VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana sangama, Belagavi-590018

An Internship Report
on

“RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WORKS”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Dhyan Gowda M B
(1GA21CV008)
Internship Carried Out at
Ambara Constructions
J.P Nagar 7th phase

External Guide Internal Guide

Mr. Pavan Kumar Dr. Manu D S
Project manager Associate Professor
Ambara constructions Department of Civil engineering
GAT, Bengaluru

GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

Bangalore-560098
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2024-2025
 GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
(Accredited by NBA with A grade, affiliated to VTU, Belgaum and
recognized by AICTE, New Delhi)

Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore -560098

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is Certified that the Internship work entitled “Residential Building works” carried out by Dhyan
Gowda M B (1GA21CV008), a Bonafide student of GLOBAL ACADEMYOFTECHNOLOGY in
partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL ENGINEERING of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2024-2025. The internship report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Internship work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of Co-ordinate

Dr. Manu D S Mr.Shivakumar.M J

Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Dr.Allamaprabhu.K Dr.H B Balakrishna

Name of Examiners Signature with date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank Ambara Construction, for giving me this opportunity to pursue an
internship with the organization.

I sincerely thank Dr.H B Balakrishna, Principal, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru for the
support he has provided in permitting me to undertake this internship work.

I would like to thank Dr. Allamaprabhu . k, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering for the
encouragement and support.

I would also like to thank internship co-ordinator Mr.Shivakumar.M J, Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering for providing the details about this internship

I would like to express gratitude for my guide Dr.Manu D S , Assistant Professor, Civil
Engineering Department for his excellent guidance, constant encouragement and help. Under his
constant presence and valuable advice has led to the completion of this internship

I express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to Mr. Pavan Asst Engineer for his constructive support,
constant encouragement, guidance and providing me excellent platform and resource for learning. I
would also like to thank Mr. Manjunath .G, Asst Engineer for providing knowledge and inspiring me
more to learn more deeply knowledge of the project. I would like to thank my coordinator and
Mr.Chethan , Design manager for constantly guiding me throughout my project in my field of interest
and teaching me the required skills and knowledge as required in the project.

I would also like to thank the staffs of this organization for their patience and helping nature in any
aspect of question. I would also like to thank all the non-technical staff of this organization for constant
support throughout the completion of my internship.

Dhyan Gowda M B
(1GA21CV008)
 DECLARATION

I, DHYAN GOWDA M B,(1GA22CV008), a Bonafide student of 8 thsemester, Bachelor of

Engineering in Civil Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, hereby declare
that internship work entitled “RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WORKS” AT J.P.NAGAR,
BENGALURU” accomplishment in AMBARA CONSTRUCTION is an original work done
by me under the internal guide Dr. DHYAN GOWDA M B Assistant professor, Department
of Civil Engineering, Global Academy of Technology, Bengaluru and external guide Mr.
PAVAN, Asst Engineer Ambara construction, Bengaluru.

DHYAN GOWDA M B
(1GA21CV008)
 Synopsis

The internship was conducted at Ambara Construction, J.P. Nagar, Bengaluru, as part of the 8th-semester
Civil Engineering curriculum at the Global Academy of Technology. Spanning from October 7 to
November 7, 2024, this internship provided practical exposure to the construction of a residential
building (G+1) on a 40x60 ft site. The primary objectives were to understand the construction process-
from planning and design to execution—along with learning basic cost estimation and interior design.
The company, established in 2004, engages in real estate, construction, and interior works. Throughout
the internship we gained firsthand experience in various construction stages such as site cleaning, layout
marking, excavation, isolated footings, column design and curing, brick and concrete block masonry, and
slab reinforcement. She also worked with construction tools and software such as AutoCAD and
SketchUp to detail structural and interior components. Reinforcement techniques were a key focus, with
Fe410 steel of various diameters used in columns, beams, and slabs. Practical exposure to structural
elements like isolated footings and columns helped reinforce theoretical learning. The internship also
involved understanding residential building plans, electrical layouts, and interior works, contributing to
a holistic view of building construction. By observing real-time activities and software applications,
developed a stronger grasp of construction practices, material usage, and safety protocols. In conclusion,
the internship bridged academic learning with fieldwork, improving technical and professional skills
essential for a civil engineering career. It emphasized teamwork, safety, and the role of digital tools in
modern construction projects.
 Residential building works

CONTENTS

Sl no Particular Page no

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 COMPANY PROFILE 2

3 INTERNSHIP DETAILS 3-4

4 MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATION 5-15

5 TECHNICAL WORK and LEARNING 16-41

6 SOFTWARE LEARNING 42-50

7 CONCLUSION 51-52

Department Of Civil Engineering

 Residential building works

LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES

List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page No.

4.1 Cement 5

4.2 M Sand 8

4.3 Coarse Aggregates 11

4.4 Re-bar 12

4.5 Water 13

5.1 Site Cleaning 16

5.2 Marking 16

5.3 Excavation 17

5.4 Isolated Footing 20

5.5 Column Raising 24

5.6 Slab Reinforcement 29

5.7 Brick Masonry 34

5.8 Hollow Block Masonry 35

List of Tables

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 Material Specification 14

4.2 Properties of Cement 14

4.3 Properties of Fine Aggregates 15

4.4 Properties of Coarse Aggregate 15

Department Of Civil Engineering

 Residential building works

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Internship

Practical training forms an integral part of engineering education, especially in Civil Engineering,
where theoretical knowledge must be connected with field realities. An internship bridges the gap
between academic learning and real-world application, providing students with invaluable hands-
on experience.

As part of the 8th Semester B.E Civil Engineering curriculum at Global Academy of Technology,
Bengaluru, a mandatory internship was undertaken. This internship was carried out at Ashoka
Realities and Construction, Bengaluru, focusing on the execution of a residential building project.

The main objectives of the internship included Gaining exposure to construction site activities
and realworld working conditions. Understanding the process of construction from foundation to
finishing works. Learning about material handling, usage of construction equipment, and project
execution strategies. Exploring basic cost estimation techniques. Familiarization with interior
design principles and software like AutoCAD and SketchUp. Enhancing teamwork,
communication, and problem-solving skills relevant to construction management.

Importance of Industrial Training Internships play a crucial role in professional development.

They enable practical application of theoretical concepts. Provide exposure to construction
techniques, safety practices, and quality control. Help students understand the dynamics of project
scheduling, budgeting, and management. Strengthen soft skills such as leadership, teamwork, and
professional communication. Through this internship, I developed a clearer understanding of the
construction industry, including challenges, solutions, and innovations that form the backbone of
modern civil engineering.

Department Of Civil Engineering 1

 Residential building works

Chapter 2
COMPANY PROFILE
2.1 About Ambara Construction:
Ambara Construction is a reputed construction and real estate firm based in
Bengaluru, Karnataka. Since its establishment the company has earned a strong
reputation for delivering quality residential and commercial projects. The company's strength
lies in its skilled workforce, technical expertise, and commitment to delivering projects that
meet client requirements with high quality and efficiency.
2.2 Company Details :
Company Name: Ambara Construction
Address: Ground Floor, 14th main, J P Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560040
Phone: +91 7899470066
Email: ambaraconstructions@gmail.com
2.3 Services Offered Ambara Construction specializes in
Real Estate Development, Residential and Commercial Construction, Interior Design Works,
Renovation and Remodelling Projects, Construction Solutions
2.4 Organizational Structure
The company's organizational structure typically consists of:
Managing Director, Project Managers, Civil Engineers, Site Supervisors, Architects and
Designers, Skilled Labor and Technicians, Interns are guided by both internal and external
mentors, gaining firsthand exposure to different construction management levels.
2.5 Major Projects
Ambara Construction has completed several noteworthy residential and commercial
buildings in Bengaluru. They are known for adhering to project timelines, ensuring quality
workmanship, and maintaining transparency with clients.

Department Of Civil Engineering 2

 Residential building works

Chapter 3
INTERNSHIP DETAILS

3.1 Duration and Timeline

The internship was carried out over a period of one month, commencing on 7th October 2024 and
concluding on 7th November 2024.The training period allowed sufficient time to observe and
participate in different stages of residential construction from preliminary site preparation to
structural work and interior finishing.

3.2 Location and Site Overview

Site Location: Nagarabhavi , Bengaluru, Karnataka
Project Type: Residential Building (Ground + 1 Floor - G+1) Site Area: 40 feet × 60 feet = 2400
sq. ft.
The project involved the construction of a residential house, including Plan, Excavation, Footing,
Wall construction, slab, Interior works. The site was a typical urban plot, surrounded by other
residential developments, with easy access to utilities and materials.

3.3 Project Description

The project involved the construction of a G+1 Residential Building.
The building layout comprised: Ground Floor: Living room, kitchen, bedroom, common toilet
First Floor: Additional bedrooms, attached bathrooms, balcony access
The building was designed following modern standards for residential comfort, space
optimization, and safety norms. The project included reinforced concrete framed structures
(RCC) with proper brick masonry for walls and RCC slabs for floors and roofing.

Department Of Civil Engineering 3

 Residential building works

3.4 Intern’s Role and Responsibilities

During the internship, the following activities were carried out under the supervision of senior
engineers and site supervisors Site Observation-Observing and understanding the step-by-step
construction procedures. Material Handling-Monitoring the delivery, storage, and usage of
construction materials. Layout Marking-Learning how marking is done as per approved site plans
and centerlines. Excavation Supervision-Understanding excavation depths, trenching, and safe
practices.
Reinforcement Checking-Verifying reinforcement placements for columns, Footing, and slabs as
per drawings.

AutoCAD Drafting Preparing structural drawings and minor revisions using AutoCAD. Interior
Design Exposure learning the basics of interior layouts using AutoCAD and SketchUp. Quality
Checks Observing curing practices, material testing, and workmanship quality on-site.
The internship was carefully structured to offer a blend of theoretical knowledge application and
hands-on site exposure.

Department Of Civil Engineering 4

 Residential building works

Chapter 4

MATERIALS AND SPECIFICATION

4.1 Materials
4.1.1 Ordinary Portland Cement
Cement can be defined as the bonding material having cohesive & adhesive Properties to bind
fine aggregate and course aggregate. The name Portland cement was given by Joseph Aspdin in
1824 due to its similarity in color and its quality when it hardens. The major ingredients of cement
is limestone and clay. The OPC was classified into three grades namely 33 grade, 43 grade and
53 grade depending upon the strength of the cement at 28 days when tested.

Fig 4.1 Cement

TESTS ON CEMENT

1. Specific gravity of cement

2. Fineness of cement
3. Standard Consistency and Setting time
4. Compressive strength of cement

1. .Specific gravity of cement

To determine the specific gravity of cement
Apparatus: Weighing balance, specific gravity bottle, kerosene free from water.
Defination: Specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the mass of a given
volume of material and mass of an equal volume of water.

Department Of Civil Engineering 5

 Residential building works

Procedure:
• weight of the empty flask is measured and as W1.

• The bottle is filled with cement to its half (approx. 50gm of cement) and closed with a
stopper.
• The arrangement is weighed with a stopper and the weight is taken as W2.

• Now pour the kerosene in the sample and fill it up to the brim of the bottle. The mixture
is mixed thoroughly and any air bubbles present inside are removed. The flask with
kerosene, cement with
stopper is weighed and noted down as W3.

• Finally, the flask is emptied and the bottle is filled with kerosene up to the tip of the
bottle and weight is recorded as W4.

2 .Fineness of cement
Objective: To determine the fineness of a cement sample by sieving through a 90 micron IS sieve.
Theory: The degree of fineness of cement is a measure of the mean size of the grains in cement.
The rate of hydration and hydrolysis and consequent development of strength in cement mortar
depends upon the fineness of cement.
Apparatus: 90 micron IS sieve, rice plate, weighing balance, bristle brush(25 or 40mm brush with
250mm handle).The sieve has mesh openings of 0.087mm.

Procedure:
• Take 1000 grams (1 Kg) of cement for the test sample and name it as (w1).

• Rub the cement particle well with your hands so that no lumps are left.

• Now pour the 1 Kg cement content in the sieve and close it perfectly with the sieve lid.

• If you have a sieve shaking machine then it’s awesome, now you just need to put the
sieve in the shaking machine and start the machine for 15 minutes.
• Anyway, if you don’t have the sieve shaking machine then no problem, you can shaalso
With your hands.
• But you need to make sure that the sieving operation is done in all the direction for a
minimum of 15 minutes.• Brush the sieve base gently with the bristle brush so that
nothing is left on the sieve surface.

Department Of Civil Engineering 6

 Residential building works

3. Standard Consistency and Setting Time:

Objective: To determine standard consistency and initial and final setting time ogive cement
sample by vicat apparatus
Apparatus: Vicat apparatus with vicat plunger, vicat needles and vicat mould , gauging trowel,
measuring jar ,stopwatch, rice plates, rubber gloves and glass plates.

Procedure:
• Fix and place the Vicat apparatus on a flat surface and make necessary adjustments.
• Now take 400gm of cement specimen and add 28% of water by the weight of cement
and mix gently for up to 3 to 5 minutes.
• Then fill the cement paste into the Vicat mould and remove the excess cement paste by
the trowel.
• Now place the Vicat mould on the Vicat apparatus and release the plunger gently by
contacting the cement paste surface.
• Then release the plunger and allow it to penetrate the cement paste and note down the
reading from the gauge scale from the bottom of the Vicat mould.
• Now again, add water with cement paste at a different water ratio until the reading lies
between 5mm and 7mm.

Department Of Civil Engineering 7

 Residential building works

4.1.2 Fine Aggregate

Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral
particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. a soil containing more
than 85% sand-sized particles by mass. The composition of sand varies, depending on the local
rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental
settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica, usually in the form of quartz. The size of sand
particles should be between 4.75mm to 75 microns.

Fig 4.2 M sand

Tests on Fine aggregate

1. Sieve Analysis (Grain Size Distribution)

• Purpose: To determine the particle size distribution of fine aggregate.
• Method: The sand is passed through a set of IS sieves (usually down to 75 microns).
• Result: Helps determine fineness modulus and zone of sand (Zone I–IV as per IS 383).

2. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test

• Purpose: To determine the density and porosity of the aggregate.
• Method: Use pycnometer for fine aggregates.
• Result: Used in concrete mix design; typical specific gravity ranges from 2.6 to 2.8.

3. Bulking of Sand
• Purpose: To measure the increase in volume of moist sand over dry sand.
• Method: Place moist sand in a graduated container and add water to find reduction in
volume.
• Result: Helps correct volume of sand during batching.

Department Of Civil Engineering 8

 Residential building works

4. Silt Content Test

• Purpose: To determine the percentage of silt in sand.

• Method: Add salt water to a sample of sand in a graduated cylinder, shake, and let

it settle.

• Result: Silt content should not exceed 8% by volume (as per IS code).

5. Moisture Content Test

• Purpose: To find out the amount of water in the aggregate.

• Method: Dry a sample in an oven and calculate loss of weight.

• Result: Important for adjusting water in concrete mix.

6. Organic Impurities Test

• Purpose: To detect the presence of organic compounds in sand.

• Method: Mix sand with sodium hydroxide solution and observe color change.

• Result: A darker color indicates more impurities.

7. Soundness Test (Optional for Fine Aggregate)

• Purpose: To determine resistance to weathering.

• Method: Repeated cycles of soaking in sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate

solution an drying.

• Result: Not commonly done for fine aggregate unless durability is a concern.

Department Of Civil Engineering 9

 Residential building works

4.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregates refer to irregular and granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone,
and are used for making concrete. In most cases, Coarse is naturally occurring and can be obtained
by blasting quarries or crushing them by hand or crushers.

Fig 4.3 Coarse aggregates

Test on Coarse aggregate

1. Sieve Analysis (Grading Test)

• Purpose: To determine the particle size distribution.
• Standard: IS 2386 (Part 1)
• Procedure: Aggregate is sieved through a set of standard sieves and the
retained material on each sieve is weighed.

2. Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test

• Purpose: To determine the density and porosity of aggregate.
• Standard: IS 2386 (Part 3)
• Procedure: Aggregate is soaked, then weighed in water and air to calculate
specific gravity and water absorption.

3. Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) Test

• Purpose: To assess the resistance of coarse aggregate to crushing under a
gradually applied compressive load.
• Standard: IS 2386 (Part 4)
• Procedure: Aggregate is placed in a cylindrical mold and compressed; the
percentage of crushed material is calculated.

Department Of Civil Engineering 10

 Residential building works

4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test

• Purpose: To determine the resistance to wear and tear due to rubbing or
friction.
• Standard: IS 2386 (Part 4)
• Procedure: Aggregate is placed in a rotating drum with steel balls and
revolved; loss of weight is measured.

5. Impact Value Test

• Purpose: To determine the toughness or the ability of aggregates to resist
sudden impact.
• Standard: IS 2386 (Part 4)
• Procedure: Aggregate is subjected to impact in a standard apparatus; the
percentage of fines is measure

6. Flakiness and Elongation Index

• Purpose: To determine the shape of particles.
• Standard: IS 2386 (Part 1)
• Procedure: Particles are measured using specific gauges to determine the
percentage of flaky or elongated particles.

7. Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity Test

• Purpose: To check if the aggregate will react with the alkalis in cement and cause
expansion.
• Standard: IS 2386 (Part 7)
• Procedure: Aggregate samples are stored in an alkaline solution and
monitored for expansion.

Department Of Civil Engineering 11

 Residential building works

4.1.4 STEEL
Reinforcement steel, often called rebar, is steel bars or mesh embedded in concrete enhance its
strength and durability. It's crucial because concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension,
and rebar provides the tensile strength needed to resist bending and cracking.

Fig 4.4 Re-bar

Tensile test – to determine yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation.

• Bend test – to assess ductility and ability to withstand bending without cracking.

• Rebend test – to test rebar’s ability to withstand repeated bending.

• Chemical analysis – to verify the composition of the steel.

• Corrosion resistance test – particularly for coated or treated rebar.

Department Of Civil Engineering 12

 Residential building works

4.1.5 Water

Water plays an important role in mixing of concrete. Water should be clean, fresh and free from
organic impurities. Reduction of water increase in strength of concrete and decreases workability.
The ratio of minimum quantity of water required to the weight of the cement to obtain a desired
concrete mix is called water cement ratio. The standard rate of water cement ratio is 0.45.

Fig 4.5 water

pH Value Test

• Purpose: To ensure the water is neither too acidic nor too alkaline.

• Requirement: pH should be between 6.0 and 8.5.

Department Of Civil Engineering 13

 Residential building works

4.1 Material Specification

Table 4.1 Material Specification

Sl No Specification Materials

43 Grade
1. Cement

Passing through
Coarse Aggregate 12.36 mm
2. ,Retained on 10 mm

3. Fine Aggregate Retained on 4.75

mm

4. Concrete M25 grade

5. Water cement ratio 0.5

Fe500
6. Reinforcement

4.1 Properties of Materials

4.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement was used for casting all the specimens.

Table 4.2 Properties of cement

SL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT VALUES

NO
1.
Grade of Cement 43
GRADE
2.
Specific Gravity 3.002
g/cc
3.
Initial setting Time 35 in

Department Of Civil Engineering 14

 Residential building works

4.1.2 Fine Aggregate

Clean and dry river sand available locally is used. Sand passing through IS 4.75mm Sieve is
used for casting all the specimens. The values of specific gravity and fineness modulus

Table 4.3 Properties of Fine aggregates

Sl Properties of Fine Aggregates Values

no

1. Specific Gravity 2.6

Bulk density = 1447.6 kg/m3

2.
Bulking % of voids=0.351 %

3. Moisture Content 0.93%

4.1.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate passing through 20mm sieve is used for casting all specimens.

Table 4.4 Properties of coarse aggregate

Properties of Coarse Values

Sl no Aggregates

1. Size of Aggregate 20mm

Bulk density = 1473.50

2. kg/m3
Bulking
% of voids= 44.39%

3. Moisture Content 0.47%

Department Of Civil Engineering 15

 Residential building works

Chapter 5
TECHNICAL WORK AND LEARNING

The internship provided an opportunity to observe, learn, and participate in the actual processes
of constructing a residential building. This chapter details the technical work undertaken during
the course of the internship.

5.1 Site Preparation

5.1.1 Site Cleaning

Before any construction work began, the site was cleaned to remove debris, vegetation, and
unwanted materials.

Importance of site cleaning:

• Ensures safety for workers and equipment.

• Provides a clear workspace for layout marking.

• Prevents contamination of construction materials like concrete.

Fig 5.1 Site cleaning

5.1.2 Marking and Layout

Accurate layout marking was performed based on approved architectural plans. Key steps
involved:

• Setting up base lines using measuring tapes, strings, and leveling instruments.

• Centerlines for walls and foundations were marked.

Department Of Civil Engineering 16

 Residential building works

• Checking diagonals to ensure squareness of layouts.

Fig 5.2 Marking

5.1.3 Excavation
Excavation was carried out for isolated footings. Excavation activities included:
• Manual and machine excavation to the required depths.

• Ensuring excavation dimensions as per design drawings.

• Providing temporary supports if necessary to avoid soil collapse.
• Reference Standard: IS 1200 (Part I) – Method of Measurement of Building Works.

Department Of Civil Engineering 17

 Residential building works

Fig 5.3 Excavation

1. Site Preparation

• Survey and Marking:

• Conduct a topographic survey of the site.

• Mark excavation boundaries using lime powder, pegs, ropes, or chalk lines based on

the construction drawings.

• Clearing the Site:

• Remove vegetation, topsoil, debris, and any existing structures.

• Utility Check:

• Identify and relocate any underground utilities (water lines, cables, gas lines, etc.).

2. Setting Out

• Use theodolite, total station, or leveling instruments to set out the exact position and

dimensions of the excavation.

• Benchmark levels should be established for depth references.

Department Of Civil Engineering 18

 Residential building works
3. Safety Measures
• Install fencing or barricades around the excavation site.

• Provide safety signage and ensure PPE (helmets, boots, gloves, etc.) is used by all
workers.
• Prepare shoring, sloping, or benching plans to prevent collapses in deep excavations.

4. Excavation Work

• Method Selection:
• Choose manual, mechanical, or hybrid excavation methods depending on site

conditions.
• Use excavators, backhoes, or loaders for large volumes.
• Excavation Execution:
• Excavate as per required depth, width, and slope mentioned in drawings.

• Maintain side slopes for stability if excavation depth exceeds 1.5 meters.
• Ensure dewatering (if needed) using pumps or well points.

5. Dewatering (If Required)

• Install sump pits, pumps, or well-point systems to remove groundwater.

• Keep excavation dry to avoid soil weakening.

6. Soil Disposal

• Classify excavated material: suitable for reuse (backfilling/fill) or disposal.

• Dispose of unsuitable material at designated locations as per environmental

7. Inspection and Approval

• Inspect depth, alignment, and base level of excavation.

• Get approval from the site engineer or consultant before proceeding.

8. Trench Stabilization (For Foundation)

• Compact the bottom of the excavation if necessary.

• Provide blinding concrete (if specified) or PCC for foundation preparation.

Department Of Civil Engineering 19

 Residential building works

9. Backfilling (Later Stage)

• After construction in the excavated area (e.g., foundations, pipelines), backfilling is

done using approved material.
• Compact in layers to avoid settlement.

5.2 Foundation Works

5.2.1 Isolated Footing
An isolated footing was adopted for the columns, suitable for individual column loads on
medium strength soil.
Definition: An isolated footing supports a single column and distributes its load over a
sufficient soil area to prevent excessive settlement.

Typical construction procedure:

• After excavation, a PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) bed was laid to provide a level base.

• Shuttering was erected to cast the footing. Reinforcement was placed as per design:
• Main bars: 16 mm diameter
• Distribution bars: 10 mm diameter

• Spacing: 150 mm c/c

• Footing Dimensions: Typical footing dimensions ranged from 1.2m x 1.2m to 1.5m x

1.5m based on load requirements.

• Concrete mix used: M25 grade concrete (1:1:2) with proper water-cement ratio.

Department Of Civil Engineering 20

 Residential building works

Fig 5.4 Isolated footing

1. Site Preparation
• Clearing and Grubbing: Remove vegetation, debris, and loose soil from the site.
• Setting Out: Mark the exact position of the footing using survey instruments based on
the structural drawing.

2. Excavation
• Excavate the soil to the required depth, width, and length as per the footing design.
• The bottom should be leveled and compacted.

• If the soil is loose or waterlogged, dewatering or shoring may be required.

3. PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

• A PCC layer (usually 75–100 mm thick) is laid at the bottom to provide a clean and
level base.

• Mix Ratio: Commonly 1:4:8 or 1:5:10 (cement:sand:aggregate).

• Allow the PCC to set for at least 24 hours.

4. Reinforcement Placement
• Place the reinforcement cage as per structural drawings.
• Proper cover (usually 50 mm) is maintained using cover blocks.

• Reinforcement bars are free from rust, oil, and dirt.

• Lap lengths, bends, and anchorage are as per design.

Department Of Civil Engineering 21

 Residential building works

5. Formwork (Shuttering)
• Erect formwork around the footing to the specified dimensions.

• Use leak-proof and stable shuttering to avoid deformation during concreting.

6. Concrete Pouring
• Use the specified concrete grade (commonly M20, M25, or higher).

• Pour concrete in layers and vibrate using mechanical vibrators to remove air pockets.

• Finish the top surface and protect it from direct sun and wind to prevent cracking.

7. Curing

• Start curing after 24 hours of concrete setting.

• Cure for a minimum of 7 days (preferably 14 or as per specs) using water or wet

coverings to ensure strength development.

8. Backfilling
• After curing and formwork removal, backfill the excavated area with suitable material.

• Compact the soil in layers to prevent future settlement.

Department Of Civil Engineering 22

 Residential building works

FOOTING DETAIL

Department Of Civil Engineering 23

 Residential building works

5.3 Structural Elements

5.3.1 Columns
Columns are the vertical load-bearing members transferring loads from slabs and beams to the
foundation. Reinforcement details observed: Steel Grade: Fe 410

Column reinforcement:

• Main bars: 20mm and 16mm diameter

• Ties/Stirrups: 8mm diameter at 150mm c/c spacing

• Column Construction Steps:

• Centering and alignment checked.

• Shuttering with MS sheets used. Concrete poured with proper compaction using

vibrators.

• Curing: Columns were cured continuously for at least 7 days to avoid shrinkage cracks.

Fig 5.5 Column raising

Department Of Civil Engineering 24

 Residential building works

1. Column Layout Marking

• Use centerline drawings to mark column positions on the ground or slab.

• Confirm dimensions, orientation, and spacing with reference to the architectural and

Structural drawings.

• Ensure diagonals and offsets match.

2. Excavation (for ground columns)

• Excavate according to footing dimensions.

• Ensure the base is level and compact.

Department Of Civil Engineering 25

 Residential building works

3. PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)

• Lay PCC (usually M10 mix) as a leveling layer under the column footing.

• Thickness typically ranges from 50–100 mm.

Department Of Civil Engineering 26

 Residential building works

4. Column Footing (if applicable)

• Place reinforcement bars as per the design.

• Use proper cover blocks (25–50 mm).

• Ensure alignment and level.

• Pour concrete (e.g., M20 or as per structural requirement).

• Compact with a vibrator.

5. Reinforcement for Column

• Cut and bend bars as per Bar Bending Schedule (BBS).

• Place vertical (longitudinal) bars and tie them with lateral ties/stirrups.

• Maintain cover using plastic spacers or concrete blocks (usually 40 mm for columns).

• Ensure vertical alignment with plumb bob or spirit level.

• Fix lap lengths where required as per design (usually 40–60 times the bar diameter).

6. Shuttering/Formwork
• Erect formwork (usually steel or plywood) around reinforcement.

• Ensure it is plumb, well-aligned, and firmly supported to withstand concrete pressure.

• Apply shuttering oil to inner surfaces for easy removal.

• Seal joints to prevent slurry leakage.

7. Concrete Pouring
• Use ready-mix concrete or mix on site as per grade specified (M20, M25, etc.).

• Pour concrete carefully to avoid displacement of reinforcement.

• Use needle vibrators for compaction to avoid honeycombing.

• Avoid cold joints; pour continuously.

Department Of Civil Engineering 27

 Residential building works

• Check top level with a leveling instrument or tape.

8. De-shuttering
• Remove formwork after 24–48 hours depending on temperature and cement type (for

Vertical l sides).

• Ensure no damage to concrete surface.

9. Curing
• Begin curing within 24 hours after de-shuttering.

• Keep the column wet continuously for at least 7–14 days.

• Use water spraying, wet hessian cloths, or curing compounds.

10. Post-Checks
• Check column dimensions, verticality (plumb), and surface finish.

• Repair honeycombs if found using non-shrink grout or approved repair mortar.Column

Layout

Department Of Civil Engineering 28

 Residential building works

COLUMN LAYOUT

Department Of Civil Engineering 29

 Residential building works

5.3.2 Slabs
• Slabs provide flat surfaces forming floors and roofs. Reinforcement observed:

• Main reinforcement: 10mm bars @ 6" c/c Distribution reinforcement: 8mm bars @ 6"

c/c Slab casting steps:

• Fixing reinforcement mesh.

• Providing electrical conduits inside slabs.

• Pouring concrete and vibrating properly to remove air pockets.

Fig 5.6 Slab reinforcement

Department Of Civil Engineering 30

 Residential building works

1. Preparation and Planning

• Structural Drawings: Verify slab dimensions, reinforcement details, and load

Calculation from approved structural drawings.

• Material Procurement: Ensure availability of concrete, steel, shuttering materials, and

Curing agents.

• Site Cleaning: Clean the slab area of dust, debris, and water to ensure proper bonding

and alignment.

2. Shuttering/Formwork
• Formwork Installation: Fix shuttering (plywood/steel sheets) on the slab edges,

supported by props and scaffolding.

• Level & Alignment: Ensure formwork is level and tight to prevent leakage of concrete

slurry.

• Application of Release Agent: Apply shutter oil to the inner surfaces to aid in easy

Removal after curing.

3. Reinforcement Work
• Steel Cutting & Bending: Cut and bend rebars (main & distribution bars) as per

Structural drawings.

• Placing of Bars: Lay the bottom and top layers of reinforcement with appropriate

spacing and cover blocks.

• Fixing with Binding Wire: Tie intersecting bars securely using binding wire.

• Provision for Openings: Leave space or inserts for electrical conduits, plumbing pipes,

etc.

Department Of Civil Engineering 31

 Residential building works

4. Electrical and Plumbing Conduits (if any)

• Embedment: Install conduits or sleeves within the slab as per plan.

• Check for Obstructions: Ensure these do not disturb reinforcement layout or cover.

5. Final Inspection Before Pouring

• Checkpoints:

• Correct bar spacing and overlaps

• Proper alignment and fixity of formwork

• Clean and damp surface (no standing water)

• Approval from structural engineer or site supervisor

6. Concrete Pouring

• Concrete Mix: Use prescribed grade (e.g., M20, M25) as per the design.

• Placement: Pour concrete in layers and spread uniformly across the slab using

Vibrate avoid honeycombing.

• Leveling: Level the surface with screeds and straight edges.

• Finishing: Finish the surface with trowel or float as per the desired finish (rough for

Tiling smooth for plain surface).

7. Curing

• Initial Setting Time: Let concrete set for 8–10 hours before initial curing.

• Water Curing: Begin water curing (sprinkling or ponding) for at least 7–14 days.

• Curing Compounds (Optional): Can be used in hot/dry climates or where water curing

is difficult.

Department Of Civil Engineering 32

 Residential building works

8. Deshuttering
• Slab Formwork: Remove slab centering only after 7–14 days (depending on slab span

and concrete strength).

• Props/Shoring: Props may be retained for up to 21 days or as directed by engineer.

Department Of Civil Engineering 33

 Residential building works

SLAB DETAILS

Department Of Civil Engineering 34

 Residential building works

5.4 Masonry Work

5.4.1 Brick Masonry
Brick masonry was used for partition walls and external walls. Material:Standard burnt clay
bricks with a cement-sand mortar ratio of 1:6. Procedure:

Checking plumb and alignment during laying. Wetting bricks before use to ensure bonding.

Fig 5.7 Brick Masonry

5.4.2 Concrete Block Masonry

Concrete solid blocks were used for certain wall portions for better load-bearing capacity.
Advantages:

• Faster construction.

• Better insulation properties.

Construction Tools and Equipment During the internship, several construction tools and
equipment were encountered, including:

Department Of Civil Engineering 35

 Residential building works
• Concrete mixers

• Vibrators

• Measuring tapes and plumb bobs

• Water level instruments

• Bar bending tools

• Cutting machine

Use of Vibrators: Critical for avoiding honeycombing in RCC work and ensuring dense
concrete placement.

Fig 5.8 Hallow block Masonry

Department Of Civil Engineering 36

 Residential building works

Procedure
1. Preliminary Preparations

a. Material Procurement

• Bricks/Blocks: Should be of uniform size, shape, and free from cracks.

• Cement: Fresh and stored in a dry location.

• Sand: Clean, well-graded river sand (Zone II or III as per IS 383).

• Water: Clean and potable.

• Additives (if any): For waterproofing or workability.

b. Tools & Equipment

• Trowel, plumb bob, spirit level, line and pins, measuring tape, mason’s hammer, Joint
tools, etc.

c. Surface Preparation

• Clear and level the site.

• Mark Check for line, level, and plumb.

• layout lines using lime powder or chalk.

Department Of Civil Engineering 37
 Residential building works

4. Laying Foundation for Masonry

• Excavate to the required depth.

• Lay PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) as the base for masonry.

• Allow sufficient curing time before starting the wall work.

3. Soaking of Bricks (if applicable)

• Soak bricks in water for 6–12 hours to prevent them from absorbing water from the mortar.

• Do not over-soak; surface water should be drained before use.

4. Mortar Preparation

• Mix cement and sand in a specified ratio (commonly 1:6 for walls).

• Use a mechanical mixer for large quantities.

• Add water gradually to achieve a workable consistency.

• Use within 30–45 minutes after preparation.

5. Laying Masonry Units

a. First Course

• Lay the first course of bricks or blocks in a full bed of mortar.

• Align using a straightedge, level, and plumb bob.

• Start from corners and build up leads.

Department Of Civil Engineering 38

 Residential building works

b. Subsequent Courses

• Maintain a uniform mortar thickness (10 mm typically).

• Use a running bond or English/Flemish bond as per the design.

• Alternate vertical joints (staggering).

• Tap bricks into place and remove excess mortar.

• Check verticality and alignment continuously.

c. Joints

• Rake out mortar joints (10–15 mm deep) while the mortar is still green if plastering in

planned.

• For exposed work, finish joints flush or as per design (concave, weathered, etc.)

6. Openings and Embeds

• Leave space for doors, windows, electrical conduits, or plumbing lines.

• Provide lintels over openings.

• Place wall ties, dowels, or reinforcement bars as needed.

7. Curing

• Keep masonry moist by curing for at least 7–10 days using wet gunny bags, sprinkling

water, or other suitable means.

• Prevent direct sunlight and wind for initial 24–48 hours.

8. Quality Checks

• Ensure plumb, level, and alignment of walls.

• Verify size and spacing of joints.

• Check for uniformity in mortar mix.

Department Of Civil Engineering 39

 Residential building works

• Test bricks for soundness and water absorption.

9. Cleanup

• Remove excess mortar from wall faces and surroundings.

• Clear debris and unused materials.

• Store leftover materials safely for reuse.

10. Safety Precautions

• Wear protective gear: gloves, helmet, goggles.

• Ensure scaffolding is secure and stable.

• Follow site safety protocols and signage.

5.5 Reinforcement Detailing in AutoCAD

During the internship, basic reinforcement detailing skills were developed, including:
Preparation of detailing drawings.

• Column longitudinal section drawings.

• Footing reinforcement layouts.

Importance: Accurate reinforcement drawings reduce execution errors and improve site
coordination

Department Of Civil Engineering 40

 Residential building works

1.PLAN

• Plan :It is a top view upto the bottom of sill level

• Building type: Residential building(G+1)

• Consist : Bedroom, living room, toilet ,kitchen

• Site dimension: (40 feet * 60 feet = 2400 sq ft).

Department Of Civil Engineering 41

 Residential building works

2. Electrical Layout Planning

Department Of Civil Engineering 42

 Residential building works

Chapter 6
SOFTWARE LEARNING
In modern civil engineering practice, software tools play an essential role in improving precision,
efficiency, and visualization of construction projects. During the internship, significant exposure
to technical software such as AutoCAD and SketchUp was gained, along with introductory
learning in Revit for interior design.

6.1 AutoCAD Learning

AutoCAD (developed by Autodesk) is one of the most widely used drafting software in the
construction industry for preparing detailed 2D drawings.

6.1.1 Overview
During the internship, AutoCAD was extensively used to:

• Draft 2D floor plans for the residential building.

• Create electrical layouts showing wiring routes and fixture positions.

• Draw plumbing layouts for water supply and drainage lines.

• Perform reinforcement detailing for beams, columns, and slabs.

6.1.2 Skills Developed

• Basic drawing commands: Line, Circle, Rectangle, Arc, Polyline.

• Editing commands: Trim, Extend, Fillet, Offset, Mirror.

• Layer management for differentiating structural, electrical, and plumbing details.

• Annotating drawings using dimensions, text, and hatch patterns.

• Plotting drawings to scale for site execution. Importance Learned:

AutoCAD drawings ensure clarity, accuracy, and faster communication between architects,
engineers, and contractors.

Department Of Civil Engineering 43

 Residential building works

6.2.1 SketchUp Learning

SketchUp is a 3D modeling software popular for architectural and interior design

visualization.

6.2.1 Overview

• SketchUp was utilized to

• Create 3D models of room interiors.

• Visualize furniture layouts and space utilization.

• Apply basic textures and materials like wall paint, flooring, and wood finishes.

6.2.2 Skills Developed

• Creating basic geometric 3D shapes: walls, doors, windows, furniture.

• Applying textures for walls, tiles, and furniture surfaces.

• Navigating models using orbit, pan, and zoom tools.

• Understanding basic rendering to improve visual presentations.

• Key Learning:

• SketchUp helped in visualizing how designed spaces would look post-construction,

aidingboth aesthetic and functional decisions.

6.3 Introduction to Revit

Autodesk Revit is a Building Information Modeling (BIM) software that integrates
architectural, structural, and MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) design into a
single model.

Department Of Civil Engineering 44

 Residential building works
6.3.1 Exposure Gained

• Introduction to the interface and workflows.

• Understanding how parametric modeling works (changes in one view reflect across all).

• Observing sample models involving walls, roofs, and rooms.

• Basics of placing furniture components and editing interior layouts.

• Although detailed Revit modeling was not part of the internship's core tasks, the

exposure created a foundational understanding of BIM's future importance in

construction

• 5.4 Importance of Software in Construction

• Throughout the internship, it became clear that software tools are critical for:

• Reducing manual errors in drawings.

• Accelerating approval processes.

• Enhancing collaboration between various stakeholders.

• Supporting on-site execution with precise dimensions and layouts.

The integration of technical knowledge with software skills greatly improves the engineer’s
ability to design, plan, and execute complex projects efficiently.

6.4 Interior Design and Works

6.4.1 Interior Planning
After the structure was completed, interior layouts were developed for functional efficiency.
Key spaces designed:

• Kitchen work triangles.

• Living and dining arrangements.

• Bedroom layouts with optimal ventilation.

Department Of Civil Engineering 45

 Residential building works
6.4.2 AutoCAD and SketchUp Usage

Using AutoCAD, 2D floor plans, electrical layouts, and plumbing plans were drawn. SketchUp
used for

• 3D visualizations of rooms.

• Basic furniture placements and color schemes.

Procedure:

1. Installation of SketchUp

Step 1: Download SketchUp

• Go to the official SketchUp website: https://www.sketchup.com

• Choose between SketchUp Free (web) or SketchUp Pro (desktop).

• Download the installer based on your OS (Windows or Mac).

Step 2: Install SketchUp

• Run the downloaded installer.

• Follow the on-screen instructions to complete installation.

• Launch the application after installation.

2. SketchUp Interface Overview

• Title Bar: Shows the file name.

• Menu Bar: Contains drop-down menus like File, Edit, View, etc.

• Toolbars: Contains tools for drawing, measuring, modifying.

• Default Tray (Windows): Includes layers, materials, components, etc.

• Instructor Panel: Gives tips and help about selected tools.

• Measurements Box: Bottom-right box where you enter dimensions.

Department Of Civil Engineering 46

 Residential building works

3. Basic Tools in SketchUp

• Select Tool (Spacebar): Select objects.
• Line Tool (L): Draw straight lines.
• Rectangle Tool (R): Draw rectangles.
• Circle Tool (C): Draw circles.
• Push/Pull Tool (P): Extrude 2D shapes into 3D.
• Move Tool (M): Move objects.
• Rotate Tool (Q): Rotate objects.
• Orbit Tool (O): Rotate the camera around the model.
• Pan Tool (H): Move the camera left/right/up/down.
• Zoom Tool (Scroll Wheel): Zoom in and out.
• Tape Measure Tool (T): Measure distances.
• Paint Bucket Tool (B): Apply materials.

4. Basic Modeling Workflow in SketchUp

Step 1: Start a New Project

• Open SketchUp.

• Choose a template (e.g., Architectural Design – Feet and Inches).

Step 2: Set Units

• Go to Window > Model Info > Units to choose metric or imperial units.

Step 3: Create the Base Shape

• Use the Rectangle Tool to draw the building footprint or base.

• Use the Push/Pull Tool to extrude it into a 3D shape.

Department Of Civil Engineering 47

 Residential building works

Step 4: Add Details

• Use the Line Tool to draw walls, windows, and doors.

• Use Offset Tool to create consistent spacing.

Step 5: Apply Materials

• Open Materials Tray.

• Choose a texture (brick, wood, glass).

• Use the Paint Bucket Tool to apply it to surfaces.

Step 6: Group and Organize

• Select related objects and Right-click > Make Group.

• Use Components for repeated items (like windows or furniture).

• Use Layers/Tags to organize visibility of elements

Step 7: Create Scenes (Optional)

• Use View > Animation > Add Scene to save different camera views.

Step 8: Export or Save

• File > Save to keep working later.

• File > Export > 2D Graphic / 3D Model to output images or CAD files.

Department Of Civil Engineering 48

 Residential building works

5. Tips for Efficient Use

• Use keyboard shortcuts for faster work.

• Always group geometry to avoid sticky geometry issues.

• Use components to reduce file size and simplify updates.

• Install extensions/plugins via the Extension Warehouse for more tools.

Department Of Civil Engineering 49

 Residential building works

Department Of Civil Engineering 49

 Residential building works

Fig 5.9 Front Elevation

Department Of Civil Engineering 50

 Residential building works

Chapter 7
CONCLUSION

7.1.Conclusion
The internship at Ambara Construction, Bengaluru, provided an invaluable opportunity to bridge
the gap between academic education and practical field exposure. Over the one-month training
period, comprehensive knowledge and real-time insights into residential construction processes
were gained starting from site preparation to structural construction and interior finishing.

Key aspects observed and learned include:

•Construction Techniques: From excavation, footing laying, column and slab construction, to
brick masonry and plastering.
•Material Management: Handling of construction materials like cement, aggregates, steel, and
bricks.

• Reinforcement Detailing: Understanding the significance of proper reinforcement

placements
in beams, columns, and slabs.

• Use of Construction Equipment: Experience in operating tools like concrete mixers,

vibrators, and bar bending machines.
• Software Skills: Application of AutoCAD and SketchUp for drafting and 3D modeling of
structures and interiors.

• Site Management: Learning about teamwork, scheduling, safety procedures, and quality
assurance practices.
• This hands-on exposure reinforced theoretical concepts learned during academic sessions
and developed a better understanding of real-world challenges in construction
management.
• The internship experience also strengthened professional skills like:
• Problem-solving on site,

• Effective communication with team members,

• Time management,
• Adaptability to dynamic site conditions.

• Overall, the internship greatly enhanced technical competencies and professional

confidence, preparing for future roles in the civil engineering industry.

Department Of Civil Engineering 51

 Residential building works

7.2 Recommendations
Based on the learning experience, the following recommendations are proposed for future interns
and site training programs.

7.2.1 Recommendations for Future Interns

Basic Knowledge Preparation: Before beginning the internship, interns should refresh their
understanding of construction fundamentals like RCC design, site safety norms, and material
properties.

Active Participation: Engage proactively in field activities, ask questions, and seek clarifications
whenever required.

•Documentation: Maintain a daily site diary to document learnings, which helps in systematic
review and report writing.

•Software Skills: A basic working knowledge of AutoCAD can significantly enha nce learning
during the internship.

Safety Awareness: Understand and follow all personal protective equipment (PPE) guideliand
on-site safety protocols.

•Recommendations for Site Training Improvement

• Orientation Sessions: Conduct a short orientation on the first day to explain site
practices,reporting hierarchy, and safety instructions.

•Structured Task Assignments: Assign small independent tasks like measurement checks
ordrafting correction sheets to enhance practical skills. Software Training Workshops: Organize
mini-sessions on AutoCAD, SketchUp, estimation software during less busy site days.

Feedback Meetings: Weekly feedback discussions between interns and site engineers can help
resolve doubts and guide learning effectively.

•By implementing these strategies, the effectiveness of internship programs can enhanced
producing more confident and industry-ready civil engineer.

Department Of Civil Engineering 52