Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 05 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in the Question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Questions no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each
question should not exceed 40 words.
4. Section C contains Q. 25 to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 60 words
5. Section D – Questions no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 120 words.
6. Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case-based questions with three sub-questions and are of 4 marks each. The
answer to each question should not exceed 100 words.
7. Section F – Question no. 37 is map-based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a from History (2 marks) and 37b from
Geography (3 marks).
8. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in a few questions. Only one
of the choices in such questions has to be attempted.
9. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.

Section A
1. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order:
i. Coming of Simon Commission to India
ii. Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC.
iii. Government of India Act, 1919
iv. Champaran Satyagraha

Choose the correct option:

a) i - ii - iv - iii
b) iii - ii - iv - i
c) iv - iii - i - ii
d) ii - iii - i - iv
2. Which largest artificial lake was built in the 11th century?
a) Bhopal lake
b) Kolleru lake
c) Chilika lake
d) Pulicat lake

3. Some comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

State Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand Literacy Rate Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 person)

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 person) %
Haryana 30 82 61

Kerala 7 94 83
Bihar 32 62 43
How much is the Net Absence Ratio of Haryana? Choose the appropriate option from the following:
a) 38
b) 39
c) 27
d) 18
4. Which of the following options represent measures taken under Operation Flood during the 1970s?
i. Emphasising the use of package technology.
ii. Creating a nationwide milk grid.
iii. Promoting development in flood-torn areas.
iv. Providing loans to agricultural farmers.
a) Statement ii is correct.
b) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
c) Statement i and ii are correct.
d) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
5. Which of the following is a subject of the State List?
a) Commerce
b) Banking
c) Foreign Affairs
d) Currency
6. Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes the Flemish region and the Wallonia region?
a) The Flemish region and the Wallonia region have equal population
b) The Flemish region is predominantly Dutch-speaking, while the Wallonia region is predominantly French-
speaking
c) The Wallonia region shares a border with Luxembourg, whereas the Flemish region does not
d) The Wallonia region is smaller in area than the Flemish region
7. Assertion (A): Democratic governments in practice are known as accountable.
Reason (R): People have the right to choose their representatives and they have control over the rulers.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.
8. Read the conversation between a farmer, a shopkeeper, and a shoemaker:
Shoemaker to a farmer: I’LL GIVE YOU SHOES FOR YOUR WHEAT.
Farmer to a shoemaker: I DON’T NEED SHOES. I NEED CLOTHES.
Shopkeeper: I WANT SHOES. BUT I DON’T HAVE WHEAT.
What kind of problem is faced by a farmer, a shopkeeper, and a shoemaker?
a) Lack of terms of credit
b) Lack of Banking system
c) Lack of double coincidence of wants
d) Lack of collateral security
9. When compared to the size of Indian state, Belgium is smaller than which of the following?

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 a) Goa
b) Sikkim
c) Manipur
d) Haryana
10. Identify the painting from the options given below.

a) Club of Thinkers
b) The Frankfurt Parliament
c) Duma
d) The House of Parliament
11. Evaluate the impacts of improvement in technology by identifying the appropriate statements among the following
options:
i. We can obtain and share information on almost anything we want to know.
ii. It has stimulated the globalization process.
iii. It has facilitated expanding the production of services across countries.
iv. It has been facilitated by satellite communication devices.
a) Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.
b) Only statement iv is appropriate.
c) All the statements are appropriate.
d) Statements i and ii are appropriate.
12. Which one of the following is the most popular form of government in the contemporary world?
a) Military Government
b) Dictatorial Government
c) Constitutional Monarchy
d) Democratic Government
13. Arrange the following statements in sequential order:
i. Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi.
ii. Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched.
iii. Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
iv. Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra.
a) iv, i, iii, ii
b) ii, i, iv, iii
c) iv, iii, ii, i
d) iii, i, iv, ii
14. Read the information given below and select the correct option
If in a family all 10 members are working in a shop or small family business when 5 are enough to work efficiently then
those extra 5 members are actually unemployed. Which situation is being referred to?
a) Disguised Unemployment
b) Seasonal Unemployment
c) Structural Unemployment
d) Educated Unemployment
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15. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer
Statement I: Nineteenth-century periodicals serialised important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing
novels.
Statement II: The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth-century innovation.
a) Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect
b) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
c) Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct
d) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect
16. During a geography class, the teacher discussed alluvial soils with the students, giving them various clues. Which of the
following clues provided by teacher is correct?
Clues:
i. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of
lava flows.
ii. This is the most widely spread and important soil.
iii. Mostly these soils contain an adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
iv. These soils develop under tropical and subtropical.
a) Clue i and ii
b) Clue iv
c) Clue ii and iii
d) Clue i
17. Which of the following statements will be considered as a glitch about the self-declaration affidavit of the candidate
contesting the elections?
Statement i: This system has made a lot of information available to the public.
Statement ii: It has reduced the influence of the rich and criminals.
Statement iii: There is no system to check if the information given by the candidates is true.
Statement iv: The affidavit submitted by the candidates is validated before being accepted.
a) Statement i and ii are right.
b) Statement iii is right.
c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
d) Only statement iv is right.
18. Which one of the following aspects was common between the writings of B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy
Naicker?
a) Raised awareness about cultural heritage
b) Wrote on the caste system in India
c) Motivated Indians for their national freedom
d) Highlighted the experiences of women
19. Consider the following statements on parties.
A. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the people.
B. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving top party leaders.
C. Parties are not necessary to run governments.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) B and C
b) A and B
c) A and C
d) A, B, and C

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20. In a small rural village, Farmer Sundar worked tirelessly on his land, preparing for the upcoming crop season. With
limited resources, he sought a crop loan from the local bank to purchase essential inputs. Months later, after a good
harvest, Sundar diligently repaid the loan. How do farmers like Sundar in rural areas typically repay crop loans?
a) Through the income earned from their crop production
b) By purchasing personal assets or belongings
c) By using savings accumulated over time
d) By lending additional loans to friends and family
Section B
21. Study the map thoroughly and mention which ethnic community is concentrated in the north and east of the country.

22. Ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism. Examine
the statement.

OR

What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals in Europe?
23. Categorise the following as Rabi crops and Zaid crops:
i. Wheat
ii. Watermelon
iii. Fodder crops
iv. Mustard
v. Cucumber
vi. Peas
24. Describe any three key features of Indian federalism.
Section C

25. How did new forms of popular literature appear in print targeting a new audience in the 18th century? Explain with
examples.
26. Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other?

OR
Study the given flowchart and answer the questions that follow:

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 i. Which is the basic material required for garment manufacturing?
ii. Give one example of value addition in the textile industry.
27. "Workers are exploited in unorganised sector in India". Support the statement with suitable examples.
28. Which features of Panchayati Raj do you like the most and why?
29. Explain the ways by which more employment can be created in a country like India.
Section D
30. Why is energy needed? How can we conserve energy resources? Explain.

OR

"Nuclear energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India." Give arguments to support this statement.
31. Describe the impact of Napoleonic reforms on the rest of Europe.

OR

Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial
classes during the nineteenth century in Europe.
32. Describe the importance of political parties in a democracy.

OR

Describe the necessity of political parties in democratic countries.

33. Explain with an example the role of credit for development.

OR

Explain features each of formal sector loans and informal sector loans.
Section E
34. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation when they discover some
unity that binds them together. This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles.
But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and
fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. The identity of the
nation is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the
nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually
associated with the image of Bharat Mata.
i. Who portrayed Bharat Mata as an ascetic figure? (1)
ii. The French replaced the former royal standard with a new flag as a step to create a sense of collective identity among
the French people. What similar steps did Indians take? (1)
iii. With reference to the context given above, acknowledge the contribution of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in
infusing the sense of nationalism. (2)

35. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:

RAINWATER HARVESTING

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 Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi purpose projects, water harvesting
system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In ancient India, along with the
sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water harvesting system. People had in -
depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater,
groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill
and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for
agriculture. ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In
the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi -arid regions,
agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like
the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.

a. Why is water harvesting system a viable alternative? (1)

b. Describe the process of rooftop rainwater harvesting. (1)
c. Mention any two methods adopted by ancient India for water conservation. (2)
36. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Suppose for the present that a particular country is quite developed. We would certainly like this level of development to
go up further or at least be maintained for future generations. This is obviously desirable. However, since the second half
of the twentieth century, a number of scientists have been warning that the present type and levels of development are
not sustainable. Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature as in the
case of crops and plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we
use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource. Non-renewable resources are
those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth that cannot be replenished. We do
discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time,
even this will get exhausted. Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this
issue is no longer region or nation-specific. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is comparatively
a new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.
In general, the question of development or progress is perennial. At all times as a member of society and as individuals
we need to ask where we want to go, what we wish to become and what our goals are. So the debate on development
continues.
i. Identify the new area of knowledge which has been a subject of interest for social scientists and philosophers alike.
(1)
ii. What have the scientists warned about the present type of development? Explain. (1)
iii. Explain how our future is linked together? (2)
Section F
37. a. Two places A and B are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct
names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where Indian National Congress Session was held.
B. The place where Indigo Planters organized Satyagraha.
b. On the same outline Map of India, locate and label any four of the following with appropriate symbols:
i. Haldia - Major seaport
ii. Mohali - Software technology park
iii. Vijayanagar - Iron and Steel Industrial Centre
iv. Naraura - Nuclear Power Plant
v. Tehri - Dam
vi. Thiruvananthapuram - International Airport

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 Class 10 - Social Science
Sample Paper - 05 (2024-25)

Solution

Section A
1. (c) iv - iii - i - ii
Explanation: iv. Champaran Satyagraha
iii. Government of India Act, 1919
i. Coming of Simon Commission to India
ii. The demand for Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC

2. (a) Bhopal lake

Explanation: The largest artificial lake was built in 11th Century Bhopal Lake.
3. (b) 39
Explanation: 39
4. (a) Statement ii is correct.
Explanation: Launched in 1970, Operation Flood was started by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It has
helped dairy farmers direct their own development, placing control of the resources they create in their own hands. The
objective of this programme was to create a nationwide milk grid. The result was that India became the largest producer
of Milk and Milk Products. Operation Flood is called the White Revolution of India.
5. (a) Commerce
Explanation: The State List in India consists of subjects on which the state governments have the authority to make
laws. Commerce, including trade and commerce within the state, is one such subject that falls under the jurisdiction of
the state governments.
6. (b) The Flemish region is predominantly Dutch-speaking, while the Wallonia region is predominantly French-speaking
Explanation: 59 percent of the population lives in the Flemish region and speak the Dutch language. Another 40 percent
of people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.
7. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Democratic government in practice are known as accountable to the citizens because people have the right
to choose their representatives and they have control over the rulers. If these elected representatives do not work
properly, people have a chance to not elect them in the next election.
8. (c) Lack of double coincidence of wants
Explanation: Lack of double coincidence of wants
9. (d) Haryana
Explanation: Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller in area than the state of Haryana.
10. (a) Club of Thinkers
Explanation: Club of Thinkers
11. (a) Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.
Explanation: Statement iv states one of the mediums of the developed or improved technology and does not state its
effect/impact.
12. (d) Democratic Government
Explanation: Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative.
13. (c) iv, iii, ii, i
Explanation: iv. 1918-19: Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra.
iii. April 1919: Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

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 ii. January 1921: Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched.
i. March 1930: Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi.
14. (a) Disguised Unemployment
Explanation: Disguised unemployment or hidden unemployment is a kind of unemployment where some people seem
to be employed but are actually not.
15. (b) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
Explanation: Both (i) & (ii) are correct
16. (c) Clue ii and iii
Explanation: Alluvial Soils are the most widely spread and important soil. Mostly these soils contain adequate
proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
17. (b) Statement iii is right.
Explanation: It is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property
and criminal cases pending against him. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public. But there
is no system to check if the information given by the candidates is true.
18. (b) Wrote on the caste system in India
Explanation: Political leaders and social reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar and Periyar
Ramaswami Naicker advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.
19. (b) A and B
Explanation: It is often said that political parties are facing a crisis because they are very unpopular and the citizens are
indifferent to political parties. Political parties are one of the least trusted institutions all over the world. A and B are true
because most political leaders are corrupt. They are involved in scams which tend to make the people feel that politics
does not have good leaders.
20. (a) Through the income earned from their crop production
Explanation: Farmers usually take crop loans at the beginning of the season and repay the loan after harvest. Repayment
of the loan is crucially dependent on the income from farming.
Section B
21. Sri Lankan Tamils are concentrated in the north and east of the country.
22. 1. Liberalism and National Unity: In the early 19th century, ideas of national unity in Europe were closely allied to
liberalism. "Liberalism," originating from the Latin "liber" meaning "free," symbolized individual freedom and
equality before the law for the emerging middle class.
2.
Political Aspects of Liberalism: Politically, liberalism advocated government by consent, the end of autocracy, and
constitutional, representative governance through parliament.
3.
Emphasis on Private Property: 19th-century liberals also stressed the sanctity of private property, aligning their
ideology with the pursuit of individual freedoms and the rule of law.

OR

The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were as follows:
a. From the political point of view, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, parliamentary
administration and a nation-state with a written constitution. In German regions, a large number of political
associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessman and prosperous artisans
came together inthe city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for all German National Assembly.
b. From the social viewpoint, they wanted to free the society of its class-based biases and rights growing out
of births. A large number of women had participated actively and formed their own political associations
founded a newspaper,took part in political meetings and struggled for the right to vote.

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 c. Economically, they demanded markets to be free and the right to property. Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on
the movements of goods and capital were also demanded.

23. Crops Cropping Season

Wheat Rabi

Watermelon Zaid
Fodder crops Zaid

Mustard Rabi

Cucumber Zaid
Peas Rabi

24. Any three relevant features

i. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government the Union Government and the state
government. A third tier in the form of Panchayati Raj was established later on.
ii. The Constitution clearly provided a threefold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and
the State Governments. Thus, it contains three lists:
a. Union List: Includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking,
communications and currency. The Union Government alone can make laws.
b. State List: It contains subjects of states and local importance such as agriculture, police and irrigation. The State
Government can make laws relating to these subjects.
c. Concurrent List: It includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State
Governments, such as education, forest, trade Unions, marriage, adoption and succession.
iii. The Union Government has the power to legislate on the Residuary subjects.
iv. Chandigarh or Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi, are called Union Territories. These territories do not have
the powers of a state. The Central Government has special powers in running these areas.
Section C
25. New forms of popular literature like almanacs, newspapers, and journals, appeared in print targeting new audiences in
the eighteenth century in the following ways:
i. Books could reach a wider population. Even those who disagreed with existing customers could express themselves
through print.
ii. Novels carried themes related to women’s lives and emotions. Such journals were often written and edited by women
themselves.
iii. With the expansion of compulsory education, children became important readers. A children’s press was devoted
to children literature alone. It published old fairy tales and folk tales along with new works. Grimm Brothers spent
years compiling folk tales. All that was considered unsuitable was not included.
iv. Fictional narratives, poetic, autobiographies, anthologies, and romantic plays were preferred by new readers.
26. According to their main role industries are different from one another as follows:
i. Basic or key industries: These are the industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other
goods, eg ., Iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
ii. Consumer industries: These are the industries which produce goods for direct use by consumers such as sugar,
toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, watches fans etc.

OR

i. Fabric is the basic raw material for garment manufacturing.

ii. Dyeing and finishing is an example of value addition in the textile industry.

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27. Workers are really exploited in unorganised sector in India. The following examples support the statement.
i. Lack of management and control: The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are
largely outside the control of the government.
ii. Low salary: An average of nine out of ten workers of unorganised sector receives wages below the national
minimum wage during 2004-05.
iii. Long working hours: In most construction sites, labourers have to work for a time spread over 9-10 hours in a day.
iv. Temporary jobs: Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. On an average, a farm labourer finds employment for
less than 200 days in a year.
v. No facilities and benefits: There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Many
construction companies do not provide adequate security at worksite due to which workers face the risk of working
in an unsafe environment.
28. Panchayati Raj is a system of rural local government in which Gram Panchayats are the basic unit of administration.
Gram Panchayat is a council consisting of several ward members known as Panch and a President or Sarpanch. They are
directly elected by all the adult population living in that ward or village. It is the decision making the body of the entire
village. This feature of Gram Panchayat is very significant. People in a particular village elect their own representatives
who are very much acquainted or familiar with the local issues. Thus, they can solve the problem of people easily and
effectively. It has to meet atleast two or three times in a year to approve the annual budget of the gram panchayat and to
review its performance. I like this feature of Panchayati Raj in our country.
29. In a country like India, creating more employment opportunities can be accomplished by the following means:
i. If more dams are built and canal water is provided to all the small farmers, a lot of employment can be generated in
the agriculture sector.
ii. By establishing factories which can promote employment opportunities for peoples.
iii. Providing cheap credit facilities and crop insurance can result in more employment.
iv. More money should be spent on transport and storage because then more people can be employed.
v. The government/banks can provide a loan at cheap rates to improve irrigational facilities.
vi. Technical training, vocational guidance to unemployed youth for self-employment.
vii. By introducing schemes and programmes for rural and unemployed peoples.
Section D
30. Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive
machinery in industries. The energy resources need to be conserved because:
i. The economic development of any country relies on the energy resources it has.
ii. All sectors of the economy-primary, secondary and tertiary require energy as inputs.
iii. The consumption of energy resources has been increasing over time as development is increasing.
iv. Last but not least, they take millions of years to form.

We can conserve energy resources by following ways:

i. Planning should be done for developing a sustainable path of energy usage.
ii. Energy conservation should be promoted at a group and individual level
iii. We should replace traditional incandescent light bulbs which consume an excessive amount of electricity with
halogen incandescent bulbs, compact fluorescent lights (CFLs), and light-emitting diode bulbs (LEDs).

OR

Atomic energy is generated by splitting nuclear substances such as the atoms of uranium, thorium, Cheralite,
Zirconium under controlled conditions. Splitting of these atoms gives out a lot of energy which can be used for a variety
of purposes such as generating electricity. This energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in India due to
the following reasons:
i. India has limited reserves of coal and petroleum. Nuclear energy minerals like Thorium is found in plenty in India.

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 ii. Hence, nuclear energy can compensate for the deficiency of fossil fuels.
iii. Nuclear power stations can be established easily and conveniently in those areas where other sources are not
available.
iv. Nuclear power releases tremendous amounts of energy. India can utilize this energy for peaceful purposes such as the
generation of electricity that can be used to run machines in industries.
v. It is a non-conventional source of energy. After the initial expenses, it becomes very economical.
31. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary
principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient, which were as follows:
i. The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, established
equality before the law and gave the right to property.
ii. This Code was implemented in the regions under French control.
iii. Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and
manorial dues in the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany.
iv. Guild restrictions were removed in the towns too.
v. Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the movement of goods and
capital from one region to another.
vi. Transport and communication systems were improved.

OR

Economic conditions that were viewed as obstacles in nineteenth-century Europe are as follows:
i. The absence of freedom of markets. State-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
ii. Napoleon's administration had created a different currency. weights, and measure for each of the 39 states in the
confederation. Conversion of weights and measures for each region created time-consuming calculations and
complications.
iii. There were 11 custom barriers and 5% customs duty at each for carrying goods from one place to another.
iv. The first half of the 19th century had low explosive population growth. Job-seekers were more and employment
opportunities were less.
v. Small producers faced stiff competition from the import of cheap machine-made goods. Peasants struggled under the
burden of feudal dues.
32. i. Political parties frame policies and programs.
ii. Laws are framed by political parties.
iii. Parties form and run governments.
iv. Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
v. Parties act as opposition.
vi. Criticize the government for its failures or wrong policies.
vii. Parties help in shaping public opinion.
viii. They raise and highlight issues.
ix. Parties, sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.
x. Access to government machinery and welfare schemes.
OR

Political parties are necessary for democratic countries:

i. Without political parties, democracies cannot exist.
ii. We need political parties because they perform a decisive role in making laws for a country, form and run
governments, shape public opinion, provides provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by governments.
iii. If we do not have political parties, in such a situation every candidate in elections will be independent.

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 iv. No one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
v. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in their locality. But no one will be
responsible for how the country will run.
vi. The role of an opposition party in a democracy necessitates the existence of political parties.
vii. As societies become large and complex, they also need some agencies to gather different views on various issues and
to present these to the government, that's why, political parties are needed.
33. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development. Formal credit in the form of bank loans helps
industries and trade with the necessary aid for improvement. This leads to increased production employment and profits.
However, the high risks factor should be considered wisely so that losses do not occur. This advantage of loans also
needs to be manipulated and kept under an administrative hold because loans from the informal sector include high-
interest rates that may be more harmful than good.
Therefore, banks and cooperative societies need to lend more. This would lead to higher incomes and many people could
then borrow cheaply for a variety of needs. They could grow crops, do business, set up small -scale industries, etc. They
could set up new industries or trade in goods.
For this reason, the formal sector must give out more loans so that borrowers are not duped by moneylenders and can
ultimately contribute to national development.

OR

Formal Sector Loans: Include loans from banks and cooperatives. Features of formal sector loans are mentioned below:
i. Formal sectors provide cheap and affordable loans and their rate of interest is monitored by Reserve Bank of India.
Comparatively rate of interest charged is lower than that of the informal sector loans.
ii. Formal sector strictly follows the terms of credit, which include interest rate, collateral, documentation and the mode
of repayment.
iii. Rich urban households depend largely on formal sources of credit.

Informal Sector Loans: Include loans from moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives, friends etc. Features of
informal sector loans are mentioned below:
i. Informal Sector's credit activities are not governed by any organisation, therefore they charge a higher rate of interest.
ii. Informal sector loan providers know the borrowers personally, and hence they provide loans on easy terms without
collateral and documentation.
iii. Poor households largely depend on informal sources.
Section E
34. i. In the year 1905, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting Bharat Mata is
portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine, and spiritual.
ii. By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolor (red, green and white) and had a spinning
wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
iii. The image of Bharat Mata was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote ‘Vande
Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.
35. i. Due to the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, rainwater harvesting system is a
viable alternative.
ii. Rainwater from sloping roofs of houses is collected by rooftop rainwater harvesting systems and piped into an
underground storage tank for later use.
iii. Two methods adopted by ancient India for rainwater harvesting are as:
a. Diversion channels like guls or kuls were built in the mountainous regions.
b. Khadins and Johads were also used in arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan.

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36. i. Sustainability of development/Sustainable Development is a new area of knowledge that has been a subject of
interest for social scientists and philosophers alike.
ii. Many scientists have warned that the present types and levels of development are not sustainable. Resources are
being overused by the present generation, which will ultimately make them exhausted.
iii. Since the present type and levels of development are not sustainable so its effect will not be limited to a place. The
consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this issue is no longer region
or nation-specific. In this way, our future is linked together.
Section F

37.

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