3D3 Benchmark Dataset

Bocaux, L., Takhtkeshha, N., Ma, Z., Remondino, F., 2025:
A multi-sensor multi-resolution dataset to support forest inventory methods.
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Vol. XLVIII-1/W6-2025, pp. 33-40 – Geobench 2025 workshop
| 🌲 All data available here (ca 20.0 GB) 🌲 |
contact: 3dom@fbk.eu

🌍 Overview

3D3 is a large-scale benchmark designed to evaluate high-resolution 3D forestry methods, under a wide range of acquisition conditions and sensing modalities.

It integrates airborne, helicopter, UAV, mobile, and terrestrial LiDAR with hyperspectral and RGB data across diverse European forest types — from urban and Mediterranean to boreal environments.

Each site provides ground truth for at least one core task of high-resolution 3D forestry — individual tree segmentation (ITS), forest semantic segmentation (FSS), or tree species classification — ensuring consistent reference data across modalities and acquisition densities.

🌲 3D3 Dataset Table

Dataset	A	B	C	D	E	F
Instrument	Riegl VQ780ii Mono-wavelength LiDAR (1064 nm)	Teledyne Optech GALAXY T1000 - Mono-wavelength LiDAR (1064 nm); SPECIM AISAFENIX - Hyperspectral camera (381.35 nm to 2502.38 nm); PhaseOne iXU-RS 1000 RGB camera	Riegl VUX-120 Monowavelength LiDAR (1550 nm); PhaseOne iXM100 RSM35 RGB camera	HeliALS multispectral LiDAR: VQ-840-G (532 nm), miniVUX-1DL (905 nm), VUX-1HA (1550 nm)	DJI-L1 Monowavelength LiDAR (905 nm)	Semi-Synthetic
Platform	Aircraft	Aircraft	Helicopter	Helicopter	UAV, MLS and TLS	Miscellaneous
Approximated density/resolution	LiDAR: 10 pts/m²	LiDAR: 75 pts/m² Hyperspectral: 60 cm RGB ortho: 10 cm	LiDAR: 375 pts/m²	LiDAR: 1200 pts/m²	LiDAR: 2000 pts/m²	LiDAR: From 0 to 2000 pts/m²
Area of Interest	11 km x 16 km	1680 m x 1550 m	1 km x 1 km	8000 m²	275 m x 150 m	Flexible
Type of data	LiDAR: X, Y, Z, I	LiDAR: X, Y, Z, I Hyperspectral: 364 bands OrthoRGB: R, G, B	LiDAR: X, Y, Z, I	LiDAR: X, Y, Z, SWIR, NIR, Green	LiDAR: X, Y, Z, I, RGB	LiDAR: X, Y, Z, I
Biome	Urban, Continental	Dense, Continental	Dense, Mediterranean	Dense, Boreal	Dense, Alpine	Variable
Ground Truth	ITS, species (203 classes)	ITS, Species (5 classes)	ITS	FSS (6 classes)	ITS, trunk size, tree type, tree height	ITS, species