Ch-6
THER MODYNAMICS
lheHme meam heal
Dunami mtanimgchhg
will atudy Reat Ftadibility (energy wye ]
Uniet wmade u 0 Syten and U ndin
System Lont _obtenvatien
i ursLndim (Lnite-4ystem/
spesiallyimmèdiatt sUxpundin
which4actu i eltat
luhes 04 Auttmn
ydoed ( Tsalata
malte
lwudiry
hea
70C heal
botnneat No mattek eithen atten_n
Matden Prhangeenchame_ heat chy
e.9. Arumal, .9. Mevmla)R
PAGE HO.
DATE
THER mO DYNA mIL PRoPER TIE S
State Vauable
Tho
Tho pma metex wtich afhtu lade 4a ay/t
Theol au
LV,I, Lmeltn)
A chn n ay 1 th 2L,LLA Lan chanae
staee Aydte~M.
State1 Stoute
2)State umLtipnA
THeL thexmpdynani prepeutiu utith inde-
pemdet path tslLeuw ed Ldebendu on Only
ntal inal aatt Aysten)
24T, Intexnal enexgg (AU), frtxepyl49J,
Enthalhy
(AH), bbbs pee enth9y lA e t
3) fathunttren
7hexmmodynamit pohetHe wwdh aHe aihdehend.
(oGdTo)
WOLR, heal et
FACE NO.
dn DATE:
o s paehexties which LlowEuler 4
hLorm
AOTC
Atattpumtib
fRT
V
RH- -RI
du/T
d-RT
dt v/
heedynale
ACROSCOPIE leebeutis
Intemu Ertem Si
LntemSe quamttes
Maas ideb endendkepenly
Tenp, Luesaunt, mdanity NeKmaly, era
pi[Deperd_en melait,Repractin ihden, iaceo
Resiotiuty, Swyace Tehoign, cell Eall,nalality
In peufic heat
admoin quan tiil
Ma dependemt
weignt moles volume_, Intnal enee Gnthalpy-
E t t y ibbs uet_ene1gs, feoistan, Heat ápauty
HERMODYNAMIC PRUCESSES
The puercas due te _whhich a 4Utem mdergge
hanae in itt atate eithe aue to change in LT,V,
heatet
Claasification'
TS0THER MAL PRALESST-Lonstant4TEo)
IStheHM
P at o'c)
V
3Ts0PPRIC PROCESSP= onstant)
mova ble
A- nuw v o " ( p a enstarat)
T 7
V m
- f - enetnt
3 Ts0CHORIC PROCESS V= cemstan, A=0
PAGE NO.:
DATE
meable_ukal) k i heatfd.
Beaken nen-
T 1 ,1 V-comslant
ADIABA1IC IReCeSqnt=9
Bureting ballosn
5(yCLI PRLLESS
Tr prsteeseA_wthih stanti m_a þo}nt/4ah)
MaMy_pusresje k_eme hack t ae
ondeugoEA
J n theN_knereMD charnge in STa/t funhen =0
7,0l,04, Au, u, 4H=0
9w.
af-A4:0 Interahen stat dns n
ycue puer
raph onveuioN AR aobtcErpanson
Comrcasion
uathur pavnsl on
AD J4sbaie HKeaj
P
D
DA
A B
P T
D
Doad VT4 PVCwve qGtveo P-T Cusve
A LAethen-a Gpa»
CD
h o baic H e a d 9
ohmmal 2Gralo
A
T DA Ao banne Cal
V P
T V
PAGE NO.:
DATE I
Revexsibe PocesS LwAevensible zeaPse
Imag-may ) Real procey
nThey ane w4 alu. )fast_kerereue
Can onb Hewut hack al i Lannet
iv yatm.in in equilibiun 9 Susten u in egulbiun
'alua eny_atinital k tiral
utage
wy vauiablh
Rev
Pent onngs te nF-OP =irE
A Pint
Pent = Pint
Cat euey instont it
y Smal
m
A ngti eahle
A
B
AEH_ond B p o Jame asaun thali why bur
step eqiliknaum is only obitnvtd a t inikal
anod inal Staye
C hexmedynamcally, al stow pCesJe_au He bul
all e ane lot lou.
_1 INTERNAL ENERGY (Eu
Stateuntiom
Enengý 4 uHheHmodlynamit dystem
Sum all emxgi in the theimedunamit ptem
Called ini enexgy
U_Sum Ueg t e +Uee +Unu twrek.
U 4n temp
4u T
jo_eaiH_te te meaaune AU Hathu tham abiolut
ualue.
HEAT q/@
fath Huntien
PACENO.
DATE
L =C4T
Hene, : Heat apauy
He at capauty (2
Heal xeapuied to Maise by 1' age
maAs a yatm
= mSAT
Suitic heal
ma mas dypTem tàken
mS=
mi=C
*Spe4i heal S)
fAmeumt healHequiHeq Haxe T by 1c
gm utam
Tnttmoie Duantit
Calulateheal He t0 Hae anpe s
Sapl em 0_fo so'c.
6TR'K-
Sof- >mS0TI
64y 5( 50-30)
/0O0
x 5x2D
o00
PAGENO
DATE:
Lalulakt the ptuk hta o L0n il do Jo4 heal
eqwned to_aist temp by 20'c oh t D
Bcmple)lcad/a)
- m Sr
o =J x 3x20
S= 2
S= 2
S= ca/
P-V_AR
beesuun= VoA" _wsuR)
IPert?Pht
PeT
Pint
(-ve
V
AHea H-Se ciGn=A
Pint rert pt-Pind
AV=V4-V
DAGF NO
OATE
W f:d
L DAdn
WE PA d
w= PA(-
-ve
o P=Mfont
W= -PetAV/
Liu na nstant
vaxuade
WE-Pdv
gh_ wnenton
ltepam Swvrour (wrmkita
Sygtem
- tW.
AGTC u a umd = / uwt ubuunt_wgn
deNL y n Aysttm.
lodt erany deLhluCpHeWaA, Uwork don alvau
0
1 ate =
l013 T
PAGE NO
DATE
LoCkuise ¬xpanion -ve Anti-dock Cumpr tut
(alculatt_wplR den in thi
ydicpLA
Satmt w- ) t-c+(Wcdp
+
tatm
5
-bl)-Il-5
= -9tb-6atml (tafonsion
P
b) w- (451- |(-4:5
(Iochorit WetRdore =0
V
2A
gebarit
vatm
- -5
-+60tm_
Apecii Hea
Amunt
Anoun eheat oquined to knoan
alue eP- b1
4gm dUba tance a Apeciic Heat
J denoksby S
UniE
Heat apac1t4
Amoun xat dsqLixed o a14 a eGtud
mgn dhd ance by I'C.
dendted C
TE by
C= MS
Amount rat ieguixed to aue t e tempelakae
obatance s 9ems4T
by At
2g
9 C4T
Holas Heat Capacu
ola Heat Capaei at CouE PyeuU. Cp.m)
+enp-na lwt
AmounE e beot srauixestoade R
11 m a lmae
e AUbtance y l'C a t ConEpres4wl<
knouon Mela Heat paci at Cot Pesw
MalaHeat apaci a t ont Valbst (Vm)
-Cy-k
foissond Kaho
T Enetay Intno nengy
EU kEt e.E
kE due to Mehon / a a A t k r but in_cas
Cheri calthema dynairs zstea k in Ste
PE due A_presence elechic 4 Hagehi
but in a a eherni co humedynamicd eecbit.
Magnehe Rot abent PEo
AAOE i n K E io dkaks olMtten
PV-LMV
K.E3KT K-E/rmole a Mono atormc aGd
Degnce aseslam
hieh + kE
4 telal no a a4 in
OL
can be Aibuk.
( Mana Qtomic Gas.
dT 3
** 7o te degaee aecodomE3N
E/= atomicit
Diatrmic Gas
Tohal dearee ef4reesoro *
6
T 3
1 is Jao or Diatomie Gas
Kotehonal Deee eesk de2
iatomic Gas
fon Lintol
tineon
aomic iatomlc
.Tstal dear
esom = g
Linean iahars (co (o)ttonLirn adom
3
Jr 2 3
i =3
fox falyatemi
Je=3
Consiseeo
At Leu I7 i ooly
Temp
AtModeak eap T{R
At HIgh Temp Terdv
QupaNtionZau etaagy
KE-3KT kE/molece. (fox Monoatomic)
KE pe malecle pa degce
eedo T T
KE pe cilt pe deee eedorm KT
KE = nRT
Zha foxmula u ako valid J atahaakeE
nRT nRT
VKEmaleele Degvee trecdero
VKEmole/Deges 4 redoma kHAT R I o l nKT
A High krmp
kE=dde vibnT2
So U= k:E
U n,T, P,v
'Fox Panttcdon Cas
n Cons
U-(T,P,V)
Consid
U=f(T,V)D
T,V)
d- T T dv
Const =V
dT
dqe n CydT
dU dT= ncvdT
T
T
n T
U
1 Cisa fune.hen Terop.
Cy-atbT
AU n(atbT) d1
naTt bT
VCoru
lu-()aT ) dv
U n CydT + (u dV
Given
( T( -P
Fr da Gas
P T
T
n e T -neTeO
V V v
fox idal Ga
du=n CydT|
toY Any Gas aE C s t Valum
dU=n CdT
ar ReaGas
dV
T(e-P
OV T
Ptan y-nb n&T
P n -an
V-Db y
-O
y-D
+ Qn
T(n T(nk
V-nb
k V- v
an
V2
dU n CydT t(a01 dV
- = n Cy (T-T)- a0 (L-1
V V
ANsf IHERMODYNAMICS
L HLRDIDINMDS
TeoK Enccgy aluways enuCKud , l am mly
tuamalomtd pom mu Lom t andhe
,tquw
= U,+9 tw
u= 9+w
wtVe +
1 - lalulatt thamge imE heat
gien by Auvtudimg 6k ere
dent im enpanaien i10J.
(tn cal)
2 _lalculatt 4U qas abgrbs _ e hea
k undergou ponin uem it9 Sm> ala
OnsTant lenlz am
U =9+w
+6-l0- -1J
PHGE NO
DATE
u= W
Ank + lentav
d-al5-3 (Con wnt m° = l
-(5-30
-
Im0/
atm
So
(5-3))0°xiol3
- u X101:3XID caleil
1 1 th_amounl e6_WeT dene by ga e e2pand_pem
m to 5n aaint a_cenilantP latn i d
t inteae ti tenp: 109 e Hol1ym
90 K TLK)Calutatt Y
ieni Spu i heak HD= y2 Calg'
w-Pentx AV
- Rx(5-)xI0
-6O00 datm. Atm= l013J
m47
- 6 ovD 10.3 D x ( x2 ) x ( , -290
-6o0 O x 1o 3
Th- 290=
O x 4 2 Xy:
- 6 0 7 SOv
76
-3uy SL
T 34y S 5 +290
-b155.57 K
WoR dont
PACE NO
DATE
APPLY INC Jst Lt) DLE ROLESSESS
Tsethexmal puecE (470
4l= gt
9--W
Tochoxi pueeas v=0
aU=9 tW=o
Tepauit precey al=o
4U=9w
(9) Adiabati_preces Lg0
u- 9+w
5 Au=qtw 4er ycl uecuL
u +w
/-
