CHUYÊN ĐỀ 17: ĐẢO NGỮ

A. ĐỊNH NGHĨA
- Đảo ngữ là sự thay đổi thứ tự của các thành phần trong câu từ vị trí của chủ ngữ, động từ hay trợ động từ.
- Cách dùng:
+ Chúng ta thường sử dụng đảo ngữ khi muốn nhấn mạnh một nội dung, sự việc hay chủ thể nào đó trong
câu.
+ Đảo ngữ còn được sử dụng để giúp câu mang màu sắc trang trọng hơn.
+ Chúng ta dùng đảo ngữ để làm cấu trúc câu được sử dụng đa dạng hơn.
+ Đảo ngữ thường được sử dụng nhiều hơn trong văn viết, đặc biệt là trong các tình huống trang trọng như
các bài báo, bài luận, các tác phẩm văn học.
B. CẤU TRÚC
I. ĐẢO Ở VẾ 1
1. Hardly/barely/scarcely + had + S + Vp2 + when + S + V(quá khứ)
= No sooner + had + S + Vp2 + than + S + V(quá khứ): vừa mới …. Thì
 Ví dụ: Hardly had Matt started work when he intended to resign. = No sooner had Matt started work
than he intended resign. (Matt vừa bắt đầu làm việc thì anh ta đã có ý định từ bỏ.)
2. Rarely/ Seldom/ Hardly/ Scarely/ Barely + TĐT + S + V: Hiếm khi ……
 Ví dụ: I have rarely told my secret to another. (Tôi hiếm khi nói bí mật cho người khác)
 Rarely have I told my secret to another. (Hiếm khi tôi nói bí mật của tôi cho người khác.)
3. Never / At no time / Never before /Never in my life + TĐT + S + V:
(Không bao giờ/ Chưa từng bao giờ/ Chưa bao giờ trước đây/ chưa bao giờ trong đời)
 Ví dụ: I have never seen this film.
 Never have I seen this film.
4. Under/ In no circumstances (Dù bất kỳ h/c nào … cũng không ….)
On no account (Dù bất cứ ký do gì…cũng không)
By no means (Không khi nào/ Không chút nào/….)
In no way (Không còn cách nào) + TĐT + S + V
No longer (không còn …. nữa)
Little
In vain (Vô ích)
Not + N
No + N
 Ví dụ 1: Under no circumstances should children be left alone at home.
(Dù bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào trẻ em cũng không được để ở nhà một mình.)
 Ví dụ: On no condition am I to answer the phone.
(Dù bất cứ lý do gì tôi cũng không trả lời điện thoại.)
 No longer can I afford the car. (Tôi không còn có thể chi trả cho chiếc xe này được nữa.)
5. Câu điều kiện:
Type 1: Should + S1 + (not) + V (hiện tại), S2 + will/may/might/should /can… + V
Type 2: Were + S1 + (not) + O/ adj/ N, S2 + would/might/could… + V
Were + S1 + to V (infinitive) + O, S2 would/might/could… + V (infinitive)
 Type 3: Had + S1 + (not) +Vp2, S2 + would/might/could… + have + Vp2
 If he learns hard, he will pass the exam
 Should he learn hard, he will pass the exam
 If I were you, I would go with her
 Were I you, I would go with her
 If he knew her address, he would come to see her.
 Were he to know her address, he would come to see her.
 If I had had much money, I would have travelled around the world
 Had I had much money, I would have travelled around the world
6. Not only (Adj) + TĐT + S + V, but + S + also + V…… (Không những … mà còn …)
 Ví dụ: She can speak not only English but also Japanese.
 Not only can she speak English but she also can speak Japanese.
7. So + Adj/ Adv + TĐT + S + V+ that + Clause: …… đến nỗi mà
 Ví dụ: This coffee was so hot that I couldn’t drink it
 So hot was this coffee that I couldn’t drink it
8. Such + cụm N + TĐT + S + V + that+ Clause: ….. đến nỗi mà ….
 Ví dụ: It was such an interesting film that I have seen it twice.
 Such an interesting film was it that I have seen it twice
II. ĐẢO NGỮ Ở VẾ 2
1. Not until / Not till + S1 + V1, TĐT + S2 + V2….. : Đến tận khi…….
 Ví dụ: Not until I went home, did I realise that I had forgotten my smartphone in my classroom.
Not until he failed the exam did he know that he hadn’t study hard.
2. Only when + S1+ V1 (Chỉ khi)
Only after + S1+ V1 (Chỉ sau khi)
Noun/ Ving + TĐT + S2 + V2
Only later,
Only then,
Only + giới từ + Noun/ Ving,
 Ví dụ 1: Only after doing these chores was John allowed to go to meet his friends. (Chỉ sau khi
hoàn thành xong những công việc này thì John mới được cho phép đi gặp bạn bè của anh ấy.)
 Ví dụ 2: Only by practicing English every day can you speak it fluently. (Chỉ bằng cách luyện tập
tiếng Anh hàng ngày bạn mới có thể nói trôi chảy được.)
III. MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÁC
1. Giới từ + V + S
 Ví dụ: The plane took off.
 Off took the plane
2. Adj/ Adv + as/ though + S + V, Clause 2: Dù/ Mặc dù …
 Ví dụ: Although he was tired, he still tried to finish his work.
 Tired as he was, he still tried to finish his work
3. However + Adj/ Adv + S + V, Clause 2: Dù/ Mặc dù…
 Ví dụ: Although he was tired, he still tried to finish his work.
  However tired he was, he still tried to finish his work.

4. Try as (hard as) + S + may/ might/ can/ could …, Clause 2: Dù/ Mặc dù …
 Ví dụ: Try as hard as he might, he failed the exam.
5. Neither + trợ động từ + S + V1 + NOR + V2 (không..cũng không)
 Ví dụ: Neither did she clean the house nor fold the clothes. (Cô ấy không lau nhà cũng không gấp
quần áo.)

BÀI TẬP

I. ĐẢO Ở VẾ 1:
1. Hardly had Jake ______ the book report when Alan came in.
A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. to finished
2. ______ he arrived at the bus stop when the bus came.
A. Hardly had B. No sooner had C. No longer has D. Not until had
3. Hardly _______ the phone down when the boss rang back.
A. did I put B. had I put C. have I put D. I had put
4. No sooner___________ the house than the phone started to ring.
a. she had entered b. had she entered c. entered she d. had entered she
5. No sooner had we arrived at the station ______ the announcement started.
A. which B. when C. then D. than
6. Hardly ever _______ far from home.
A. she traveled B. she has traveled C. did she travel D. she did travel
7. Seldom___________ treated like that.
a. I have been b. am I c. I am d. I had been
8. Rarely __________ his credit card.
A. he uses B. do he use C. does he uses D. does he use
9. Rarely _______________ hands to say goodbye.
a. do American shake b. American shake
c. American do shake d. do shake American
10. ________ there.
A. Never will I go B. I never will go C. never I will go D. All are right
11. At no time _________ to school late.
a. we go b. do we go c. we do go d. we went
12. _________ before has she behaved like that.
A. Only by B. Not until C. Never D. Only when
13. Never in my life ___________ so embarrassed.
A. I had felt B. had I felt C. I feel D. I felt
14. Never in my life _______________ my idol.
a. I will forget b. I would forget c. will I forget d. will I forget
15. ________ him for the mistake he had made.
A. Never in my life will I forgive B. Never in my life I will forgive
C. I will never forgive in my life D. Never will I forgive in my life
16. I have never seen this film before.
A. Never before have I seen this film B. Never before I have seen this film
C. Before have never I seen this film D. Have I never before seen this film
17. Had they arrived at the fair earlier, they _______ what they wanted.
A. had found B. have found
C. found D. would have found
18. ______ I the judge, I would sentence him to death.
A. Were B. Was C. Be D.Am
19._______ here yesterday, you would have met me.
a. Were you b. you were c. Had you been d. You had been
20. Had I not stayed up late last night, I ________ tired.
A. wouldn’t be B. wouldn’t have been C. won’t be D. can’t be
21. ________ his advice, I would have succeeded in the final exam.
A. Had I taken B. I had taken C. Had I take D. If I take
22. Had I not met her, I ______ unhappy.
A. have been B. was C. had been D. would have been
23. ______ a doctor, I could help you.
A. was I B. I was C. Were I D. I were
24. ______ I rich, I would help you.
A. Was B. Be C. Am D. Were
25. _______ you see Frank at the conference, give him my regards.
A. Should B. Would C. Might D. Could
26. _______ she agreed, you would have done it.
A. If B. Had C. Should D. Would
27. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I _____________ it.
a. would never have believed b. don't believe c. hadn't believed d. can't believe
28. ____________ Tom, I would refuse.
a. If I b. If were I c. Am I d. Were I
29. _____________ to apologize now, I would forgive her.
a. If she was b. Were she c. She were d. a or b
30. Had you not helped me, I _________ how to solve it.
A. won’t know B. wouldn’t know
C. couldn’t know D. wouldn’t have known
31. Under no circumstances _________ the police.
A. should you call B. you should call
C. you call D. you called
32. In no circumstances _________ you alone.
 A. I leave B. I left
C. I won’t leave D. won’t I leave
33. Under no circumstances __________ my proposal.
a. he accepted b. would he accept
c. he would accept d. he will accept
34. No longer___________ on their husbands.
a. does women depend b. women depend
c. have women depended d. women have depended
35. Little __________ about his wife’s friends.
a. did he know b. do he know
c. he knew d. he know
36. Little _____________ the lesson although I have learned it for a long time.
a. I understand b. do I understand c. I do understand d. understand
37. _______ about it.
A. He did little said B. Little did he said
C. Little did he say D. He did little say
38. _______ that I knew all about her.
A. She little thought B. She thought little
C. Little did she think D. Little she thought
39. Not a penny_________ to me.
a. did he give b. he gave c. did he gave d. he has gave
40. No longer ______ here.
A. he will live B. will he work C. will he works D. he works
41. ___________ a higher concentration of people than in Tokyo and Mexico City.
a. nowhere there is b. Nowhere is
c. Nowhere is there d. Nowhere there isn't
42. Not only_______, but she is also very intelligent
a. she is beautiful b. beautiful she is
c. is she beautiful d. beautiful is she
43. Not only___________, but he also plays the piano and writes his songs.
a. does Billy Joel sing b. Billy Joel sings
c. If Billy Joel sings d. what Billy Joel sings
44. Not only ____________ the door, but I also secured the windows.
a. I lock b. I locked c. did I locked d. did I lock
45. Not only beautiful ___________, but she is graceful as well.
a. did she b. she was c. is she d. she is
46. He not only studies well, but also he sings well.
A. Not only does he study well, but also he sings well.
B. Not only he studies well, but also does he sing well.
C. Not only he does study well, but also does he sing well.
D. Not only he studies well, but also he sings well.
47. So ________ that she licked the plate clean.
A. being hungry B. great her hunger
C. hungry was she D. had she hunger
48. ______ she can buy everything she likes.
A. So rich is she that B So rich she is that
C. Such rich is she that D. All are right
49. So old ___________ that she couldn't dance.
a. She wasn't b. she was c. did she d. was she
50. So ________ that nobody in my class can buy it.
a. expensive this picture is b. expensive is this picture
c. this picture is expensive d. is expensive this picture
51. Such _________ that everyone knows him.
a. he is a famous writer b. a famous writer is he
c. a famous writer he is d. is he a famous writer
52. ___________ that nobody could do it.
a. Such a difficult exercise did the teacher give b. So a difficult exercise did the teacher give
c. Such a difficult exercise the teacher gave d. Such the teacher gave a difficult exercise
53. It was ………… that all of us couldn’t go out.
a. It was such cold weather b. It was such weather cold
c. such cold weather was it d. cold weather it was
54. It is such an important problem that everybody is concerned of it.
A. Such is the important problem that everybody is concerned of it.
B. So is the important problem that everybody is concerned of it.
C. So is an important problem that everybody is concerned of it.
D. Such an important problem is it that everybody is concerned of it.
II. ĐẢO Ở VẾ 2:
1. Not until she ___________(buy) that book, she _______________(know) it was interesting.
2. Not until I ____________(know) that fact, I __________(understand) he is a good person.
3. Not until I came home ______ that I had forgotten my bag on the bus.
A. I realized B. I did realize C. did I realize D. I did realize
4. Not until _______ that she had been very important for me.
A. did she leave I knew B. she left did I know
C. she left I knew D. did she leave did I know
5. Not until the early 1900s, ___________ to vote in the United States.
a. women were allowed b. were women allowed
c. was women allowed d. women allowed
1. Only when you see her, you _________________(realise) how much she has changed.
2. Only when studying English hard, you _____________________(improve) your English level.
3. Only after practising cooking that meal, Tim ____________________(realize) that it was not easy to do.
4. She speaks English only when she is in class.
=> Only when _______________________________________________________
5. I only realize it then.
=> Only then _______________________________________________ ________
6. He is only nice with the presence of Jane.
=> Only with ____________________________________________ ___________
7. He was able to make himself heard only by shouting.
=> Only by _________________________________________________________
8. He asked us to help only when he was too tired.
=> Only when _______________________________________________________
9. We can get there in time only in this way.
=> Only in __________________________________________________________
10. Only after you obtain a driving license, _______ a car.
A. you are able to drive B. can you drive C. you will be able to drive D. did you drive
11. Only by working hard, _______ your final exam.
A. will you pass B. you will pass C. did you pass D. you passed
12. Only when I have free time, _______ television.
A. I watch B. will I watch C. do I watch D. I watched
13. Only by working three jobs, ________ able to support his large family.
A. he was B. he is C. he's being D. was he
14. Only by speaking more, _______ improve your fluency in English.
 A. you are able to B. is it possible to C. does D. will it
15. Only after he arrived at the airport, _______for his passport.
A. he did look B. did he look C. he looked D. he did looked
16. Only when you grow up, ______ it.
A. you understand B. you do understand C. you will understand D. will you understand
17. Only by saving money, ___________ a house.
a. he buys b. he can buy c. can he buy d. buy she
18. Only if you tell me the truth, ______ you.
A. can I forgive B. I can forgive you C. I forgive you D. I do forgive

III/ Một số trường hợp khác:

1. Giới từ + V + S
1. The plane took off.
=> Off __________________________________________________________________________
2. The tree felt down.
=> Down ________________________________________________________________________
3. The children ran off.
=> Off __________________________________________________________________________
4. The runner went away.
=> Away ________________________________________________________________________
5. The rocket went up.
=> Up ___________________________________________________________________________
6. The rain came down.
=> Down _________________________________________________________________________

2. Adj/ Adv + as/ though + S + V, Clause 2 : Dù/ Mặc dù …

1. Although he was tired, he still tried to finish his work.
=> Tired _________________________________________________________________________
2. Although they are wealthy, they aren’t still happy.
=> Wealthy _______________________________________________________________________
3. Although he learned hard, he still failed the exam.
=> Hard __________________________________________________________________________
4. Though the weather was cold, we went on a picnic.
=> Cold __________________________________________________________________________
3. However + Adj/ Adv + S + V, Clause 2: Dù/ Mặc dù…
1. Although he was tired, he still tried to finish his work.
=> However _______________________________________________________________________
2. Although they are wealthy, they aren’t still happy.
=> However _______________________________________________________________________
3. Although he learned hard, he still failed the exam.
=> However _______________________________________________________________________
4. Though the weather was cold, we went on a picnic.
=> However _______________________________________________________________________

1. ___________________, they would have had what they wanted. (CĐ 2008)
A. If they arrived at the fair early B. Had they arrived at the fair early
C. Unless they arrived at the fair early enough D. Supposing they were arriving at the fair early
2. Not until the end of the 19th century _________ become a scientific discipline. (CĐ 2009)
A. plant breeding has B. did plant breeding C. plant breeding had D. has plant breeding
3. Had she worked harder last summer, she ____________________ (CĐ 2009)
A. wouldn’t have been sacked B. wouldn’t have sacked C. wouldn’t sack D. wouldn’t be
sacked
4. _________ but he also proved himself a good athlete. (CĐ 2010)
A. He did not show himself only a good athlete B. Not only he showed himself a good athlete
C. A good student not only showed him D. Not only did he show himself a good athlete
5. Had they arrived at the shop earlier, they ____________ a better selection of clothes. (CĐ 2011)
A. will find B . would be finding C. would have found D. will have found
6. Only after food has been dried or canned ___________________ (CĐ 2011)
A. should be stored for later consumption B. it can be stored for later consumption
C. that it is stored for later consumption D. was it stored for later consumption
7. No sooner ___________ my car than the alarm went off. (CD 2012)
A. the thief had touched B. had the thief touched C. touched the thief D. the thief touched
8. No sooner had she put the telephone down than her boss rang back. (DH 2007)
A. As soon as her boss rang back, she put down the telephone.
B. Scarely had she put the telephone down when her boss rang back.
C. Hardly she had hung up, she rang her boss immediately.
D. She had hardly put the telephone down without her boss rang back.
9. Never before _____________ as accelerated as they are now during the technological age. (DH 2007)
A. have historical changes been B. have been historical changes
C. historical changes have been D. historical have changes been
10. ___________, he would have learned how to read. (DH 2008)
A. If he has been able to go school as a child B. If he could go to school as a child
C. Were he able to go to school as a child D. Had he been able to go to school as a
child
11. ___________, he was determined to continue to climb up the mountain. (DH 2008)
A. He felt very tired though B. As he might feel tired C. Tired as it was D. Tired as he might
feel
12. _______ he arrive at the bus stop when the bus came. (ĐH 2009)
A. No longer has B. No sooner had C. Not until had D. Hardly had
13. Only when you grow up ____________ the truth. (ĐH 2009)
A. you will know B. you know C. do you know D. will you know
14. __________ I might, I couldn’t open the door. (ĐH 2010)
 A. No matter B. As try C. Try as D. However hard
15. Wealthy as they were, they were far from happy. (ĐH 2010)
A. They were as wealthy as they were happy B. Although they were wealthy, they were not happy
C. They were not happy as they were wealthy D. Even if they were wealthy, they were not happy
16. Hardly did he enter the room when all the lights went out. (ĐH 2011)
A B C D
17. The instructor blew his whistle and _____________ (ĐH 2011)
A. off the runners were running B. off ran the runners C. off were running the runners D. the runners run
off
18. __________ make a good impression on her. (ĐH 2012- A1)
A. Only so doing can I B. Only by so doing can I
C. Only by doing so I can D. Only by doing so can I
19. Not until he got home he realised he had forgotten to give her the present. (ĐH 2012- A1)
A B C D
20. Scarely had he stepped out of the room ________ he heard a loud laughter within. (ĐH 2013- A1)
A. until B. then C. than D. when
21. ______ was the tea that we couldn’t drink it. (ĐH 2014- A1)
A. No longer B. So strong C. Hardly ever D. How strong
22. In no circumstances ________ on campus. (ĐH 2014- D)
A. smoking should be allowed B. should smoking be allowed
C. we should allow smoking D. should allow smoking
23. Olga handed in her exam paper. She then realised that she had missed one question. (Tham khảo 1-
2020)
A. Having realised that she had missed one question, Olga handed in her exam paper.
B. Not until Olga had handed in her exam paper did she realise that she had missed one question.
C. Had Olga realised that she had missed one question, she wouldn't hand in her exam paper.
D. Only after Olga realised that she had missed one question did she hand in her exam paper.
24. The Trashtag Challenge has had a great influence on people around the world. They have started to
clean up their nearby polluted areas. (Tham khảo 2-2020)
A. So influential is the Trashtag Challenge that people around the world have started to clean up their
nearby polluted areas.
B. Only if the Trashtag Challenge greatly influenced people around the world would they start cleaning up
their nearby polluted areas.
C. Not until people around the world had started cleaning up their nearby polluted areas did the Trashtag
Challenge greatly influence them.
D. But for the great influence of the Trashtag Challenge, people around the world would have started
cleaning their nearby polluted areas.
25. He lacked commitment to the job. He wasn't considered for promotion. (TNTHPT 2020)
A. But for his lack of commitment to the job, he would have been considered for promotion.
B. Suppose that he lacked commitment to the job, he wouldn't be considered for promotion.
C. If it had not been for his lack of commitment to the job, he would be considered for promotion.
D. Without his commitment to the job, he would be considered for promotion.
26. Body shaming is hurtful. Many people enjoy making fun of others' appearance. (TNTHPT 2020)
A. Such is many people's enjoyment in making fun of others' appearance that body shaming is less hurtful.
B. Hurtful though body shaming is, many people enjoy making fun of others' appearance.
C. Body shaming is hurtful in order that many people enjoy making fun of others' appearance.
D. Were body shaming hurtful, many people wouldn't enjoy making fun of others' appearance.
27. Single-use plastic products are convenient. They are detrimental to the environment. (TNTHPT 2020)
A. It is their detriment to the environment that makes single-use plastic products convenient.
B. Convenient though single-use plastic products are, they are detrimental to the environment.
C. Not only are single-use plastic products convenient, they are also detrimental to the environment.
D. Were single-use plastic products convenient, they would be detrimental to the environment.
28. He finally contracted the disease. He was aware of the importance of preventive measures only then.
(Tham khảo 2021)
A. But for his awareness of the importance of preventive measures, he could have contracted the disease.
B. Hardly had he been aware that preventive measures were essential when he contracted the disease.
C. Not until he was aware of the importance of preventive measures did he contract the disease.
D. Only after he had contracted the disease was he aware that preventive measures were essential.
29. Students are forbidden to bring their phones into the exam room. (TNTHPT 2021)
A. Under no circumstances are students prohibited from bringing their phones into the exam room.
B. On no account are students permitted to bring their phones into the exam room.
C. At no time were students permitted to bring their phones into the exam room.
D. In no way are students prohibited from bringing their phones into the exam room.
30. Coffee shops are forbidden to serve over ten customers at a time during social distancing. There is no
exception whatsoever. (TNTHPT 2021)
A. Under no circumstances are coffee shops prohibited from serving over ten customers at a time during
social distancing.
B. On no account are coffee shops permitted to serve over ten customers at a time during social distancing.
C. In no way are coffee shops prohibited from serving over ten customers at a time during social
distancing.
D. At no time were coffee shops permitted to serve over ten customers at a time during social distancing.
31. Students are forbidden to bring their phones into the exam room. There is no exception whatsoever.
(TNTHPT 2021)
A. On no account are students permitted to bring their phones into the exam room.
B. In no way are students prohibited from bringing their phones into the exam room.
C. At no time were students permitted to bring their phones into the exam room.
D. Under no circumstances are students prohibited from bringing their phones into the exam room.
32. We arrived at the conference. Then we realized our reports were still at home. (Chuyên Vĩnh Phúc)
A. We arrived at the conference and realized that our reports are still at home.
B. Not until we arrived at the conference did we realize that our reports were still at home.
C. Not until had we arrived at the conference we realized our reports were still at home.
D. It was until we arrived at the conference that we realize our reports were still at home.
33. The students settled into their seats. Then the teacher walked in and started the lesson. (Sở Hà Nội)
A. No sooner had the teacher walked in and started the lesson when the students settled into their seats.
B. Only after the teacher walked in and started the lesson do the students settle into their seats.
C. As soon as the teacher had walked in and started the lesson, the students settled into their seats.
D. Hardly had the students settled into their seats when the teacher walked in and started the lesson.
34. We arrived at the airport. We realized our passports were still at home. (Chuyên Vinh)
A. It was until we arrived at the airport that we realize our passports were still at home.
B. We arrived at the airport and realized that our passports are still at home.
C. Hardly had we arrived at the airport we realized our passports were still at home.
D. Not until we arrived at the airport did we realize that our passports were still at home.
35 Lan had just graduated from upper secondary school. She received a scholarship to study
at a prestigious university. (Chuyên Vinh)
A. But for a scholarship to study at a prestigious university, Lan wouldn’t have graduated from upper
secondary school.
B. Hardly had Lan graduated from upper secondary school when she received a scholarship to study at a
prestigious university.
C. Only after Lan had received a scholarship to study at a prestigious university did she graduate from
upper secondary school.
D. Not until Lan had received a scholarship to study at a prestigious university did she graduate from
upper secondary school.
 CHUYÊN ĐỀ 22: PHÁT ÂM - PRONUNCIATION

I. Bảng phiên âm IPA - International Phonetic Alphabet

II. Nguyên âm
1. a
- / a: / : car, far, bar, are, arm, hard, dark, garden, park, father, last, fast, laugh,
- / æ / : bag, cat, man, dad, hand, fat, bad, can, sad, fan, pan, channel, transfer, traffic, transport,
national, natural,
- / ei / : face, race, make, cake, later, baby, take, lake, name, state, nation, nature, paper, waiter, rain, pain,
tailer, day, play, say, way, …
- / i / : village, passage, message,
- / eə / : care, share, prepare, square, dare, air, hair, chair, fair, pair,
- / ə / : machine, career, ago, agree, along, alone, afraid, above, about, away,
- / ɔ: / : all, tall, call, fall, stall, talk, walk, chalk, water,
- / e / : any, many
 Eg: A. sand B. hand C. many D. fan
2. e
- / e / : ten, pen, men, hen, get, seven, send, lend, fresh, gentle, mental, help,
- / ə / : teacher, writer, the, father, river, ruler, open, chicken, kitchen,
- / ɜː / : prefer, refer, term, German, person, [er]
- / i / : prefer, refer, become, decide, believe, repeat, rename, redo, recycle,
- / i: / : we, he, she, me, meet, cheese, see, feel, green, tea, read, cheap, …..
- / iə / : near, dear, clear, hear, cheer, engineer, mountaineer, pioneer, beer ……
- / eə / : wear, swear, bear,
- / u: / : threw, crew, chew
- / ju: / : new, knew, few
3. i
- / i / : in, film, milk, trip, win, trick, strict, miss, kit, kid, little, big, ship, fish, sick, lip, tip, tin, pin, spin,
children, scissors
- / ai / : child, mind, kind, fine, wide, wine, night, fight, knight, climb, lime, environment, find, sign, nice,
light, nine,
- / ə / : terrible, responsibility,
- / ɜː / : bird, skirt, first, third, thirty, dirty, girl, circle, circus, [ir]
- / aiə / : fire, fireman, scientist,
4. o
- / ɔ / : on, top, shop, pot, stop, job, dog, clock, cock, lock, fox, fog, frog, long, golf
- / ɔ: / : for, born, sport, story, store, short, door, floor, four, bought, thought, board, pour
- / ʌ / : won, son, month, dove, love, mother, brother, money, cover
- / ə / : police, polite, pollute, contain, consist, conclude, protect, provide ….
- / ɜː / : work, word, world [or]
- / u / : book, cook, took, look, good, foot
- / u: / : noon, moon, soon, school, food
- / əu / : go, so, no, ago, nose, old, gold, phone, post, road, boat, coat, goat, coach, show, grow, throw,
snow, bowl
- / ɔi / : join, enjoy, coin, voice, point, noise, oil, boil, toy, boy, destroy,
- / uə / : poor, tour, tourist, tourism
- / wʌ / : one, once
- / au / : town, down, cow, how, bound, bounce, announce, sound, shout, about, loud, ground, found,
round, house, south, cloud, mouth
5. u
- / u / : full, put, pull, push, sugar,
- / ʌ / : cut, sun, culture, fun, lunch, under, but, butterfly, bus, study
- / ə / : picture, nature, culture, future, measure, pleasure, treasure, leisure,
- / ə: / : nurse, church, turn, burn, Thursday [ur]
- / uə / : sure, pure
- / u: / : June, blue, true, fruit, glue
- / ju: / : use, future, student, refuse, reduce, university, uniform, cute, mutual
 - / juə / : mature,
6. y
- / i / : happy, dirty, noisy, busy, easy, early, lazy, lovely, lively, beauty, ugly, thirty, thirsty, city, comedy,
lately, carefully, ….
- / ai / : my, dry, try, fry, why, cry, fly, rely, deny, apply, supply, reply,
7. ea
- / i: / : read, cheap, repeat, meat, eat, clean, tea, teacher, beat, lead, sea, teach, leave, mean, defeat, pea,
peace, bean, peach, please,
- / e / : heavy, weather, ready, healthy, wealth, head, pleasure, measure, treasure, bread, threat, breakfast,
- / ɜː / : earn, early, learn, heard, earth, pearl, [ear]
- / iə / : hear, near, dear, clear, tear, fear, idea, ideal, ear, beard, real, really, appear,
- / eə / : bear, wear, swear, bearing
- / ei / : great, break, steak,
- / a: / : heart
8. oo
- / ɔ: / : door, floor
- / ʌ / : flood, blood
- / u / : cook, book, took, look, good, foot,
- / u: / : moon, noon, soon, school, food, too, choose, tooth, goose, tool
9. oa
- / əu / : coat, goat, boat, road, coach, coal, load, float, coast,
- / ɔ: / : board, broad, abroad, keyboard, skateboard,
- / ə / : cupboard
10. ow
- / əu / : snow, slow, grow, bowl, know, show, window, yellow, follow, blow, throw,
- / au / : town, cow, down, tower, towel, owl, crow, how, now, brown, crowd
11. ou
- / u / : would, could, should, wound,
- / ʌ / : enough, young, country, encourage,
- / əu / : though, although, shoulder, soul,
- / ɔ: / : four, pour, course, cough, bought, thought, court,
- / au / : sound, round, ground, found, count,
- / ə / : famous, dangerous, jealous, delicious,
- / uə / : tour, tourist, tourism,
- / u: / : through
12. ee
- / i: / : need, meet, green, cheese, keep, see, sheep, speed, seek, week, sleep, beef, teeth, feet, geese,
referee,
- / iə / : beer, deer, cheer, engineer, career, mountaineer,
13. ei
- / i: / : receive, ceiling,
- / ei / : eight, weigh (v), weight (n), neighbour
 - / ai / : either, neither, height,
14. ie
- / i: / : believe, movie, field, piece,
- / ai / : die, lie, tie
- / aiə / : quiet, science,
- / ə / : ancient, patient,

III. Phụ âm
1. se
se  /s/ se  /z/
promise clause please
base cause advise
practise amase amuse
increase surprise advertise
decrease organize choose
cease recognize analyse
release suppose exercise

2. s
/s/ : see, sea, sing, send, seem, son, sun, stand, stop, start, increase, decrease, release, cease, promise,
s /z/ : music, design, desert, business, easy, season, reason, is, was, has, nose, because, close, cause,
advise, suppose, please, organise, recognise, surprise, composer, …..
/∫/ : sure, sugar, permission, mission, …..
/ʒ/ : usually, decision, occasion, television, pleasure, measure, treasure, leisure, casual, …..
3. ch
/t∫/ : cheap, child, children, church, chicken, kitchen, champion, chip, cheat, teach, watch,
ch match, beach, peach, chocolate, change, chance, …..
/k/ : school, schedule, chemistry, Christmas, character, mechanic, scholar, scholarship, ache
/ʃ/ : machine, champagne,
4. th
/θ/ : thank, think, thin, thick, thing, something, three, thirty, third, health, math, both, bath, month,
th mouth, south, north, birthday, throw, through, cloth, breath, teeth, tooth, theory,
/ð/ : the, this, that, they, then, them, brother, mother, either, neither, weather, leather, though,
although, together, other, another, gather, their, themselves, southern, northern, breathe
5. t
/t/ : top, tea, teach, stand, stop, hat, ……
t /t∫/ : nature, picture, future, culture, mutual, literature,…. (trước u)
/ʃ/ : information, nation, pollution, tradition, …..
Ngoại lệ: question, suggestion, digestion. /tʃ /
6. c
 /k/ : cat, car, cold, cake, cup, come, copy, ……
c /s/ : nice, face, center, city, circle, circus, bicycle, cycle,….. (trước e,i,y)
/ʃ/ : ocean, musician, electrician, social, delicious, special, …

7. g
/g/ : game, good, go, get, give, gift, grand, group, grow, garden, ..
g
/dʒ / : page, change, orange, age, village, fridge, bridge, Germany, generous, gentle, dangerous,
geography, engineer, apology, biology, gym, gene, general, message ….. (trước e, i, y)
8. gh
/f/ : laugh, enough, cough, rough,
gh
câm : high, height, weight, bought, thought, eight, neighbour, though, although, plough,
9. n
/n/ : need, nice, nose, name, net, never, pen, snow, ……
n
/η/ : sing, thing, long, song, wrong, sink, ink, pink, think, drink, bank, thank, ankle, (ng/ nk)
* Một số phụ âm câm:
- h: hour, honest, honour, exhausted, exhibition, ….
- k: know, knew, knee, knit, knock, knight, ……
- w: write, wrong, wrap, who, who, whose, whole,
- b: climb, dumb, lamb, doubt, debt, … (sau m, trước t)
- p: psychology, pneumonia, …. (trước s,n)
- d: Wednesday, handsome, grandparents, handkerchief, ….
- c: science, scientist, scene, …..
- s: island, ….
- t: listen, fasten, whistle, often, Christmas, castle, …..
- n: column, autumn, solemn, ….
- g: sign, foreign, design, ….
- gh: high, eight, weight, …..
II. Quy tắc phát âm đuôi –ed
1. Ba cách phát âm đuôi “ed” theo quy tắc trong tiếng Anh
 Đuôi “ed” có 3 cách phát âm:
- Phát âm là /id/ khi âm cuối của từ kết thúc bằng 2 âm là /d/, /t/
+ Ví dụ: wanted /ˈwɑːntɪd/, needed /niːdɪd/, prevented /prɪˈventɪd/, …
- Phát âm là /t/ khi âm cuối của từ kết thúc bằng các âm vô thanh như: /k/, /p/, /s/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/.
+ Ví dụ: looked, /lʊkt/ stopped /stɑːpt/, laughed /læft/ ...
- Phát âm là /d/ khi âm cuối của từ kết thúc bằng các âm hữu thanh còn lại và nguyên âm.
+ Ví dụ: warned /wɔːrnd/, smiled, /smaɪl/, played, /pleɪd/,...
2. Chú ý
 Một số tính từ hoặc danh từ luôn tận cùng bằng “ed”/ đuôi “ed” luôn đọc là /id/:
 naked /ˈneɪkɪd/ (a) trơ trụi, trần truồng sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ (a) linh thiêng
hatred /ˈheɪtrɪd/ (n) lòng căm thù ragged /ˈræɡɪd/ (a) rách rưới, tả tơi, bù xù
markedly /ˈmɑːrkɪdli/ (adv): rõ ràng aged / eɪdʒid /(a): cao tuổi, lớn tuổi
aged / eɪdʒid /(Vpast): có tuổi là blessed /blesid/ (a): thần thánh, thiêng liêng
crooked / krʊkid/(a): cong, oằn, vặn vẹo dogged / dɒɡdid /(a): gan góc, gan lì, bền bỉ
learned / lɜːnid /(a): có học thức, thông thái, uyên bác wicked /wikid/(a): tinh quái, ranh mãnh, nguy hại
wretched / ˈretʃɪd /(a): khốn khổ, bần cùng, tồi tệ beloved /bɪˈlʌvɪd /(a): yêu thương
cursed / kɜːst /(a): tức giận, khó chịu rugged / ˈrʌɡɪd /(a): xù xì, gồ ghề
legged / ˈleɡɪd /(a): có chân crabbed / kræbid /(a): càu nhàu, gắt gỏng

3. Một số cách nhận biết

- Các động từ thêm “ed” ta đọc là /id/ khi tận cùng là t và d
+ Ví dụ: decided, painted...
- Các động từ thêm “ed” thường được phát âm là /t/ khi tận cùng là p, k, ph, gh, ch, sh, s, ss, x, ce, ...
+ Ví dụ: talked, glanced,....
- Các động từ có tận cùng là các chữ khác với các chữ đã nêu ở trên thì thêm đuôi “ed” được đọc là /d/
+ Ví dụ: played, advised, moved,....

V. Quy tắc phát âm đuôi -s/es

1. Ba cách phát âm đuôi “s-es” theo quy tắc trong tiếng Anh
 Đuôi “s”, “es” trong tiếng Anh có 3 cách phát âm:
- Phát âm là /s/ khi từ có tận cùng bằng các phụ âm vô thanh: /θ/, /p/, /k/, /f/, /t/.
+ Ví dụ: months /mʌnθs/, stops /stɑːps/, laughs /læfs/, units /ˈjuːnɪts/
- Phát âm là /z/ khi từ có tận cùng bằng các nguyên âm và các phụ âm hữu thanh và các phụ âm còn lại.
+ Các nguyên âm: / i /, / i: /, / e /, / æ /, / ɔ /, / ɔ: /, / ʊ /, / u: /, / ʌ /, / a: /, / ə /, /ɜ:/
+ Các phụ âm hữu thanh: /b/, /d/, /g/, /dʒ/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/
+ Các phụ âm còn lại: /m/, /n/, /η/, /h/, /l/, /r/, /j/, /w/
+ Ví dụ: has /hæz/, reviews /rɪˈvjuːz/, opinions /əˈpɪn.jənz/, bees/biːz/, plays /pleiz/, bags /bægz/,....
- Phát âm là /iz/ khi từ có tận cùng là các phụ âm gió /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/.
+ Ví dụ: watches /wɑːtʃiz/, washes /wɑːʃiz/, classes /klæsiz/, changes /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪz/, glasses /ɡlɑːsiz/
2. Một số cách nhận biết
- Phát âm là /s/: thường có tận cùng là các chữ: th, p, k, f, t,
- Phát âm là /z/: thường có tận cùng là các chữ còn lại.
- Phát âm là /iz/: thường có tận cùng là các chữ cái s, x, sh, ch, z.
 CHUYÊN ĐỀ 24: TRỌNG ÂM – STRESS

I. Trọng âm của từ có 2 âm tiết:

1. Trọng âm không rơi vào âm được đọc là / ə /
a, sug, suc, sub, sur, sup, sus, com, con, co, po, per, ure
Eg: ago, again, afraid, across, alone, attract, machine, …….
suggest, success, subtract, surprise, support, suspect….…
compose, compare, complete, compete, comprise, compound, command, …….
consist, conclude, contain, collect, correct, ………
polite, police, pollute, perfect, perform, persuade, nature, picture, …..
* Ngoại lệ: absent 1, aspect 1, access 1, acid 1, comment 1, comfort 1, contact 1, conflict 1, constant 1,
concrete 1, column 1, mature 2
2. Trọng âm không rơi vào 1 số đuôi sau:
y, er, or, ar, en, on, ow,
Eg: happy, dirty, noisy, beauty, angry, busy, easy, lazy, ……
driver, writer, dancer, water, offer, doctor, actor, tractor, beggar, scholar, sugar, ……
open, chicken, kitchen, children, widen, common, reason, season, ……
narrow, follow, borrow, yellow, ………
* Ngoại lệ: apply 2, supply 2, rely 2, deny 2, prefer 2, refer 2, allow 2
3. Trọng âm không rơi vào tiền tố, hậu tố:
Tiền tố: in, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, re, de, di, be, ex, em, en, pre, pro,
Hậu tố: ing, ed, ful, less, ous, ity, ment, ness, ly, ic, ics, ish, ship, dom, hood, age, sion, tion,
ion, sive, tive, al…..
Eg: increase, import, unlike, dislike, mistake, reduce, decide, become, exam, employ, enlarge,
prevent, provide,
reading, bored, careful, homeless, famous, quality, movement, kindness, daily, traffic,
foolish, friendship, freedom, childhood, passage, tourist, mission, nation, champion, region,
passive, native, formal
* Ngoại lệ: distance 1, present 1, pressure 1, promise 1, product 1, decade 1
4. Trọng âm rơi vào chính nó:
ee, oo, ese, ade, ain/ei/
Eg: agree, career, between, cartoon, shampoo, balloon, bamboo, Chinese, parade, contain, complain,
remain, maintain, ……
* Ngoại lệ: coffee 1, mountain 1, certain 1, curtain 1
5. Tên riêng: Rơi vào âm tiết 1
Eg: London, Jackson, Peter, ……
6. Số đếm:
thirteen 2 thirty 1
fourteen forty
fifteen fifty
….. ……
nineteen ninety
7. Từ loại:
+ Danh từ, tính từ: Rơi vào âm tiết 1 (Eg: money, forest, …)
+ Động từ: Rơi vào âm tiết 2
* Ngoại lệ: hotel 2, museum 2
8. Từ ghép:
* Danh từ ghép, tính từ ghép: Rơi vào âm tiết 1 (Eg: highway, homework, carsick……)
* Động từ: Rơi vào âm tiết 2
II. Trọng âm của từ có từ 3 âm tiết trở lên:
1. Trọng âm rơi vào trước nó:
sion, tion, ion, sive, tive, itive, ative, ic, ical, ics, ian, ial, iar, ious, eous, uous, ity,
ety, logy, graphy, ular, ient, ience, uent, uence, iant, iance, uant, uance,
Eg: + occasion 2, decision 2, permission 2, information 3, pollution 2, education 3,
+ expensive 2, attractive 2, supportive 2, competitive 2, alternative 2,
+ economic 3, economical 3, economics 3, musician 2, industrial 2, familiar 2
+ delicious 2, advantageous 3, continuous 2
+ responsibility 4, society 2,
+ biology 2, geography 2, popular 1,
+ convenient 2, convenience 2, influence 1,
* Ngoại lệ: television 1, politic 1, politics 1, adjective 1
2. Trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 3 từ cuối lên:
y, ary, ory, able, ible, ate, ite, ise=ize, al, ar
Eg: + family, discovery, economy
+ secretary, vocabulary, dictionary
+ contributory, auditory, laboratory
+ comfortable
+ concentrate, congratulate, consolidate, communicate
+ opposite
+ organise, recognise
+ animal, medicinal
+ popular
* Ngoại lệ: difficulty 1, accuracy 1, compulsory 2, forgettable 2, available 2, sustainable 2, responsible 2,
refusal 2, arrival 2, informal 2, hospitalise 1, personalise 1, characterise 1, satisfactory
3. Trọng âm không rơi vào tiền tố, hậu tố:
Tiền tố: in, im, il, ir, un, dis, mis, re, de, di, be, ex, em, en, pre, pro, under, over, inter, enter
Hậu tố: ing, ed, ful, less, ous, ment, ness, ly, ship, dom, hood, age, ist, ant, ent, ance, ence,
Eg: important, dependent, remember, exciting, dangerous, …..
* Ngoại lệ: interesting 1, president 1, preference 1, reference 1, mischievous 1,
4. Trọng âm rơi vào chính nó:
ee, oo, ain (v), ese, ade, mental, mentary, nental, rental, dental, resque, aire, ique
Eg: referee 3, afternoon 3, entertain 3, Japanese 3, lemonade 3, documental 3, documentary 3, residental 3,
picturesque 3 , millionaire 3 , unique 2 , technique 2
* Ngoại lệ: committee 2