a positive effect.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬

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 🐍 ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Cold-blooded animals, also known as ectotherms, are a fascinating group of creatures that
have adapted to survive in a variety of environments. Unlike warm-blooded animals, these
creatures do not maintain a constant body temperature. Instead, their body temperature
fluctuates with the surrounding environment. This unique characteristic allows them to
inhabit diverse ecosystems, from the scorching desert to the icy tundra. However, this also
means that their metabolic processes, including the release of energy in their cells, are
heavily influenced by external temperatures.
2- The release of energy in cells, (Q1) a process vital to all living organisms, is achieved
through a chemical reaction known as oxidation. This process involves the breakdown of
glucose, a type of sugar, in the presence of oxygen. The energy released during this process is
then used to fuel various cellular activities. For cold-blooded animals, the rate of this process
is directly linked to their environmental temperature. As such, they must (Q2) maintain a
delicate balance between energy intake and expenditure, adjusting their behavior and
metabolic rate to match the prevailing conditions.
3- Keeping this balance is crucial for the survival of cold-blooded animals. (Q3) When the
environment is warm, their metabolic rate increases, leading to a faster oxidation process
and a higher energy release. Conversely, in colder environments, their metabolic rate slows
down, reducing the rate of energy release. This ability to adjust their metabolic rate allows
them to conserve energy during periods of scarcity and expend it during periods of
abundance.
4- One interesting consequence of this temperature-dependent metabolism is the (Q4)
build-up, in the animals' activity levels as the temperature rises. This is particularly noticeable
in reptiles, a group of cold-blooded animals. On a warm day, a lizard, for example, will be
seen darting around with surprising speed. This is because the heat increases the rate of
oxidation in its cells, providing it with more energy to move around.
5- However, this increased activity is not without its drawbacks. The faster movement
requires more energy, which in turn requires more food. Therefore, during periods of high
activity, these animals need to consume more food to meet their energy needs. This can be a
challenge in environments where food is scarce, forcing these animals to adapt their behavior
and diet to survive.
6- Despite these challenges, cold-blooded animals have thrived in a variety of environments.
Their ability to adjust their metabolic rate and activity level in response to environmental
conditions has allowed them to inhabit a wide range of habitats. From the slow-moving
tortoise in the desert to the fast-swimming fish in the ocean, these animals have
demonstrated remarkable adaptability and resilience.
‫ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ راﺋﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬، ectotherms‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ً ‫ واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أﻳ‬،‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد‬- ١
‫ ﻻ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﺎر‬.‫ﺗﻜﻴﻔﺖ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت‬
‫ ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺐ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ‬،‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء اﻟﺤﺎرﻗﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‬

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‫ﻀﺎ أن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺪرا اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻳ ً‬
‫إﻃﻼق اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﺪة ﺑﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬إﻃﻼق اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ وﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ وﺟﻮد‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷًﺮا ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮازن دﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وإﻧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﻢ وﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﻟﻤﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺿﺮوري ﻟﺒﻘﺎء اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ داﻓﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺪل‬
‫اﻷﻳﺾ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ أﻛﺴﺪة أﺳﺮع وإﻃﻼق ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎردة‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﺎﻃﺄ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻷﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل إﻃﻼق اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﺪل‬
‫اﻷﻳﺾ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﻨﺪرة وإﻧﻔﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﻮﻓﺮة ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬إﺣﺪى اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰواﺣﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮم داﻓﺊ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺮى ﺳﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ‪ .‬وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷن اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻷﻛﺴﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺰﻳ ً‬
‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪- ٥‬إﻻ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻷﺳﺮع ﻣﺰﻳ ً‬
‫ﺑﺪورﻫﺎ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮات اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﺬا ﺗﺤﺪًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬
‫ﻧﺎدًرا‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺒﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ وﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ازدﻫﺮت اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺳﻤﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻬﻢ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ وﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﺶ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﺤﻔﺎة اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬أﻇﻬﺮت ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻗﺪرة ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ واﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫?‪Q1: What process releases energy in the cell‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪A. oxidation‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ؟‬
‫أ‪ .‬اﻷﻛﺴﺪة‬
‫‪Q2: The word “maintain” in paragraph (2) is‬‬
‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺤﻔﻆ" اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪A. keep‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ــــــــــــــــ‬
‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫‪Q3: What is an important effect of heat‬‬
‫?‪increase in “cold-blooded” animals‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪B. They move faster.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت "ذوات اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﺎرد"؟‬
‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻛﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺮع‬

‫‪Q4: The word “build up” in paragraph (4) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﻨﺎء" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬
‫ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ــــــــــــ‬
‫‪B. increase‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬زﻳﺎدة‬

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 💧 ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The liquid state is one of the four fundamental states of matter, alongside solids, gases,
and plasma. In the liquid state, particles are closely packed together, but unlike in solids, they
are not arranged in a fixed, rigid structure. Instead, they have the ability to flow and take the
shape of their container.
2- One of the (Q1) characteristic features of the liquid state is that it can easily convert to
other states of matter through changes in temperature and pressure. For example, when a
liquid is heated to its boiling point, it converts to a gas, while cooling a gas to its condensation
point results in its conversion to a liquid. This ability to (Q2) convert between states is
important in a variety of natural and industrial processes.
3- The behavior of liquids is determined by the way their particles (Q3) aggregate and
interact with each other. In general, the particles in a liquid are held together by
intermolecular forces that are weaker than the forces between particles in a solid. As a result,
liquids are more fluid and have the ability to flow and change shape more easily than solids.
However, they are also more dense and have a lower level of kinetic energy compared to
gases. Overall, the liquid state is an important and characteristic state of matter with a range
of unique properties and behaviors.

‫ ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزات‬،‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻷرﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬- ١
‫ ﻻ‬،‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬،‫ﻌﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﻴﻖ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬.‫واﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ واﺗﺨﺎذ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ إﺣﺪى اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺤﻮل ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ‬- ٢
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬.‫اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ ﻫﺬه‬.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻐﺎز إﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻔﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ ﻏﺎز‬،‫درﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪد ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬- ٣
‫ﻌﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻮى ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت أﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮى ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣ‬،‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬،‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ً ‫ ﻓﻬﻲ أﻳ‬،‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ وﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬.‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ واﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪة‬

656
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
Q1: The word characteristic in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬:١‫س‬
closest in meaning to _______ ______‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
A. special ‫ ﻣﻤﻴﺰ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The word converts in the passage is closest ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺘﺤﻮل" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ‬:٢‫س‬
in meaning to _______ _______‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
D. Changes ‫ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬.‫د‬

Q3: The word aggregate in the passage is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺠﻤﻊ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ‬:٣‫س‬
closest in meaning to _______ _______‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
D. Combine ‫ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ‬.‫د‬

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 🪐 ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The Universe, a boundless expanse that stretches beyond human comprehension, holds an
array of wonders that captivate and challenge our understanding of the cosmos.
2- Within this vast cosmic arena, countless galaxies reside, each separated by unimaginable
distances. In exploring the vastness of the Universe, (Q1) we encounter the nearest galaxy
to the Sun, which lies at an astonishing distance. Positioned approximately 75,000 light-
years away, this neighboring galactic entity beckons our curiosity and invites us to
contemplate the vastness of space.
3- As we venture further into the cosmic landscape, our attention turns to the nearest large
galaxy, a captivating celestial body that has fascinated astronomers for centuries. (Q2)
Known by the name of Andromeda, this galactic neighbor showcases its grandeur and
beauty from a significant distance of approximately 2.537 million light-years away. Its spiral
arms and stellar population provide a breathtaking spectacle, inviting us to ponder the
cosmic forces that shape these magnificent galactic structures.
4- Beyond individual galaxies, the Universe holds immense cosmic structures that connect
and shape the distribution of matter on a grand scale. One such colossal entity is the Virgo
Supercluster, an expansive collection of galaxies that stretches across vast cosmic
distances.(Q3) Measuring an astonishing width of approximately 110 million light-
years, this supercluster serves as a testament to the vastness and complexity of the cosmic
web that connects countless galactic communities.
5- Within the Virgo Supercluster, galaxies interact and gravitationally influence one another,
forming a dynamic tapestry of cosmic evolution. The intricate dance of gravity within this
immense superstructure shapes the destiny and arrangement of galaxies on a scale that is
difficult to comprehend. The Virgo Supercluster reminds us of the interconnected nature of
the Universe and the cosmic mechanisms that govern its evolution.
‫ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺠﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﺮ‬،‫ وﻫﻮ اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻻ ﺣﺪود ﻟﻪ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬،‫ اﻟﻜﻮن‬-١
‫وﺗﺘﺤﺪى ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن‬
.‫ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮرﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺠﺮات ﻻ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺬﻫﻠﺔ‬،‫ ﻧﻮاﺟﻪ أﻗﺮب ﻣﺠﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﺗﺴﺎع اﻟﻜﻮن‬
‫ وﻳﺜﻴﺮ ﻓﻀﻮﻟﻨﺎ وﻳﺪﻋﻮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺴﺎع‬،‫ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬75000 ‫اﻟﻜﻴﺎن اﻟﻤﺠﺮي اﻟﻤﺠﺎور ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
.‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬
‫ وﻫﻲ ﺟﺮم ﺳﻤﺎوي آﺳﺮ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﺠﻪ اﻧﺘﺒﺎﻫﻨﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻗﺮب ﻣﺠﺮة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬،‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﻏﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬-٣
‫ وﻳﻌﺮض ﻋﻈﻤﺘﻪ وﺟﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ُﻳﻌﺮف ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺠﺮي ﺑﺎﺳﻢ أﻧﺪرو ﻣﻴﺪا‬.‫أﺑﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﻟﻌﺪة ﻗﺮون‬
‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ أذرﻋﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ وﺗﻌﺪادﻫﺎ اﻟﻨﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﺸﻬ‬.‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬2.537 ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻼًﺑﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﻌﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻜﻮن ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ وﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق‬،‫ ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟﻤﺠﺮات اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ‬-٤
‫ وﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬، Virgo Supercluster‫ أﺣﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ‬.‫واﺳﻊ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد‬،‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬110 ‫ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﺮض ﻣﺬﻫﻞ ﻟﺤﻮاﻟﻲ‬.‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺴﺎع وﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﻳﺐ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﺪًدا ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬

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 ‫‪- ٥‬داﺧﻞ ﻋﻨﻘﻮد اﻟﻌﺬراء اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺮات وﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬وﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺠًﺎ‬
‫دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜًﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﺼﺔ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة داﺧﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﻮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﺼﻴﺮ‬
‫وﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺠﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ‪ .‬ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻌﺬراء ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن‬
‫واﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺗﻄﻮره‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫?‪Q1: How far is the nearest galaxy from the sun‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ أﻗﺮب ﻣﺠﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ؟‬
‫‪A. 75,000 light-years‬‬ ‫أ‪ 75000 .‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫?‪Q2: What is the name of nearest large galaxy‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ اﺳﻢ أﻗﺮب ﻣﺠﺮة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة؟‬
‫‪B. Andromeda‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬أﻧﺪرو ﻣﻴﺪا‬

‫?‪Q3: How wide is the Virgo Supercluster‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻌﻨﻘﻮد اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻠﻌﺬراء؟‬
‫‪C. 110 million light-years‬‬ ‫ج‪ 110 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺳﻨﺔ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪659‬‬
 🏃 ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Velocity, a fundamental concept in physics, is best (Q1) represented through concrete
examples. By providing specific scenarios or visual demonstrations, velocity can be grasped
more easily, showing the relationship between an object's speed and its direction.
2- When discussing velocity, it is crucial to consider the (Q2) specified elements that define
it. While speed refers only to the magnitude of an object's motion, velocity encompasses
both speed and direction. This specification allows for a more precise understanding of how
velocity differs from mere speed.
3- The practical application of velocity is significant across various scientific fields. By
specifying an object's velocity, scientists can make accurate predictions about its future
trajectory and behavior. The specified quantity aids in understanding the laws of motion and
contributes to advancements in physics, engineering, and other scientific disciplines.
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬.‫ ﻫﻲ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ‬،‫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء‬،‫ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‬،‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮﻫﺎت ﻣﺤﺪدة أو ﻋﺮوض ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ واﺗﺠﺎﻫﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮوري ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪدﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺑﻔﻬﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ واﻻﺗﺠﺎه‬
ً ‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻛ‬،‫إﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫دﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺮدة‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬-٣
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻤﺎء إﺟﺮاء ﺗﻨﺒﺆات دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺴﺎره وﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ وﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء واﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: The word represented in the Paragraph (1) ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻣﻘﺪم( اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ‬:١‫س‬
is closest in meaning to _____? ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ؟‬
A. illustrated ‫ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: The word specified in Paragraph (2) is ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺤﺪد" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬:٢‫س‬
closest in meaning to_____? ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ؟‬
C. explained ‫ واﺿﺢ‬.‫ج‬

660
 🪨 ‫اﻟﺰﻻزل‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Earthquakes are sudden, rapid shaking of the ground caused by the release of built-up
🪨
energy within the Earth. Earthquakes can cause massive damage by destroying buildings and
infrastructure. The writer intends to provide readers with information to understand the
causes and impact of earthquakes. 🪨
2- Energy is continuously built up in the Earth's crust due to movements of tectonic plates.
The tectonic plates that make up the Earth's surface constantly push and rub against each
other. As the plates interact over time, stress accumulates at the fault lines where the plates
meet. When this built-up stress exceeds the frictional resistance along the fault line, there is
an abrupt release of energy which causes the ground to shake suddenly. (Q2) This release of
pent-up energy within the Earth is the fundamental cause of earthquakes.
3- Our understanding of earthquakes has increased through improved scientific monitoring
technologies that provide data about earthquake activity. Researchers analyze patterns of
earthquake frequency, location and magnitude to identify active fault zones and understand
how stresses accumulate and are released within the Earth. This knowledge aids in seismic
hazard assessment and development of earthquake-resistant designs.
4- Although earthquakes cannot be prevented, their impact can be reduced through effective
hazard planning and mitigation strategies. These include improving the earthquake resistance
of structures, engineering critical lifelines to withstand shaking, developing emergency
response plans and educating the public on how to prepare for and respond properly during
an earthquake. With concerted efforts to enhance community resilience, damage from
earthquakes can be minimized.

‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬.‫ اﻟﺰﻻزل ﻫﻲ اﻫﺘﺰازات ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ وﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻸرض ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﻤﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻷرض‬-١
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺰم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﺮاء‬.‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺰﻻزل أﺿﺮاًرا ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻔﻬﻢ أﺳﺒﺎب وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﺰﻻزل‬
‫ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬.‫ ﺗﺘﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺸﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار وﺗﺤﺘﻚ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻫﺬا اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﻛﻢ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺼﺪع ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬،‫ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
.‫ ﻳﺤﺪث إﻃﻼق ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻫﺘﺰاز اﻷرض ﻓﺠﺄة‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل ﺧﻂ اﻟﺼﺪع‬
‫ﻫﺬا اﻹﻃﻼق ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﻮﺗﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻷرض ﻫﻮ اﻟﺴﺒﺐ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻻزل‬
.‫ ازداد ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﻻزل ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﺰﻻزل‬-٣
‫ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ أﻧﻤﺎط ﺗﻮاﺗﺮ اﻟﺰﻻزل وﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ وﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺼﺪع اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ وﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬.‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط وإﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ داﺧﻞ اﻷرض‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻻزل‬
‫ إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻊ اﻟﺰﻻزل‬-٤
‫ وﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‬،‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﺰﻻزل‬.‫واﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬
‫ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﻄﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻮارئ وﺗﺜﻘﻴﻒ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر ﺣﻮل ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪاد واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬،‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻻﻫﺘﺰازات‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﻤﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮة ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻤﻮد‬.‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺿﺮار اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺰﻻزل‬

661
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What is the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:١‫س‬

C. to explain ‫ اﻟﺸﺮح‬.‫ج‬

Q2: What is one important idea that the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:٢‫س‬
mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
B. that energy in the earth causes earthquakes. ‫ أن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺰﻻزل‬.‫ب‬

662
 🇺🇸 ‫اﻟﻬﺠﺮة اﻟﻰ اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Since its early history (Q1) in the early 1600s, the United States has been a destination
for immigrants from various parts of the world. The allure of (Q2) finding greater
economic opportunity has been a driving force for many immigrants seeking a better
life. Over the centuries, millions of individuals have embarked on the journey to America,
contributing to the nation's cultural diversity and economic growth.
2- In the 19th and early 20th centuries, (Q3) a significant wave of Irish immigrants made
their way to the United States. Between 1820 and 1930, approximately 4.5 million Irish
migrants arrived on American shores, fleeing hardship and seeking new prospects. These
Irish immigrants played a crucial role in shaping the country's infrastructure, labor force, and
cultural fabric, leaving a lasting impact on American society.
3- As immigration to the United States continued, the nation embraced its status as a
"melting pot," welcoming people from diverse backgrounds and providing opportunities for
them to contribute to the nation's progress. Throughout its history, immigration has been
both a challenge and a source of strength for the United States, fostering innovation, cultural
exchange, and a sense of shared identity among its people.

‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻣﻘﺼﺪﴽ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬-١
‫ ﻛﺎن إﻏﺮاء إﻳﺠﺎد ﻓﺮص اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻮة داﻓﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎة‬.‫أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼد‬،‫ ﺷﺮع ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﻘﺮون‬.‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫واﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫ ﺷﻘﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﻢ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ وأواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬-٢
‫ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ أﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻮاﻃﺊ‬4.5 ‫ وﺻﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬،1930‫ و‬1820 ‫ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬.‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
ً ‫ ﻟﻌﺐ ﻫﺆﻻء اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮون اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮن دوًرا ﺣﺎﺳ‬.‫ ﻫﺮًﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﻘﺔ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ آﻓﺎق ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬،‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ً ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺮك ﺗﺄﺛﻴًﺮا داﺋ‬،‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻼد‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ اﺣﺘﻀﻨﺖ اﻷﻣﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻛـ "ﺑﻮﺗﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﺼﻬﺮ" ﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻟﻬﺠﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬-٣
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻬﺠﺮة ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ وﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺮص ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻷﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺰزت اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر واﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ واﻟﺸﻌﻮر ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬،‫ﺗﺤﺪًﻳﺎ وﻣﺼﺪًرا ﻟﻠﻘﻮة ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: When did the immigrants come to‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺟﺎء اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮون إﻟﻰ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ؟‬
‫?‪America‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫‪A. in the early 1600s‬‬

‫‪Q2: Why did many immigrants come to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻗﺪم اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ إﻟﻰ‬
‫?‪America‬‬ ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ؟‬
‫‪A. to find greater economic opportunity‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﻓﺮص اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‬

‫‪Q3: How many Irish migrated to the United‬‬

‫?‪States between 1820 and 1930‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﺟﺮوا إﻟﻰ‬
‫‪B. 4.5 million‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 1820‬و ‪1930‬؟‬
‫ب‪ 4.5 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬

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 🏷 ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- In the world of marketing and business, a brand holds immense significance. It is not just a
logo or a name; it is a representation of the entire identity of a product or company. One of
the critical aspects of a brand is its performance. A brand's performance refers to how well it
delivers on its promises, how reliable it is, and how it meets customers' expectations. (Q1) It
is considered one of the key product attributes that contribute to the overall perception
of the brand.
2- One of the greatest strengths of a successful brand is its ability to foster brand loyalty.
When customers feel a strong connection to a brand, they are more likely to remain loyal and
prefer that brand over others. (Q2) Brand loyalty, in turn, plays a pivotal role in increasing
market share. When customers repeatedly choose a particular brand, it not only secures its
position in the market but also gains a competitive advantage over other brands.
3- For a brand to be truly strong and successful,(Q3) it must go beyond the functional
aspects of the product and create an emotional connection with its
customers. Customers' perceptions of a brand vary, and this is influenced by a multitude of
factors, including their past experiences, advertising, and word-of-mouth. This diversity in
perceptions highlights the complexity of branding and the need for companies to carefully
manage their brand image and reputation.
4- Understanding the intricacies of brand perception is crucial for marketers and
businesses. (Q4) Customers' perceptions of a brand are shaped by a combination of
tangible and intangible factors, and these perceptions play a significant role in shaping
their purchasing decisions. Therefore, companies must invest in creating a consistent and
positive brand experience across all touchpoints to maintain a favorable brand image.
‫ إﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺷﻌﺎر أو اﺳﻢ؛ إﻧﻪ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬.‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ واﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬-١
‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ أداء اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬.‫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ أداﺋﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أو ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ‬.‫ وﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬،‫ وﻣﺪى ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬،‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺪى وﻓﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﻋﻮدﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻮر اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
.‫ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ أﻋﻈﻢ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﻮﻻء ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ أن ﻳﻈﻠﻮا ﻣﺨﻠﺼﻴﻦ وﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺑﺎرﺗﺒﺎط ﻗﻮي ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺨﺘﺎر‬.‫ دوًرا ﻣﺤﻮرًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﺣﺼﺔ اﻟﺴﻮق‬،‫ ﺑﺪوره‬،‫ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻮﻻء ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ أﻳ‬،‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬،‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮر‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ وﺗﺨﻠﻖ اﺗﺼﺎًﻟﺎ‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﺣًﻘﺎ‬-٣
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ وﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬،‫ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺼﻮرات اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔًﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻨﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻹدراك اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى‬.‫ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻬﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ واﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎت واﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وﺣﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻟﻰ إدارة ﺻﻮرة ﻋﻼﻣﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ وﺳﻤﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺼﻮرات‬.‫ إن ﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪات إدراك اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ أﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻮﻗﻴﻦ واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬-٤
‫ وﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻫﺬه‬،‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﺮارات اﻟﺸﺮاء اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‬ ً ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮرات دوًرا ﻣﻬ‬

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 ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ وإﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: Which of the following statements about‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل "اﻷداء" ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻪ‬
‫?‪"performance" does Paragraph (1) support‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ؟‬
‫‪D. It's one of the product attributes.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬إﻧﻬﺎ إﺣﺪى ﺳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬

‫‪Q2: Which of the following statements about‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل "اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫?‪"brand" does Paragraph (2) support‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ" ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪C. Brand loyalty helps increase the market‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﻮﻻء ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ زﻳﺎدة‬
‫‪share.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺔ اﻟﺴﻮق‬

‫‪Q3: Which of the following statements about a‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫?‪strong brand does Paragraph (3) support‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. It must create an emotional connection.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺨﻠﻖ اﺗﺼﺎًﻟﺎ ﻋﺎﻃﻔًﻴﺎ‬

‫‪Q4: Which sentence gives the main idea of‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫?)‪Paragraph (4‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. Customers have varying levels of perceptions‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻟﺪى اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻮرات‬
‫‪of brand.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫?‪Q5: What is the main idea in the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. A brand is all about communication.‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‬

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 🌿 ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Plants, the life-sustaining organisms that populate our planet, play a vital role in the
ecosystem and our daily lives. In this passage, we explore various important aspects related
to plants, highlighting their diverse habitats, multifaceted uses, and the significance they hold
for our existence.
2- Plants exhibit remarkable adaptability, with species thriving in a wide range of
environments, from lush rainforests to arid deserts. (Q1) Their resilience and ability to
adapt to varying climatic conditions allow them to colonize diverse habitats, making them
an integral part of ecosystems worldwide.
3- Plants offer a myriad of benefits to humans and the environment. (Q2) They provide us
with food, medicine, shelter, and raw materials for various industries. Additionally, plants
contribute to the maintenance of ecological balance by releasing oxygen, sequestering
carbon dioxide, and supporting biodiversity. Their invaluable contributions underscore the
interconnectedness between plants and human well-being.
4- Lotus plants are renowned for their ability to thrive in aquatic environments, with their
distinctive flowers and broad leaves adorning ponds and water bodies. (Q3) Their unique
adaptation to water environments showcases the diversity and adaptability of plant life.
5- Throughout the passage, the writer emphasizes the critical role that plants play in our lives
and the environment. From their ability to grow in diverse habitats to their multifaceted uses
and contributions, (Q4) the passage underscores the significance of plants for sustaining
life, supporting ecosystems, and providing resources for human well-being.

‫ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﺣﻴﻮًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬،‫ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻜﻦ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ‬،‫ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬-١
،‫ ﻧﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬.‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ وﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ واﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻮدﻧﺎ‬،‫ واﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷوﺟﻪ‬،‫وﻧﺒﺮز ﻣﻮاﺋﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ازدﻫﺎر اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت‬،‫ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻗﺪرة ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‬-٢
‫ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻣﺮوﻧﺘﻬﺎ وﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﻮرﻗﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺎري اﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﺰًءا ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺰودوﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺬاء واﻷدوﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺄوى واﻟﻤﻮاد‬.‫ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻋﺪًدا ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬-٣
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎم ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪر‬.‫إﻃﻼق اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ وﻋﺰل ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ودﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ورﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫ ﺑﺄزﻫﺎرﻫﺎ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة وأوراﻗﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ‬،‫ ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺗﺲ ﺑﻘﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻزدﻫﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬-٤
‫ ُﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻜﻴﻔﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻮع اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺰﻳﻦ اﻷﺣﻮاض واﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ أﻛﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ وﺑﻴﺌﺘﻨﺎ‬،‫ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬-٥
‫ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷوﺟﻪ‬
‫ وﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬،‫ ودﻋﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What is one important idea related to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬:١‫س‬
plants that the writer mentions in Paragraph ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
(2)? ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
D. Plants grow in different places. ‫ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫د‬

Q2: What is one important idea related to ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬:٢‫س‬
plants that the writer mentions in Paragraph ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
(3)? ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
C. Plants are useful in several ways. ‫ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﺑﻌﺪة ﻃﺮق‬.‫ج‬

Q3: What are lotus plants an example of? ‫ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻠﻮﺗﺲ ﻣﺜﺎًﻻ ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬:٣‫س‬
B. Plants that grow in water ‫ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬.‫ب‬

Q4: What is the main topic of the passage? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ؟‬:4‫س‬
A. the importance of plants ‫ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬.‫أ‬

668
 ‫اﻻﻣﻬﺎت 🧕‬
‫☕ت‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In 2016, what percentage of women‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2016‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺎء اﻟﻼﺋﻲ‬
‫?‪became first-time mothers at age 20‬‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺤﻦ أﻣﻬﺎت ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻦ ‪20‬؟‬
‫‪C. 6%‬‬ ‫ج‪٪6 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: In 1980, what was the most common‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1980‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ‬
‫?‪age to become a first-time mother‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸم ﻷول ﻣﺮة؟‬
‫‪A. 19‬‬ ‫أ‪19 .‬‬

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 💦 ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﻟﻐﺎزﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Solids, liquids, and gases are three states of matter that exist based on the (Q1)
principle of their distinct properties. Each state exhibits unique behaviors and characteristics.
Solids have a rigid structure, with particles tightly packed and held in fixed positions. They do
not easily change shape or volume.
2- Liquids, in contrast, (Q2) exhibit fluidity. Their particles can move more freely, allowing
liquids to flow and take the shape of their container.
3- Gases, on the other hand, (Q3) accommodate changes in both shape and volume. They
have particles that move rapidly and spread out to fill any available space. This behavior of
gases makes them highly adaptable, as they can expand or compress to fit different
environments.
4- The states of matter are influenced by factors such as temperature and pressure.
Increasing temperature can cause substances to undergo state changes, such as the melting
of solids into liquids or the evaporation of liquids into gases. Changes in pressure can also
impact the behavior of substances, leading to condensation or solidification.

.‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﻐﺎزات ﺛﻼث ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰة‬-١
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﻌﺒﺄة ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎم‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺻﻠﺐ‬.‫ﺗﻌﺮض ﻛﻞ دوﻟﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻓﺮﻳﺪة‬
‫ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺮون ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أو اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬.‫وﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬،‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‬.‫ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺳﻴﻮﻟﺔ‬-٢
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ واﺗﺨﺎذ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ وﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻟﻤﻞء‬.‫ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬-٣
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻊ أو‬،‫ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻟﻠﻐﺎزات ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬.‫أي ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻴﺌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي زﻳﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪوث‬.‫ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬-٤
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ أو ﺗﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻏﺎزات‬،‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ أو اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺐ‬،‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ً ‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ أﻳ‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: The word principle in Paragraph (1) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺒﺪأ" اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ‬
‫?_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻰ ـــــــــــ؟‬
‫‪A. basis‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﺳﺎس‬

‫‪Q2: The word exhibit in Paragraph (2) is closest‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﺿﺔ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫? ـ ـ ـ ‪in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻰ ـــــــــــــ؟‬
‫‪A. display‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﺮض‬

‫)‪Q3: The word accommodates in Paragraph (3‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ" اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫?_____ ‪is closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻰ ــــــــــ؟‬
‫‪C. fits‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

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 📱 ‫اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The internet's introduction to Saudi Arabia dates back to the early 1990s, a time when the
country was taking its first steps into the digital world. During this period, King Abdulaziz City
for Science and Technology (KACST) played a vital role in connecting the nation to the global
network. (Q1) In 1999, the number of internet users in Saudi Arabia was estimated to be
around one million, marking the beginning of a significant digital transformation.
2- As the internet became more accessible and user-friendly, it quickly became a (Q5)
staple in various sectors of Saudi society. Institutions, businesses, and individuals embraced
the internet's potential, utilizing it for communication, research, and information sharing. The
digital medium's convenience and efficiency fostered its widespread adoption, propelling the
number of internet users to grow steadily.
3- In the realm of telecommunications, (Q2) two key players, Mobily and Zain, entered the
market to provide mobile internet services in 2005 and 2008, respectively. Their entry
revolutionized internet accessibility, empowering people to stay connected on the go. This
expansion of mobile internet services significantly contributed to the surge in internet users
across the country.
4- During the late 1990s, significant milestones in the internet's history in Saudi Arabia were
marked by (Q3) the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) and the King
Saud Hospital and Research Center (KSHRC). These institutions established their own
satellite stations to connect to the internet, thus pioneering independent access to the
global network. This breakthrough enabled them to conduct research, collaborate with
international partners, and enhance knowledge-sharing beyond national borders.
5- Over the years, the internet's influence in Saudi Arabia has only grown stronger. (Q4) By
2013, the number of internet users in the country had skyrocketed to approximately 16.5
million, reflecting the rapid and widespread adoption of the digital medium. Businesses
began harnessing the internet's power for (Q6) promotional purposes, leveraging online
platforms for marketing and reaching broader audiences.
‫ وﻫﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻳﻌﻮد دﺧﻮل اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ أواﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت‬-١
‫ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم‬،‫ ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬.‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﺗﺨﻄﻮ أوﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻮاﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﻗﺪر ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬،1999 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫( دوًرا ﺣﻴﻮًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ رﺑﻂ اﻷﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬KACST) ‫واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل رﻗﻤﻲ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬،‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﻨﺼًﺮا‬،‫ ﻧﻈًﺮا ﻷن اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ أﺻﺒﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻪ وﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ‬-٢
‫ اﺣﺘﻀﻨﺖ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻷﻓﺮاد إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫أﺳﺎﺳًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدي‬
‫ ﻋﺰزت وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫ واﺳﺘﻔﺎدﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ وﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬،‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ دﻓﻊ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮد‬،‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ‬
‫ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻋﺒﺮ‬،‫ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺑﺎﻳﻠﻲ وزﻳﻦ‬،‫ دﺧﻞ ﻻﻋﺒﺎن رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎن‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬-٣
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ أﺣﺪث دﺧﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﺛﻮرة ﻓﻲ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‬2008‫ و‬2005 ‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬.‫ﻜﻦ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ‬ ّ ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻣ‬،‫اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ زﻳﺎدة ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺒﻼد‬

672
 ‫‪ -٤‬ﺧﻼل أواﺧﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰت ﺑـ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن )‪ (KFUPM‬وﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺳﻌﻮد وﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬
‫‪(KSHRC).‬أﻧﺸﺄت ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ راﺋﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ﻣﻦ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺒﺤﻮث‬
‫واﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎء اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﻴﻦ وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ أﻗﻮى‪ .‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2013‬ارﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻼد إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ‪ 16.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ واﻟﻮاﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮ ﻗﻮة اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﻸﻏﺮاض اﻟﺘﺮوﻳﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﺎت‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ واﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻬﻮر أوﺳﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: How many Internet users were there in‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫?‪Saudi Arabia in 1999‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﺎم ‪١٩٩٩‬؟‬
‫‪B. 1000,000‬‬ ‫ب‪١٠٠٠,٠٠٠ .‬‬

‫‪Q2: When did Mobily and Zain start providing‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﻮﺑﺎﻳﻠﻲ وزﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫?‪mobile Internet services‬‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ اﻟﻨﻘﺎل؟‬
‫‪D. 2005 and 2008‬‬ ‫د‪ ٢٠٠٥ .‬و‪٢٠٠٨‬‬

‫‪Q3: Which two organizations connected to the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺘﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪Internet through their own satellite stations in‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫?‪the 1990s‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت؟‬
‫‪B. KFUPM and KSHRC‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﻓﻬﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮول واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬

‫‪Q4: How many Internet users were there in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫?‪Saudi Arabia in 2013‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﺎم ‪2013‬؟‬
‫‪A. 16.5 million‬‬ ‫أ‪ 16.5 .‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن‬
‫‪Q5: The word staple in Paragraph 2 is closest in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫?____ ‪meaning to‬‬
‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ____؟‬
‫‪A. main‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫‪Q6: The word promotional in Paragraph 5 is‬‬
‫س‪ :٦‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫?_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬
‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ _____؟‬
‫‪B. marketing‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‬

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 🇪🇺 ‫ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ واﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻻوروﺑﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The relationship between Britain and the European Union (EU) has been complex and
multifaceted over the years. In 2004, a significant event occurred that led to thousands of
Polish workers (Q3) migrating to the UK. At that time, the UK opened its doors to workers
from several Eastern European countries, including Poland, due to the principle of free
movement of labor within the EU. (Q1) The salaries in the UK were comparatively high,
attracting many Polish workers seeking better economic opportunities. This influx of labor
brought a dynamic shift to the UK's workforce, with Poles and other EU citizens contributing
their skills and expertise to various sectors of the British economy.
2- One of the essential benefits of the UK's membership in the EU was the free movement of
goods. As a member of the EU's Single Market, Britain experienced an increase in trade and
commerce with other member states. (Q2) The free movement of goods facilitated
efficient cross-border trade, allowing products from various EU countries to be easily
available in UK supermarkets. This not only provided consumers with more choices but
also fostered a diverse and competitive market.
3- The economic ties between Britain and the EU were further strengthened by the free
movement of services. This principle allowed businesses and professionals to provide their
services across member states without significant barriers. As a result, service industries such
as finance, technology, and healthcare experienced a (Q4) surge in opportunities and
collaborations. This integration of services enhanced the overall economic landscape and
competitiveness of both Britain and the EU.
4- However, despite the economic advantages, Britain's membership in the EU has also been
a topic of ongoing debate. In 2016, the UK held a referendum on its EU membership,
resulting in a narrow majority voting in favor of leaving the EU, commonly referred to as
"Brexit." This decision triggered a complex and lengthy process of negotiating the terms of
Britain's withdrawal from the EU, affecting various aspects of the relationship between the
two entities, including trade, immigration, and regulations.
‫ ﺣﺪث‬،2004 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ واﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷوﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‬-١
‫ ﻓﺘﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬.‫ﺣﺪث ﻣﻬﻢ أدى إﻟﻰ ﻫﺠﺮة آﻻف اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬،‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬،‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة أﺑﻮاﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ دول أوروﺑﺎ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﺟﺬب اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺮواﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﺬا ﺗﺤﻮًﻟﺎ دﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜًﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮص اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ أﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮن وﻏﻴﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻃﻨﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‬،‫اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ﺑﻤﻬﺎراﺗﻬﻢ وﺧﺒﺮاﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬
.‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ‬-٢
‫ ﺷﻬﺪت ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪول‬،‫ﻛﻌﻀﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪة ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻮاﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﻦ‬،‫ ﺳﻬﻠﺖ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود‬.‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻷﺧﺮى‬
‫ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دول اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺳﻮًﻗﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﻮًﻋﺎ وﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴًﻴﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﺑﻞ ﻋﺰز أﻳ‬،‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺰزت اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ واﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬-٣
‫ ﺷﻬﺪت‬،‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت واﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺪول اﻷﻋﻀﺎء دون ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬

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 ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺨﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ واﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻃﻔﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮص واﻟﺘﻌﺎون‪ .‬ﻋﺰز ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ واﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫‪ -٤‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎش ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2016‬أﺟﺮت اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ أدى‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺖ أﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻐﺎدرة اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺧﺮوج ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ"‪ .‬أﺛﺎر ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺮار ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة وﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎوض ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮوط اﻧﺴﺤﺎب ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ أﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﻬﺠﺮة واﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What lead to thousands of Polish workers‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي أدى إﻟﻰ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آﻻف اﻟﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫?‪moving to the UK in 2004‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪2004‬؟‬
‫‪C. The salaries in the UK were high.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺮواﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: What was one important effect of the free‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫?‪movement of goods‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ؟‬
‫‪A. People had more choice in supermarkets.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى اﻟﻨﺎس اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻼت‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﺑﺮ ﻣﺎرﻛﺖ‬

‫‪Q3: The word migrating in Paragraph (1) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻬﺠﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬
‫? ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ـــــــــــ؟‬
‫‪C. moving‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬

‫س‪ :٤‬إن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ‬

‫‪Q4: The word surge in Paragraph (3) is closest‬‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ــــــــــ؟‬
‫?ـ ـ ـ ـ ‪in meaning to‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬زﻳﺎدة‬
‫‪A. increase‬‬

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 😴 ‫اﻟﻨﻮم وﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- For professional footballers, performance on the field is of utmost importance. (Q1)
Quality sleep has been shown to have a direct impact on athletes' physical and mental
performance, making it an essential aspect of their training regimen.
2- During the 2004 Euros, (Q2) a dedicated salesman recognized the importance of sleep
routines for players and took it upon himself to create personalized sleep plans for the
footballers. These routines were designed to help them optimize their sleep patterns,
ensuring they received sufficient rest and recovery ahead of crucial matches.
3- In addition to sleep routines, the use of special mattresses has become popular among
footballers. (Q3) These mattresses are customized to match the players' height and
weight, providing them with the right level of support and comfort during sleep. The
proper alignment of the body during rest aids in muscle recovery and reduces the risk of
injuries, enabling players to perform at their best during training and games.

‫ وأﺣﺪ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﺈن اﻷداء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﻌﺐ ﻟﻪ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻮى‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻲ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ‬-١
‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ أن اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﺠﻴﺪ‬.‫ف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﻤﺮﻳﺢ‬
ٍ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻗﺪراﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻂ ﻛﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺟﺎﻧًﺒﺎ أﺳﺎﺳًﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻬﻢ‬،‫ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷداء اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ واﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ أدرك ﻣﻨﺪوب ﻣﺒﻴﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ إﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻨﻮم ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ وأﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻪ وﺿﻊ‬،2004 ‫ ﺧﻼل ﻳﻮرو‬-٢
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻹﺟﺮاءات ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ أﻧﻤﺎط‬.‫ﺧﻄﻂ ﻧﻮم ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻲ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬
‫ف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺎرﻳﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ‬
ٍ ‫ وﺿﻤﺎن ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻂ ﻛﺎ‬،‫ﻧﻮﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬.‫ﻌﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﻋﺒﻲ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬ ً ‫ أﺻﺒﺢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺮاﺗﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺷﺎﺋ‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ روﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻮم‬-٣
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ واﻟﺮاﺣﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء‬،‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺮاﺗﺐ ﻟﺘﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع ووزن اﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬،‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺤﺎذاة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت وﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻨﻮم‬
‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ أداء أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﺎت واﻟﻤﺒﺎرﻳﺎت‬

676
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What is one key factor that improves the ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺴﻦ أداء‬:١‫س‬
performance of footballers? ‫ﻻﻋﺒﻲ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم؟‬
A. sleeping well ‫ اﻟﻨﻮم ﺟﻴﺪا‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What did the salesman do at the 2004 ‫ ﻳﻮرو؟‬2004 ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺋﻊ ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
Euros? ‫ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻌﻤﻞ روﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻮم‬.‫أ‬
A. He made sleep routines for players.
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺗﺐ‬:٣‫س‬
Q3: What is one-way special mattresses can ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻼﻋﺒﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺎ؟‬
help players? ‫ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻄﻮل واﻟﻮزن‬.‫ج‬
C. matching their height and weight
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬:4‫س‬
Q4: What is the main idea of the passage? ‫ اﻟﻨﻮم اﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻼﻋﺒﻲ ﻛﺮة اﻟﻘﺪم‬.‫أ‬
A. Sleeping well is important for footballers.

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 📖 ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻻﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Media Studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines various forms of media and their
impact on society. Throughout this course, students will delve into the world of media,
exploring its historical development, cultural significance, and contemporary challenges. (Q1)
As part of the assessment, students are required to prepare three oral presentations,
allowing them to showcase their understanding of different media concepts and theories.
2- The class structure includes (Q2) weekly sessions, with each Wednesday dedicated to a
1.5-hour lecture. During these lectures, students will have the opportunity to engage with
the course material, participate in discussions, and gain insights from the instructor's
expertise. These sessions serve as a valuable platform for students to deepen their
knowledge and connect with their peers.
3- Throughout the course, students will be exposed to a comprehensive selection of
readings, (Q3) providing them with essential background knowledge and critical
perspectives on media-related topics. With approximately fifteen readings assigned
throughout the semester, students will gain a well-rounded understanding of media's
multifaceted nature, its role in shaping culture, and its influence on individuals and society.
4- Media Studies offers a fascinating exploration of the media landscape, allowing students to
analyze and interpret the messages conveyed through various media forms, such as
television, film, print, and digital platforms. Through in-depth research, critical analysis, and
creative expression, students will develop the skills necessary to become informed media
consumers and effective communicators in today's media-rich world.
5- As students embark on their media studies journey, they will discover the significant
impact of media on our daily lives, as well as the ethical considerations associated with media
production and consumption. By the end of the course, students will have gained a
comprehensive understanding of media's power and potential, enabling them to critically
engage with media content and contribute meaningfully to the ongoing discourse in the field
of media studies.

.‫ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت ﻳﺪرس ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻹﻋﻼم وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬-١
،‫ وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬،‫ وﻳﺴﺘﻜﺸﻔﻮن ﺗﻄﻮره اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻹﻋﻼم‬،‫ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪورة‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬،‫ ُﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼب إﻋﺪاد ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺮوض ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬.‫واﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺈﻇﻬﺎر ﻓﻬﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ وﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬1.5 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺨﺼﺺ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻮم أرﺑﻌﺎء ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة ﻣﺪﺗﻬﺎ‬،‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﺎت أﺳﺒﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﺳﺘﺘﺎح ﻟﻠﻄﻼب اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺪورة واﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎت‬،‫ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات‬
‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻠﺴﺎت ﻛﻤﻨﺼﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب ﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎرﻓﻬﻢ واﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ‬.‫واﻛﺘﺴﺎب رؤى ﻣﻦ ﺧﺒﺮة اﻟﻤﺪرب‬
‫ﻣﻊ أﻗﺮاﻧﻬﻢ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻄﻼب ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮاءات‬،‫ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺪورة‬-٣
‫ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻗﺮاءة‬.‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ووﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﻼم‬
،‫ﺪا ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷوﺟﻪ‬
ً ‫ﻤﺎ ﺟﻴ‬
ً ‫ ﺳﻴﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﻬ‬،‫ﻣﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻃﻮال اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﻲ‬
‫ وﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻓﺮاد واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬،‫ودورﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﻼب ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ وﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎًﻓﺎ راﺋ ً‬
‫اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮن واﻷﻓﻼم واﻟﻤﻨﺼﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﻖ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺪي واﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ اﻹﺑﺪاﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻄﻮر اﻟﻄﻼب اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺤﻮا ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻲ وﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﻣﻄﻠﻌﻴﻦ وﻣﺘﺼﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻴﻮم اﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺮع اﻟﻄﻼب ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ دراﺳﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﺘﺸﻔﻮن اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻺﻋﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺪورة‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻘﻮة وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻹﻋﻼم وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﺪي‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﺷﺎﻣ ً‬
‫اﻟﻄﻼب ﻗﺪ اﻛﺘﺴﺒﻮا ﻓﻬ ً‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺎدف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: How many oral presentations do you have‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻌﺮوض اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫?‪to submit for this course‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺬه اﻟﺪورة؟‬
‫‪B. 3‬‬ ‫ب‪3 .‬‬

‫?‪Q2: How long is the class on Wednesdays‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺪة اﻟﺤﺼﺔ ﻳﻮم اﻷرﺑﻌﺎء؟‬
‫‪A. 1.5 hours‬‬ ‫أ‪ 1.5 .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫‪Q3: How many readings are given in this‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا‬
‫?‪course‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺮر؟‬
‫‪B. 15‬‬ ‫ب‪15 .‬‬

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‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The evolution of the motor car has been a fascinating journey, marked by innovation,
experimentation, and a thirst for progress. One notable figure in this narrative is (Q1)
Nikolaus Otto, who contributed significantly to the development of the gas
engine. Although his early experiments faced setbacks, Otto's work laid the foundation for
the combustion engines that power modern vehicles.
2- In the late 19th century, the motor car was in its experimental stages. Nikolaus Otto,
mentioned in the passages, played a pivotal role by designing the gas engine. Despite
encountering some challenges, his contributions to engine technology were instrumental.
However, it's worth noting that his initial gas engine attempt literally "blew to pieces,"
signifying the trial-and-error nature of early automotive advancements.
3- Fast forward to (Q2) 1887, a pivotal year in the history of the motor car. It was in this
year that the "motor wagon" became available for sale. This marked a significant
milestone, as it signaled the transition from experimental models to commercially viable
vehicles. The availability of the motor wagon for purchase meant that the concept of the
motor car was gaining traction and capturing the public's interest.
4- The motor car's journey was not without its share of challenges and breakthroughs. The
initial gas engines may have had their explosive setbacks, but engineers and inventors
persisted. As the 19th century turned into the 20th, improvements in engine technology and
vehicle design started to reshape transportation. The motor car, once a curiosity, began to
transform into a viable mode of personal mobility.

‫ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﺎرزة‬.‫ اﺗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر واﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺐ واﻟﺘﻌﻄﺶ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪم‬،‫ ﻛﺎن ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة رﺣﻠﺔ راﺋﻌﺔ‬-١
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن‬.‫ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﻐﺎز‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮواﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻس أوﺗﻮ‬
‫ إﻻ أن ﻋﻤﻞ أوﺗﻮ وﺿﻊ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬،‫ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة واﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻜﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر ﻓﻲ‬،‫ ﻟﻌﺐ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻس أوﺗﻮ‬.‫ ﻓﻲ أواﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬-٢
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬.‫ دوًرا ﻣﺤﻮرًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﻐﺎز‬،‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺘﻪ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻟﻐﺎز‬،‫ ﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬، "‫"اﻧﻔﺠﺮت إﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ‬
"‫ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺎم أﺻﺒﺤﺖ "ﻋﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬.‫ وﻫﻮ ﻋﺎم ﻣﺤﻮري ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرات‬،١٨٨٧ ‫ﻌﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎم‬ ً ‫ ﺗﻘﺪم ﺳﺮﻳ‬-٣
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ أﺷﺎر إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﺎن ﻫﺬا ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﺎرزة‬.‫ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ‬
‫ إن ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك ﻟﻠﺸﺮاء ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﻛﺎن ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻗﻮة ﺟﺬب وﻳﺴﺘﺤﻮذ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﺠﺎرًﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ رﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻜﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ رﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت واﻻﺧﺘﺮاﻗﺎت‬- ٤
‫ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮن‬.‫ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﺨﺘﺮﻋﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﻤﺮوا ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‬،‫اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮة‬
‫ ﺑﺪأت‬.‫ ﺑﺪأت اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬،‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ وﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺜﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻀﻮل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة‬

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 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: Who developed the gas engine that later ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺬي اﻧﻔﺠﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ؟‬:١‫س‬
blew to pieces? ‫ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻس أوﺗﻮ‬.‫ب‬
B. Nikolaus Otto

Q2: In which year was the motor wagon offered ‫ ﻓﻲ أي ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﺔ اﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ؟‬:٢‫س‬
for sale? ١٨٨٧ .‫ج‬
C. 1887

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 🧪 ‫ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ واﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Great scientists throughout history (Q1) have propelled the advancement of scientific
knowledge through their ingenious ideas and breakthroughs. In a similar vein, the periodic
table stands as a testament to the power of scientific ingenuity. This organized arrangement
of elements, first introduced by Dmitri Mendeleev, revolutionized the way we understand
and categorize the building blocks of matter.
2- One intriguing aspect that emerges from the study of the periodic table is the concept of
predictive power. (Q2) The term "eka-aluminum," , illustrates the ability of the periodic
table to predict the existence and properties of elements that were yet to be
discovered. This phenomenon highlights the profound impact of Mendeleev's organization,
as it not only explained the known elements but also paved the way for the discovery of
elements that had previously eluded scientific exploration.
3- The periodic table is a masterpiece of pattern recognition. Scientists, driven by curiosity,
began noticing recurring trends in the properties of elements when arranged in order of their
atomic numbers. These patterns, encompassing factors like atomic mass and chemical
reactivity, led to the creation of the periodic table. It became a tool that not only classified
elements but also revealed their hidden relationships and shared characteristics.
4- This development of the periodic table wasn't an isolated event but rather an outcome of
the cumulative efforts of numerous scientists.
.‫ دﻓﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻌﻈﻤﺎء ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻓﻜﺎرﻫﻢ اﻟﺒﺎرﻋﺔ وإﻧﺠﺎزاﺗﻬﻢ‬-١
،‫ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.‫ ﻳﻘﻒ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺒﺮاﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻮال‬
‫ أﺣﺪث ﺛﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻨﺎ ﻟﺒﻨﺎت ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺎدة‬، ‫اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﻷول ﻣﺮة دﻳﻤﺘﺮي ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ‬
.‫أﺣﺪ اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻫﻮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﻳﺔ‬- ٢
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اوﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم" ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺸﺮح‬، ‫ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻴﻒ‬.‫اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﺼﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً ‫ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﺪت اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ أﻳ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت‬،‫ ﺑﺪاﻓﻊ اﻟﻔﻀﻮل‬،‫ ﺑﺪأ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬.‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻫﻮ ﺗﺤﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬- ٣
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ أدت ﻫﺬه اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬.‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة ﻓﻲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ أﻋﺪادﻫﺎ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﻞ‬،‫ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ أداة ﻻ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬.‫ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري‬،‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺬرﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻴﺔ وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻛﺸﻔﺖ أﻳ‬
‫ ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎن ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﺘﺮاﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻄﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﺣﺪًﺛﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﺮًدا‬- ٤
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬

682
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What is one important idea about great ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬:١‫س‬
scientists that the writer mentions in Paragraph ‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ؟‬
(1)? ‫ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬.‫ب‬
B. They move science forward by developing ‫اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
scientific ideas.

Q2: What is the element "eka-aluminum" an ‫ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ "اﻻوﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم" ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬:٢‫س‬

example of? ‫ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري ﻗﺎدًرا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻪ‬.‫أ‬
A. an element that the periodic table was able
to predict.
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ؟‬:٣‫س‬
Q3: What is the main topic of the passage? ‫ إﻳﺠﺎد اﻷﻧﻤﺎط وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري‬.‫د‬
D. finding patterns and the development of the
periodic table.

683
 🦠 ‫ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The global health landscape has been shaken by the increasing prevalence of (Q3)
infections caused by the West Nile Virus. This insidious pathogen, primarily transmitted
through the bites of infected mosquitoes, has emerged as a significant concern due to its
potential to trigger severe health complications. (Q1) One of the most alarming
consequences of West Nile Virus infections is its ability to infiltrate the brain, leading to a
condition known as encephalitis. This occurrence is rooted in the virus's capacity to breach
the protective barriers of the body and directly affect vital neural tissues.
2- As the virus spreads, it finds its way into the bloodstream, exploiting the avenues provided
by mosquito bites. However, the true concern arises when the West Nile Virus successfully
infiltrates the brain. This infiltration can cause inflammation in brain tissues, ultimately
leading to encephalitis. This neurological condition can result in severe symptoms, including
high fever, confusion, muscle weakness, and even paralysis. (Q2) Thus, the virus's impact
extends beyond basic infections, delving into the realm of potentially life -threatening
complications.
3- While many individuals who contract the West Nile Virus experience mild symptoms or
remain asymptomatic, there is an undeniable risk of severe outcomes. For some, particularly
the elderly and those with compromised immune systems, the consequences can be dire.
The virus's potential to cause encephalitis is a stark reminder of its capacity to exploit
vulnerabilities within the body's defenses, often with devastating consequences.
4- Addressing West Nile Virus infections remains a challenge due to the absence of a
definitive (Q4) cure. Researchers and medical experts have been tirelessly working to
develop treatments that directly target the virus and mitigate its impact. However, a
definitive cure remains elusive, primarily due to the virus's intricate nature and its ability to
rapidly mutate, evading potential treatments.
5- In light of the lack of a cure, the focus shifts towards prevention and mitigation strategies.
Public health initiatives emphasize the importance of reducing exposure to mosquitoes,
which serve as the primary vectors for the virus. By adopting measures such as using insect
repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating mosquito breeding grounds,
individuals can significantly lower their risk of infection. The passage highlights that while the
quest for a cure continues, preventive measures remain the most effective means of
combatting the West Nile Virus's threat.

‫ ﻇﻬﺮ‬.‫ اﻫﺘﺰ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻟﻌﺪوى اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ‬-١
‫ ﻛﻤﺼﺪر‬، ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻟﺪﻏﺎت اﻟﺒﻌﻮض اﻟﻤﺼﺎب‬، ‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﺮض اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺚ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻌﺪوى‬.‫ﻗﻠﻖ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة‬
‫ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬، ‫ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪوث ﻣﺘﺠﺬر ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﺤﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﻮاﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ واﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ وﻣﻊ‬.‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻐًﻠﺎ اﻟﺴﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﺪﻏﺎت اﻟﺒﻌﻮض‬، ‫ ﻳﺠﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم‬، ‫ﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬- ٢
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻘﻠﻖ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻞ ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح‬، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬

684
 ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻞ اﻟﺘﻬﺎًﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺦ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺆدي ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻋﺮاض ﺷﺪﻳﺪة ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻻرﺗﺒﺎك وﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت وﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﺸﻠﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﻳﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ وراء اﻟﻌﺪوى اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺨﻮض ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪد اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻔﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻋﺮاض ﺧﻔﻴﻔﺔ أو ﻳﻈﻠﻮن ﺑﺪون‬
‫أﻋﺮاض ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎك ﺧﻄﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻧﻜﺎره ﻟﺤﺪوث ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺾ ‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ وذوي‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻮاﻗﺐ وﺧﻴﻤﺔ‪ُ .‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺬﻛﻴﺮ ﺻﺎرخ ﺑﻘﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻀﻌﻒ داﺧﻞ دﻓﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪ ،‬وﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ وﺧﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻻ ﻳﺰال اﻟﺘﺼﺪي ﻟﻌﺪوى ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻋﻼج ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن‬
‫واﻟﺨﺒﺮاء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻮن ﺑﻼ ﻛﻠﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻼﺟﺎت ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪف اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ وﺗﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮه‪ .‬وﻣﻊ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺰال اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻳﺮﺟﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول إﻟﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة‬
‫وﻗﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻮر اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻬﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻋﻼج ﻳﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻧﺤﻮ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﺒﺎدرات اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﺒﻌﻮض ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻮاﻗﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮوس‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬
‫ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺎرد اﻟﺤﺸﺮات ‪ ،‬وارﺗﺪاء اﻟﻤﻼﺑﺲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﻌﻮض ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪوى ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻠﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼج ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻞ اﻟﺘﺪاﺑﻴﺮ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫?‪Q1: What is the reason for encephalitis‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ؟‬
‫‪C. West Nile virus reaches the brain.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب اﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺦ‬

‫‪Q2: What is one negative effect of West Nile‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﻏﺮب‬
‫?‪Virus‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻴﻞ؟‬
‫‪D. People can die from it.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻤﻮت اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫‪Q3: The word infections in Paragraph (1) is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪوى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪closest in meaning to ____.‬‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ____‬
‫‪D. illnesses‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻷﻣﺮاض‬

‫‪Q4: The word cure in Paragraph (4) is closest in‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬إن ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻼج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬
‫‪meaning to _____ .‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ‪-----‬‬
‫‪C. solution‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺤﻞ‬

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 😷 ‫اﻟﻜﻮروﻧﺎ واﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The global fight against the coronavirus pandemic has ushered in an era of rapid vaccine
development and deployment, with the aim of curbing the spread of the virus and returning
to a semblance of normalcy. (Q1) Throughout the Americas, the battle against the
pandemic has been marked by the utilization of various vaccines, each designed to
combat the virus's insidious grip. AstraZeneca and Pfizer have emerged as the two most
commonly employed vaccines in the region, bolstering efforts to control the pandemic's
spread.
2- Amidst the array of vaccines being administered, certain innovations stand out due to their
unique approach to confronting the coronavirus. (Q2) Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have
adopted a pioneering technique, sending genetic instructions to cells to prompt the
creation of a specific protein that combats the virus. This innovative method represents a
significant advancement in vaccine development, offering a promising avenue to combat the
virus's impact at its genetic core.
3- As the battle against the pandemic wages on, Latin American countries have sought
various tools to protect their populations. (Q3) The Russ Sputnik V vaccine has garnered
attention as a potential solution in the region. Argentina, Mexico, and Bolivia have joined
the ranks of nations opting for the Russian vaccine, which has undergone clinical trials and
shown promise in its efficacy against the coronavirus. This cross-border collaboration
highlights the global effort to secure effective vaccines that can contribute to a safer future
for all.
4- While the pursuit of vaccination is a critical aspect of pandemic control, it is not without
challenges. Vaccination campaigns are complex endeavors, requiring not only the production
and distribution of vaccines but also the dissemination of accurate information to address
concerns and ensure public participation. Countries worldwide are grappling with issues
related to vaccine availability, distribution logistics, and vaccine hesitancy. Overcoming these
hurdles demands a coordinated effort from governments, healthcare systems, and the
scientific community.

، ‫إن اﻟﻜﻔﺎح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺟﺎﺋﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ إﻳﺬاﻧﺎ ﺑﺒﺪء ﺣﻘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﺎح وﻧﺸﺮه‬- ١
، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﻴﻦ‬.‫ﺑﻬﺪف اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس واﻟﻌﻮدة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻗﺒﻀﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬، ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﺪ اﻟﻮﺑﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺰز‬، ‫ ﺑﺮز ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺮازﻳﻨﻴﻜﺎ و ﻓﺎﻳﺰر ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻠﻘﺎﺣﺎن اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺜﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﻮد ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻮﺑﺎء‬
‫ ﺗﺒﺮز ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎرات ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻬﺠﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﻀﻢ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻠﻘﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ‬- ٢
‫ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت وراﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺚ‬، ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﺰر و ﻣﻮدرﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ راﺋﺪة‬.‫ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ‬
، ‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮة ﺗﻘﺪًﻣﺎ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺢ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ واﻋﺪة ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮه اﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ‬
.‫ ﺳﻌﺖ دول أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ أدوات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬، ‫ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﺪ اﻷﺟﻮر اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺤﺔ‬- ٣
‫ اﻧﻀﻤﺖ اﻷرﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬.‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﻈﻲ ﻟﻘﺎح "رس ﺳﺒﻮﺗﻨﻚ" ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻛﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺪا ﻓﻲ‬
ً ‫ﺣﺎ واﻋ‬
ً ‫ اﻟﺬي ﺧﻀﻊ ﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺳﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ وأﻇﻬﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ‬، ‫وﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﻮف اﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ اﺧﺘﺎرت اﻟﻠﻘﺎح اﻟﺮوﺳﻲ‬

686
 ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﺿﺪ ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎت‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎًﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻟﺴﻌﻲ وراء اﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺎم ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‪ .‬ﺣﻤﻼت اﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺟﻬﻮد ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻠﻘﺎﺣﺎت وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎوف وﺿﻤﺎن ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺼﺎرع اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻮاﻓﺮ اﻟﻠﻘﺎح ‪ ،‬وﻟﻮﺟﺴﺘﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮدد اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎت‬
‫ﺟﻬﻮًدا ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What are the two most used vaccines‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ اﻟﻠﻘﺎﺣﺎن اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫?‪throughout the Americas‬‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﻴﻦ؟‬
‫‪D. AstraZeneca and Pfizer‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬أﺳﺘﺮازﻳﻨﻴﻜﺎ وﻓﺎﻳﺰر‬

‫‪Q2: Which vaccines send genetic instructions to‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﻘﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‬
‫‪cells to create a specific protein that fights the‬‬ ‫وراﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺢ‬
‫?‪coronavirus‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺮوس ﻛﻮروﻧﺎ؟‬
‫‪C. Pfizer and Moderna‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻳﺰر وﻣﻮدرﻧﺎ‬

‫‪Q3: Which Latin American countries are using‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ دول أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫?‪the Russ Sputnik V vaccine‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻘﺎح رس ﺳﺒﻮﺗﻨﻚ؟‬
‫‪A. Argentina, Mexico, and Bolivia.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻷرﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ وﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

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 🤓 ‫وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Psychology, particularly from a behaviorist perspective, has delved into understanding how
behavior is learned, shaped, and modified based on environmental factors. This school of
thought, pioneered by psychologists like B. F. Skinner, emphasizes the influence of external
stimuli in shaping human and animal behaviors.
2- A key concept in behaviorist psychology is conditioning. This involves teaching new
behaviors by linking them with certain stimuli. Skinner and other behaviorists believed in the
power of (Q1) conditioned responses, where specific behaviors become associated with
particular situations. In addition to classical conditioning, the term "conditioned" is
frequently used to describe the process of training animals or individuals.
3- Classical conditioning, a foundational theory in behaviorism, explores the formation of
associations between stimuli and responses. (Q2) This theory has implications beyond basic
learning; it suggests that ideas from classical conditioning could be harnessed to aid
people's health. While this idea falls more into the realm of opinion, it reflects the potential
applications of psychological theories in practical settings.
4- Behaviorists' views about learning differ significantly from those of cognitive
psychologists. (Q3) Behaviorists maintain that the environment is the primary driver of
learning, suggesting that behaviors are products of conditioning and reinforcement. In
contrast, cognitive psychologists emphasize mental processes like memory and problem-
solving in the learning process.
5- (Q4) B. F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behaviorist psychology, contributed
significantly to the field. His theories on operant conditioning and reinforcement
schedules have left a lasting impact. Skinner's ideas, rooted in behaviorism, emphasized
how consequences shape behaviors. His experiments with animals and their responses to
reinforcement have contributed to the understanding of learning principles in both animals
and humans.
6- Experiments involving animals have offered valuable insights into human learning. (Q5)
While the two aren't identical, the underlying mechanisms of learning often exhibit
similarities across species. By studying how animals respond to conditioned stimuli and
reinforcements, researchers can gain valuable information about the general principles of
learning that apply to humans as well.

‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك وﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ وﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ‬، ‫ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻲ‬، ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬- ١
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺑﺘﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﺜﻞ ب‬، ‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎًء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ‬- ٢
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ‬، ‫ آﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺮ وﻏﻴﺮه ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﺑﻘﻮة اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﻃﺔ‬.‫ﺧﻼل رﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺤﻔﺰات ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻣﺸﺮوط" ﻛﺜﻴًﺮا‬، ‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬.‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻤﻮاﻗﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت أو اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻬﺎت‬، ‫ وﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬- ٣
‫ ﻳﻘﺘﺮح أن اﻷﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬.‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ آﺛﺎر ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬.‫واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت‬

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 ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻜﺮة ﺗﻘﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺮأي ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ آراء اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﺧﺘﻼًﻓﺎ ﻛﺒﻴًﺮا ﻋﻦ آراء ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻹدراﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬
‫أن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺮك اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ واﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة وﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫‪- ٥‬ب‪ .‬ف‪ .‬ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺮ‪ :‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﺎرزة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻤﺎ‪ .‬أﻛﺪت أﻓﻜﺎر ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺮ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺬرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﺣﻮل ﺟﺪاول اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻔﻌﺎل واﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴًﺮا داﺋ ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻌﻮاﻗﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت واﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰات ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت رؤى ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻻﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻵﻟﻴﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ أوﺟﻪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻷﻧﻮاع‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دراﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻔﺰات واﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰات اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﻃﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺣﻮل‬
‫ﻀﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ أﻳ ً‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What word other than "trained" does the‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺨﻼف ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﺪرب" اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪writer use to talk about teaching new‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫?‪behaviors‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة؟‬
‫‪D. conditioned‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻴﻒ‬

‫‪Q2: Which one of the following does the writer‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ إﻧﻪ رأي؟‬
‫?‪say is an opinion‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻷﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن‬
‫‪A. The ideas from classical conditioning can‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫‪help people with their health‬‬
‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﻠﻮك‬
‫‪Q3: How is the behaviorists' view about‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫‪learning different from the view of cognitive‬‬ ‫اﻹدراﻛﻲ؟‬
‫?‪psychologists‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪون أن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي‬
‫‪A. They believe that the environment is the‬‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫‪ONLY thing that affects learning‬‬
‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪Q4: What can we understand from the passage‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ف‪ .‬ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺮ؟‬
‫?‪about B. F. Skinner‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎ‬
‫‪D. He was a behaviorist.‬‬
‫س‪ :٥‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫‪Q5: What can we understand from the passage‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت؟‬
‫?‪about experiments on animals‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮح ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫‪B. They can help explain some human learning.‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‬

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‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Inflation is a critical economic concept that affects the purchasing power of money. Its
measurement involves a systematic approach. (Q1) one common method to measure
inflation is by using an index. This entails comparing the price of an index in a given year
to its price in a chosen base year. This calculation gives us insights into the overall price
changes over time.
2- The concept of a "basket" is integral to understanding inflation. In economics, (Q2) a
basket refers to a collection of items, such as goods and services, which are commonly
purchased by consumers. This basket represents the consumption pattern of an average
consumer. Changes in the prices of items within this basket provide a meaningful
understanding of inflation's impact on everyday life.
3- The Consumer Price Index is a fundamental tool in gauging inflation. (Q3) It measures the
average change in prices paid by consumers for goods and services over time. By tracking
the prices of items in the basket, the CPI allows us to monitor the cost of living. It's
important to note that CPI isn't a single measure; rather, it encompasses different
categories, each catering to a specific group's consumption pattern.
4- The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflator as a significant tool for assessing inflation. (Q4)
This index measures the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP, with the
difference representing inflation. It's important in economic analysis as it adjusts the
overall economic output for inflation. Additionally, the Producer Price Index, mentioned
alongside the GDP deflator, contributes to evaluating changes in input prices faced by
producers.
5- Inflation isn't a one-size-fits-all concept. The passages allude to the existence of different
measures of inflation, including headline inflation and core inflation. While the former takes
into account all the items in the basket, the latter focuses only on essential goods and
services, excluding those with volatile price changes. These distinctions are essential in
grasping the nuances of inflation's impact on different aspects of the economy and society.

‫ إﺣﺪى‬.‫ﺠﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺠًﻴﺎ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻬ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻫﺎم ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻮد‬- ١
‫ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰم ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺳﻌﺮ اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻧﻈﺮة ﺛﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﻐﻴﺮات اﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺴﻌﺮه ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎرة‬
‫ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬.‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم "اﻟﺴﻠﺔ" ﺟﺰء ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰأ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬- ٢
‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻧﻤﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﻋﺎدة‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬، ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﺔ ﻓﻬﻤﴼ ذا ﻣﻐﺰى ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﺎدي‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ أداة أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬- ٣
‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺘﺒﻊ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬.‫اﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺔ‬

690
 ‫ﺪا ؛ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻠﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎ واﺣ ً‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎ ً‬
‫ﻧﻤﻂ اﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺄداة ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻻﺳﻤﻲ واﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬إﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر ﺟﻨًﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻮن‬
‫ﺪا ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ إﻟﻰ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺨﻢ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪- ٥‬اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮًﻣﺎ واﺣ ً‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ واﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن اﻷول ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻷﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮات أﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﺘﻘﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺮوق ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ اﻟﻔﺮوق اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫?‪Q1: What do Passage say about inflation‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ؟‬
‫‪C. It is measured by dividing the price of an‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺎس ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺳﻌﺮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪index given year by its price in a base year.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺮه ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ اﻷﺳﺎس‬

‫‪Q2: What do passage say about a basket or‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺔ أو ﺳﻼل؟‬
‫?‪baskets‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪B. A basket refers to a collection of items, such‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫‪as goods and services.‬‬
‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Q3: What does the passage say about the‬‬ ‫ﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ؟‬
‫?)‪Consumer Price Index (CPI‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪C. It is used to calculate a particular type of‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬
‫‪inflation.‬‬
‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻧﻜﻤﺎش اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫‪Q4: What does the passage say about the Gross‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ؟‬
‫?‪Domestic Product (GDP) deflater‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺒﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫‪C. Along with the Producer Price Index, it is‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪used to adjust GDP for inflation.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬

‫‪691‬‬
 ‫👥‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: In 1980, what percentage of the US‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ، 1980‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت‬
‫?‪population was age 65 years or older‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑﻠﻐﻮا ‪ 65‬ﻋﺎًﻣﺎ أو أﻛﺜﺮ؟‬
‫‪C. 15%‬‬ ‫ج‪٪15 .‬‬

‫‪692‬‬
 💡 ‫ﻣﺎﺳﺤﺎت ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻻﺑﻌﺎد‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Two-dimensional (2D) scanners have emerged as transformative tools across different
domains, revolutionizing the way we handle visual information. These devices have proved
invaluable in converting physical documents into digital formats, enabling enhanced data
manipulation and storage. (Q1) An essential application of 2D scanners lies in their ability
to employ optical character recognition (OCR) technology. This sophisticated mechanism
converts printed text into editable digital content, allowing for s eamless integration into
various formats and streamlining data entry processes.
2- The utility of digital images captured by 2D scanners extends far beyond conventional
functions. (Q2) These devices possess the capability to recognize faces, a testament to
their versatility and broad applicability. This feature underscores their prowess in
converting visual information into digital data with remarkable accuracy, transcending the
boundaries of text-based tasks.
3- At its core, (Q3) the primary function of 2D scanners is to translate physical documents
into a digital realm, rendering them easily accessible and editable. While the specifics of
the digital format are not explicitly mentioned,the essence of this process lies in converting
tangible documents such as papers and photographs into a digital domain.
4- In essence, It delves into their role in transforming printed text into editable content
through optical character recognition and in capturing digital images for diverse applications.
The central theme revolves around the significance of 2D scanners in converting conventional
hard-copy documents into digital formats, thereby expanding their accessibility and usability.
By highlighting the adaptability of 2D scanners, the passage underscores their pivotal role in
modern information management and processing.

‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أﺣﺪث ﺛﻮرة ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﻇﻬﺮت اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻛﺄدوات ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬- ١
‫ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟﻬﺰة أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪر ﺑﺜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ‬، ‫إﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﺎت رﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻓﻲ ﻗﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺣﺮف‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬، ‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻵﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻮرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮع إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى رﻗﻤﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻓﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ‬- ٢
‫ وﻫﺬا دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺪد‬، ‫ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺟﻮه‬.‫اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻴﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮاﻋﺘﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻮاﺳﻊ‬
‫ وﺗﺠﺎوز ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺼﻮص‬، ‫إﻟﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت رﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬
‫ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ‬- ٣
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ذﻛﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬، ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ رﻗﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﻤﻦ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات اﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷوراق واﻟﺼﻮر‬، ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﺻﺮاﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺎل رﻗﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﻓﻲ دورﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮع إﻟﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﻌﺮف‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ‬- ٤
‫ ﻳﺪور اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺣﻮل أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮوف وﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬

693
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات اﻟﻮرﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻘﺎت رﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻴﻬﺎ وﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ دورﻫﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﻮري ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What does Paragraph (1) say about optical‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف‬
‫?‪character recognition technology‬‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮوف؟‬
‫‪A. It can be used to make Word documents.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪات‬

‫‪Q2: What does Paragraph (2) say about the way‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫?‪digital images can be used‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. They can be used to recognize faces.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮﺟﻮه‬

‫‪Q3: Which sentence gives the main idea of‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫?)‪Paragraph (3‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
‫‪C. Two-dimensional scanners are the most‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪common form of scanner and are generally‬‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺢ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺷﻴﻮًﻋﺎ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
‫‪used to record hard-copy (paper) documents.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪات اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫)اﻟﻮرﻗﻴﺔ(‬

‫?‪Q4: What is the main idea of the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬
‫‪B. features and benefits of scanners‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰات وﻓﻮاﺋﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﺳﺤﺎت اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬

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 🤑 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺎت ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Pre-classical economics refers to the early stages of economic thought that laid the
groundwork for the more structured and systematic theories that followed. This era, which
spanned from the 16th to the 18th century, was characterized by a gradual shift from
medieval economic notions to a more rational and empirical understanding of economic
processes.
2- During this period, the prevailing economic landscape was marked by feudalism and
agrarian economies. The hierarchical society and feudal system greatly influenced economic
interactions. The majority of the population were engaged in agriculture, with landlords and
nobles holding dominant economic and social (Q1) status. As a result, economic activities
were closely intertwined with social structures, and wealth distribution was highly skewed.
3- Pre-classical economists, often referred to as the mercantilists, aimed to guide economic
policy towards enhancing the power and prosperity of the nation-state. The concept of
mercantilism centered around the accumulation of wealth, often through a positive balance
of trade. Mercantilists believed that a country's economic strength was a determinant of its
geopolitical status. Policies were devised to encourage exports and discourage imports,
aiming to maximize the inflow of precious metals and maintain a favorable trade balance.
‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻜﺮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺘﻲ أرﺳﺖ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎت‬- ١
‫ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻣﺘﺪت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬، ‫ ﺗﻤﻴﺰت ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ‬.‫اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﴼ وﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺖ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﺑﺘﺤﻮل ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ وﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬، ‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ أﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻲ واﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬.‫ اﺗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﺑﺎﻹﻗﻄﺎع واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ‬، ‫ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬- ٢
‫ وﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﻼك واﻟﻨﺒﻼء‬، ‫ ﻛﺎن ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬.‫اﻹﻗﻄﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ وﺛﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ‬، ‫ وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي واﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬
‫ وﻛﺎن ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺜﺮوة ﻣﻨﺤﺮًﻓﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬، ‫ﻳﻬﺪف اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﻮن ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬- ٣
‫ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬، ‫ ﺗﻤﺤﻮر ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﺣﻮل ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﺜﺮوة‬.‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻗﻮة وازدﻫﺎر اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺤﺪًدا ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬ً ‫ اﻋﺘﻘﺪ أﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﻤﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﺘﺠﺎري أن اﻟﻘﻮة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻷي ﺑﻠﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺎﻣ‬.‫ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺠﺎري إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﺑﻬﺪف زﻳﺎدة ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ‬، ‫ ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﺼﺎدرات وﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ اﻟﻮاردات‬.‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮازن ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: The word status in the passage is closest in ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﺎﻟﺔ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬:١‫س‬
meaning to ____ . ____‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ‬
A. level ‫ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬.‫أ‬

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 💨 ‫دوران اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Atmospheric circulation, the intricate interplay of air masses across the Earth's surface,
governs weather patterns, climate zones, and the distribution of heat and moisture. (Q2) The
movement of air, driven by temperature differences and the Earth's rotation, follows
distinct patterns that shape our planet's climatic diversity.
2- Air movement across the globe occurs in large patterns, with each hemisphere featuring
distinct circulation cells. These patterns, known as Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, and Polar cells,
create a complex network of wind currents. The Hadley cells, found near the equator,
transport warm, moist air upward, creating areas of low pressure and contributing to the
formation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a region of heavy rainfall.
3- As air moves across the planet, it gives rise to contrasting climatic conditions. (Q3) Winds
carrying moisture from oceans to land masses contribute to areas of high rainfall,
supporting lush ecosystems. Conversely, when winds descend and move away from the
equator, they lose moisture and contribute to arid, desert regions. This dichotomy, shaped by
atmospheric circulation, defines the distribution of ecosystems and agriculture, impacting
human societies and economies.
4- The dynamic interplay of atmospheric circulation also influences climatic phenomena. The
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), for instance, is a climatic event driven by changes in
oceanic and atmospheric conditions. During El Niño, weakened trade winds lead to the
warming of the eastern Pacific Ocean, disrupting normal weather patterns. Conversely, La
Niña is characterized by colder ocean temperatures and distinct atmospheric responses.
These events, influenced by the movement of air masses, underscore the intricate
relationship between atmospheric circulation and global weather dynamics.

‫ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬، ‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻄﻘﺲ‬، ‫ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬، ‫دوران اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬- ١
‫ﻃﺎ‬
ً ‫ أﻧﻤﺎ‬، ‫ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ودوران اﻷرض‬، ‫ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬.‫ وﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰة ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﻨﺎ‬
‫ ﻫﺬه‬.‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺮة ﺑﺨﻼﻳﺎ دوران ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰة‬، ‫ﺗﺤﺪث ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أﻧﻤﺎط ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬- ٢
.‫ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻴﺎرات اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﺎدﻟﻲ وﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﺮﻳﻞ واﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬، ‫اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ذات‬، ‫ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ اﻟﺮﻃﺐ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء‬، ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﺎدﻟﻲ‬
‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻬﻄﻞ ﺑﻐﺰارة‬، ‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ وﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺪاري‬
‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ‬، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬- ٣
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﺒﺔ‬، ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﻄﻮل اﻷﻣﻄﺎر اﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮة‬
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ وﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬، ‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻬﺒﻂ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح وﺗﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء‬، ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬، ‫ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﺬي ﺷﻜﻠﻪ دوران اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬، ‫ ﻳﺤﺪد ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬.‫اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدات اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫ اﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬب اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻨﻴﻨﻴﻮ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻈﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‬
ً ‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺪوران اﻟﺠﻮي أﻳ‬- ٤
‫ ﺗﺆدي اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‬، ‫ ﺧﻼل ﻇﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻨﻴﻨﻴﻮ‬.‫ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪث ﻣﻨﺎﺧﻲ ﻣﺪﻓﻮع ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬، ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ وﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﺷﺮق اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﻬﺎدئ‬
‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮة ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬، ‫ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺣﺪاث‬.‫ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺑﺪرﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة أﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺮودة ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت واﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰة‬، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة ﺑﻴﻦ دوران اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ودﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻞ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬

696
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What is the writer's main purpose? ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻬﺪف اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬:١‫س‬

A. To explain ‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬.‫أ‬

Q2: What is one important idea that the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:٢‫س‬
mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
A. Air moves in patterns ‫ ﻳﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﻤﺎط‬.‫أ‬

Q3: What is one important idea that the writer ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬:٣‫س‬
mentions? ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ؟‬
D. Winds moving across the planet produce ‫ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬.‫د‬
areas of high rainfall and dry air. ‫ذات ﻫﻄﻮل أﻣﻄﺎر ﻏﺰﻳﺮة وﻫﻮاء ﺟﺎف‬

697
 🏬 ‫اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- In recent times, the concept of retail has transcended the confines of traditional brick-and-
mortar stores, giving rise to an era where shopping is not limited to a physical location but
extends beyond it. This shift, driven by technological advancements and changing consumer
behaviors, has brought about significant changes in the retail landscape.
2- (Q1) The dot-com meltdown of 2000 was a pivotal moment that defied expectations
about online retail. Rather than succumbing to the dire predictions, online retail emerged
stronger. The setback served as a catalyst for the transformation of e-commerce, leading to
innovative business models and a surge in online shopping.
3- Today, a substantial percentage of consumers rely on the internet to shape their shopping
decisions. (Q2) Research indicates that nearly 80% of shoppers engage in online research
before heading to a store for a purchase. This change in shopping behavior highlights the
importance of digital presence and the role it plays in influencing consumer choices.
4- While the virtual world gains prominence, traditional retailers are not becoming obsolete.
Instead, they are adapting to the changing dynamics. (Q3) Best-Buy, a well-known brick-
and-mortar retailer, has successfully embraced the concept of omnichannel
retailing. They seamlessly blend the in-store and online shopping experiences, allowing
customers to research, purchase, and receive products through various channels.
5- In the realm of online retail, the lines between pure-play e-commerce and multichannel
retailers have blurred. Surprisingly, (Q4) more than half of the top 500 online retail sites
are multichannel retailers, indicating a strategic convergence of online and offline
strategies. This approach not only diversifies revenue streams but also offers consumers
more flexibility and convenience in their shopping journey.

‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻋﺼﺮ ﻻ‬، ‫ ﺗﺠﺎوز ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺟﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬- ١
‫ ﻣﺪﻓﻮًﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ وﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬، ‫ أدى ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬.‫ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺎدي ﺑﻞ ﻳﻤﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪه‬
‫ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬، ‫ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ وﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺪت اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬2000 ‫ﻛﺎن اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﺪوت ﻛﻮم ﻋﺎم‬- ٢
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻜﺴﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬.‫ ﻇﻬﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ أﻗﻮى‬، ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺴﻼم ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺒﺆات اﻟﺮﻫﻴﺒﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ ﻧﻤﺎذج أﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮة وزﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬، ‫اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث‬.‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻗﺮارات اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‬، ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬- ٣
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻮﻗﻴﻦ ﻳﺸﺎرﻛﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ ﻹﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬٪80 ‫إﻟﻰ أن ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬
‫ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ واﻟﺪور اﻟﺬي ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺷﺮاء‬
‫ﺧﻴﺎرات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ ﻓﻬﻢ‬، ‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻓﺈن ﺗﺠﺎر اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﻴﻦ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎرزة‬- ٤
‫ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﻨﺠﺎح ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬، ‫ﺪا‬
ً ‫ وﻫﻮ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺟﻴ‬، "‫"ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎي‬.‫ﻳﺘﺄﻗﻠﻤﻮن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻼء‬، ‫ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺪﻣﺠﻮن ﺑﺴﻼﺳﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرب اﻟﺘﺴﻮق داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ وﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت وﺷﺮاﺋﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﻼﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﻨﻮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ وﺗﺠﺎر اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬- ٥
‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬500 ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺪﻫﺸﺔ أن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﻒ أﻓﻀﻞ‬.‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﻏﻴﺮ واﺿﺤﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺎرب اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬، ‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﺠﺎر ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدو اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬

698
 ‫ﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ ﻣﺰﻳ ً‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻹﻳﺮادات ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ أﻳ ً‬
‫واﻟﺮاﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ رﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What reversed expectation about online‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻟﺒﻴﻊ‬
‫?‪retail almost overnight‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺸﻴﺔ وﺿﺤﺎﻫﺎ؟‬
‫‪A. The dot-com meltdown of 2000.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﺪوت ﻛﻮم ‪2000‬‬

‫‪Q2: What percentage of shoppers research‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺴﻮﻗﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫‪products online before going to a store to buy‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺤﺜﻮن ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺬﻫﺎب‬
‫?‪them‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺮ ﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻬﺎ؟‬
‫‪C. 80%‬‬ ‫ج‪٪80 .‬‬

‫‪Q3: What is one example of a brick-and-mortar‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬
‫?‪retailer‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮب وﻗﺬاﺋﻒ اﻟﻬﺎون؟‬
‫‪C. Best-Buy‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أﻓﻀﻞ ﺷﺮاء‬

‫س‪ :4‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﻓﻀﻞ ‪ 500‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﻊ‬

‫‪Q4: What percentage of the top 500 on line‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻛﺎن ﺗﺠﺎر ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬
‫?‪retail sites were multichannel retailers‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻨﻮات؟‬
‫‪B. 55%‬‬ ‫ب‪٥٥٪ .‬‬

‫‪699‬‬
 🏞 ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺰه ﻳﻠﻮﺳﺘﻮن اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Yellowstone National Park, known for its stunning landscapes and diverse wildlife, holds a
story of a delicate ecological balance that was disrupted and eventually restored through the
reintroduction of a key species - the gray wolf.
2- In the past, (Q1) the disappearance of wolves from Yellowstone had profound effects
on the park ecosystem. With the absence of these top predators, herbivores like elk thrived,
causing overgrazing of vegetation. This uncontrolled herbivore population led to a decline in
plant species, impacting the entire ecosystem. The park's once flourishing riversides and
meadows began to show signs of degradation due to this ecological shift.
3- However, (Q2) the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone in the 1990s brought about
positive changes. The presence of wolves acted as a natural mechanism to control elk
populations. This, in turn, allowed vegetation to recover, creating a ripple effect on the
ecosystem. As plant life rebounded, the park's riversides stabilized, soil erosion decreased,
and a more diverse range of species began to thrive.
4- The effects of the reintroduction were not confined to plants and herbivores alone. (Q3)
Scavengers like eagles and bears benefitted from the return of wolves as they had access
to carcasses left behind by wolf kills. This increased scavenger activity further contributed
to the intricate web of interactions that shape Yellowstone's ecosystem.
5- The remarkable transformation of Yellowstone National Park underscores the importance
of top predators in maintaining a balanced ecosystem. The return of wolves has revitalized
plant life, positively impacted the park's physical features, and allowed other species to
flourish. The reintroduction of this apex predator has, in essence, contributed to the park's
restoration as a self-regulating, natural environment.

‫ ﻳﺤﻜﻲ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺗﻮازن ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮه اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﺑﺔ وﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬، ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺰه ﻳﻠﻮﺳﺘﻮن اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬-
‫ اﻟﺬﺋﺐ اﻟﺮﻣﺎدي‬- ‫دﻗﻴﻖ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻠﻪ واﺳﺘﻌﺎدﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﻋﺎدة إدﺧﺎل ﻧﻮع رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﻫﺬه‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎن ﻻﺧﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﺬﺋﺎب ﻣﻦ ﻳﻠﻮﺳﺘﻮن آﺛﺎر ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺰه‬- ٢
‫ أدى ﻫﺬا‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻋﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬، ‫ ازدﻫﺮت اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻳﺎﺋﻞ‬، ‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺪأت ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ أﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﺸﺒﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻀﺒﻂ إﻟﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬
‫اﻷﻧﻬﺎر واﻟﻤﺮوج اﻟﻤﺰدﻫﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺰه ﻓﻲ إﻇﻬﺎر ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮر ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ ﻛﺎن وﺟﻮد اﻟﺬﺋﺎب ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬.‫ إﻋﺎدة إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺬﺋﺎب إﻟﻰ ﻳﻠﻮﺳﺘﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت أدى إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬، ‫وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬- ٣
‫ وﺧﻠﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫ ﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻲ‬، ‫ ﺑﺪوره‬، ‫ ﻫﺬا‬.‫آﻟﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻷﻳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ وﺑﺪأت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ‬، ‫ واﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬، ‫ اﺳﺘﻘﺮت ﺿﻔﺎف اﻟﺤﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬، ‫ ﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﻌﺎش اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮًﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻓﻲ اﻻزدﻫﺎر‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎد اﻟﺰﺑﺎﻟﻮن ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﻮر واﻟﺪﺑﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ آﺛﺎر إﻋﺎدة اﻹدﺧﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺒﺔ وﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬- ٤
‫ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﺎط اﻟﺰﺑﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ ﻫﺬا‬.‫ﻋﻮدة اﻟﺬﺋﺎب ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻮا ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺜﺚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ذﺋﺎب اﻟﺬﺋﺎب‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻠﻮﺳﺘﻮن‬
‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮظ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺰه ﻳﻠﻮﺳﺘﻮن اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‬- ٥
، ‫ وأﺛﺮت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎت اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬، ‫ أدت ﻋﻮدة اﻟﺬﺋﺎب إﻟﻰ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬.‫ﻣﺘﻮازن‬

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 ‫وﺳﻤﺤﺖ ﻟﻸﻧﻮاع اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﺎﻻزدﻫﺎر‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻫﻤﺖ إﻋﺎدة إدﺧﺎل ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮس اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮه ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺰه‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ذاﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What is one important idea related to the‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪disappearance of wolves that the writer‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻔﺎء اﻟﺬﺋﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
‫?)‪mentions in Paragraph (2‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. It had negative effects on the park‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ آﺛﺎر ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫‪ecosystem‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺰه‬

‫‪Q2: What is one important idea related to the‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ إﺣﺪى اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪reintroduction of wolves that the writer‬‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة اﻟﺬﺋﺎب اﻟﺘﻲ ذﻛﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة‬
‫?)‪mentions in Paragraph (3‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. There were positive changes in the park.‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬

‫?‪Q3: What are scavengers an example of‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﺣﻴﻮان اﻟﺰﺑﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎذ؟‬
‫‪C. animals that benefited from the return of‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدت ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮدة اﻟﺬﺋﺎب‬
‫‪wolves‬‬
‫س‪ :4‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺔ؟‬
‫?‪Q4: What is the main topic of the passage‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪت ﻋﻮدة اﻟﺬﺋﺎب اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺰه‬
‫‪C. The return of wolves benefitted the park‬‬
‫‪ecosystem.‬‬

‫‪701‬‬
 🤏 ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Limited liability is a fundamental legal concept that plays a pivotal role in modern business
structures, providing both entrepreneurs and investors with crucial protections. This concept
particularly gained prominence with the rise of joint-stock companies in the 19th century,
offering a shield against personal financial (Q1) liability for shareholders and investors.
2- In the realm of business, limited liability is a concept that contrasts starkly with the
traditional liability borne by individual (Q2) traders. Unlike traders who assume full personal
liability for their business debts, the concept of limited liability separates personal assets
from business liabilities. This means that in the event of business failure or financial
difficulties, shareholders' personal assets are not at risk beyond their investment in the
company. This protection encourages investment, innovation, and risk-taking, as
shareholders are more likely to invest in ventures without fearing the loss of their personal
possessions.
3- Limited liability is also a driving force behind the formation of corporations. This legal
structure enables businesses to function as separate legal entities, distinct from their owners.
As a result, corporations can enter into contracts, acquire assets, and incur debts in their own
name. In case of bankruptcy or legal disputes, the corporation's assets are subject to claims,
not the personal (Q3) possessions of shareholders or company directors. This separation
between personal and business finances promotes economic growth by fostering a secure
environment for both business owners and investors.
4- Moreover, limited liability has played a significant role in the expansion of global trade and
commerce. The concept has facilitated the formation of multinational corporations, enabling
companies to operate across borders while minimizing the risks faced by their investors. This
has led to the globalization of markets, the diversification of investment opportunities, and
the acceleration of technological advancements. The ability to invest in companies without
fear of losing personal possessions has encouraged individuals to participate in international
markets, contributing to economic interconnectedness on a global scale.

‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﻣﺤﻮرًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬- ١
‫ اﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎرزة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮر‬.‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ رواد اﻷﻋﻤﺎل واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪم درًﻋﺎ ﺿﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬، ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻣﻔﻬﻮًﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺎرض ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺎرخ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬، ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬- ٢
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ دﻳﻮﻧﻬﻢ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺠﺎر اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
‫ ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻟﺘﺰاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻓﺈن اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز‬، ‫ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ أو اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ أن ﻳﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ‬، ‫ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر واﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر واﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮة‬.‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ دون اﻟﺨﻮف ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺗﻬﻢ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻦ‬
ّ ‫ ﻳﻤ‬.‫ﻀﺎ ﻗﻮة داﻓﻌﺔ وراء ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‬ً ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻫﻲ أﻳ‬- ٣
‫ واﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﺑﺮام ﻋﻘﻮد‬، ‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰة ﻋﻦ أﺻﺤﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ وﻟﻴﺲ‬، ‫ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ أﺻﻮل اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎت‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﻓﻼس أو اﻟﻤﻨﺎزﻋﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬.‫ وﺗﻜﺒﺪ اﻟﺪﻳﻮن ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬، ‫اﻷﺻﻮل‬

702
 ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ أو ﻣﺪﻳﺮي اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ واﻟﺘﺠﺎري ﻳﻌﺰز اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ آﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺻﺤﺎب اﻷﻋﻤﺎل واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻫﺬا‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﺒﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة دوًرا ﻣﻬ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻣﻜﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺤﺪود ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮوﻫﺎ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ أدى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻷﺳﻮاق ‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﻓﺮص اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺷﺠﻌﺖ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت دون ﺧﻮف ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: The word "Liability" in the passage is‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ" اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ﻫﻲ‬
‫_____ ‪closest in meaning to‬‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ‪-----‬‬
‫‪D. responsibility‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: The word "traders" in the passage is closest‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﺠﺎر" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪in meaning to ______ .‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ‪-----‬‬
‫‪C. dealers‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺎر‬

‫‪Q3: The word "possessions" in the passage is‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎت" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻲ اﻷﻗﺮب‬
‫‪closest in meaning to ____ .‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ إﻟﻰ ‪-------‬‬
‫‪B. property‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫‪703‬‬
 ‫🚌‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻼت‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Q1: What percentage of people went to‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ذﻫﺒﻮا ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫?‪work by car‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎرة؟‬
‫‪A. 65.6‬‬ ‫أ‪65.6 .‬‬

‫‪Q2: What percentage of people travelled‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﻓﺮوا ﺳﻴًﺮا‬
‫?‪by foot‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﺪام؟‬
‫‪D. 5.3‬‬ ‫د‪5.3 .‬‬

‫‪704‬‬
 📊 ‫اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻻﺳﻬﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Investing is a key component of financial planning, allowing individuals to grow their
wealth over time. When it comes to deciding where to invest, there are various options
available, each with its own set of advantages and challenges. One popular debate revolves
around real estate and stocks, two distinct avenues that attract investors seeking different
outcomes.
2- Real estate investments are often viewed as a way to diversify a portfolio and provide
potential income through rental properties. However, (Q1) it's important to note that real
estate investments can be more involved than stocks. Owning properties requires
management, maintenance, and dealing with tenants. This hands-on nature can demand
significant time and effort from investors.
3- (Q2) Although real estate investments can yield steady rental income, they also entail
costs such as property taxes, insurance, and repairs.
4- On the other hand, (Q3) investing in stocks is often considered a quicker way to enter
the investment market. Stocks represent ownership in companies and can be bought and
sold relatively easily through stock exchanges.They offer the potential for capital
appreciation and dividends, making them an attractive option for those seeking growth.
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﻓﺮاد ﺑﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﺮواﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬، ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬- ١
‫ وﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺰاﻳﺎ واﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬، ‫ ﻓﻬﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻴﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬، ‫اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬
‫ وﻫﻤﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎن ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺗﺎن ﺗﺠﺬﺑﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ‬، ‫ ﻳﺪور أﺣﺪ اﻟﺠﺪل اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺣﻮل اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات واﻷﺳﻬﻢ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﻈﺔ وﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬- ٢
.‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ‬، ‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات اﻟﻤﺆﺟﺮة‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ وﻗًﺘﺎ‬.‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻣﺘﻼك اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات إدارة وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺪا ﻛﺒﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬ ً ‫وﺟﻬ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬ ً ‫ إﻻ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي أﻳ‬، ‫ﻼ ﺛﺎﺑًﺘﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻳﺠﺎرات‬
ً ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺪر دﺧ‬- ٣
‫ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﺳﺮع‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‬-٤ .‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ واﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻦ واﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎت‬
‫ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺮاؤﻫﺎ وﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒًﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬.‫ﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﺳﻮق اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺧﻴﺎًرا ﺟﺬاًﺑﺎ ﻷوﻟﺌﻚ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﻌﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬، ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ زﻳﺎدة رأس اﻟﻤﺎل واﻷرﺑﺎح‬.‫اﻟﺒﻮرﺻﺎت‬

705
 ‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

Q1: What does the passage say about ‫ ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر؟‬:١‫س‬
investing? ‫ﻼ أﻛﺜﺮ‬
ً ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ ﻋﻤ‬.‫أ‬
A. Real estate investments can be more work ‫ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ‬
than stocks.

Q2: Why does the writer use the word ‫ ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ رﻏﻢ ﻓﻲ‬:٢‫س‬
Although in Paragraph (3)? ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
B. to give more information about the ‫ ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺣﻮل ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎت‬.‫ب‬
difficulties of real estate investing. ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﻌﻘﺎري‬

Q3: What does the writer think about investing ‫ ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻬﻢ؟‬:٣‫س‬
in stocks?? ‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬.‫ب‬
B. It's a quick way to invest.

706
 🏳 ‫أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ وﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- The end of the Cold War marked a significant turning point in global history, triggering
changes in political dynamics and diplomatic strategies. As nations (Q1) declared
independence from the looming threat of superpower rivalry, the United States was
compelled to recalibrate its foreign policy and respond to the new geopolitical realities.
2- Amid the changing landscape, various perspectives emerged about the implications of the
end of the Cold War. While some viewed it as an opportunity for global peace and
cooperation, others expressed concerns about the potential emergence of new threats. One
opinion that resonated was that, (Q2) despite the Cold War's conclusion, the world
remained a potentially dangerous place, necessitating continued vigilance and strategic
planning.
3- The views on the end of the Cold War were not monolithic within the US political
spectrum. Parker, a prominent commentator, presented distinct ideas from those held by
Republicans. (Q3) While Parker acknowledged the significance of both Democratic and
Republican policies during the transition, he also noted their differences in terms of
approach and priorities. This diversity of perspectives underscored the complexity of
responding to the end of an era marked by ideological confrontation.
4- Central to the narrative of the end of the Cold War was (Q4) the figure of Mikhail
Gorbachev, the last president of the Soviet Union. His policies of glasnost and perestroika
paved the way for political openness and economic reform. However, the passage doesn't
solely attribute the end of the Cold War to Gorbachev; instead, it acknowledges his role as a
pivotal figure in the events leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the subsequent
geopolitical shifts.
5- (Q5) The Soviet Union's role in the Cold War era was characterized by heavy
investments in nuclear weapons and military capabilities. This context sheds light on the
immense challenges of transitioning from a confrontational global paradigm to a new order
rooted in cooperation and diplomacy.

‫ وأﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻮل ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬- ١
‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أﻋﻠﻨﺖ اﻟﺪول اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻠﻮح ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ‬.‫واﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ اﺿﻄﺮت اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة إﻟﻰ إﻋﺎدة ﺿﺒﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﺮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫ وﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻋﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬.‫ ﻇﻬﺮت وﺟﻬﺎت ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﺪاﻋﻴﺎت ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة‬، ‫وﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬- ٢
‫ ﻛﺎن أﺣﺪ اﻵراء‬.‫ أﻋﺮب آﺧﺮون ﻋﻦ ﻣﺨﺎوﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻇﻬﻮر ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪات ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬، ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼم واﻟﺘﻌﺎون اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬، ‫ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻜﺎًﻧﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﻄﻴًﺮا‬، ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮدد ﺻﺪاﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ أﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰم اﻟﻴﻘﻈﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻲ‬
‫ ﻗﺪم‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻖ اﻟﺒﺎرز‬، ‫ ﺑﺎرﻛﺮ‬.‫ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ اﻵراء ﺣﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻄﻴﻒ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬- ٣
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ أﻗﺮ ﺑﺎرﻛﺮ ﺑﺄﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﺔ‬.‫أﻓﻜﺎًرا ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰة ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﻮن‬
‫ وﻗﺪ أﺑﺮز ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻨﻮع‬.‫ﻀﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻨﻬﺞ واﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺎت‬
ً ‫ إﻻ أﻧﻪ أﺷﺎر أﻳ‬، ‫واﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﺟﻬﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﺪى ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ اﺗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻷﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬

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 ‫‪- ٤‬ﻛﺎن ﻣﺤﻮر رواﻳﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺨﺎﺋﻴﻞ ﺟﻮرﺑﺎﺗﺸﻮف ‪ ،‬آﺧﺮ رﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﺪت‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻼﺳﻨﻮﺳﺖ واﻟﺒﻴﺮﻳﺴﺘﺮوﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ واﻹﺻﻼح اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة إﻟﻰ ﻏﻮرﺑﺎﺗﺸﻮف‪ .‬ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮ ﺑﺪوره ﻛﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺣﺪاث‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ أدت إﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ وﻣﺎ ﺗﻼه ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﺟﻴﻮﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰ دور اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﺒﺎردة ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ واﻟﻘﺪرات‬
‫اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻠﻘﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﺎق اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﺗﺼﺎدﻣﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺬر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون واﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What idea do the words "declared‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮرﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
‫?‪independence" repeat‬‬ ‫"اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ"؟‬
‫‪B. announced their freedom‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬أﻋﻠﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ‬

‫?‪Q2: Which one of the following is an opinion‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬أي ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ رأي؟‬
‫‪A. The world remains a dangerous place.‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺰال اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﻜﺎًﻧﺎ ﺧﻄﻴًﺮا‬

‫‪Q3: How are Parker's ideas about the end of‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ أﻓﻜﺎر ﺑﺎرﻛﺮ ﺣﻮل ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮب‬
‫?"‪the Cold War different from the Republicans‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎردة ﻋﻦ أﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﻴﻦ "؟‬
‫‪D. He thinks that the Democrats' and the‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫‪Republicans' policies were important.‬‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬

‫‪Q4: What can we understand from the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :٤‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ‬
‫?‪about Mikhail Gorbachev‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﺎﺋﻴﻞ ﺟﻮرﺑﺎﺗﺸﻮف؟‬
‫‪B. He was the Soviet Union's last president.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻛﺎن آﺧﺮ رﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‬

‫‪Q5: What can we understand from the passage‬‬ ‫س‪ :٥‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻦ‬
‫?‪about the Soviet Union‬‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ؟‬
‫‪C. It spent a lot of money on nuclear weapons.‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أﻧﻔﻘﺖ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬

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 💸 ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

Passage A: Customer Value-Based Pricing
1- Have you ever wondered how companies decide the price of their products? (Q1) At the
heart of this decision is something called "consumer price perception." It's all about how
much value a customer believes a product has.Instead of just looking at the cost of
materials or how much work went into making it, companies pay a lot of attention to how
customers perceive the product's worth.
2- This is where marketers come into the picture. (Q2) They're not just there to promote
the product. They have an essential role in making sure customers see and understand
the product's value. If they do their job right, the price feels justified to the customer
because they see the value in what they're buying.
3- But it's not just about making products seem more valuable than they are. (Q3) It's about
understanding what customers really value and offering products that genuinely meet
those needs. By focusing on this, companies can create products that people love and are
willing to pay for, all while making sure the price feels right.
Passage B: Good-Value Pricing
1- Everyone loves a good deal, right? (Q1) Good-value pricing is all about making sure
customers feel they're getting their money's worth. It's not just about being the cheapest
option. It's about providing high quality at a price that feels fair. This way, when a
customer looks at a product, they feel like they're getting good value for what they're paying.
2- Marketers play a central role here too. (Q2) They need to showcase the product in the
best light, highlighting its quality and benefits. At the same time, they have to make sure
the price is reasonable. It's a balance between showing off a product's high quality and
making sure it's priced in a way that customers see as fair.
3- In the end, whether it's a well-known brand or a new product on the shelf, (Q3) the goal is
the same: to make sure customers see value in what they're buying. By focusing on good-
value pricing, companies can ensure they're offering products that resonate with
consumers, meeting their expectations of quality and price.

‫ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ‬

‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﺎءﻟﺖ ﻳﻮًﻣﺎ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﺳﻌﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻬﺎ؟ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺮار ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺗﺼﻮر ﺳﻌﺮ‬- ١
‫ ﺑﺪًﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺑﻤﺪى اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ أن اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬﺎ‬."‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ إدراك اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد أو ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺬول ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ دور‬.‫ إﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﻮا ﻣﻮﺟﻮدﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﺘﺮوﻳﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬.‫ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﺬي ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﻮﻗﻮن إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬- ٢
‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺒﺪو اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬، ‫ إذا ﻗﺎﻣﻮا ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬.‫أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻳﺮون وﻳﻔﻬﻤﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺮًرا ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺮون اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺮوﻧﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺪره اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﺣًﻘﺎ‬.‫ﻟﻜﻦ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺗﺒﺪو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬- ٣
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬا‬.‫وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت ﺣًﻘﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬، ‫ﻳﺤﺒﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺎس وﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮن ﻓﻲ دﻓﻊ ﺛﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬

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 ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ ذو اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬
‫‪- ١‬ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺤﺐ ﺻﻔﻘﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة ‪ ،‬أﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ؟ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ ذو اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﻌﻤﻼء‬
‫ﻳﺸﻌﺮون أﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ أﻣﻮاﻟﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻜﻮﻧﻚ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر اﻷرﺧﺺ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺟﻮدة‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮن إﻟﻰ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ أﻓﻀﻞ إﺿﺎءة ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ إﺑﺮاز ﺟﻮدﺗﻪ وﻓﻮاﺋﺪه‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﻮﻗﻮن دوًرا ﻣﺮﻛﺰًﻳﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل‪ .‬إﻧﻪ ﺗﻮازن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﻌﻴﺮه ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺮاﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻋﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺪا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮف ‪ ،‬اﻟﻬﺪف ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن‬ ‫‪- ٣‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﻬﻮرة أو ﻣﻨﺘ ً‬
‫ﺠﺎ ﺟﺪﻳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻳﺮون ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺘﺮوﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ ذي اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻴﺪة ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺪم ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﺪى ﻟﺪى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ وﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻮدة واﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What do passages A and B say about‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ و ب ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻮرات ﺳﻌﺮ‬
‫?‪consumer price perceptions‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ؟‬
‫‪C. It is the key factor in determining pricing‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺮارات‬
‫‪decisions.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ‬

‫‪Q2: According to passages A and B, what role‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ أ و ب ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺬي‬
‫?‪do marketers play in pricing‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﻮﻗﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ؟‬
‫‪C. justifying the price and offering good quality‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﺴﻌﺮ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ذات ﺟﻮدة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪products for a fair price‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻋﺎدل‬

‫‪Q3: Which of the following statements best‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬أي ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪summarizes pricing strategies from passages A‬‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ أ و‬
‫?‪and B‬‬ ‫ب؟‬
‫‪D. Customers' perception of value helps‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬إدراك اﻟﻌﻤﻼء ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪companies produce good products or redesign‬‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﻴﺪة أو إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬
‫‪brand name products at a fair price.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻌﺮ ﻋﺎدل‬

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 🗑 ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Plastic waste has emerged as a global environmental challenge, (Q1) causing a myriad of
issues for the planet and its diverse ecosystems. The persistent use of plastic in various
forms has led to a significant accumulation of waste that has far-reaching consequences.
From plastic bags to bottles and packaging materials, (Q1) plastic waste has infiltrated
almost every corner of the Earth, posing threats to both wildlife and human health.
2- The government of Ireland stands out as an example of proactive plastic waste
management. (Q2) To curb the use of single-use plastic shopping bags, they introduced a
charge for each bag. This initiative aimed to encourage individuals to shift away from
disposable plastic bags and adopt more sustainable alternatives. Such policies demonstrate
how governments can play a vital role in reducing plastic waste by influencing consumer
behavior.
3- (Q3) Moreover, plastic pollution takes diverse forms, with marine life being particularly
vulnerable. Plastic items such as bottles, straws, and microplastics find their way into oceans
and water bodies, threatening marine species that often mistake these materials for
food. (Q4) As a result, fish and birds have been observed ingesting plastic pieces, leading
to severe health problems. The impact of plastic waste on marine life underscores the
urgent need for collective action to address this issue.
4- Efforts to combat plastic waste are being pursued across the globe. These include bans on
single-use plastics, campaigns to raise awareness about plastic pollution, and initiatives to
clean up plastic from beaches and oceans. Such measures are critical steps towards
mitigating the impact of plastic waste. (Q5) These efforts are essential and have the
potential to significantly reduce the ecological harm caused by plastic waste.
5- Innovations in recycling technologies are also showing promise in tackling the plastic waste
crisis. Researchers and entrepreneurs are exploring ways to transform plastic waste into
valuable resources, such as recycled materials for manufacturing and energy production.
These innovations not only reduce the burden of plastic waste but also contribute to a more
sustainable circular economy.
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﻳﺤﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض‬،‫ﺑﺮزت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺪًﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺌًﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻤًﻴﺎ‬- ١
‫ أدى اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻛﺎن ﻟﻪ‬.‫وأﻧﻈﻤﺘﻪ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺴﻠﻠﺖ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ‬،‫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺎت وﻣﻮاد اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬.‫ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ ﺑﻌﻴﺪة اﻟﻤﺪى‬
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪات ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ وﺻﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬،‫رﻛﻦ ﻣﻦ أرﻛﺎن اﻷرض ﺗﻘﺮﻳًﺒﺎ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺴﻮق‬.‫ﺗﺒﺮز ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ أﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪا ﻛﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹدارة اﻻﺳﺘﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬- ٢
‫ ﻫﺪﻓﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺒﺎدرة إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ ﻓﺮﺿﻮا رﺳﻮًﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻴﺲ‬،‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ذات اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه‬.‫اﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎد ﻋﻦ اﻷﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺮة واﺣﺪة واﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت أن ﺗﻠﻌﺐ دوًرا ﺣﻴﻮًﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺪ‬.‫ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻮن اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص‬،‫ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ أﺷﻜﺎًﻟﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬،‫ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‬- ٣
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻬﺪد‬،‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺎت واﻟﻘﺶ واﻟﻠﺪاﺋﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت واﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ أن اﻷﺳﻤﺎك واﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﺗﺘﻐﺬى‬،‫ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬.‫اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﻄﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻃﻌﺎًﻣﺎ‬

711
 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺮة‪ .‬ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺟﻬﻮد ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ .‬وﻳﺸﻤﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﺣﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬وﺣﻤﻼت ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬وﻣﺒﺎدرات ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻮاﻃﺊ واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎت‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺪاﺑﻴﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻮات ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﻬﻮد‬
‫ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ وﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮر اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ أزﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن‬ ‫‪- ٥‬ﺗﺒﺪو اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﺮ واﻋﺪة أﻳ ً‬
‫ورﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻃﺮًﻗﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻮارد ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻌﺎد ﺗﺪوﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ وإﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎرات ﻣﻦ ﻋﺐء اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﺋﺮي أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What does Paragraph (1) say about plastic‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬
‫?‪waste‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. Plastic waste creates a lot of problems for‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﺗﺨﻠﻖ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪the planet and its animals.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض وﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎﺗﻪ‬

‫‪Q2: How did the government of Ireland reduce‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻗﻠﻠﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ أﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪا ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫?‪the use of single-use plastic shopping bags‬‬ ‫أﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺴﻮق اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ذات اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫‪B. They introduced a charge for single-use‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ؟‬
‫‪shopping bags.‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺿﻮا رﺳﻮًﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺴﻮق ذات‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q3: Why does the writer use the word‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫?)‪"Moreover" in paragraph (3‬‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. To give examples of the types of plastic‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬إﻋﻄﺎء أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﻠﻮث اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪pollution.‬‬
‫س‪ :٤‬ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ" ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪Q4: Why does the writer use the word "as a‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ؟‬
‫?)‪result" in Paragraph (3‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬أن ﺗﺒﻴﻦ أن اﻷﺳﻤﺎك واﻟﻄﻴﻮر ﻣﺮﺿﺖ ﻣﻦ أﻛﻞ‬
‫‪C. to show that the fish and birds got sick from‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪eating the plastic pieces.‬‬
‫س‪ :٥‬ﻣﺎ رأي اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﻮد اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻠﻮث‬
‫‪Q5: What does the writer think about the‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ؟‬
‫?‪efforts to reduce plastic pollution‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ أن اﻟﺠﻬﻮد ﻣﻔﻴﺪة‪.‬‬
‫‪A. The writer believes the efforts are helpful.‬‬

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 ↗ ‫اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

Passage A: The Ramifications of Inflation
1- Inflation, at its core, is an indication of rising prices within an economy. (Q1) But, it's more
than just a nominal increase in numbers; it represents a decline in the purchasing power
of money. Essentially, as inflation rises, the value of money falls, making goods and services
more expensive. This phenomenon not only hampers individual purchasing power but can
also be detrimental to the broader economic landscape.
2- Central banks often take it upon themselves to counteract inflation through monetary
policies. (Q2) One of the widely recognized methods to achieve this is by adjusting
interest rates. Increasing interest rates typically curbs borrowing and spending, which in
turn reduces the money in circulation. This contraction in the money supply is a powerful tool
in reining in spiraling prices and stabilizing the economy.
3- But monetary policy isn't the only mechanism at play. (Q3) Fiscal policies, such as tax
adjustments, play a crucial role as well. By raising taxes, governments can effectively
reduce disposable income, thereby diminishing consumer spending. This reduction in
aggregate demand serves as a buffer against inflation, ensuring the economy operates within
its optimal bounds.
Passage B: Aggregate Demand and Inflation Control
1- Inflation, while often viewed as a natural part of economic growth, can have serious
repercussions if left unchecked. (Q1) A rampant inflationary environment erodes the value
of money, leading to increased costs and potential economic stagnation. Such an
environment can dissuade investments, impede savings, and strain the very fabric of an
economy.
2- A pivotal way of combating inflation is through managing aggregate demand. In a scenario
where demand exceeds supply, prices naturally go up, leading to inflation. By regulating
aggregate demand, central banks and governments can strike a balance that maintains
steady economic growth without the adverse effects of inflation. (Q2) One such tactic
involves manipulating the money supply, specifically through interest rate hikes. Higher
interest rates tend to discourage borrowing and induce saving, thereby shrinking the
amount of money in the market.
3- Yet, managing aggregate demand doesn't stop with monetary policy. (Q3) Taxation plays
an instrumental role. Imposing or increasing taxes curtails consumers' propensity to
spend, leading to a decrease in overall demand.With reduced demand, inflationary
pressures are kept at bay, paving the way for a more stable economic environment.
‫ ﺗﺪاﻋﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬:‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ أ‬
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد زﻳﺎدة اﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرﻗﺎم‬.‫ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻷﺳﻌﺎر داﺧﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬، ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮه‬، ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬- ١
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬، ‫ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻷﻣﻮال‬، ‫ ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬، ‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬.‫ﺿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻮد‬
ً ‫؛ إﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻧﺨﻔﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺎرة‬، ‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة ﻻ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬.‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت أﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﻬﺪ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻷوﺳﻊ‬ً ‫أﻳ‬

713
‫‪- ٢‬ﻛﺜﻴﺮﴽ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬إﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎرف‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆدي زﻳﺎدة أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض واﻹﻧﻔﺎق ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي ﺑﺪوره إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوض اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ﻫﻮ أداة ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﺒﺢ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪة واﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻲ اﻵﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼت اﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬دوًرا‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬‫ﻤﺎ أﻳ ً‬
‫ﺣﺎﺳ ً‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻲ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﺿﺪ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ أن اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪوده اﻟﻤﺜﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ب‪ :‬إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ واﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬
‫‪- ١‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺨﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﺟﺰء ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺪاﻋﻴﺎت ﺧﻄﻴﺮة إذا ﺗﺮك دون رادع‪ .‬اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺸﻴﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻮد ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ واﻟﺮﻛﻮد اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ أن ﺗﺜﻨﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﺮات ‪ ،‬وﺗﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ذاﺗﻪ‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎرﻳﻮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺮض‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻮك اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻮازن ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺛﺎﺑﺖ دون اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﺨﻢ‪ .‬أﺣﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻼﻋﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻨﻘﺪي ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﴽ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل رﻓﻊ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة‪ .‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ أﺳﻌﺎر اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ اﻻﻗﺘﺮاض‬
‫واﻟﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻدﺧﺎر ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻣﻮال ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق‬
‫‪- ٣‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن إدارة اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ دوًرا أﺳﺎﺳًﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺆدي ﻓﺮض‬
‫اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ أو زﻳﺎدﺗﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻹﻧﻔﺎق ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻬﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﻘﺮاًرا‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: What do Passages A and B say about the‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﻣﺎذا ﺗﻘﻮل اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ أ و ب ﻋﻦ ﻋﻮاﻗﺐ‬
‫?‪consequences of inflation‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ؟‬
‫‪B. Money is worth less and it can be bad for the‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺎل أﻗﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺿﺎًرا‬
‫‪economy.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬

‫‪Q2: What can we understand from Passages A‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ أ و‬
‫‪and B about controlling inflation through‬‬ ‫ب ﺣﻮل اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﺮض‬
‫?‪money supply‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻮد؟‬
‫‪D. It can be done through increasing interest‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل زﻳﺎدة أﺳﻌﺎر‬
‫‪rates and reducing money in circulation.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة وﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻷﻣﻮال اﻟﻤﺘﺪاوﻟﺔ‬

‫‪Q3: What can we understand from Passages A‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﻴﻦ أ‬
‫?‪and B about tax‬‬ ‫و ب ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ؟‬
‫‪D. Tax reduces demand in the economy and‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪therefore controls inflation.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ‬

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 👾 ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ وﻣﻜﺎن اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬

1- Toxic waste, also known as hazardous waste, poses serious environmental and health risks
due to its harmful properties. It includes various materials that can be detrimental to living
organisms and ecosystems. (Q1) One of the prominent concerns associated with toxic
waste is the impact of heavy metals, such as copper and silver, on aquatic ecosystems.
These heavy metals, often released from industrial processes, can disrupt the natural
balance of water bodies and negatively affect the growth of algae and other aquatic life
forms.
2- The generation of radioactive waste is another significant concern. (Q2) This waste is
produced from a variety of sources, including nuclear power reactors, the manufacture of
nuclear weapons, and the use of radioisotopes in medical and industrial
applications. Radioactive waste remains hazardous for thousands of years, making its proper
management crucial. Improper disposal can lead to serious contamination of soil, water, and
air, with long-lasting implications for the environment and human health.
3- Efforts to manage toxic waste involve various methods aimed at minimizing its adverse
effects. (Q3) One common approach is combustion, which involves burning waste
materials at high temperatures. This process reduces the volume of waste and can break
down certain hazardous substances. However, it's important to note that combustion can
also release harmful gases and compounds into the atmosphere, potentially contributing to
air pollution.
4- (Q3) Biological treatment is another method used for toxic waste management. This
approach involves the use of microorganisms to break down or transform hazardous
substances into less harmful compounds. This method is particularly effective for organic
pollutants and has gained popularity due to its eco-friendly nature. However, it may not be
suitable for all types of toxic waste, and its success depends on factors like the type of waste
and the specific microorganisms used.
5- (Q3) Vitrification is a third method employed for the treatment of toxic waste. In this
process, waste materials are heated to high temperatures and transformed into a glass-like
substance. This immobilizes the hazardous components and prevents their release into the
environment. Vitrification is often used for radioactive waste and has proven to be an
effective long-term solution for its containment.
‫ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ وﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬، ‫ﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﺮة‬ ً ‫ واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أﻳ‬، ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬- ١
‫ إن أﺣﺪ اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺒﺎرزة‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺎرة ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺿﺎرة‬
‫ ﻫﺬه‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس واﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺨﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬، ‫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠًﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬، ‫ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺼﺎدر‬.‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻗﻠﻖ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ آﺧﺮ‬- ٢
‫ ﺗﻈﻞ‬.‫ واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬، ‫ وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺆدي اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻏﻴﺮ‬.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ إدارﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ أﻣًﺮا ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺧﻄﺮة ﻵﻻف اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ آﺛﺎر ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻷﻣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ وﺻﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬، ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻮث ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻬﻮاء‬

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 ‫‪- ٣‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺟﻬﻮد إدارة اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ آﺛﺎرﻫﺎ اﻟﻀﺎرة‪ .‬أﺣﺪ اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﺮق اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﻄﺮة‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ أن اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻏﺎزات وﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت‬
‫ﺿﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻬﻮاء‬
‫‪- ٤‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻹدارة اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻬﺞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻄﻴﻢ أو ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﻄﺮة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت أﻗﻞ ﺿﺮًرا‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎص ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ واﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪- ٥‬اﻟﺘﺰﺟﻴﺞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت إﻟﻰ درﺟﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎدة ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج‪ .‬ﻳﺆدي ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺷﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﺮة وﻣﻨﻊ إﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﺰﺟﻴﺞ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ أﻧﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻃﻮﻳﻞ اﻷﺟﻞ ﻻﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺣﻞ اﻻﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪Q1: According to the passage, what are the‬‬ ‫س‪ :١‬ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫?‪heavy metals that affect the growth of algae‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ؟‬
‫‪B. Copper and silver‬‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﻨﺤﺎس واﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬

‫‪Q2: What are three things needed for‬‬ ‫س‪ :٢‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫?‪generating radioactive Wastes‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ؟‬
‫‪A. nuclear power reactors, the manufacture of‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻘﻮى اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫‪nuclear weapons, and the application of‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫‪radioisotopes.‬‬

‫‪Q3: What are three methods currently used for‬‬ ‫س‪ :٣‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺜﻼث اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫?‪toxic waste treatment‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ؟‬
‫‪D. combustion, biological treatment and‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺰﺟﻴﺞ‬
‫‪vitrification‬‬

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