THIRD QUARTER — MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY : INTRODUCTION AND EVOLUTION

LESSON 01 - 02
❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 12 - A ❬ subject reviewer ❭

I. LITERACY VIII. MEDIA AND INFORMATION DESIGN

FRAMEWORK
■ ability to identify, understand, interpret, create,
communicate and compute, using printed and written 1. FORM OR STYLE — pertains to tone, mood, color, font
materials associated with varying contexts. types, space, speed, direction, balance, repetition,
■ involves a continuum of learning, wherein individuals are emphasis, movement, rhythm, unity, contrast, hierarchy,
able to achieve their goals, develop their knowledge and contrast, proportion, alignment, proximity, pattern, others.
potential, and participate fully in their community and wider
2. MEDIUM OR FORMAT — pertains to the platform that the
society
learners would be presenting their output.
■ example : handwritten, blogs, presentation, others
II. MEDIA

■ physical objects used to communicate with, or the mass SITES WHERE YOU CAN CREATE EPORTFOLIO:
communication through physical objects such as radio,
television, computers, film, etc. 1. Wix
■ refers to any physical object used to communicate 2. Weebly
messages. 3. WordPress.com
4. Google Sites
5. GitHub Pages
III. MEDIA LITERACY

■ ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a

variety of forms. LESSON 02: EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA
■ aims to empower citizens by providing them with the
competencies (knowledge and skills) necessary to engage I. PREHISTORIC / PRE INDUSTRIAL AGE
with traditional media and new technologies.
🕒 Before 1700s
IV. INFORMATION ■ people discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and
forged weapons & tools with stone, bronze, copper & iron.
■ broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived
A. Cave Paintings — 35, 000 BC
from study, experience, instructions, signals or symbols.
B. Papyrus in Egypt — 2500 BC
C. Acta Diurna in Rome — 130 BC : the first “newspaper”.
V. INFORMATION LITERACY
D. Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia — 2400 BC
■ ability to recognize when information is needed, and to
locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate information
E. Printing Press using Wood Blocks 🕒 220 AD
in its various formats. ➠ technology of creating carvings in a raised form and then
applying ink to it to then stamp it onto blank white paper.
VI. TECHNOLOGY LITERACY PROCESS:
a. carvers would engrave the text or image on a block of
■ ability of an individual, either working independently or with wood in a raised form so that the part that they wanted to
others, to responsibly, appropriately, and effectively use be black when they printed it was sticking out.
technological tools. b. they would then apply ink to the raised PRINTING PRESS
■ an individual can access, manage, integrate, evaluate, letters and stamp it on paper.
create and communicate information.
F. Codex in the Mayan Region 🕒 5th Century
VII. MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY ➠ are folding books stemming from the pre-Columbian Maya
civilization.
■ essential skills and competencies that allow individuals to ➠ Mayan paper : was made out of the inner bark of wild fig
engage with media and other information providers trees, and the sheets were folded like an accordion.
effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-long ➠ this is where the Mayas recorded their hieroglyphic writing,
learning skills to socialize and become active citizens. the only true writing system in the Americas before the
European arrival.

G. Dibao in China 🕒 2nd Century

➠ the earliest and oldest newspaper in the world.

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 I. TELEGRAM
II. INDUSTRIAL AGE ➠ message sent by a telegraph, which is also called a wire.

🕒 1700s — 1930s
➠ a way of communicating important information quickly and
concisely
■ people used the power of steam, developed machine tools,
established iron production, & the manufacturing of various J. PUNCH CARD
products (including books through printing press).
➠ a piece of stiff paper that can be used to contain digital
A. NEWSPAPER - The London Gazette 🕒 1640 information represented by the presence or absence of
holes in predefined positions.
➠ claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper and
➠ the information might be data for data processing
the oldest continuously published newspaper in the UK
applications or, in earlier examples, used to directly control
➠ having been first published on 7 November 1665 as “The
automated machinery.
Oxford Gazette”

B. TYPEWRITER 🕒 1800 III. ELECTRONIC AGE

➠ a mechanical or electromechanical machine for writing
characters similar to those produced by printer’s movable
🕒 1930s — 1980s
■ invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age.
type. ■ people harnessed the power of transistors that led to the
C. TELEPHONE 🕒 1876 transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early
computers.
➠ a telecommunications device that permits two or more ■ long distance communication became more efficient.
users to conduct a conversation when they are too far
apart to be heard directly. A. Transistor Radio
➠ Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell (1876) was the B. Television — 1941
first to be granted a United States patent for a device that
produced clearly intelligible replication of human voice. C. LARGE ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS 🕒 1949 — 1951
D. MOTION PICTURE PHOTOGRAPHY / PROJECTION 🕒 ➠ EDSAC (1949) — Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator by Maurice Wilkes
1890
➠ UNIVAC (1951) Universal Automatic Computer I — the 1st
➠ also called film or movie general purpose electronic digital computer by J. Presper
➠ series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid Eckert and John Mauchly.
succession onto a screen by means of light.
➠ because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence D. MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS
of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and ➠ IBM 704 (1954) — International Business Machines
continuous movement.
E. OHP — Overhead Projector
E. PRINTING PRESS FOR MASS PRODUCTION
🕒 19th Century
F. Projector

➠ is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface IV. INFORMATION AGE

🕒
resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth),
thereby transferring the ink. 1900s — 2000s

F. COMMERCIAL MOTION PICTURE 🕒 1913 ■ thee internet paved way for faster communication the
creation of social network.
➠ 1913 — a particularly fruitful year for film as an art form, ■ people advanced the use of microelectronics invention of
and is often cited one of the years in the decade which personal computers mobile devices and wearable
contributed to the medium the most, along with 1917. technology.

G. MOTION PICTURE WITH SOUND 🕒 1926 ■ voice, image, sound and data are digitalized

➠ sound film — a motion picture with synchronized sound, or A. Portable Computer H. Facebook — 2004
sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a Laptops — 1980 I. Youtube — 2005
silent film. B. Tablets — 1993 J. Twitter — 2006
➠ first known public exhibition of projected sound films took
C. Internet Explorer — 1995 K. Tumber — 2007
place in Paris in 1900, but decades passed before sound
D. Blogspot — 1999 L. Yahoo – 1995
motion pictures were made commercially practical.

🕒 1791 – 1872
E. Friendster — 2002 M. Google — 1996
H. 1830’s and 1840’s Samuel Morse F. Multiply — 2003 N. Google Hangouts — 2013
➠ apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire G. Skype — 2003
that usually uses Morse Code.

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V. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF MEDIA IN
DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

1. Channel — provides opportunities for people to

communicate, share ideas, speculate, tell stories and give
information .

2. Watchdog — exposes corrupt practices of the government

and the private sector.
■ creating a space wherein governance is challenged or
scrutinized by the governed. It also guarantees free and
fair elections.

3. Resource Center — acts as a gateway of information for

the society’s consumption
■ becomes a keeper of memories of the community,
preserver of heritage and source of academic knowledge.

4. Advocate — through its diverse sources or formats, it

bridges the gap of digital divide.

— lesson 01 and 02 —

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 THIRD QUARTER — MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY : INFORMATION LITERACY
LESSON 03
❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 12 - A ❬ subject reviewer ❭

I. INFORMATION
5. Organizing, Storing, or Archiving Information
■ data that has been collected, processed, and interpreted in — understand how to protect information that needs to be
order to be presented in a useable form. protected and how to keep, store, reuse, record, archive,
■ broad term that can cover processed data, knowledge and dispose of information not needed anymore.
derived from study, experience,instruction, signals or
symbols. 6. Using Information in an ethical, efficient, effective way
■ in the media world : information is often used to describe — understand how to use the information to solve
knowledge of specific events or situations that has been problems, make decisions, or fulfill needs.
gathered or received by communication ,intelligence, or
7. Creating and Communicating New Knowledge
news reports.
— understand how to communicate with others and convey
knowledge using suitable formats and methods.
II. INFORMATION LITERACY

■ the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the

needed information — Association of College and — lesson 03 —
Research Libraries (ACRL)
■ provides keys to academic achievement and lifelong
learning.
■ set of individual competencies needed to identify, evaluate
and use information in the most ethical, efficient, and
effective way across all domains, occupations, and
professions.
■ the ability to recognize when information is needed and to
locate, evaluate, effectively use and communicate
information in its various formats.

III. STAGES / ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION

LITERACY

1. Identifying or Recognizing information needs

— the recognition that there is a need or a problem that
needs knowledge in order to be resolved satisfactorily.

2. Determining Sources of Information

— be able to identify whether the required information is
available and obtain it from a variety of sources.

3. Citing or Searching for Information

— understand where to go for the information you need
and how to give credit where it is due.

4. Analyzing and Evaluating the Quality of Information

— knowing how to completely comprehend information
found, or knowing where to go for assistance if needed, will
help you evaluate the quality and dependability of the
information you have acquired.

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 THIRD QUARTER — MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY : TYPES OF MEDIA & INFO SOURCES
LESSON 04 - 05 ❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 12 - A ❬ subject reviewer ❭

■ forecasts are said to be accurate if the report is similar to

I. TYPES OF MEDIA
the actual data.
1. Print Media — media consisting of paper and ink, ■ financial information is considered accurate if the values
reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally are correct, properly classified, and presented.
mechanical.
○ Magazines III. VALUE OF INFORMATION
○ Books ■ information is said to be of value if it aids the user in
○ Newspaper making or improving decisions
○ Journal
○ Newsletter
IV. AUTHORITY OF THE SOURCE
○ Memeography
■ much of the information we gather daily do not come from
2. Broadcast Media — media such as radio and television a primary source but are passed on through secondary
that reach target audiences using airwaves as the sources such as writers, reporters, and the like.
transmission medium. ■ sources with an established expertise on the subject matter
○ Radio are considered as having sound authority on the subject.
○ Television

3. Digital (New) Media — content organized and distributed V. TIMELINESS

on digital platforms. ■ reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary
○ Cellphone based on the time it was produced or acquired.
○ Film / movie ■ while a piece of information may have been found
○ Social network accurate, reliable, and valuable during the time it was
○ YouTube produced, it may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the
passing of time (thus making it less valuable).
II. MEDIA CONVERGENCE ■ other information may be timeless, proven to be the same
in reliability, accuracy, and value throughout history.
■ coexistence of traditional and new media
■ coexistence of print media, broadcast media (radio and
television), the Internet, mobile phones, as well as others,
VI. MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES
allowing media content to flow across various platforms.
■ ability to transform different kinds of media into digital
1. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE (IK)
code, which is then accessible by a range of devices
■ is a local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or
→ example : from the personal computer to the
society that contrasts with international knowledge system
mobile phone
generated by universities, research institutions, and private
→ thus, creating a digital communication
firms (Warren 1991).
environment

A. Examples of Indigenous Knowledge

LESSON 05: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES
■ Rice-fish co-culture —a farming technique for over 1200
■ your information needs to dictate your choice of media and years in south China, was recently designated by a
information sources. globally-important agricultural heritage system by the UN
Food and Agriculture Organization.
I. RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION ■ Indigenous Fire Management Techniques — developed
■ Information — is said to be reliable if it can be verified and thousands of years ago, and which today protect large
evaluated. landscaped in Australia, Indonesia, Japan, and Venezuela.
■ others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in ■ other examples: Northern Dispatch Weekly (NORDIS),
evaluating the reliability of information. Philippines, Gelora FM Indonesia, and Ruai Television,
Indonesia.
II. ACCURACY OF INFORMATION
■ Accuracy — refers to the closeness of the report to the
actual data.
■ measurement of accuracy varies, depending on the type of
information being evaluated.

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B. Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) definition of VII. PROS AND CONS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
media MEDIA AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION
■ media owned, controlled, & managed by indigenous people
1. BOOKS
to develop & produce locally appropriate information.
PROS CONS
C. Characteristics of Indigenous Media
→ Transferable information → Environmental issues
■ oral tradition of communication → Enduring medium → Costly or expensive
■ store information in memories
■ information exchange is face-to-face 2. MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS
■ information are contained within the border of the
PROS CONS
community.
→ Loyal Readership → Newspaper are valid only
2. LIBRARY → Target geographical areas for a day
→ Can be shared with others → Message can be lost
■ place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference (because 60% ads)
materials are kept for use but not for sale. → Magazines have niche
■ steward of good information collection. audiences

A. BEST ONLINE RESEARCH APPS / SITES 3. CINEMA

→ Artcyclopedia → INFOMINE PROS CONS

→ BioMedCentral → Internet History
→ Can be entered in local or → Expensive production
→ Digital History → Sourcebooks international, films festivals
→ FindArticles.com → Internet Public Library → May or may not hold
and competitions
→ Reaches many interest/ attention
demographics. Literate or
B. TOP TRUSTED RESEARCH APPS / SITES illiterate
→ Google Scholar → PLOS ONE
4. RADIO
→ CiteSeerx → GetCITED
→ Microsoft Academic → BioOne PROS CONS
Research → Science and Technology
→ Trusted medium with loyal → Niche market
→ Bioline International of Advanced Materials
followers
→ Directory of Open → New Journal of Physics → Audience will tune out
→ Community radio has loyal
Access Journals → ScienceDirect audiences interested in Difficult to incite action
local activities
→ Background medium
→ Nationwide events
3. INTERNET
■ is the global system of interconnected computer networks 5. TELEVISION
that use the internet protocol site to link devices worldwide.
PROS CONS
■ a network of networks that consists of private, public
academic, business, and government networks of local to → Quickly spreads messages → Expensive, short and has to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, be repeated
→ Improves credibility
→ Advertisements can be
wireless, and optical networking technologies. → Large scale communication skipped
■ carries an extensive range of information resources and → Traditional TV is less
activities
services, such as: watched by younger
people
a. interlinked hypertext documents
b. applications of the world wide web, electronic
6. INTERNET
mail, telephone, and file sharing.
PROS CONS
4. MASS MEDIA
→ Main point of contact → Time consuming
■ technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. between user and audience → Can’t control the message
■ the primary means of communication used to reach the → Acts as hub or how people react to
vast majority of the general public. → Easy to access 24/7 online contents
interaction with target → Bad news go viral
■ the most common platforms for mass media are:
audiences → Campaigns can get
a. newspapers and magazines → Reach the correct audience hijacked by detractors
b. radio, television, and internet through hashtags/ following → Mistakes can happen in
■ The general public typically relies on the mass media to relevant groups real time with thousand of
→ Attract large number of witnesses
provide information regarding political and social issues, people in short time → Negative feedback can’t be
entertainment, and news in pop culture. → Bring people together ignored

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 THIRD QUARTER — MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY : MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
LESSON 06
❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 12 - A ❬ subject reviewer ❭

2. Symbolic Codes
I. LANGUAGES
■ indicators that require inferences among the audience,
■ the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and delving into the connotative rather than the denotative.
conventions that media and information professionals may Show what is beneath the surface of what we see.
select and use in an effort to communicate ideas, ■ example : objects, setting, body language, clothing, color
information and knowledge. or actions of characters, or iconic symbols that are easily
understood
II. MEDIA LANGUAGES
SYMBOLS:
■ are codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative
■ red rose = romance, love
structures that indicate the meaning of media messages to
■ clenched fist = anger
an audience.
■ red = stop; green = go; yellow = ready
■ the way in which the media text is conveyed to the
audience.
3. Written Codes
■ TYPES :
■ the way titles or headlines are presented. Used of
→ visual
language style and textual layout
→ aural
■ example : headlines, captions, speech bubbles, language
→ written
styles, etc
→ verbal
→ non-verbal

V. CONVENTION
III. MEDIA TEXT
■ a standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behavior
■ is utilized to depict any media item ■ are generally established and accepted ways of doing
■ example : TV programs, photos, adverts, film, radio something.
programs, web pages, etc ■ example : a convention of the science – fiction genre is
that the story often includes robots, aliens, time – travel or
IV. CODES genetic manipulation

■ systems of signs, put together (usually in a sequence) to VI. MESSAGES

create meaning to communicate ideas and impressions for ■ the information sent to a receiver from a source
an audience, producers, & other stakeholders. ■ may be televised public service announcements or political
■ Semiotics — study of signs and symbols advertisements .
■ Propaganda and Persuasion — the manipulation of
A. TYPE OF CODES
information to influence public opinion
1. Technical Codes
■ Media and Behavior — some messages influence
■ focus on how media frames in visual media are presented
behavior, especially the behavior of young people; violent
■ example: camera angle, lens choice, framing, shutter
sexual and compulsive behaviors that have been linked to
speed, depth of field, lighting & exposure, juxtaposition
media consumption

CAMERA MOVEMENTS ■ Violence and the Media — Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
murdered their classmates and teachers at Columbine
■ PAN – short for panorama. The camera (moves
High School.
horizontally) from left to right or vice versa across the
picture. ■ Sex and the Media — sexual content and its strong
emotional message can be prolific; Young people with
■ TILT – camera tilts up (moves upwards) or tilts down
heavy exposure to sexually themed media ranging from
(moves downwards) around a vertical line.
music to movies are twice as likely to engage in early
■ TRACKING SHOTS OR DOLLY — camera moves on sexual behavior as young people with light exposure.
tracks/wheels to give a smooth movement; the camera
follows along next to or behind a moving object or person. VII. AUDIENCE
■ ZOOM – the change of focal length, closer or farther away. ■ group of consumers for whom a media message was
constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed to the
■ HANDHELD – gives the frame a shaky look; POV (Point of
message.
View) shot.

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CATEGORIES OF MEDIA AUDIENCES
IX. STAKEHOLDERS
1. Elite Audience — comprises of highly educated people and
■ libraries, archives, museums, internet and other relevant
their number in the society is relatively small.
information providers.
2. Mass Audience — represents the dominant majority in a
society and are relatively average people; they represent WHO ARE THE KEY MEDIA STAKEHOLDERS
almost all segments of the society.
a. People – media users, content creators, media,
3. Specialized Audience — the special interest groups in the consumers, critics, watchers, etc.
society
b. Media Professionals — journalists, producers,
4. Interactive Audience — consists of those who have control
photojournalists, editors, etc.
over the communication process in a society, they may be
newspaper journalists or radio or tv broadcasters.
c. Media owners and Managers

VIII. PRODUCERS
d. Advertisers — big and small
■ sets the situation for the production of a television show or
a movie e. The State — guardian of public interest through law
■ initiates coordinates supervises and controls all aspects of making and regulation.
a production from fundraising and hiring key personnel to
arranging for distributors. NOTE : media is a plural word.
■ considered as the chief of staff while the director is in
charge of the line.
■ “staff and line” – organization that mirrors most of large
corporations and military.

— third quarter —

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