READING IELTS AT HOME 🫰
KEYWORD, NOTICEABLE
GREAT WORD IN ATTENTION
GREAT WORD BUT NOT IN ATTENTION
GREAT LINKING WORD, LINKING WORD NEED TO TAKE IN ATTENTION
SOME NOTE
COMPARE KEYWORD AND ISSUE
ĐỀ 1. The importance of law
A The law influences all of us virtually(hầu như) all the time, it governs(cai trị) almost all aspects of
our behavior, and even what happens to us when we are no longer alive(khi chúng ta không còn
sống). It affects us from the embryo onwards(trở đi). It governs the air we breathe, the food and drink
we consume(tiêu thụ), our travel, family relationships, and our property(tài sản). It applies at the
bottom of the ocean and in space.
Each time we examine(kiểm tra) a label(nhãn tên) on a food product, engage (tham gia) in work as
an employee(người lao động) or employer(nhà tuyển dụng), travel on the roads, go to school to
learn or to teach, stay in a hotel, borrow a library book, create or dissolve (tan) a commercial(thuộc
về thương mại) company, play sports, or engage the services of someone for anything
from plumbing a sink to planning a city, we are in the world of law.
***Employee(noun): người lao động – employer(noun): nhà tuyển dụng – employment(noun):tuyển
dụng
The law applies throughout our lives
B Law has also become much more widely recognized (được công nhận rộng rãi) as the
standard(tiêu chuẩn) by which behavior needs to be judged. A very telling development in recent
history is the way in which the idea of law has permeated(thẩm thấu) all parts of social life. The
universal standard of whether something is socially tolerated is progressively (progressive(tiến bộ) +
_ly (->trạng từ) =>dần dần) becoming whether it is legal, rather than(chứ không phải) something that
has always been considered acceptable(được coi là chấp nhận được) . In earlier times, most
people were illiterate(mù chữ).
Today, by contrast, a vast number of people(một lượng lớn người) can read, and it is becoming
easier for people to take an interest in law, and for the general population to help actually shape the
law in many countries. However, law is a versatile instrument(công cụ linh hoạt) that can be used
equally well for the improvement(sự cải thiện) or the degradation(sự suy thoái) of humanity(nhân
loại).
Public's increasing ability to influence the law
C This, of course, puts law in a very significant position(vị trí quan trọng). In our rapidly
developing(phát triển nhanh chóng) world, all sorts of(tất cả) skills and knowledge are valuable.
Those people, for example, with knowledge of computers, the internet, and communications
technology are relied upon by(dựa vào bởi) the rest of us.
There is now someone with IT skills or an IT help desk in every UK school, every company, every
hospital, every local and central government office. Without their knowledge, many parts of
commercial and social life today would seize up (nắm bắt, thu giữ) in minutes. But legal
understanding is just as vital (quan trọng) and as universally needed (cần thiết trên toàn cầu). The
American comedian ( comedy-phim hài + _an( -> danh từ) => diễn viên hài) Jerry Seinfeld put it like
this, 'We are all throwing the dice, playing the game, moving our pieces around the board, but if
there is a problem, the lawyer is the only person who has read the inside of the top of the box. (Tất
cả chúng tôi đều ném xúc xắc, chơi trò chơi, di chuyển các quân cờ của chúng tôi xung quanh bàn
cờ, nhưng nếu có vấn đề, luật sư là người duy nhất đọc bên trong đầu hộp)' In other words, the
lawyer is the only person who has read and made sense of the rules.->>>định nghĩa về lawyer.
Growth in laws
D The number of laws has never been greater. In the UK alone, about 35 new Acts of
Parliament(Quốc hội) are produced(dựa vào bối cảnh của từ: produce (sản xuất) + Acts of
Parliament(đạo luật của quốc hội) + new (mới) => ban hành) every year, thereby delivering
thousands of new rules. The legislative(lập pháp) output of the British Parliament has more than
doubled in recent times from 1,100 pages a year in the early 1970s,to over 2,500 pages a year
today. Between 1997 and 2006,the legislature(cơ quan lập pháp) passed 365 Acts of Parliament and
more than 32,000 legally binding statutory(Luật định ràng buộc về mặt pháp lý) instruments(công
cụ). In a system with so much law, lawyers do a great deal not just to vindicate(minh oan) the rights
of citizens and organizations(quyển của công dân và tổ chức) but also to help develop the law
through legal arguments(lập luận)=>lập luận pháp lý, some of which are adapted(điều chỉnh) by
judges to become laws. Law courts(tòa án) can and do produce new law and revise(hiệu đính) old
law, but they do so having heard the arguments of lawyers.
***Căn cứ vào quy tắc của heading: Xác định đầu + cuối -> giữa.
The disadvantages of the legal system
E However, despite their important role(vai trò quan trọng) in developing the rules, lawyers are not
universally admired(ngưỡng mộ rộng rãi,phổ biến). Anti-lawyer jokes(trò đùa chống lại luật sư) have
a long history(một lịch sử lâu dài) going back to the ancient Greeks.
More recently the son of a famous Hollywood actor was asked at his junior school what his father did
for a living, to which he replied,'My daddy is a movie actor, and sometimes he plays the good guy,
and sometimes he plays the lawyer. For balance, though, it Is worth remembering that there are and
have been many heroic and revered lawyers such as the Roman philosopher(triết gia) and
politician(chính trị gia) Cicero and Mahatma Gandi, the Indian campaigner for independence(nhà
vận động độc lập).
A negative regard for lawyers
F People sometimes make comments that characterise lawyers(Đặc trưng cho luật sư) as
professionals whose concerns put personal reward above truth, or who gain financially from
misfortune. There are undoubtedly(không còn nghi ngờ gì nữa) lawyers that would fit that bill, Just
as there are some scientists, Journalists and others In that category, But, In general, it is no more
just to say that lawyers are bad because they make a living from people's problems than it is to
make the same accusation(lời buộc tội) in respect of nurses or IT consultants(tư vấn) , A great many
lawyers are involved in public law work, such as that Involving civil liberties(quyền tự do dân sự),
housing and other Issues=> lí lẽ + dẫn chứng. Such work is not lavishly remunerated(thù lao hậu
hĩnh) and the quality of the service provided by these lawyers relies on considerable(đáng kể)
professional dedication(cống hiến chuyên môn đáng kể), Moreover, much legal work has nothing to
do with conflict(xung đột, mâu thuẫn) or misfortune(bất hạnh), but is primarily(chủ yếu)
concerned(liên quan)=>chủ yếu liên quan with drafting documents(tài liệu soạn thảo), Another
source of social disaffection(bất mãn)=>bất mãn xã hội for lawyers, and disaffection for the law(bất
mãn với pháp luật), is a limited public understanding(sự hiểu biết hạn chế của công chúng) of how
law works and how It could be changed. Greater clarity(rõ ràng) about these issues, maybe as a
result of better public relations, would reduce many aspects of public dissatisfaction(sự bất mãn của
công chúng) with the law.
Reasons why it is unfair to criticise lawyers
ĐỀ 2. Toxic Stress: A Slow Wear And Tear
A. Our bodies are built to respond(phản hồi, phản ứng) when under attack(tấn công)=> Body’s
reactions. When we sense danger(cảm thấy nguy hiểm), our brain goes on alert(cảnh giác),
our heart rate goes up(nhịp tim của chúng ta tăng lên) and our organs flood(bản chất: lụt,
ngập + organs(các nội tạng=> các nội tạng TRÀN NGẬP) with stress hormones(hormone
căng thẳng) like cortisol and adrenaline.=> Body’s reactions We breathe faster, taking in
more oxygen, muscles tense, our senses are sharpened and beads of sweat(mồ hôi)
appear=>Body’s reaction. This combination(noun:kết hợp, tổ hợp, tổng hợp) of reactions to
stress is also known as the "fight-or-flight" response because it evolved(phát triển) as a
survival mechanism(cơ chế sinh tồn), enabling(cho phép) people and other mammals(động
vật có vú) to react quickly to life-threatening situations(các tình huống đe dọa tính mạng).
The carefully orchestrated(bản chất: (v) sắp xếp + carefully ( cẩn thận) => sự sắp xếp cẩn
thận) yet near-instantaneous(gần như tức thời) sequence of hormonal changes and
physiological responses helps someone to fight the threat off(chống lại mối đe dọa) or flee to
safety(bản chất: (v) chạy trốn + safety(sự an toàn) => chạy trốn đến nơi an toàn). => Body’s
reaction + the perceived harmful event. Unfortunately, the body can also overreact( tiền tố
over_(quá) + react(phản ứng => phản ứng thái quá) to stressors(các yếu tố căng thẳng) that
[are not life-threatening(không đe dọa đến tính mạng), such as traffic jams, work
pressure(áp lực), and family difficulties.=> The perceived harmful event
Body’s reactions in response to the perceived(bị động: được nhận thấy) harmful(độc hại)
event
B. That's all fine when we need to jump out of the way of a speeding bus(xe buýt chạy vượt tốc
độ/quá tốc độ), or when someone is following us down a dark alley(con hẻm tối). In those
cases, our stress is considered "positive", because it is temporary(tạm thời) and helps us
survive. But our bodies sometimes react in the same way to more mundane(trần tục)
stressors, too. When a child faces constant(liên tục) and unrelenting(không ngừng) stress,
from neglect(bỏ bê), or abuse(lạm dụng), or living in chaos(hỗn loạn), the response(sự phản
ứng) stays(vẫn tiếp tục, vẫn được) activated(kích hoạt)=> sự phản ứng vẫn được kích hoạt),
and may eventually(cuối cùng) derail(làm thay đổi, làm ảnh hướng đến) normal
development. This is what is known as "toxic stress". The effects are not the same in every
child, and can be buffered(được đệm) by the support of a parent or caregiver(người chăm
sóc), in which case the stress is considered "tolerable"(được xem như là “có thể chịu đựng
được). But TOXIC STRESS can have profound consequences(hậu quả sâu sắc), sometimes
even spanning(kéo dài) generations(nhiều thế hệ). Figuring out(tìm hiểu) how to
address(giải quyết) stressors before they change the brain and our immune(hệ thống miễn
dịch) and cardiovascular systems(hệ tim mạch) is one of the biggest questions in the field of
childhood development today.
Effects of different types of stress
C. In 1998, two researchers, Vincent Felitti and Robert Anda, pioneered in publishing a study
demonstrating that people who had experienced abuse or household dysfunction as children
were more likely to have serious health problems, like cancer or liver diseases, and
unhealthy lifestyle habits, like drinking heavily or using drugs as adults. This became known
as the "ACE Study," short for "adverse childhood experiences." Scientists have since linked
more than a dozen forms of ACEs - including homelessness, discrimination, and physical,
mental, and sexual abuse - with a higher risk of poor health in adulthood.
D. Every child reacts to stress differently, and some are naturally more resilient than others.
Nevertheless, the pathways that link adversity in childhood with health problems in adulthood
lead back to toxic stress. As Jenny Anderson, senior reporter at Quartz, explains, "when a
child lives with abuse, neglect, or is witness to violence, he or she is primed for that fight or
flight all the time. The burden of that stress, which is known as 'allostatic load or overload,'
referring to the wear and tear that results from either too much stress or from inefficient
management of internal balance, eg, not turning off the response when it is no longer
needed, can damage small, developing brains and bodies. A brain that thinks it is in constant
danger has trouble organising itself, which can manifest itself later as problems of paying
attention, or sitting still, or following instructions - all of which are needed for learning".
E. Toxic is a loaded word. Critics say the term is inherently judgmental and may appear to
blame parents for external social circumstances over which they have little control. Others
say it is often misused to describe the source of stress itself rather than the biological
process by which it could negatively affect some children. The term, writes John Devaney,
centenary chair of social work at the University of Edinburgh, "can stigmatise individuals and
imply traumatic happenings in the past".
Some paediatricians do not like the term because of how difficult it is to actually fix the
stressors their patients face, from poverty to racism. They feel it is too fatalistic to tell families
that their child is experiencing toxic stress, and there is little they can do about it. But Nadine
Burke Harris, surgeon general of California, argues that naming the problem means we can
dedicate resources to it so that paediatricians feel like they have tools to treat "toxic stress".
F. The most effective prevention for toxic stress is to reduce the source of the stress. This can
be tricky, especially if the source of the stress is the child's own family. But parent coaching,
and connecting families with resources to help address the cause of their stress (sufficient
food, housing insecurity, or even the parent's own trauma), can help. Another one is to
ensure love and support from a parent or caregiver. Young children's stress responses are
more stable, even in difficult situations, when they are with an adult they trust.
As Megan Gunnar, a child psychologist and head of the Institute of Child at the University of
Minnesota, said: "When the parent is present and relationship is secure, basically the parent
eats the stress: the kid cries, the parent comes, and it doesn't need to kick in the big
biological guns because the parent is the protective system". That is why Havard's Center on
the Developing Child recommends offering care to caregivers, like mental health or addiction
support, because when they are healthy and well, they can better care for their children.
