help('modules') # This lists all built-in modules
module.__doc__ # To see some documentation about a specific module

import hashlib # Need to import the module first
dir(hashlib)

#  greet.py
def msg():
 return 'Hey Wassup'

# welcome.py
import greet
 greet.msg()

import greet as g # Can be aliased
 g.msg() 

# A module can be stand-alone runnable script.
if __name__ == '__main__':
 from greet import msg # specific functions can also be imported
 msg()

str_hello='hello_World'
print(str_hello[0:5])

print type(str_hello) # To check the dataType

print ''.join(reversed(str_hello)) # To reverse a string easily

x = 'list'
y = 12

print x+str(y)

print "%s%s"%(x,y)

print "{}{}".format(x,y)

set1 = {1,2,3,1,2,5,2,8,}
print set1

set2 = set('hello')
set2.add('y') #Can add new elements easily
print set2

set3 = frozenset('lulzsec') #Cannot add new elements
print 'l' in set3 # Testing if element is present in a set, returns 'bool'
print 's' not in set3 # just opposite of 'in'
print "No. of Elements in FrozenSet_set3 ==> {}".format(len(set3))

set4 = {10,20,30,40,50}
set5 = {30,40,50,60}

## Operations

### intersection (&)
print set4.intersection(set5)
print set4 & set5

### union (|)
print set4.union(set5)
print set4 | set5

### difference (-)
print set4.difference(set5)
print set4 - set5

### symmetric_difference (&)
print set4.symmetric_difference(set5)
print set4 ^ set5

### issubset (<=)
print set4.issubset(set5)
print set4 <= set5

### issuperset (>=)
print set4.issuperset(set5)
print set4 >= set5

### isdisjoint
print set4.isdisjoint(set5)

set6 = set4 | set5
set6.add(60)
set6.add(70)
print set6
print len(set6) # duplicates not allowed in sets

# multisets.py

from collections import Counter
multisetCounter = Counter(['a','a','b'])
print multisetCounter

#OR Using multiset.py from pypi.org
import multiset
s1 = multiset.Multiset('aab')
print s1

comp_num1 = 3 + 13j
print comp_num1
print(type(comp_num1))
comp_num2 = complex(2,5)
print comp_num2

print "Real Part (comp_num2) :: {}".format(comp_num2.real)
print "Imaginary Part (comp_num2) :: {}".format(comp_num2.imag)
print "Complex Conjugate (comp_num2) :: {}".format(comp_num2.conjugate())

float_num = 11122.2
print "Float :: {}".format(float_num)

long_num = 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111L
print "Long :: {}".format(long_num)

list = [11,22,11,'hello']
list.append('22') # appending single element
print list

list.extend([55,'world'])  # appending more than 2 elements
print list

list.insert(1, 'MyList') # adding new element at a specific index
print list

print list[0:3] # Outputs first 3 elements

list1=[1,2,3,4,5]
list2=[1,2,3]
list3=list1+list2
print list3 # Concatenating 2 lists

print list2*3 # prints list2 3 times itself

list3.sort() # Sorting Lists
print list3

print len(list3) # Counts length of list

list3.remove(1) # Removes 1st item whose value is equal to specified
print list3

list3.pop(6)  # Removes element at index 6
print list3

print list3.count(3) # Counts no. of times 3 appears

list3.reverse() # Reverses a list using function
print list3

print list1[::-1]  # Reverse a list by Slicing

for number in list3: # Iterating through a list
	print number,  # note the , for printing in a single line

keyboard = {1:'CTRL', 2:'SHIFT', 4:'ENTER' }
print keyboard # lists contents of dictionary

print keyboard.values() # lists all values of all keys
print keyboard.keys() # gathers list all keys

print keyboard[2] 

print keyboard.get(2) 

del keyboard[2] 

keyboard.pop(2) 

print keyboard.items() # returns a *list of dict's (key,value) tuple pairs

dup = keyboard.copy() # duplicates a predefined dict
print dup

print keyboard.has_key(2) # Checks for a key in dict, Return bool

keys = {1,2,3}
value = 'NUMPAD'

kb2 = dict.fromkeys(keys, value) # Using fromkeys to create a dict from a sequence
print(kb2)

print len(kb2) # Counts the no. of (key,value) pair

print cmp(dup,kb2)
# returns 0 if both dictionaries are equal, -1 if kb2 < dup and 1 if kb2 > dup.

keyboard.popitem() # pops out the first (key,value) pair
print keyboard

keyboard.clear() # Deletes every (key,value) pair present in the dictoinary
print keyboard

tuple1 = 1,2,3,4,5
tuple1 = (1,2,3,4,5)

print tuple1
print tuple1[4]

tuple2 = () # Declaring an Empty Tuple
print tuple2

tuple3 = 1,
print tuple3
print type(tuple3) # Checking data Type

tuple4 = tuple('hello')
print tuple4

list1 = ['r','o','y']
tuple5 = tuple(list1) # Creating tuple from list
print tuple5

tuple6 = ('github') #Tuple with Loop
for i in range(3):
	tuple6 = tuple6,
	print tuple6

tuple7 = tuple4,tuple5 # Nesting Tuples
print tuple7

tuple8 = ('hi',) * 2
print tuple8

tuple8 += ('github',) # Concatenation
print tuple8

numbers = (1,2,3)
a,b,c = numbers
print a

x, = 1,  # x is the value 1
print type(x)
x = 1,   # x is the tuple (1,)
print type(x)

# Slicing of a Tuple 
tuple9 = (10,20,30) 
print(tuple9[2:]) # Only Display 3rd Element
print(tuple9[::-1]) # Reversing the Tuple  
print(tuple9[1:3]) # Printing elements in a Range 

revTuple = tuple(reversed(('hello'))) #Reversing using reversed()
print revTuple

t1 = (11,22,33,44)
t2 = (19,22,44,45)
t3 = (11,22,33,44)
t4 = ('a','b','c','d','e')

print cmp(t1,t2) # Returns '-1' as t2's elements are greater than t1's
print cmp(t1,t3) # Returns '0' as both tuples have exactly same elements 
print cmp(t4,t1) # Returns '1' as numbers is considered smaller than chars

t1 = (1, 0, 2, 5, 4, 2, 4)
t2 = ('a','b','bee','bug')
print len(t1) # Counts no. of elements
print t1.count(2) # Counts the no. of times an element appears in tuple

print max(t1) # Numbers sorting
print max(t2) # Sorting Alphabetically

print min(t1) 
print min(t2)

# sum()	Sums up the numbers in the tuple
print sum(t1)

print sorted((66,234,20)) # Returns sorted list

# all() Returns true if all element are true or if tuple is empty

l = [1, 3, 4, 5]  # all values true
print all(l)

l = [0, False] # all values false
print all(l)

l = [1, 3, 4, 0] # one false value
print all(l)

l = [0, False, 5]  # one true value
print all(l)

l = [] # empty iterable
print all(l)

# any() Returns true if any element of the tuple is true, also false if tuple empty 
l = [1, 3, 4, 0]
print(any(l)) 

l = [0, False]
print(any(l))

l = [0, False, 5]
print(any(l))

l = []
print(any(l))

#map() applies a given function to each item of an iterable and returns a list with result.
def Square(n):
  return n*n

numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4)
sqList = map(Square, numbers)
print sqList

t1 = (1,2,3)
del t1 
print t1

import base64

# Using a list to read line by line 
with open('random.txt','r+') as fl: # Read & Write both with 'r+'
	contentList = fl.readlines()
	beLine = base64.b64encode(str(contentList[3])) # base64 encodes the 4th item in list
	if (contentList[-1] != beLine):	# Check if last line not encoded
	 fl.write("\n"+beLine) # If not encoded then encode it and write to the file

# Another method -- Simply Read as Strings (for Small Files)
with open('random.txt', 'r') as fl:   
	content = fl.read()  

#Decoding the last line which was encoded by us
print content + " when decoded gives :: " + base64.b64decode(str(contentList[-1]))