feat: backfill various missing node APIs - #75760

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References discussion #75608

I'm filing this in good faith having previously contributed these definitions a few years ago and wanting to make the backfill process generally less painful, there are some new features (such as throttle and debounce) that I'm particularly interested in but I think doing a set of larger backfill is generally beneficial for such a foundational definition package.

This PR exclusively adds missing declarations it makes no effort to correct existing ones (eg. function parameters), I deliberately limited the size of the PR but due to the sheer amount of JSDoc it is still quite large, if general consensus is 'too large' I will split it up.

Further I believe splitting these changes up too much adds undue burden on reviewers and would cause release 'spam', ideally changes would be released in sync with the nodejs releases to keep them small, but due to the lack of tight coupling of the types to the actual nodejs repo this has generally been infeasible and bulk backfilling is a more economical approach.

I also added a CLAUDE.md

Summary of changes (from claude)

Citations

Docs: https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v26.x/api/ · Changelog: CHANGELOG_V26.md

Notes

• Experimental (Stability 1.x), no flag required: zlib ZIP API, crypto.createMac/getMacs, v8.setHeapProfileNearHeapLimit, node:ffi (enabled by default since v26.9.0, #65475). Marked @experimental.
• Pre-v26 omissions: process.initgroups, counts.failed, v8 _-prefixed serializer methods, MIMEType#toJSON, Server#dropMaxConnection, Http2Server#timeout, DynamicLibrary#functions.
• Upstream docs history blocks are malformed for BlockList#clear and MIMEType.parse; the version is taken from the changelog.
• New required members on existing interfaces/classes (Histogram, RecordableHistogram, Http2ServerCommon.timeout, StatementSync, ModuleHooks[Symbol.dispose], TestSummary.counts.failed) affect only hand-written implementations or object literals typed as these interfaces. Existing subclasses overriding the v8 _-prefixed methods require override under noImplicitOverride.
• Excluded (only available behind a runtime flag): FileHandle#pullSync (--experimental-stream-iter), SourceTextModule#createCachedData (--experimental-vm-modules).
• Out of scope (signature change to an existing declaration): tty.ReadStream#setRawMode accepts 'raw' | 'io' since v26.8.0 (#64140); BoundSocket#address() returns a string for pipe binds (docs).