Calapan,Sheila Mae I.

Jun dave Empleo B.

Mark M. Zambrano

Vote Buying And It’s Effects :The Pereceptions of UM Tagum

College Students

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Election is one of the critical ways by which individuals

can influence government decision making (Ghanaians,1993 ). It

is the fundamental human right of every individual. As a

registered voter you have the power to influence by election,

be it mayoral, legislative or parliamentary or presidential.

Not only that but also the voter’s one vote counts immensely

and it surely can make a difference in grand scheme of things.

Vote buying is rarely an isolated action, giving any kind

of things like, goods/rice, benefits, gadgets, especially

money.

And also when a candidate chooses to pay for support

rather than compete fairly for votes they show a disregard for

democratic norms and a willingness to use illegal means (

uwamahoro ) Despite being illegal, this practice is so

prevalent that it has evolved into a culture of expectations,

both on the part of the candidates (to give) and for people

(to receive). This got to be most violated election rule of

all time.

According to international standards, in a true democracy

every citizen has the right to stand office, subject to

reasonable restriction, Vote buying makes it impossible to

meet these standards by penalizing candidates who are at an

economic disadvantages. Especially women and minority

politicians.

The are some political candidates calling the students to

attend to their conducted private meeting and giving them

goods like grocery item and money.

In this issue, some political candidates pay money to the

students in exchange for their vote. While some students

willingly accept the money from political candidates.

Some students of University of Mindanao Tagum City is

offered to sell their votes by some political candidates.

Discussion on the urgency of the issue.

This study wants to know the opinions of UM Tagum College

students about vote buying.

Research questions
 This study would like to answer the following questions:

1. Why do people sell their votes during election?

2.What do they think are the effect of vote buying to the

following:

A. Economy

B. Politics

C. Culture

D. Values

E. Community

Chapter 2

Review Related literature

This portion is composed of related literature, studies and

related readings. The researchers have gone through intensive

reading of material. Both printed and downloaded through

internet which has a great significance to problem during the

courses of thesis writing.

Vote buying

The early work on vote buying emphasized the distinction

between paying to curb voting decisions from one candidate to

another,versus paying to simply encourage voter turnout (or
event refraining from voting, if the vote buyer wishes to
erode the opponent’s voter base.
(Nichter (2008)

Implemented a vote buying survey in Argentina in 2002, in

order to examine the possible factors associated with vote
buying in that country. They hypothesized that vote buying is
best seen as a form of probabilistic selective incentive—
good(s) that a voter receives into the future only with
her/his continued support for the political party buying
her/his vote.(Brusco et al (2004)

Political party affiliation was also critically important,

given the types of policies some parties were associated with—
for instance, receiving a handout from a Peronist increased
the likelihood that a voter would vote for a Peronist
presidential candidate in 1999 from just under, to well over
50%. (Brusco et al 2004 :83)
vote buying offers using money, respondents who do not own
their house and those who experienced hunger are more likely
to receive an offer. For vote buying using food, having more
children and less tangible assets increases the likelihood of
receiving an offer for this type of vote buying. In smaller
communities wherein campaign operators are able to build
strong ties, knowledge of these voter characteristics is
possible to build up over time. Indeed, similar patterns have
been observed in vote buying activities in other countries
(e.g. Argentina, see (Brusco et al 2004)by B Burhanuddin -
2018
SELLING VOTES

Vote-buying and vote-selling are pervasive phenomena in many

developing democracies. While there is some debate about the
consequences of the buying and selling of votes, there is a
consensus that transactional electoral politics brings with it
a host of costs. For example, vote-buying and other forms of
clientelism can undermine or even reverse the standard
accountability relationship that is central to democracy
(Hicken, 2011; Kitschelt et al., 2010; Lyne, 2007; Stokes,
2005; Stokes et al., 2013).
Voters may be asked to make promises or sign pledges to
simply eschew taking money from politicians or their agents
prior to elections. A second common approach seeks to subvert
vote-buying by encouraging voters to take the money being
offered, but nonetheless “vote their conscience.” For example,
Cardinal Sin, Archbishop of Manila, 2 famously advised voters
to “take the bait, not the hook” (Schaffer, 2005).

We estimate the impacts of promise treatments on a proxy for

vote-selling: vote-switching, which we define as voting for a
candidate who was not rated as one’s favorite in a pre-
election survey some weeks before.2 We look at vote-switching
in three local races: the elections for mayor, vice-mayor and
city council. While examining vote-switching is an indirect
way of getting at vote-selling, vote-switching is self-
reported, which raises concerns about social dee( Callahan
(2000); Guiang (2013); Geronimo (2013); Schaffer (2005).

Temptation in Vote-Selling: Evidence from a Field ... - Nico

Ravanilla

www.nicoravanilla.com/.../hicken_leider_ravanilla_yang_-
_temptation_in_vote_sellin...
by A Hicken - 2017

NEGATIVE EFFETS IN VOTE BUYING

there is some probability that a voter’s action will be

observed ex post. Using folk theorem type arguments, she
offers conditions in which vote buying takes place despite the
imperfectness of monitoring. Finally,( Seidmann (2006))

In addition to negative vote buying, the optimal contract

under the secret ballot also entails positive vote buying—
lukewarm intrinsic a supporters are compensated in exchange
for coming to the polls. “Get out the vote” campaigns are
indeed commonplace in modern US politics. In practical terms,
this might take the form of ward heelers offering
transportation or other amenities to increase voter
participation. For example, in 1999, Oakland Democratic
campaign workers gave away almost 4000 coupons for free
chicken dinners in targeted neighborhoods with traditionally
low turnout (Matier and Ross 1999)

Our analysis implies that a combination of policy reforms may

be needed to reduce electoral corruption. In our model,
combining the secret ballot with mandatory voting would, in
principle, remove all scope for vote buying. That this is not
merely a theoretical possibility is suggested by the case of
the aborigines in Australia. Unlike the rest of the country,
voting was not mandatory for this group from the time they got
the vote in 1962 until 1984. In those years,free-flowing
alcohol was used extensively and successfully to lure
aborigines away from the polls (see Orr 2004)

In 1997, the Thai constitution put in place numerous

safeguards to deter vote buying, including the imposition of
compulsory voting and the creation of an independent election
commission. In response, during the 2000 and 2001 elections,
it became common place to pay salaries to voters for joining a
political party. Voters were also hired as canvassers in hopes
of winning their support. Indeed, the net effect of the
reforms seems to have been to increase payments to voters
compared to past elections (Hicken 2002)
 METHODOLOGY

The research method explains how the purpose of the study will

be fullfiled . it is appropriate to define the methods of data

collection and illustrate the composition and operation of the

questionnaire survey in this chapter. the represent research

enjoys a library method, the required data were gathered from

books and articles published in a section of the internet that

is made up of computers or sites that are related in some

way.such as by use or source.

Research Design

This study is quantitative non-experimental research design

.this method was used when the objective is to describe the

status of the situation as it existed at the time of the study

to explore the causes of particularly phenomena.

This descriptive survey dealt with quantitative about the said

phenomenon.the quantitative aspect is an appropriate for

gathering the data designed for the target respondents to

answer the questions.the process of gathering data will be

based through the use of questionnaire . the focus of the

study was to determine the effects of vote buying in UM Tagum

college students.

Locale of the study

The findings of this study are particular to the context of UM

tagum college students.

The study was conducted at um tagum college, this place was

selected for knowing the effeciency of the said study among

vote buying and its effects:the perception of um tagum college

students .

Respondents of the study

For the quantitative part, 90% students belongs to voters

population. 5% of population in UM tagum college, only 400

students answered the survey questionnaire.these were

residents who were atleast 18 years old during the time of the

survey and had been staying in tagum city .

For quantitative part,we use survey conducted.

Sampling Techniques

The researcher prepare a few question and we will conduct a

survey at UM tagum college and we need at least 400 student’s

to answer our question regarding to our topic Vote buying and

it’s effects the perception of UM tagum college.

Random Sampling technique will be use in the selection of the

students .the subjects and respondents of the study will be in

UM tagum college students.

Research Instrument

In this study,the researchers will make use of questionnaire

which will be utilized to gather the relevant data to be

conducted by the researchers which contains items that answer

the sub-problem of the study which the vote buying and its

effects:the perceptions of UM tagum college students.Experts

will validate the questionnaire and will be distributed to the

respective students.

In evaluating the level of vote buying and its effects:the

perceptions of UM tagum college students.the five orderable

gradations with their respective range of means and

descriptions.

Data gathering

For the purposes of this research, the researcher use survey

questionnaire.the data had to be prepared for data entry. The

coding of all the information on the questionnaire was done by

assigning numbers to the answers indicated in all sections of

the questionnaire.the questionnaires that will be answered by

the students will be use to answer the problems stated on the

first study.