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1 Diagram A is a branching key that can be used to identify different types of crustaceans.

diagram A
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Diagram B shows six crustaceans.

Use the key in diagram A to identify the six different types of crustacean.

Write the letters on the lines in diagram B.

diagram B

[5]

[Total: 5]

2 State two features of birds, other than the beak, that can be used to classify them as birds.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
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3 Acid rain can damage aquatic organisms such as the amphibian shown in the photograph.

Suggest why amphibians are vulnerable to pollutants such as acid rain.

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[Total: 2]

4 The classification of giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is debated by many scientists.

Photograph A shows a giant panda eating bamboo plants.

photograph A

Photograph B shows a red panda, Ailurus fulgens, eating bamboo.

photograph B
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Photograph C shows a polar bear, Ursus maritimus, eating fish.

photograph C

DNA can also be used to classify species.

Molecular biologists compared the DNA base sequences of eight species from the same vertebrate
group. They used the differences to draw a classification diagram.
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The diagram shows the classification diagram for these eight species. The shorter the horizontal
distance from two species to the branching point that they share, the more similar their DNA
sequences are and the more closely the two species are related.

The scale on the diagram shows the time at which the molecular biologists estimate that each
branching point occurred.

red panda

ferret

giant panda

polar bear

wolf

tiger

human

mouse

100 80 60 40 20 0
million years ago

Morphology can also be used to classify species. Some scientists think that morphology suggests
that the giant panda is more closely related to the red panda than it is to the polar bear.
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(a) (i) Discuss the evidence for and against the giant panda being more closely related to the
red panda than it is to the polar bear. Use the information in photographs A, B and C
and the diagram in your answer.

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(ii) State one other type of evidence that is used to classify species.

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[Total: 6]
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5 The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, is a species of marine animal that is harmed by plastic waste.

The photograph shows a green turtle swimming past a plastic bag in the Pacific Ocean.

Turtles are classified as reptiles.

State one feature shown by all reptiles that is not found in amphibians.

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[Total: 1]
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6 The diagram shows the human male reproductive system and part of the excretory system.

The table shows the letters, names and functions of parts from the diagram.

Complete the table using the diagram.

letter from
name function
diagram

V carries sperm away from the testis

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.................. urethra carries urine and sperm out of the body

.

Y deposits sperm into the vagina

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................... makes the fluid for the sperm to swim in

prostate gland

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W scrotum

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X testis

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[6]

[Total: 6]
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7 The photomicrograph is of pollen from an insect-pollinated plant.

Describe two ways the pollen from a wind-pollinated plant differs from the type of pollen shown in
the photomicrograph.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 2]
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8 The diagram is of a section through an insect-pollinated flower.

On the diagram:

• draw an X to show where fertilisation occurs

• circle the part where pollination occurs
• draw a label line and label the part that produces pollen with the correct name. [4]

[Total: 4]

9 The table shows some of the events (G to M) that can occur after the sperm leaves the male
reproductive system.

G an embryo is formed

H nuclei of the sperm and egg cell fuse

J sperm enters the oviduct

K sperm passes through the uterus

L sperm is deposited into the vagina

M sperm travels through the cervix

Write the letters of the events in the correct sequence, in the spaces provided.

One has been done for you.

[3]

[Total: 3]
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10 During puberty, the hormones oestrogen and testosterone are involved in the development of the
secondary sexual characteristics.

Complete the table by placing ticks (✓) in the boxes to show which hormones are involved in the
development of each secondary sexual characteristic.

secondary sexual characteristic testosterone oestrogen

body shape changes

breast development

facial hair

voice deepening

[4]

[Total: 4]

11 The photograph shows a section through a flower.

State the names of the parts labelled A, C and E in the photograph.

A ...............................................................................................................................................

C ...............................................................................................................................................

E ............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]

12 State the day of the menstrual cycle when eggs are released.

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[Total: 1]

13 The diagram shows the female reproductive system in humans.

State the names of two parts of the female reproductive system that sperm must pass through to
reach the egg cell.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

14 The menstrual cycle is one of the changes that happens to girls during puberty.

Describe the changes that occur in boys during puberty.

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[Total: 3]
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15 State why it is important that sperm and egg cells are haploid and not diploid.

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[Total: 1]

16 Complete the sentences with the appropriate words.

The placenta provides a large surface area for the ............................................... of oxygen

and carbon dioxide between maternal and fetal blood. Dissolved nutrients also pass across

the placenta. Examples of dissolved nutrients are: ............................................... acids,

............................................... and ............................................... .

Antibodies pass from the maternal blood giving natural ...............................................

immunity to the baby for some infections that the mother has had or has been vaccinated

against. Each different type of vaccine contains one or more ...............................................

taken from the ............................................... that causes the disease. [7]

[Total: 7]
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17 The Galápagos Islands are a group of small islands in the Pacific Ocean.

In 1839 Charles Darwin published a book that described differences in a family of birds called
finches.

Each species of Galápagos finch had:

• a different diet

• a different beak shape, as shown in the diagram.

Galápagos finches share a common ancestor.

Suggest how Galápagos finches have evolved different shaped beaks.

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[Total: 5]

18 Some crop plants have been selectively bred to be drought resistant.

The sentences show stages in the process of selective breeding.

They are not in the correct order.

1 A farmer identifies crop plants that survive in drought conditions.

2 Offspring that survive drought conditions are selected and bred again.

3 The drought resistant plants are bred together and seeds collected.

4 The farmer repeats the process over many generations.

5 The seeds are germinated and grown in drought conditions.

Write the statement numbers in the boxes to show the correct order of the stages in selective
breeding.

[3]

[Total: 3]
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19 Black stem rust is a disease of wheat that is caused by a fungus.

Plant breeders used two varieties of wheat to produce a variety of wheat that is both rust-resistant
and has a high yield.

The diagram shows the breeding programme that was used.

Suggest why step 3 is repeated for many generations before the new rust-resistant variety is made
available for farmers to grow.

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[Total: 1]
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20 Black stem rust is a disease of wheat that is caused by a fungus.

Plant breeders used two varieties of wheat to produce a variety of wheat that is both rust-resistant
and has a high yield.

The diagram shows the breeding programme that was used.

Suggest how plant breeders make sure that the plants that they use for step 3 are rust-resistant.

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[Total: 2]
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21 Merino sheep in South Africa have high quality wool with very thin hairs.

Breeders in New Zealand have used selective breeding programmes to improve the wool of their
sheep to match the quality of South African wool.

Describe the steps that breeders would take to breed sheep that have wool with very thin hairs.

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[Total: 5]

22 Explain how natural selection differs from selective breeding.

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[Total: 3]
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23 Sickle-cell anaemia is most common in areas of the world where the infectious disease malaria is
found.

The distribution of sickle-cell anaemia is the result of natural selection.

Explain the distribution of the sickle-cell allele in human populations.

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[Total: 5]
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24 The photograph shows a goat with white fur.

Fur colour is inherited in goats.

• The allele for white fur is represented by A.

• The allele for black fur is represented by a.

• Each goat is identified by the numbers 1 to 8 in the diagram.

The diagram shows the inheritance of fur colour in a herd of goats.

Describe the process a farmer could use to breed a herd of white goats.
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[Total: 3]

25 Shire horses have been produced by selective breeding. They are strong and can pull heavy loads.

Describe the process of selective breeding.

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[Total: 3]
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26 Explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics and how humans can reduce the problem of
antibiotic resistance.

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[Total: 6]
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27 Selective breeding of animals is very important to farmers.

Many different breeds of sheep have been produced by selective breeding.

The diagram shows a flock of Merino sheep. This breed of sheep was produced by selective
breeding.

Sheep are important animals in many parts of the world as they produce meat, wool and milk.

The table below describes some characteristics of five different breeds of sheep.

breed of sheep wool yield wool quality meat yield milk yield

Arapawa average good poor average

Awassi average poor average very good

Blackbelly poor poor very good average

Merino good very good good poor

Tsurcana average good average average

A farmer wants to sell both meat and wool.

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Suggest which breed of sheep in the table is the most suitable for this farmer.

Give a reason for your choice.

breed of sheep .........................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 2]
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28 The diagram shows a giraffe and an okapi.

The long neck is an adaptive feature for giraffes.

It helps them feed on leaves that other animals like the okapi cannot reach.

Giraffes developed long necks by the process of natural selection.

The statements in the table are about how natural selection occurred in giraffes.

statement number statement

1 More giraffes are born than can survive.

2 Giraffes have necks of different length.

3 The giraffes with the longest necks survive and reproduce.

4 There is competition for food between giraffes.

5 The surviving giraffes pass on their alleles for long necks to their offspring.

Arrange these statements in a sequence to explain how natural selection occurred in giraffes.

One has been done for you.

→ → 4 → →

[3]

[Total: 3]