This is a very quick-and-dirty distribution of the old Minix 2 operating system by Andrew Tanenbaum. It's not official in any way.

Minix 2 is a pedagogical operating system designed for teaching an OS course, developed around 1996. Despite being restricted in scope and suitable for understanding by students, it's actually a surprisingly powerful and thoroughly usable Unix clone which will run in tiny amounts of RAM. The entire distribution, source code and C compiler included, will fit in about 40MB of disk and it'll recompile its own kernel and userspace in 1MB of RAM. (Slowly.) It'll run entirely off floppy disk. It'll even boot on an original IBM PC, with the 512MB upgrade, although even Minix has trouble there.

What you get is: multiuser logins, all the standard Unix tools, a full Bourne shell, an ANSI C89 C compiler, a Modula-2 compiler, TCP/IP networking, a vi clone, an emacs clone, a pico clone, source for nearly everything, awk, bc, a game, and huge amounts of other stuff. It's (almost) completely self-hosted --- you can hack Minix on Minix.

This makes it both interesting simply as a work of art, but also quite useful when retrocomputing.

What you will find here is the contents of the last Minix 2 release, 2.0.4, extracted and massaged so that it'll live in a standard user directory, plus a set of scripts that will take the distribution and turn it into a bootable Minix hard drive image. Minix is self-hosting, so we need to bootstrap a Minix somehow to build it on.

You won't find all the source here, because Minix came with most source, but not all; the C compiler is ACKPACK, a special version of the Amsterdam Compiler Kit, carefully cut down and modified to run on Minix. Back when this was released, this wasn't open source.

Note: this is Minix i86. The largest binaries can get is 64kB+64kB. This is restrictive compared to Minix i386, but it'll also build and run on machines with as little as 1MB of RAM, which is the main case I'm interested in.

You will need a Linux machine and qemu-system-i386 and rsync.

Do:

$ ./mkall

This will rebuild all the installation images from the files in fs.

• combo-1440kB.img.gz, combo-1200kB.img.gz: combined root/usr floppy disk images. These contain a single filesystem with no division into root and usr. You can boot these. By default, the disk image will be loaded into a ramdisk to free up the floppy disk drive, but if you have less than about 3MB of RAM you should mount them directly; at the boot monitor prompt. hit ESC, then type rootdev=fd0, then boot.

• hd-64MB.img.gz: exactly the same content as above, but in a bootable hard disk image. Use this if you want to run Minix in a virtual machine.

• root-720kB.img.gz, usr-720kB.img.gz: split root and usr floppy disk images. A 720kB floppy isn't big enough for the combined disk, so you need to boot the root disk, let it load itself into a ramdisk, and then it'll prompt you to replace the floppy with the usr image. It'll ask for a device; you want /dev/fd0.

Once you have a floppy based system booted, you want to copy Minix onto your computer's hard drive.

The detailed instructions are long and complicated, but the tl;dr version is to log in as root, and then:

$ part

...is the partition editor; the Minix partition type is 81. If you have less than 4MB RAM, create a swap partition (of about 4MB). You'll probably want to reboot (Minix sometimes forgets to reload the partition table). I'm going to assume you have the swap in /dev/c0d0p0 and your filesystem in /dev/c0d0p1. Don't make your filesystem too big; 64MB is probably as large as you want.

To mount the swap:

# mkswap /dev/c0d0p0
# mount -s /dev/c0d0p0

To create the filesystem and copy all the data:

# mkfs /dev/c0d0p1
# mount /dev/c0d0p1 /mnt
# cpdir -vx / /mnt/
# cpdir -vx /usr/ /mnt/usr/   # only if you're using the usr-720kB floppy
# echo "root=c0d0p1" > /mnt/etc/fstab
# echo "swap=c0d0p0" >> /mnt/etc/fstab   # vi is also available
# umount /dev/c0d0p1   # note that you use a device name here, not a path

To make the hard drive bootable:

# installboot -m /dev/c0d0 /usr/mdec/masterboot
# installboot -d /dev/c0d0p1 /usr/mdec/bootblock boot
# edparams /dev/c0d0p1
c0d0p1> rootdev=c0d0p1
c0d0p1> save
c0d0p1> exit
# shutdown -h now

...then reboot. Hopefully your new system will boot.

If you just want to fiddle with it, or do builds, then this command:

$ ./pack

...will create an hd.img file, similar to the hd-64MB.img.gz one above, It's also lightly massaged for use as a build box, so when it boots it'll take you straight to a shell, etc. This then allows you to then do:

$ ./runqemu

That will run QEMU and you should see Minix boot. It'll take about a second.

(TODO: There will eventually be a script to extract the contents of the file system again, but that's not done yet.)

• The 'official' Minix 2 distribution page (it's been abandoned for years).

• The Design and Implementation of Operating Systems (second edition) is the book which describes Minix 2. Despite being out of print, it's still available from Amazon for terrifying prices.

• Minix 3 is the vastly updated and quite usable successor to Minix 2... but it won't boot on XT computers any more.

Minix 2, and all my scripts, are BSD 3-clause. See the LICENSE.