PHARMACOLOGY

UNIT 1
10 MARKS
1. Define Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics. Write in detail about
Parenteral routes of drug administration.
2. Explain the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane. Write the mechanism of
drug transportation via cell membrane.
3. Describe the Nature and Sources of Drugs.
4. Explain different routes of Drug Administration.
5. Define pharmacokinetics. Enumerate and brief on the various factors that
affect the absorption of drugs from the gastro intestinal tract.

5 MARKS
1. Write a note on Tolerance.
2. Volume of distribution.*
3. Enzyme induction **and inhibition.**
4. Define an agonist. Explain the various types of agonists.
5. Define tachyphylaxis. Describe the various mechanisms that contribute to
tachyphylaxis.
6. Enumerate four examples each for various sources of drugs.
7. Compare and Contrast the Competitive and Non-Competitive Antagonists.
8. Write note on Selective β2 agonists.
9. Explain various Routes of Drug administration.
10. Write note on Pharmacokinetic interactions

UNIT 2
10 MARKS
1. Describe the various Factors of Modifying Drug Action.
2. Define pharmacodynamics. Enumerate the various drug targets. Describe the
structure and mechanism of activation of the G-protein coupled receptors.
 3. Define Receptors. Classify receptors and explain each type of receptor.*

5 MARKS
1. Write on the transducer mechanism in G- Protein coupled receptors.
2. Steroid receptors.
3. Pharmacovigilance.*
4. Teratogenicity.
5. Adverse drug reactions*
6. Write about the Regulation of Receptors.
7. Write about the Signal transduction mechanism of receptors reactions.
8. Write about adverse drug.
9. Write the Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions
10. Write the Clinical evaluation of new Drugs.
11. Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action.
12. Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action.
13. Ion Channel Receptor.
14. Write about the Drug Discovery.
15. Classify Receptors.
16. Write about the JAK-STAT binding receptors.*
17. Write about the G-Protein Coupled Receptors.*
18. Write the Combined effects of drugs with examples.
19. Write the Pharmacodynamic Drug interations.
20. Write the different phases of Clinical Trials.**
21. Structure and mechanism of activation of various voltage-gated ion
channels.
22. Preclinical evaluation of a new drug candidate.
23. Write note on Drug – Drug interaction.
24. Write short note on the Factors modifying Drug action.*
25. Write note on different types of Adverse Drug Reactions.
26. Special drug delivery system.
UNIT 3
10 MARKS
1. Classify Anti-cholinergic drugs. Write the pharmacological actions, adverse
effects and therapeutic uses of Atropine.
2. Narrate the pharmacological action of sympatholytics
3. Classify the Parasympathomimetics and Parasympatholytics.
4. Classify Sympathomimetics and Sympatholytics.
5. Define neurohumoral transmission and neurotransmitter. Describe the
various steps involved in the parasympathetic (cholinergic)
neurotransmission with clear illustration
6. Classify Anticholinesterases. Explain their mechanism and pharmacology.
7. Define Cholinomimetics. Classify Anti-Cholinesterase drugs and explain
their Mechanism of action and Therapeutic uses.
8. Define Neuromuscular Blockers. Classify them and explain the mechanism
and pharmacology of Peripherally Acting Neuromuscular blockers.
9. Discuss the cholinergic transmission with carbachol. Mention the drugs
acting on cholinergic transmission

5 MARKS
1. Classify skeletal muscle relaxant. Describe the actions of non-depolarizing
agents.
2. Give the diagrammatic representation of Adrenergic neurohumoral
transmission.
3. Pharmacology of anticholinesterases.
4. Write the mechanism of action and therapeutic application of adrenergic
drugs
5. Glaucoma.*
6. Write the Organization and functions of the ANS.
7. Write the Drugs used in Myasthenia gravis.*
8. Classification and Therapeutic uses of Neuro muscular blockers.
 9. Write the Neurohumoral Transmission and Neurotransmitters in the ANS.
10. Compare the two classes of peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants.
11. Classify beta adrenoceptor antagonists. Mention the therapeutic uses of beta
adrenoceptor antagonists.
12. Describe about the synthesis of glutamine neurotransmitter. Mention the
various types of serotonin receptors.
13. Dale’s Vasomotor reversal phenomenon.
14. Why Neostigmine is preferred to physostigmine in myasthenia gravis?
15. . Compare and Contrast the Directly and Indirectly acting Cholinesterase
Inhibitors.

UNIT 4
10 MARKS
1. Classify Anticonvulsant drugs. Discuss the mechanism of actions, adverse
effects and uses of Phenytoin.
2. Classify Local Anesthetics. Write the Therapeutic uses of Local Anesthetics.
3. Classify Anti-epileptics. Write the Pharmacological action of any one
Antiepileptic.
4. Describe the General Anesthetics and Preanesthetic.
5. Classify Sedatives and Hypnotics. Write the Pharmacological action of any
one Sedative & Hypnotic.
6. Define local anesthetics and describe the mode of action. Brief on the
various types of local anesthesia.
7. Classify antiepileptic agents. Describe the mode of action, pharmacological
effects, pharmacokinetic parameters, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of
phenytoin.
8. Define Convulsion. Classify Anti-Convulsant and explain the mechanism of
action, adverse drug reaction and therapeutic uses of Hydantoins.
 9. Describe the Preanesthetic medication. Explain the stages involved in the
general anesthetics
10. a) Write the pharmacological action of Adrenaline. b) Write the
pharmacological action of Acetylcholine

5 MARKS
1. Brief the stages of general anesthesia.
2. Classify benzodiazepines. Write the mechanism of action and uses of
benzodiazepines.*
3. Write short Notes on Disulfiram.
4. Describe the various components in pre-anaesthetic medication
5. Classify sedatives according to their mode of action. Add a note on the
mechanism of benzodiazepines.
6. Describe the mode of action and pharmacological actions of sodium
valproate.
7. Describe the physiological effects of alcohol.
8. Write the symptoms and line of treatment for Methanol Poisoning
9. Write short note on Central Neurotransmitters.
10. Explain the mechanism of Local Anesthetics.
11. Write notes on Pre-Anesthetic medication.**
12. Compare and Contrast the Depolarizing and Non-Depolarizing muscle
relaxants.
13. Advantages of combination of Adrenaline with Local anesthetics.
14. Describe directly acting muscle relaxant
15. Write pharmacological action of Alcohol.

UNIT 5
10 MARKS
1. Define and classify antidepressants. Explain the pharmacological action of
Tricyclic antidepressant and SSRIs.
 2. Define opioids and mention the opioid receptors and opioid peptides.
Describe the pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetic parameters,
therapeutic uses and adverse effects of morphine
3. Define Antipsychotics, classify them and explain the mechanism of action,
adverse drug reaction and therapeutic uses of Phenothiazines.
4. Explain in detail about Mechanism and Pharmacology of Morphine. How
will you treat Morphine overdose?

5 MARKS
1. Explain the pharmacology of opioid analgesics.
2. Write a note on SSRIs.
3. Define Parkinsonism. Write briefly on Bromocriptine.
4. Classify Antipsychotics**. Describe the pharmacological effects of
chlorpromazine.
5. Write the Opioid Analgesics & Antagonists.
6. Drugs used in Parkinsons disease.
7. Write about the Antidepressants.
8. Pharmacological strategies to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
9. Classify antipsychotic agents. Describe the pharmacological effects of
chlorpromazine.
10. Classify drugs used in the treatment of Parkinsonism. Enumerate the adverse
effects of levodopa.
11. Write short note on Opioid receptors.
12. Why the combination of carbidopa with levo-dopa?
13. Write the Mechanism of Tricyclic Antidepressants.
14. Define and classify the drug dependence. Explain the mechanism of action
of drug dependence
15. Write short on Drug addiction and Drug dependence.
16. Classify Anti Parkinson’s drugs with example. Write the mechanism of
action, ADR of Dopamine Precursor.